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    14 views12 pages

    Libro Intermedio - 20200417001323

    Uploaded by

    Kaori Becerra
    Learn english is easy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    m LANGUAGE REFERENCE GRAMMAR = PRESENT SIMPLE QUESTIONS F Entesent simple questions to ask about rey ®t habitual actions and general Auestions with the verb to be Put the verb before Am La suit gular 'uths or states. In and with modal verbs, the subject, abl ‘able person for the job? Can they take the test today? With other questions in the auxiliary verb do/does, Do you feel happier about cole How often do they travel to work PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS ee Past simple questions to ask ‘orm this question in the same way as the present simple, but put the auxiliary verbs In ther poe fm Was she very intelligent when you knew her? Did you fee! embarrassed when it happened? PRESENT CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS Use present continuous questions to ask about an action happening at the moment or around the time of speaking or about a changing situation. Form this Question by putting the verb to be before the subject. {Is he interviewing students at the moment? Are they considering what to study at university? PRESENT PERFECT QUESTIONS Use this question to ask about the recent past or an event at an unknown time. Form this question by putting the verb has/have before the subject. Has Martin found out his score? Have they ever measured their intelligence? Don’t use the auxiliary do/does with questions in the present continuous and present perfect. ‘Bo-you-working at the moment? * Bo-yorrhave finished your work? * HREEME SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS. Subject questions ask about the subject of a sentence. subject : 1Q 2 Who designed the IQ tests: Philip Carter designed the IQ tests. Object questions ask about the object of a sentence, object 4 What did Philip Carter design? He designed the IQ tests. soe ubject questions, don’t add an auxiliary jegive you that pres Who dictgive you Present simple, use the together? about a past action, —_——— ee We usually only use who, what and which to ask subject questions. Who wrote the test? What happened lastnight? WE aes: T SIMPLE AND PRESENT US Use the present simple to describe: a regular or habitual action. She usually takes the train to work We often use adverbs or time expressions of frequency with this use of the present simple: often, usually, sometimes, once a week, twice a month, * a fact or general truth, Many people don’t believe in horoscopes. Bill Clinton spends most of his time in the USA. Use the present continuous to describe: an action happening around now (often temporary), Sorry, she’s speaking to someone at the moment We're currently looking for new people. a trend or changing situation. Prices are rising steadily at present. More and more people are learning English * photograph or a scene. In the photograph, the two people are talking WER stare verss State verbs describe something passive or a state {for example, the verbs be, like, believe, understand, know, prefer, depend). We rarely use state verbs in the continuous, 1 know lots of ambitious people. ¥ +er-knowing lots of ambitious people. KEY LANGUAGE GIVING OPINIONS, AGREEING AND DISAGREEING, MAKING SUGGESTIONS Inmy opinion, ... I suggest... I suppose Idon’t know. Why don’t we OK, how about...? accept that. (Well, can't agree, ... No, that’s out of the question. VOCABULARY WRU PERSONALITY ADJECTIVES, adventurous, ambitious, assertive, bossy, cautious, creative, easy-going, energetic, enthusiastic, even-tempered, generous, hard-working, level-headed, likeable, moody, open-minded, organised, quiet, reliable, reserved, self-confident, sensible, sensitive, serious, shy, sociable, strong-willed, talkative, thoughitul, warm-hearted WER prcrixes antisocial, bicycle, bilingual, discomfort, distike, ex-baseball player, ex-boss, ex-president, exc misbehave, misunderstand, misuse, monorail ‘outperform, outrun, overconfident, overs redefine, redo, rewrite, semicircle, under tunderuse true. Escaneado con CamScanner LANGUAGE REFERENCE _ GRAMMAR in Form the past simple of most regular verbs by adding, sed to the end of the verb. mp — jumped t= lasted ‘With verbs ending in -e, add -¢ only. danced ied bs ending in -y, remove -y and add -ied. ied ied nds with the letter tor d, the -ed is an nd is pronounced /1d/ nd bs the -ed is pronounced either /t/ or ‘ 1g on the sound at the end of the verb. ‘ ampt only used verbs have an irregular past For example: cams lead — led begin take - took it go - went © the past simple to refer to finished actions that are in the pas' 1 began school in 1989, He set out across Europe in 1271. We often use the past simple when we know or say the exact time of the action and with time ‘expressions such as yesterday, last week, in 1271. (GEM present PERFECT Form the present perfect with has/have (‘s/'ve) + past participle of the verb. She’s sailed round the world. They've climbed Mount Everest. Use the present perfect to talk about: * finished actions in a time period that continues up to now. We often use time expressions such as today, this week, this year. We've been really busy all week. You've worked hard all year. «experiences in our lives when we don'tsay when they happened. We often use adverbs such as never, ever, sadly, yet, just. eee evar visted thet housed They've never climbed Mont Blanc. yy, YET AND EVER ; ALREADY UT orbs ate often esd in conjunction il esent perfect: a with ne reser pps to eo EU the Preru ever ben to Germany? _—__———_ eee firmative sentences and questions sed inaf * ateady ee cose tothe presen tat has foreerto ane happened, nein Verve already done that. What's n ee ara erm and negate sentences 0 see io an event that is planned or expected, but not completed. Thaven’t had time to do it yet. fore the main verb, use already and ever before t! Put yet comes at the end of the sentence, have already finished it Sorry, | haven't finished it yet BEGIN PRcSENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE The present perfect and past simple both refer to the past, but the present perfect doesn’t necessarily say ‘or imply when something happened. We've already found someone suitable. The present perfect and past simple can both refer to finished actions, but the past simple refers toa specific past time and the present perfect to a time continuing up to now. We looked for someone suitable last year. We've looked for someone suitable this year. We rarely use adverbs such as ever, already, yet with the past simple. KEY LANGUAGE HEME DISCUSSING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, MAKING SUGGESTIONS There are arguments for and against. ‘On the one hand . On the other hand .. Another disadvantage of ... is that .. I think we should ... Id be a good idea to ... Isuggest we... How about... Another drawback of ... ‘That's a big bonus for them. VOCABULARY BB raven abroad, destination, home, journey, package holiday, travel (n), trip (EME TRAVEL EXPRESSIONS become more independent, become more self-confident, broaden your horizons, broadens the mind, do voluntary work, earn mone): escape poverty, experience different cul explore new places, find yourself, get learn a new language, learn new skill, see new sights, study for qualif WEEE Priest verss 4 break down, carry on, check in, get look around, set out, stop off Escaneado con CamScanner RAMMAR RE ERF r Employers have been investing in video conference We use the present perfect continuous to talk about actions and situations that continue into the present. I"ve been studying at Oxford University for two years am still studying there) ‘ve been talking on the phone for two hours J they are still talking). We oiten use the present perfect continuous with the time expressions since and for. Use since to refer toa point in time and for to indicate a period of time. '"ve been studying at Oxford University since 2006. I've been studying at Oxford University for two years. Now for = We don’t usually use state verbs with the continuous form. ve beem-knewing John for years. * {'ve known John for years. ¥ MGB PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS We use the present perfect simple to emphasise: * that an action started in the past and is completed. I've prepared the leaflets you asked for. They've interviewed everyone. «the result of the activity (or example, by telling us how much or how many). We've asked over five hundred people. He’s done all his homework. How many people have you interviewed? How much of your work have you done? We use the present perfect continuous to emphasise: © that an action started in the past and is still continuing. ‘she’s been working here for aver three years. We've been writing letter to all the candidates. «the activity and its duration (for example, by telling us how long). : ‘Roger has been playing tennis for years. ‘has been playing tennis since he was a boy. How long have you been working here? LANGUAGE REFERENCE AGE TIONS, GIVING ANSWERS FRAMING QUESTIONS I'd also like to know « {'m (also) interested in knowing -» AA question we like to ask all our {was wondering whatifiwhen .. ‘Agquestion now about ... et me follow that up with another question. Moving on, can/could you tell me ..- Just one lastfinal question ... FRAMING ANSWERS 1'm glad you asked me that. That's a very good question. Without going into too much detail, Let me just think about that for a moment. | thought you might ask me that. haven't really thought about that. 'm not an expert, but... I'm afraid | don’t know the answer to that. VOCABULARY MBM work Abjecrives challenging, exciting, flexible, glamorous, monotonous, repetitive, rewarding, satisfying, stressful, stimulating, tedious HARE DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS: ability to, depend on, expected to, experience of, fluency in, knowledge of, look for, motivated by, prospects for, report to, responsible for, suitable for HREM EXPRESSIONS CONNECTED WITH TIME AND WORK spend time, time-consuming, time manager work-life balance, workstation ral Escaneado con CamScanner LANGUAGE REFERENCE GRAMMAR wit Use will (1) to: * snake decisions and promises atthe time of sp 1 hasn't arrived yet, so we'll just have to go m a bit busy. Il call you back in five minutes. predictions about the future worry, 'm sure you'll pass your exam, De We often introduce the will future with words and, expressions like think, probably, it’s (unjlikely, I'm certain. 1 (don’t think you'll be able to learn Spanish. They'll probably call us before they leave. It’s (undlikely that we'll stop for a meal somewhere. 'm certain Rachel will be there. GOING TO Use going to to talk about plans or intentions (something which you have already decided), We're going to visit my friends next week. They're going to watch a film tonight. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Use the present continuous to talk about fixed future arrangements, usually involving other people. /'m meeting Peter at the cinema at seven. ‘Nobody else és coming to the party. MEM Fist CONDITIONAL Form the first conditional in the following way: if-clause + main clause if + present simple will/may/might/should, etc. If people only learn English at school, other languages will die out. Ifyou come to my house frst, we can go together. If he asks you for help, you should say ‘yes’. We don't use will in the if-clause. 1 people wiltonly-fearn English at school, other languages dieu. * Use the first conditional to talk about real possibilities. If they don’t hurry, they'll miss the plane! Ml revise more ift helps me pass the exam. We can put the main clause first. If we do this, we don't use a comma. ‘might buy a car if save enough money. UNLESS: fc ipa means the same as if not. ; Untesetr ave protect languages, they'll ecome extinct, vip we don’t protect languages, they'll become extinct. We don’t use a negative structure in the unless ec anaes they become extinct. * rr 4s SOON AS WHEN AND AS SOON’ 2 ace if in the first shen and As soon as can Fel : Mi pal We cise them when we are very certain ing happen thatcomething wi Paae and meet ther vere n ax they arrive, well stat the meeting. ith these time expressions. We never use a future tense W i Foen the trein-wit-arive, I'll give you a call. © KEY LANGUAGE WO JD REJECTING IDEAS, NSIDERING CONSEQUENCES ACCEPTING IDEAS I think you're right. It’san interesting thought. That's a great idea. (Ok, good idea. ‘Mmm, maybe you're right. Mmm, well, yes. That's a good point. Yeah, right. REJECTING IDEAS (Mmm) | don’t know about that. 'm not sure about that. Vm afraid | don’t like that idea. V'm not in favour of it. CONSIDERING CONSEQUENCES, fwe do that, what will happen? ‘What will the effects be? Let's think this through. OK? What's the problem? Maybe, but think about the consequences if we leave them out. VOCABULARY WRUB AxcuAce Learninc accent, bilingual, dialect, false friend, foreign language, grammar, native (adi), pronunciation, second language, slang BE rikasat verns catch on, fall behind, get by, keep up with, let dowr pay off, pick up, take up, take off” q BEM biti AND AMERICAN MONEY IDIOMS go on a spending spree Jook like a million dollars splash out on be broke rip (someone) off / be ripped of pass the buck ae a cheapskate tighten your belt HEU Ancuact sre appropriate, context, familiar, formal humorous, informal, medium, polite, Escaneado con CamScanner LANGUAGE REFERENCE R rm the second conditional in the following way if-clause main clause past simple puld/could 1e could help you. would you buy it? knew the answer gave a discoun second conditional to talk about an ture ation in the present or 1h the first conditional, we can put the main JF had tir Both are possible in the second conditional, with no hange in meaning ‘was 2 politician, I'd make some big changes. | were a politician, Vd make some big changes. When we give advice, we often use were. WL were you, I'd take the job. MPARISON Form the comparative of one-syllable adjectives by adding -er, and the superlative of one-syilable adjectives by adding -est ‘great ~ greater ~ greatest _ big — bigger ~ biggest With two-syllable adjectives ending in -ow and -er, add -er or -est. With adjectives ending in -y, remove +yand add -ier or -iest. narrow ~ narrower ~ narrowest clever ~ cleverer — cleverest ‘happy ~ happier — happiest Form the comparative of other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives by adding more before the adjective, and the superlative by adding most before the adjective. hopeful ~ more hopeful ~ most hopeful interesting ~ more interesting ~ most interesting ‘There are exceptions. Put more/most (not -er/-est) before one syllable adjectives which are past participles. For example: tired ~ more tired ~ most tired lost ~ more lost ~ most lost LESS AND LEAST Use less or least before any adjective. The number of syllables is not important. It’s less expensive. Its the least expensive. {ULAR ADJECTIVES ices ‘good and bad are irregular and do not the rules above. (orem beter ~ best bad = worse - worst MODIFIERS: ‘Modifiers help us to comm difference in the comparisor yent on the size of the To talk about a large ee aot or much: To talkaboute Siam difference, use or Se alittle or not ™ Oe et aie populated than Nonway. int much bigger than Engl . The tw cam tall is no difference, as to say ther ‘as each other. Use nat as + adjective + as to make the adjective weaker (peta wasnt ae good a cou that this isa good idea. expected it would be, y LANGUAGE THe LANG BEGINNING A PRESENTATION Vd like to introduce my colleagues STATING THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE PRESENTATION (Our purpose today is to GIVING THE PLANSTRUCTURE My presentation is divided into three/four parts. {i you have any questions, we'd be pleased to answer, them at the end of the presentation. TALKING ABOUT A NEW POINT Moving on now, ... ‘This brings me to my next point. REFERRING TO A VISUAL AID Please look at the screen. ENDING A PRESENTATION Now, let me summarise our main points. Thank you very much for your attention. Are there any questions? VOCABULARY = SOT IES ADVERTISING ntion-grabbing, catchy, commercial (n), dull effective, endorse, exotic eye-catching, humorous intriguing, irritating, jingle, logo, misleading, original, persuasive, powerful, promote, recognisable, romantic, shocking, slogan, sophisticated, sponsorship, witty HEEB words With A SIMILAR MEANING (CONNECTED 10 CHANGE) alter change enhance - improve distort ~ change something's shape/sound exaggerate make something seem betterarger! manipulate ~ skilfully contromove = WORD COMBINATIONS advertising manager, animated, eaten cerca |, food products, interact media analysis, persuasive message, earn (00d: television advertisement, TV commercighe wy su F OF PRESENTATIONS Escaneado con CamScanner LANGUAGE REFERENCE _ se defining relative clauses to identify or define things, ideas, places, time and possessions. Children tke subjects which interest therm ‘repeat the noun from the mait introduce a personal pronoun to replace it we just re you ever been to that museum which A defining relative clause begins with a relativ pronoun or adverb. ELATIVE PRONOUNS Use that to refer to things, people or ideas. That’s the book that ! was looking for Are you the person that | spoke to yesterday? You're ignoring the point that I was making Use which to refer to things or ideas. Yesterday we went to the restaurant which you recommended to us Use who to refer to people. That’s the man who | bought my car from. Use whose to refer to possession. He's the teacher whose students get the best grades. RELATIVE ADVERBS Use where to refer to places. He studies ata university where some of our politicians got their degrees. Use when to refer to time. 1 still remember the day when we frst met. If we use a relative adverb we don’t normally use a preposition in the relative clause. That's the house where | was born fn. * That's the hotel where we stayed last year. ¥ SUBJECTIOBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES ‘The relative pronoun can be the subject or the object of the relative clause. What's the name of the film that we saw yesterday? (We saw the film.) That’s the shop which has the dress ! want to buy. (The shop has the dress.) If the relative pronoun is the object of the relative Jause, then it can be omitted. craiyhar’s the name of the fim (that) we saw yesterday? CLAUSES NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Non-defining relative clauses give informtiy about something in the main clause buss pis ate i ine it. They must ident oF ose Norraefining relative clie mn in spoken Cae po the ish (We know who information in _ g relative clauses, 1 use that in non-definin which instea ich ina tated by Professor Smith, Done Use hts ak is ending re fich was ao started by Proessor Gris ending next Yr We can also use a non-cefining relative clause atthe end of a sentence, Last year we visited really beautiful city Rome, which we thought was a GUAGE Ls] sl THINKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES There are several ways to deal with this. {’s look at our options. Tie good thing is... the bad thing is. MAKING SUGGESTIONS How about (+ -ing) Supposing we «. CHANGING YOUR APPROACH. Let's see, what other things can we do? MAKING A DECISION That's the best solution. DECIDING WHAT TO DO NEXT “The best way is to... So, the next thing to do is Why don’t you send me notes on all the problems ...? VOCABULARY HUE EDUCATION AND STUDYING approach, bullying, compulsory education, Continuous assessment, criticise, curriculum, drop out, elementary school, easy-going teacher, environment, ‘exam, fail, formal learning, friendly teachers, graduate, hand in, higher education, informal learning, method, mixed-sex schools, pace, pass, primary school, private education, punctual, secondary school, single-sex schools, state (public) education, statistics, strict, truancy, unique, well-prepared )SSIBILITIES AND OPTIONS (GE EDUCATION COLLOCATIONS. cdo homeworkicourseworkiyour best/an exam; drop out of schoo!; fail an exam/a course; geta good grade/a good resulta place at university! a degree; go to school/college/a seminar; ‘graduate from universityifrom high school (US, ‘Australian English); hand in an essay/an assignment, leave primary school; make progress/mistakes; cena ee foran examia subject! a test; sit an exam study a subjecv”a inte orretakeanevam/coune | ee Escaneado con CamScanner interned | LANGUAGE REFERENCE Ise canican’tto talk about present ability and possibility. can ask him if he'd like to join us can’t ski. I don’t know how to Use could to say something is possible Or likely in the future, Your work on this could be useful later on That table could be good for my office. (eawwistiovion| se should/should’t to say something is advisable ornot. | think we should ask customers what they want. We probably shouldn't wait any longer t tart work ) We use both have to and mus to alk about something that is necessary and important,butthere are some differences in Use have to to say something istessential orthatitisa® When you develop a new design you have to ty it ‘out a number of times. Iehas to be strong enough to carry eight people. Use must to say something isinecessary oFimportan in your personal opinion. Tee! that we must make the design more modern, it must be on my desk by the end of the day. We yeu You must be more careful. * Mi saa ‘more careful. ¥ Use it doesn’t have to be made of metal. Plastic is fir They don’t have to be here. We can decide ourselves. Use musta‘ to say tisinedessaryarimportantmnot to" Mera Tonge (0 tll them about the party. They mustn't find out about our plans. They wouldn't like them. ake guesses (dedus yns) about Craton edi ie ‘Gapress different levels of certainty. MOST wy ary cerns sine ic be home. js open so Michael must The dt ess ning oud ose be a lot better! aan 1e2., say dOY GLP @ gyn ee UE SN Gye TACV ———— a aa on weeds (me chao true. This painting can’t be by Rembrandt. Its much too The police say he. cean‘t be true because he attacked someone at 7 pan. but it ‘was with me at that time, pub / ise could of might to say somett Te could be true that it was a his own work. It's definitely possible The package might be from David. Open t and find out! oconseyaute We ean also use modal verbs with a continuous form. ‘He must be feeling better! They might be coming later. KEY LANGUAGE HERE prscrisinc QUALITIES ‘Another strong points. Is aimed at It looks very (styish’modern/functionalistrong) .. its functionalfinnovative/excellent value for money. It's made of (wood/metalleather). Ivsmade from (a new material) which is (waterproot! strongheat resistant). Ithas several (specialiunique) features, Iwill appeal to One of the best qualities is. There are several (specialiunique) features | really ike. VOCABULARY HEI WoRD BUILDING, ADJECTIVES, art artist artistic, design (mv), designer, well-designed, develop, developer, development, developing, engineer (ni), engineering, innovate, innovator, innovation, innovative, invent, inventor, invention, inventive, manufacture, manufacturer, manufacturing, produce, producer, product, productive, scientist, science, scientific, use (n/v), usable, user WA isicn elegant, functional, futuristic, handmade, innovative, mass-produced, retro, simple, streamlined, stylish, traditional, up-to-date WEEE Mia TeRIats, SHAPES AND TextTURES MATERIAL aluminium, canvas, leather, paper, plastic, steel, straw, wooden Saale SHAPE ‘angular, circular, curved, square TEXTURE hard, polished, rough, smooth, soft BEBE AsstRAct NOUNS advertising, communication, consumerism, industralisation, recycling, streamlining Escaneado con CamScanner LANGUAGE REFERENCE | Form the past continuous with was/were + verb sing. Was working on a pr he children weren't working very se the past continuous: * to talk about background actions was a beau day ~ the sun was shining and the birds were singing {f+ sun was shining, birds were singing —=---» NOW * to talk about a longer background action in the past when a shorter action interrupts it or happens during it We were talking about you when you rang. (the background action is interrupted and stops) yourang oe ie so NOW eee ean | was having a staff meeting when julia arrived five minutes late (the action happens during the background action) Julia artived 4 = having a meeting — Now * 10 talk about repeated actions in the past that take place over a temporary period of time, People were coming in all day to buy this item, people coming in vltil Now tonal day ~ ‘+ to.emphasise the duration or continuity of a past action, For the whole of last month we were trying to solve this same problem. tying to solve problem last month ‘We rarely use state verbs such as be, like, know, believe, understand in the continuous form. J was-tking the fish soup. * Iiked the fish soup. WGEM PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Form the past perfect simple with had + past rticiple. Parcaled but he'd already let. When I checked, it was obvious they hada’t understood the instructions. 140 rf Use the past per! action happened o emphasise that one i t. her in the past yen we arrived at the fect simple t before anott Phhad already started wh film stared arrived at the cinema Se Eee eee .d with the . past perfect simple is often use waejGncttons when, before, after and By.

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