BASIC APPROACH PRACTICE ssages using the step This is all about accuracy and focusin: Read the Blur Select and Understand the Question Read What You Need Predict the Answi he Text a2» PRACTICE PASSAGE 1: LITERATURE ‘Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage. ‘This passage is adapted from Ealth Wharton, Ethan Frome, © 1911 by Scribners.The novel tells the story ofa man ‘hase dreams have been defeated by an unexpected turn of events Thad the story; bit by bit, from various people, and, as generally happens in such cases, each time it ‘was a different story. If you know Starkfield, Massachusetts, you know 5 the post-oice, and you must have seen Ethan Frome drive up to it, drop the reins on his hollow-backed bay and drag himself across the brick pavement, and ‘you must have asked who he was. 1k was there that, several years ago, I saw him for 10. the first time; and the sight pulled me up sharp. Even then he was the most striking figure in Starfield, though he was but the ruin of a man. It was not so much his great height that marked him, for the “natives” were easily singled out by their lank 15. longitude from the stocker foreign breed: it was the careless powerful look he had, in spite ofa lameness. checking each step like the jerk of a chain. There ‘was something bleak and unapproachable in his face, and he was so stiffened and grizzled that I took him 20 for an old man and was surprised to hear that he was rot more than fifty-two “He looked that way ever since he had his smash-up; and that’s twenty-four years ago come next February’ said Harmon Gow, who had driven the 25 stage om Bettsbridge to Starkfield in pre-trolley days and knew the chronicle of all the families on his line. ‘The “smash-upy I gathered, had, besides drawing the red gash across Ethan Frome’ forehead, so shortened and warped his right side that it cost 30 him a visible effort to take the few steps from his. buggy to the post-office window. He used to drive in from his farm every day at about noon, and I often passed him in the porch or stood beside him while ‘we waited on the motions ofthe distributing hand 55. behind the grating. I noticed that, though he came so punctually, he seldom received anything but a copy of the Bettsbridge Eagle, which he put without a glance into his sagging pocket, At intervals, however, the post-master would hand him an envelope 0 © 0 addressed to Mrs. Zeena-Frome, and usually bearing conspicuously in the upper left-hand corner the address of some manufacturer of patent medicine Everyone in Starkfield knew him and gave him a greeting tempered to his own grave bearing: but his taciturnity was respected and it was only on rare ‘occasions that one of the older men of the place detained him for a word. When this happened he ‘would listen quietly, his blue eyes on the speaker's face, and answer in so low a tone that his words never reached me; then he would climb stiflly into his buggy, gather up the reins in his left hand and drive slowly away toward his farm. “Itwas a pretty bad smash-up?” I questioned Harmon, looking after Frome’ retreating figure, and thinking how gallantly his lean brown head, with its shock of light hai, must have sat on his strong shoulders before they were bent out of shape. “The worst kind,” my informant assented. “More than enough to kill most men. But the Fromes are tough. Ethanl likely touch a hundred” “Good God!” I exclaimed, At the moment Ethan Frome, after climbing to his seat, had leaned over to assure himself ofthe security of a wooden box, ‘which he had placed in the back of the buggy, and I saw his face as it probably looked when he thought himself alone. “That man touch a hundred? He looks as ifhe was dead and in hell now!” “Guess he's been in Starkfeld too many winters. Most ofthe smart ones get away” said Harmon, “Why didnt he?” “Somebody had to stay and care for the folks. ‘There werent ever anybody but Ethan, First his father—then his mother—then his wile” “And then the smash-up?” Harmon chuckled sardonically. “That's so. He had to stay then” “Lsee, And since then they've had to care for him?” Harmon thoughtfully passed his tobacco to the other cheek. “Oh, its always Ethan done the caring” ‘Taough Harmon Gow developed the tale as far as his mental and moral reach permitted there were perceptible gaps between his facts, and I sensed that the deeper meaning of the story was in the gaps. But one phrase nevertheless stuck in my memory: “Guess hes been in Starkfield too many winters”Before my own time there was up I would come to know what that meant a “The passage is primarily concerned with A). describing life in a rural community, B) comparing possible causes of a tragedy. (©) examining an unusual figure D) criticizing one mans habits. a ‘As used in line 17, “checking” most nearly means A) studying B) halting ©) limping. D) verifying As revealed in the third paragraph (lines 9-21), the narrator’ attitude toward Frome is best characterized as A) startled and intrigued, B) dismayed and disapproving, ©) bewildered and fearful D) saddened and protective. As used in line 56, “shock” most nearly means A) surprise. B) lack ©) clash, D) mass, Harmon's statement in line 79 (“Ob, its primarily serves to caring”) A) speculate on a probable outcome. B) contradict a presumption ©) qualify a primary argument D) justify a point of view. Based on the passage, which of the following most accurately describes Ethan Frome? A) Rigid and reticent B) Rude and imposing ©) Decrepit and ignorant D) Generous and friendly Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 4-12 (‘Ifyou . ., man") B) Lines 35-52 (‘I noticed... farm") ©) Lines 61-69 ("Good god... Harmon”) D) Lines 71-79 (‘Somebody had caring”) The passage suggests which of the following about Harmon Gow? A) Heis originally from Bettsbridge. B) He does not stay in Starkfield for the winters. ©) He knows more about Ethan’ story than he feels itis his place to say. D) He works at the Post Office in Starkield,Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? AA) Lines 22-26 ("Hes looked line") B) Lines 53-60 ("Itwas. .. hundred”) ©) Lines 68-69 ("Guess hes... Harmon”) D) Lines 80-85 (“Though Harmon ... winters") 10 ‘Which of the following can best be inferred from the narrator's mention of Ethan's face in line 65? A). The narrator believes that Ethan would be angry if he knew anyone was watching him. B) The narrator feels guilty for spying on Ethan ©) The narrator presumes that Ethan wears a different face in public than in privat. D) The narrator believes that Ethan is older than Harmon Gow thinks he is.PRACTICE PASSAGE 2: SOCIAL STUDIES ‘Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage. ‘This passage is adapted from The Monuments Men: Aled Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Huntin History by Robert M. Edsel with Bret Witte. Copyright 1© 2009 by Robert M. Edsel. Reprinted with the permission cof Center Street, advision of Hachette Book Group USA, Inc. The passage describes the setting ofa salt mine in the Austrian Alps From there, the road begins a climb so steep that the Patschen Pass seems a mild slope by comparison. ‘Along the road runs a clear, crashing alpine stream, and beyond are the immense and breathtaking 5 mountains. They are limestone deposits, formed in the depths of an ancient sea, and even on the sunniest day they are pale gray beneath their caps of snow. A bleak stone building, perched precariously above a thousand-foot precipice, marks the 10 beginning of the end, Beyond is only a low irregular building and a wall of rock, the steep side of the Sandling Mountain. Bored into the mountain is a small tunnel, the main entrance to an ancient salt rine, Local legend holds that salt had been mined 15 here for three thousand years—before the founding of Rome, atthe height of the ancient Egyptian empire. Local writen records, however, only date back to the 1100s. In those days, at the turn of the first millennium, salt was one of the foundations of civilization. Without it, food couldn't be preserved or transported, s0 whole societies survived because of salt. Roman legionnaires were sometimes paid in salt (the basis of the English word “salary"), and merchants trod the salt roads in large caravans, linking the Western world of Europe with the Eastern world of Asia and Arabia. In Tibet, Marco Polo noticed that salt ‘was pressed into wafers, imprinted with the image of the Grand Khan, and used as money. Timbuktu, the great lost civilization of Africa, valued salt as highly as gold. The early Germans, whose Visigoth ancestors sacked Rome and threw civilization into darkness, were economically dependent on their salt mines, and especially the taxes for their salt trading routes. The city of Munich, an early base of power for the Nazi Party, was founded in 1158 so the ruler 20 as ‘of Bavaria could more easily collect a tax on the salt being transported from the city of Salzburg (German for “Salt Castle’) And throughout the centuries, as cities and ‘empires rose and fell, the Steinberg mine in the Sandling Mountain of Austria, just above the village and lake known as Altaussee, continued to produce salt. The salt was not mined with picks and shovels, but dissolved by the flow of water through special pipes and sluices. The water came from the mountain above, especially during the spring snowmelt, and descended by gravitational force through the mine. There it was inundated with rock salt, then sent down the mountain to Bad Ischl, more than seventeen miles away, where the brine was evaporated to form pure crystal salt. It was let to 125 miners to maintain the pipes and sluices, shore up the catacombs against the pressure ‘of the mountain, and make sure the vast labyrinth of rooms and tunnels didn't merge together and destabilize the entire structure. Since the 1300s, this job had been performed bby members of a small group of families, all living in the hills near the mine, Over the centuries humans grew larger, but the miners stayed the same size, until they eventually seemed dwarfed by the demands of the mine and their time underground (diet and inbreeding were more likely causes). Even in the early twentieth century, this small isolated. ‘community spoke a dialect last popular in the Middle Ages. They explored their tunnels with acetylene torches, and wore the white linen suits and peaked caps of medieval miners But in the winter of 1943-1944, the salt mine at Altaussee was assaulted by the modern world, First ‘came the tracked vehicles necessary for maneuvering, ‘over the roads in the winter, when the five meters of, snow were almost level with the treetops. They were followed by supply jeeps, and eventually a seemingly ‘endless line of Nazi officers descended on the mine as guards. Workers arrived, expanding catacombs and building wooden floors, walls, and ceilings in dozens of salt chambers, Giant wooden racks were assembled in workrooms deep within the mountain and hammered into position, in some places three stories high. Experts and clerks moved in; a shop‘was built deep inside the mine where technicians could work and even live for days at a time, And it 65 wasall done for art Which ofthe following best expresses the main idea of the passage? ‘A) The salt mines in Altaussee have a long and varied history. B) Salt has been an essential component of civilization since the Roman Empire ©) Mining techniques in Altaussee were not modernized until the Nazis arrived D) The presence ofthe salt mines made Germany into a modern world power. |} The passage indicates that Sandling Mountain is A) a salt mine first established by Egyptians. B)_amilder slope than Pétschen Pass. the remnant of an ancient sea bed. D) a bleak and boring place. The author uses the word “precariously” (line 8) in order to A) suggest that the stone building is in danger of falling down the cif. B) indicate the rugged and remote terrain around the salt mine ©) imply that the buildings associated with the salt mine were poorly constructed, D) indicate that the people who built the stone ‘building were skilled mountaineers. ‘As used in line 16, “height” most nearly means A) pinnacle B) epitome. ©) elevation D) stature, (2 | orPncison Ps US ‘The author most likely includes the description of the importance of salt through history in the second paragraph in order to ‘A) share some interesting but ultimately irrelevant facts B) suggest that the Nazi party would not exist without the salt tax. ‘rack the fluctuating value of salt in many cultures. provide historical context for the output ofthe Steinberg mine ° D) “The passage most strongly suggests which of the following about the Steinberg Mine? ‘A)_Itwas owned by the same family for many centuries until the Nazis came B) Ttused a unique system to mine salt with water instead of picks and shovels. © twas inaccessible during the winter before the Nazis brought their tacked vehicles D) twas mostly unaffected by political and social upheaval through the ages. Which choice provides the best evidence for the ancwer to the previous question? A) Lines 40-44 (“And throughout B) Lines 44-46 (“The salt ©) Lines 58-60 ("Since the, D) Lines 71-74 (“First came salt’) sluices") mine’) treetops") As used in line 54, “shore up” most nearly means A) disembark, B) catch, ©) strengthen. D) build‘The author of the passage most likely mentions the “acetylene torches” (line 68) and “white linen suits and peaked caps” (lines 68-69) in order to ‘A)_ show how eager the miners were to modernize the mines, B) indicate the miners’ reluctance to adopt new traditions, ©) prove that the miners of Altaussee were unique among all other salt miners, D) provide imagery to create a clear idea of the ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 64-67 ("Even in... Ages") B) Lines 70-71 ("But in... world") ©) Lines 74-77 (“They were ... guards”) D) Lines 79-82 ("Giant wooden... high’) In the context ofthe passage, the author’ use of the phrase “And it was all done for art” (lines 84-85) is primarily meant to convey the idea that |A) the Nazis carved sculptures into the salt mines. in Altaussee. B)_modern mining techniques were seen by the Nazis as an art form. ©) the Nazis took over the salt mines for a purpose other than mining D) the salt mines were turned into a mining museum by the Nazis.a PRACTICE PASSAGE 3: SCIENCE ‘Questions 22-31 are based on the following passage. ‘This passage is adapted from JoAnna Klein,"Some Songbirds Have Brains Specifically Designed to Find Mates, or Life” From New York Times, February 13,2018 © 2018 If Cupid wanted to make two songbirds fall in love, hed ave better luck aiming at their brains. ‘That's because songbirds, which form lifelong ine mating pairs, have brain systems perfectly tuned to 5 fit together. While you sort through the messages of admirers, deciding who to make your Valentine, consider finches. Young males in this family of feathered crooners learn the song of their father, perfect it and perform 10 itas adults to attract a lifelong mate. Its loud, elaborate and precise, With their songs they say “chirp, chirp—my brain is healthy, and my body is strong. That’s something you're into, ight?” ‘A female finch also learns the songs of her father 5 from a young age, but she doesn't perform, Shes the critic. She analyzes every detail of a potential ‘mate’ song, compares it to her father’s example and decides if this performer is one shed like to keep around. If she detects @ song is too simple or off in 20 any way, shell have nothing to do with its performer. She's very picky, as she should be, because the mate she chooses will help raise their young—till death do they part ‘Over the past decade, researchers looking into the 25 chickpea-sized brains of finches have discovered that each sex uses what’ called its sound control system to convert sound waves to social messages and then use them to find mates, kind of how humans use vocal sounds to communicate. And while these systems 30. ate well-developed and finely tuned in both sexes of songbirds, the wiring is different. ~The biggest difference between male and female brains of the same species is found in songbirds’ said Sarah Woolley, a neuroscientist who studies finches at Columbia University’s Zuckerman Institute. Dr. Woolley’ lab has been looking into the acoustic systems of zebra, bengalese and long tailed finches to see how their brains take in and process sounds—learning, performing and analyzing. 40. different parts of them to make sense of songs. 4“ 6 ‘A male’ system is designed to recognize the songs of other males and copy his father’. Ifhe doesnt learn, perfect and memorize his father’s song within the first 90 days of life, when his brain is especially malleable, he never will. He still sings, but "he sings a disaster” said Dr. Woolley. “And the {females want nothing to do with him.” ‘When a female’ brain is young and malleable, she tunes into her father’s song, memorizes it and then stores it asa template for evaluating a mates song later ‘This example reminds her that she didnt die, and her father helped ensure that. Perhaps something similar will work for her offspring, Females tend to prefer elaborate songs with more sylables. How well the birds learn depends on a genetic predisposition to tune into sounds specific to their species. But experience is important too. Because social relationships are so powerful, a baby bird reared by the wrong species, Dr. Woolley has found, can learn the wrong species’ song even ifits biological father’s song is audible. “The magic of the songbird is that vocal learning is incredibly rare to find in animals” said Dr. Woolley. “No ape can do it (except the human), no monkey can do it, and no rodent can do it” And she believes that by understanding more about how songbirds use their brains to make sense of sound, she can learn more about how humans use theirs to develop a spoken language early to communicate later in life. ‘or songbirds that form bonds with members of the same sex for life, songs, though still important message bearers, may be less important for finding a match, And although some humans may be less interested in words than other aspects like looks, scent, youth, money, power or whatever we find attractive in a partner, birdsongs remind us that good communication, in any pair, makes love possible. “The way that people fallin love, is talking to cach other” Dr. Woolley said‘The main purpose ofthe passage is to A). deseribe the sound of the mating songs of finches that makes them unique. B) explain the role songbird brains play in their mating rituals, ©) discuss the reasons songbirds have for establishing and maintaining lifelong mating pairs D) illustrate how songbird brains process sound compared to other species. ‘What does the author imply about the mating songs. of male and female finches? A) Finches all learn the same mating song when they are young B) Males and females learn the songs the same way but use them differently (©) Male finches can learn every song that they hear. D) Male and female finches prefer different songs. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 14-16 ("A female... critic”) B) Lines 29-31 (‘And while... different’) (©) Lines 32-36 ("The biggest. Institute’) D) Lines 37-61 ("Because social... audible’) ‘The author uses the phrase “chickpea-sized brains” in line 25 most likely to ‘A)_ suggest that a certain size of brain is best for learning birdsong, B) diminish the cognitive capabilities of the birds ©) describe the subject of research, D) indicate the finches’ powerful mental capacity for thought. ‘What is the most likely reason the author includes the quantity of 90 days in line 44? A) To demonstrate how long it takes most birds to learn one song B) To present accurate data on the length of the rating process for finches ©) To show at what age finches find their mates D) To provide the length of time male finches have before they must know their song exactly ‘The author includes the quotation “he sings a disaster” (Line 46) to A) explain how zebra, bengalese, and long-tailed finches’ songs sound. B) emphasize the importance of female finches learning their songs at a young age. ©) suggest that male finches do not sing wel. D) indicate what happens when a male finch does ‘not learn his song. ‘As used in line 50, “stores” most nearly means A) remembers. B) stockpiles. ©) conceals. D) guards ‘What can reasonably be inferred about the reason Woolley used finches as the subjects of her study? |A)_ Male and female finches make beautiful music to hear. B) Finches are very good at a particular skill that is ‘uncommon for most animals. ©) Woolley knew finches would be easy to study because of their small brains. D) Finches and humans share a number of important similarities that Woolley hopes to explain‘What is a main idea of the ninth paragraph (lines 70-79)? A). Only finches are capable of such exceptional vocal learning, Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 24-29 (“Over the ... communicate") B) Lines 55-57 ("How well... species’) ©) Lines 62-65 ("The magic ... it”) D) Lines 65-69 ("And she... life") B)_ Observations of one species can inform ‘understanding of other species. ©) Different types of animals use vocal learning in unique ways, D) Songbirds are capable of communication using a spoken language as humans do,PRACTICE PASSAGE 4: DUAL HISTORY ‘Questions 32-41 are based on the following passage. “The first passage is excerpted from Nonviolence: 25 Lessons from the History ofa Dangerous idea by Mark Kurlansky. 1© 2006 by Mark Kurlansky. Used by permission of Modern Library, an imprint of Random House, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved. The second passage is excerpted from Mahatma Gandhi, Freedom Battle, © 1922. “The non-cooperation movernent aimed to resist British rule In India through nonviolent means. Passage 1 ‘The first clue, lesson number one from human history on the subject of nonviolence, is that there is no word for it.The concept has been praised by Line every major religion. Throughout history there have been practitioners of nonviolence. Yet, while every ‘major language has a word for violence, there is no ‘word to express the idea of nonviolence except that it is not another idea, itis not violence. In Sanskrit, the ‘word for violence is himsa, harm, and the negation. 10. of himsa, just as nonviolence isthe negation of ‘violence, is ahimsa—not doing harm, But if ahimsa is “not doing harm? what is it doing? ‘The only possible explanation for the absence of a proactive word to express nonviolence is that not 15 only the political establishments but the cultural and intellectual establishments of all societies have viewed nonviolence as a marginal point of view, a fanciful ejection of one of society's key components, a repudiation of something important but not a 20. serious force in itself. It is not an authentic concept but simply the abnegation of something els. It hhas been marginalized because it is one of the rare truly revolutionary ideas, an idea that seeks to completely change the nature of society, a threat to the established order. And it has always been treated as something profoundly dangerous. Advocates of nonviolence—dangerous people— have been there throughout history, questioning the greatness of Caesar and Napoleon and the Founding 30 Fathers and Roosevelt and Churchill. For every Crusade and Revolution and Civil War there have always been those who argued, with great clarity, that violence not only was immoral but that it was even aless effective means of achieving laudable goals. The case can be made that it was not the American Revolution that secured independence from Britain; it was not the Civil War that freed the slaves; and World War II did not save the Jews. But this possibility has rarely been considered, because the Caesars and Napoleons of history have always ‘used their power to mull the voices of those who ‘would challenge the necessity of war—and it is these Caesars, as Napoleon observed, who get to write history. And so the ones who have killed become the ‘ones who are revered Passage2 If people do not respond to the movement of rnon-co-operation, it would be a pity, but that can be no reason for a reformer not to try. It would be to me a demonstration that the present position of hopefulness is not dependent on any inward strength ‘or knowledge, but itis hope born of ignorance and superstition Ifnon-co-operation is taken up in earnest, it ‘must bring about a cessation of all other activities including the Reforms, but I decline to draw therefore the corollary that it will set back the lock of progress. On the contrary, I consider non-co-operation to be such a powerful and pure instrument, that if itis enforced in an earnest spirit, it will be like secking first the Kingdom of God and everything else following as a matter of course, People will have then realised their true power. ‘They would have learnt the value of discipline, self- control, joint action, non-violence, organisation and ‘everything else that goes to make a nation great and ‘good, and not merely great I find their cause to be just and pure, Although therefore their viewpoint is different from mine I do not hesitate to associate with them and invite them. to give my method trial, for, [believe that the use ‘ofa pure weapon even from a mistaken motive does not fail to produce some good, even as the telling of truth if only because forthe time being itis the best policy is at least so much to the goodIn Passage 1, Kurlansky most likely mentions the ‘word “ahimsa” (line 11) in order to A) offer another definition for a confusing word. B) illustrate a point made earlier in the paragraph. ©) make a distinction between two different languages. D) provide evidence to weaken another's argument. As used in line 20, “force” most nearly means A) influence, B) drat. ©) strain. D) division, Kurlansky implies that non-violence has been considered “profoundly dangerous” (line 26) because A) itisa much larger movement than it initially appears to be. B) it can have a much larger impact on society than some might think. ©) the word that describes it simply conveys the absence of another word. D)_ many influential world leaders would not have been successful without non-violence. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 5-8 ("Yet, while ... violence”) B) Lines 13-17 (“The only... . view") ©) Lines 21-25 ("Ithas... order”) D) Lines 27-30 (‘Advocates of Churchill’) ‘As used in line 67, “just” most nearly means A) simple, B) only ©) approximate D) honorable In Passage 2, Gandhi most strongly suggests that a strength of non-cooperation is that A) itallows those who use it to demonstrate their inward strength and knowledge. B) it can be effective even when used by those with a variety of motivations. ©) itis the only way people can learn the value of discipline and self-control. D) itis the key to making a nation merely great a Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 48-51 (‘Tt would... knowledg B) Lines 51-52 (“itis... superstition’) ©) Lines 63-66 (“They would ... great") D) Lines 67-72 (“Although therefore ... good”) Kurlansky in Passage I would most likely characterize the position taken by Gandhi in lines 57-61 ("On the .. . course”) as A) too idealistic to be an actionable plan for change. B) dangerous because of the power it gives to those who lead. ©) astrong and reasonable assessment of a social ‘movement. D) too heavily influenced by religion to be effective. E>m Which choice best describes the authors’ views of powerful social change? A) B) co) D) Based on Passage 1, Kurlansky would most likely respond to Gandhi's claim that non-cooperation will not “set back the clock of progress”in lines (lines 56-57) with A) confusion. Kurlansky believes thatthe idea of nonviolence is so powerful that it can be frightening, while Gandhi believes that non-cooperation is a worthy idea that should be tried, B) disapproval Kurlansky believes that nonviolence is ineffective as a means for social change, while Gandhi believes non-cooperation is the most. effective means. ©) agreement D) delight Kurlansky believes that leaders fear nonviolence so much that they have not allowed it to be named, while Gandhi believes non-cooperation should be referred to as the Kingdom of God. Kurlansky believes Caesar and Napoleon were successful due to non-violence, while Gandhi believes suecess comes from the use of pure ‘weaponsPRACTICE PASSAGE 5: SCIENCE WITH GRAPH as ‘Questions 42-52 are based on the following passage and supplementary material. ‘This passage is adapted from Laura Patker, “Eight Milion ons of Plastic Dumped in Ocean Every Year" 2018 National Geographic Scientists have come up with a new way to ‘measure ocean trash—and the numbers are even worse than thought. In 2010, eight million tons of plastic trash ended up in the ocean from coastal countries—far more than the total that hhas been measured floating on the surface in the ocean's “garbage patches’ ‘That’ the bad news. The even worse news is that the tonnage is on target to increase tenfold in the next decade unless the world finds a way to improve how garbage is collected and managed, ‘The findings are part of a groundbreaking study published Thursday in Science that for the first time quantifies how much garbage flows into the worlds oceans every year, Until now, most efforts to measure ocean debris have involved sample counts of plastic floating on the surface in large garbage patches in each of the world’s oceans. A study last year, for example, estimated the amount of floating trash to be 245,000 tons at most. The new study also identifies the major sources of plastic debris and names the top 20 countries generating the greatest amount of ocean-bound ‘rash. China is first. The United States is 20th. The rest ofthe list includes 11 other Asian countries, ‘Turkey, five African countries, and Brazil, Even though the United States has a highly developed garbage collection system, it nevertheless ‘made the top 20 for two reasons: It has a large, dense coastal population and, as a wealthy nation, isa large consumer of products. “What we have done is look at the other side of the equation—what’s coming out of the faucet, rather than whats already in the bathtub” says Kara Lavender Law, an oceanographer at the Sea Education Association in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and a co-author of the report. 50 “The size of the discrepancy is huge—20 to 2,000 times more than the range of estimates of floating, debris, That is pretty shocking, especially when you consider that the amount going into the ocean in a single year and what we'e counting in the oceans has been going in for 50 years” ‘To make the figure eight million tons comprehensible, Jenna Jambeck, the University of Georgia environmental engineer who led the study, likens it to lining up five grocery bags of trash on every foot of coastline around the globe, “And by 2025, those five grocery bags of plastic are going to be ten bags” she says. That would be 155 million tons a year if present garbage management practices remain the same. Jambeck and her team combined population and economic data from 192 coastal countries bordering the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans in addition to the Black and Mediterranean Seas. They found that these countries created 275 million tons of garbage annually, of which 4.8 to 12.7 million tons ‘of plastic flowed into the oceans. ‘That’ only 2 to 5 percent ofthe total waste created in those countries ‘The use of plastics for consumer products has become increasingly dominant, and production haas steadily increased since the material was first put into wide use a half century ago. In 2012, for example, 288 million tons of plastic were manufactured globally. Ocean plastic has turned up literally everywhere. It has been found in the deep sea and buried in Arctic ice, Ithas been ingested with dire consequences by some 700 species of marine wildlife. “The pioneering study also creates a new mystery. Because the gap between what is found floating and ‘what flows into the ocean is so large, scientists now have to figure out where else it collects and in what amounts. “What we need to do now is close the gap: says Richard Thompson, a marine biologist at the UK's Plymouth Universitypesos sfowa peas ING STAFF; J. WANG. SOURCE: SCIENCE The main purpose of the passage is to A) discuss the sources and measurement of ocean trash in the present day. B) show how scientist’ efforts influence the amount of trash flowing into oceans. ©) challenge the conventional view that trash is, currently well-managed by most countries around the world D) analyze the scientific developments that have affected the production, management, and measurement of plastic waste ‘The passage suggests that which of the following is the most pressing challenge countries around the world face? A). They must change the way they measure ocean debris, B) ‘They must commit to a reduction in the consumption of plastic products. ©) “They must rethink the methods used to process trash at various stages D) “They must discover who is responsible for ocean. trash Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 3-7 ("In 2010 ... patches) B) Lines 8-11 (“The even ... managed”) ©) Lines 22-25 (“Ihe new... trash’) D) Lines 28-32 (“Even though ... products”) As used in line 30, “dense” most nearly means A) impenetrable. B) dimwitted. ©) complicated. D) crowded, m7 The author most likely includes the quotation in lines 38-43 to A) cite expert opinion. B)_ present contradictory information. © criticize previous actions. D) suggest viable solutions Asused in line 62, “dominant” most nearly means A) commanding. B) prevalent. ©) superior. D) central‘The author indicates that scientists are coming to believe that studies of ocean debris should ‘A)_ remove personal judgments from present waste management practices B) consider input from authorities in the countries that are most affected. ©) expand to investigate undiscovered sites of accumulated refuse in the ocean. D) include more information about the process of trash measurement. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 50-52 (“That would... same”) B) Lines 56-59 (“They found .. . oceans”) ©) Lines 67-70 ("Ithas. .. wildlife’) D) Lines 72-75 (“Because the ... amounts”) Based on the figure, in which country was the most, ‘ocean-bound plastic waste produced? A) Bangladesh, B) Srilanka ©) Indonesia D) China Which statement is best supported by information presented in the figure? ‘A)_ In 2010, the amount of ocean-bound plastic waste from China was more than the other nine producers combined, B) In 2010, the amount of ocean-bound plastic ‘waste from China was approximately double that of Indonesia. ©) 1n2010, the amount of ocean-bound plastic ‘waste coming from Egypt, Thailand, and ‘Vietnam changed very litle D) In 2010, the amount of ocean-bound plastic waste produced was greatest in China, but the amount produced was smallest in the Philippines. “The figure best serves as evidence of A) “the amount of loating trash’ (line 20) B) “countries generating the greatest amount of ocean-bound trash’ (lines 23-25). ©) “present garbage management practices” (line 51), D) “[t)he use of plastics for consumer products” (ine 61), Answers can be found on page 724.