Reading Academic Texts for Engineering, Science, and, Technology 71 XII. PRACTICE ON ORGANIZATIONAL FORM AND STYLE : The main objectives of this unit are: « To read different types of texts to recognize ‘the organization the author has selected, :* + @ To practice to.take advantage of all information contained in the texts. To be able to compare texts containing similar information. Methodology for students Read llth texts selected to determine the etorial form selected by the author. Devote adjonal ime to read and prepare the report assigned by the teacher. -V \denty and translate noun phrases taking into'account the ~ing forms: Devote additional time to study at home and prepare the homework. Activity 1 Read the texts below and complete the activity assigned. %. THE RATE OF MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY CANAL ‘The passage of materials through the alimentary canal can be observed when the subject is given a “meal” containing a barium salt and X-ray pictures are taken at intervals (Fig. 23-1). Barium, being one of the heavier elements, is relatively opaque to X rays and casts a black shadow. Food after itis swal- \A; eg \ ie | 8 ic tnnadiotly efter Four hours ater Twelve hours after Thittwo hegre swallowing mecl. intake of meal Intoke of meal: cher intoke of ate iia The barkim iin The beorirs ts in manl. The bariem the stomech the small intestna. the colon in the doscend: tno and sigmoid elon. Fig. 23-1, Diagrams showing the progres of 2 barium “meal” through the digestive tee cared By Kray photographs laken at intervals. Barium is opaque to X rays trata india the Xcray shadow photographs. After a meal the upper or cardie a ePCF fie stomach usvaly contains Seine gus indicated hete-by the clear area ‘Ved passes zopidy through the esophagus to the stomach (Figh 23-14) ‘There it may remain for three or more hours, depending on the meal. At the end of this time most of the meal passes gradually into the small intestine ‘Fig, -23-1B). Twelve hours after the meak,seis swallowed, the undigested, portion may be practically all inthe large intestine (Fig. 23-1C). Here a con- Ederable proportion of the water is absorbed and thirty-two hours after the meal was taken a considerable part of the undigested portion may be in the Sigmoid colon ready for evacuation though the rectum (Fig, 23-ID). In the above account the times given are those of an average individual, Actually the time spent by the food materials in the different parts of the digestive tract varies greatly from individual to individual.