33

HIBenT SERIES oF FINITELY PRESENTED ALGEBRAS For a finite set s , k< s > denotes the free associative k-algebra on
by s If each element of s is assigned a positive integral degree, then I

David .AIVICK anal Clas LOFI^/ALL k< S > becones a graded algebra in a naturb.l- lray. An algebra A vhich is
a quotient of such a k( S > by a two-sicled ideal I is saicl to be
Summary finitely generated and if I = < cr> anal o is finite, we say A is
finitely S can
presented (henceforth abbreviatedttf.p."). tr\.rrthermore, if "i
Let ,f the collection of alr Hil-bert series of finitely presented
clenote be chosen to consist only of degr:ee-one generators' we say A is degree-onc 'l
connected. grad.ed. a]gebras over
a field k . I,,lhat can lre say about the set .j/ ? generated. and if in acldition each relation v(0 has degree tvo, r,re call A
This paper addresses itself to that question. In 19TIr covorov
[Co-Z] a ege-two algebra. ret g1,G) denote the collection of all f.p. algebraa
conjectured" that only rational pover series belonged u ,P. This conjeeture over k . Except in theorem 1 , k vil1 be taken as fixed, antl 61(t) vil1
ras first clisproved by shearer fsrr] , using methods which r,re will generalize be shortened simply to O t ixewis . Aj = A\k) i" il: col-Lection of aLl I

and extend in this paper. We vill also show that the set ,f is countabl-e
and derive some of its properties. one-two alsebras (over k ). Lastry, 9= {t(")lae @} and 9t = {e(^\|lC 4t}'
and, fi, = {n(z)ll( @z} are the correspontling collections of Hilbert
Definit ions

Let k-denoteany fj-e1d. A graded vector spaee (over k) is any countabl-e Local rings
d.irectsum a=6a of finite-dimensional k-spaces. A grad.ed. vector space A
n
n=o
is a (connected.) graded a]gebra (over tr) if ttrere is an isomorphism Let us briefly it is interesting to study @r, . In the thcory '
mention why
e: AO -:+ k anci there are associative pairings U*, Ar B A, .+ Ar*r, of l_ocal rings, the Yonecla Ext-algebra is d.efinecl. Ehis is a graded algebrat
but in general not finitely generatea [nd . But if the locat ring ia Sradrald
for each m and n and if o (e-1 S 1): k E Arr+A,
UO. and
the subalgebra generated by the one-climensionaf el-ements is an object in 4a i
UnO o (1 I E-1): A, E k A' agree with scalar multiplication. Viering And if noreover the cube of the maximat id.eal of the ring is zero, then thil
the Arrrs as subspaces of- A, we say that a non-zero element x€A i.s subalgebra cleternines the vhole Ext-algebra LrOl [ud. Nov, this subalgibrl
homogeneous of degree n , written l*l = r, , if >r(As . fhe elements of is more than an object in &rr, it is aLso a Hopf algebra. Ler )4',, dcnotl
positive degree are rrritten A+ . The Hilbert series of a gracled space the Hopf-algebras in A,, , and tet o8, denote local algebras with the OUba
O = 6 A- is denoted A(z) ancl is defined to be the formal pover series of the maximal ideal equal to zero..The construction above gives a bijectlva
n=u^n correspontience betveen JC, ana )t,r. Nov Anick [* -r] has alefined a
A(z)= Irank(A-)zt'.If A and B aregrad.edvectorspaces,then AgB the Hilbert series in a certain
n=u^n mep Q,"- ft,, vhich transforms
is a grarled vector space where (a e O)r, =.,*?=.Or t . The Hilbert series exponential manner (see theorem 5(a) in thi,s paper) and in theorem 5 in thl|
"j
A s B(z) is equal to A(z)A(z) If A and B are gradecl algebras, A 8 B paper we define r r"p O[ +Q.,, which in a sense does not change tho
is a graded algebra by the rule (a., I b., )(a, S ba) = Hilbert series. The composit. rap @ vas used by Js,cobsBon fttfl to
E b1b2 (in this
^1^Z
paper we have no need for the usua]ly introd.uced sign in the tiefinition of tlisprove a conjecture by Lenaire. -82
the product). If o is a finite subset of A consisting of linearly
indepenclent homogeneous elementso cr (z) denotes span(o )(z) ,= , , l"l , Properties of L,/
nhich is a potvnomial in z . r.f A is arso a graared algebra, Iil u"nor." paper with ileacribing tfrc sot
Ae mentioned, we are concerned in this "/
.
the tvo-sided ideal of A generated by o . In this case, <q> ie a graded ia any easl anal.ytic way to cha,ractcrizG thi
It seems unlikeLy that there
6pcce anal A/<D is a gracled algebra, both of thom inheriting thsir gredationa
GLamcnta ot ,f , for wo Bha:"I BGc in thcorcm 5 that .f t" clo660 undcr !ot['
dircctly from A
rathcr oomptlcatadl oporition!. Of rpociat tntorcct, howavarr rr. th' rrt'l of
.
l7"' ],, rr{ li;l ilri':lilJll i;:1i j!t} ll ili,.,rll{-;iijl.i l il:
r;i.rl;,,.1i11

"

34

gror{-thof the sequences {rantr(Arr)}o16 r aRc[ these rates are refrected in the Theorem 2 tet a(z)€.Y, s(z)€ ! . ra"n A(z) + B(z) - 1e y,
ana,lytic properties of the series A(z) Such sequences generally grow A(z)B(z) G,f , and (a(r)-l * s(z)-1 - 1)-1 e !. rvr" same resurts ho1cl if
exponentialJ-y, ancl the radii of eonvergence of their Hirbert series give us / i, replaced throughout by y1 or by /,, .
our crud.est I[e&sure of their rates of grolrbh. A more subtle measure is in the
nature of the singularity at the radius of convergence r . A first step Proof Write A=k< S >/<o>, B =k( T >/<B), where S'o, T,B are
toward examining this singularity is taken in [Ar,-e, trr, !] , where it is
finite sets anal S and T are clisjoint. Let Y = {st,tsl s€S, tC I} g
proved that {rant(.A-)rn} cannot approach zero and that A(z) goes to
g k<suT> and 6 = {st-tsl s(s, t( T} E k<suT> . rf c = k<sUD/<ctuBuY>
n for j)0,hence c(z)=l(z)+S(z)-t.
infinity, as z approaches r , at l-east as fast as a first order po1e. then CO=k and aj=Oj*rj
Letting D=AEB,then D(z)= a(z)f(z) and D hasthepresentation
We first prove t]nat I is countable. In our next four results, we show
k<SUD/<clUB U6> (this foltovs e.g. by an application of the general method
tlraf .Y is closed. under certain simple operations, as vel-l as certain
given belov on page 5). If E = k<SVI>/<a,V3> then E = All B is the free
conplicated. ones involving infinite prod.ucts.
procluct of A and B and its Hilbert series is given by the formufa
1 set gy{x) u(r)-1 = a(r)-l * s(z)-l - t (see pe] ). Finauy, as to ,f , and 4r,
f?reorem The , the union taken over alJ. fieltis k IS
countable.
note that i.f S and T consist of degree-one generatorsn then C, D, and E
are degree-one generated and 'y and 6 are in degree tvo. If o ancl $
Proof l,ie construct a countable set rhich maps surjectively onto l,b/(k) . are in degree two as lrel-l-, then C, D, E e @.rr.
Firstly, the prine fields, Zp , p prime, ancl the rationalsrare countably T?reSegreproductoftvogradedspaces A= 0A. and B= OBt isa
.r:O ' tZo
many countable fiercls. Let F be any countabl-e field, then a simple extension .
gradecl space r,rhich is denoted. by A'B and defined by (A'B)n = An I Bn
of F is either of the forn F(x) , x transcendent over F , or of the forn
i'[x]/(p) where p is an irreducibl-e polynomial. Since f[*] is countable, For homogeneous subsets ScA , TcB ve al-so define S'T as
there are only countably many simple extensions of F of this standard. form
{s I t€A.B ; s€S, t€T, lsl = ltl}. tt totr, A and B are gracled algebras
and al-l these fields are countable. Repeating this rre find that the set then A.B is a graded algebra in which multiplication is d.efined as for A 0 b
F = {rirrit" extensions in stanciard form of the prime fields} is countabre. Note that if we vrite A(z) = P
L a-z n and Blz)=
Laz Lbzr' n ,lnen
3. ,.
Now, again, Iet F be any countable fielcl. A finite presentati.on over F -n
n=U n=0 --

is given by positive integers nrdl,...rcl, ,and a finite set of homogeneous

(A.B)(z) = I^.,rb,rr' the Hilbert series of a Segre procluct is the
n=u
el"ements of the grad.ecl algebra F(tlr...,trr> , Itil = a, . Since F<t1,...,trr) Hadanarcl product of the Hilbert series.
ie countable there are countably many finite presentations over F . Hence
the follor,ring set is countable: Theorem 3 Let A, BeOl . Then A.B € At . The same result holds if O,,
,/ul = {rinite presentations over F ; F€ F}. is replaced throughout by O..,, . zu"tirermore, if a( z ) = f ,rrrn and B(z ) -
l, nap ,/l *S)y&) is defined by taking the Hilbert series of the algebra
= I-t.rt belong ,o .Y, (or V,r), tnun belongs to y1
dcrivecl from the finite presentation. fn order to prove that this map is n=O " nio..ro,rr"
rurjective, let t?)g l),f(k) where A is f .p. over a fielct k . Since (or 1/rr1. rf the radii of convergence of A(z) and e(z) are rA anil rB ,
in the presentation of A , only a finite number of elements in k are then the ratlius of convergence of (a's)(z) is ,AtB .
invoLved., there is a sulfielcl k'C k such that A = B BOOk where B is

a f.p. algebra over kO and kO is isomorphic to a field r'€.F . Since proof Write A = k<S>/<o>, B = k<T>/<S) n vhere S, T are finite s.ts
rankn(An) = ran\O(Brr) the Hilbert series for A is equal to the Hil_bert of d.egree-one generators.Assign every element of S x T to d.egree one. MrCrC
series for a f.p. algebra over F and hence the is an obvious map of graded algebras k<S x T> "---') k<S>'k<T> .
/4-yy(t) is
^rp
rurjective.
 36 37

:
Ihis is an isomorphism lts inverse Q is defined. inductively on elements We nov vant to d.iscuss a general method of computing Hilbert series of
of theform aEb,vhere a and b arerord.sin S ancl T and lal=ltl , f.p. algebras, r.rhich viIl be used. in the proof of theoren 5. The method
by 0(a E b) - (s,t)o(a'8 b') where s(S, t€T and a=s&r: b=tbr . applies also to the problem of deciciing whether an algebra has a certain ,

The surjections rrA: k<S> + A ancl nU: k(T) + B induces a surjection presentation.
k<S>'k<T> + A.B , this is an algebra map and i"ts kernel is Let G€@. we want to fintl c(z) . There are tvo ways to attack this problcmr
<o>.k<T> + k<S>.<B > fnis id.eal- is generated. by the finite set The first is to fj.ncl a spanaing set S C G and then prove that S is
o.WrUwa.B where WT, WS are homogeneous k-basis for k<T>, k<S> . Since linearly inctependent and. hence c(z) = S(z) . ttrat S spans (i as
k<S>.k<T> i.s freely one-generated., it follove that A.B< Ol1 . A1so, if usually proved by an easy induction. The proof of indepencience is hordever
o and B are concentrated in d.egree two, o.WT and WS.B are in normally harder to get d"irectly. The other way to find c(z) consists of
degree two and hence A.B( A1Z . defining a gracied vector space S (with a known series S(z)) ancl a
The remaining claims of theorem 2 are dispensed with easily. The fact that murtiplication on s such that s becomes a graaieal associative argebra.
Y1 {o, \r) is closed under Hadamard products is an immediate consequence Then one proves that S has the sane presentation as G . This, again,
of the closure of A1 (or @.,r) ,nae, Segre products. Lastly, it follows consists of two parts, one easy and one hard.. The easy one is to find
from [An-2, see femma'l ana prooi of thm z] tfrat whenever C(z) = = ii^"rrrn e Y1 , generators for s ancl a set of obvious relations, which, hopefully, constitutl
n=[J "-r'
1im{c
1/n.
l exasts and. equa-Ls -1 if tC is the radius of convergence of a1l the relations in G . The hard part is to prove that there are no moro
nx n "C
rel-ations in S . We no!, are very 1ucky, because .we can combine the trro
c(z) Application of this fact to A(z), S(z) and (l.s)(z) allows us to
methocls ancl just d.o the easy parts of them and yet be done. In fact the
lim(a,rbrr)'/' = (rt, .]/") {r:.. orl/"1 = ,o'ru'
"o]u =
d.educe
n.s n.p n* easy pa.rt or the rirst methoa uilrE#?*ffi#rt# s(z) > c(z) while tho
easy part of the second. method gives s(z) < e(z) . The fol-towing propoaltlonr t
Remark It is essential to assume that A, B € 4, fnaeecl, if A = B = helpful when the second method above is carried out. The constructitislffi$D8$fltr
= k(srt), seen as a generalization of the notion of semi-tensor prod"uet for Hopf alggbrlli
l"l = 2,
ltl = 1, then A.B is not finitely generated, since
{tsn I snt ; n2O} is a set of indecomposable elements.
Propositionl Let Ao B be(gracled)algebras anal Q: B+ O A+ + .A g B bc

To iflustrate the iclea that a wide range of series operations are encompassecl a map of(gradecl)vector spaces. The map 0 may be extended. to a map
by Hatlamard productso ve have the following coro11ary. BI A+ A I B (a1so callecl 0) by means of the maps
T IEn
kEA+ AEk+ AEB
Theorem ! Let t(")G 1 (or ,f,r). ,n"n d/dz(zA(z))Q./, (or 4zl. and T n81
B8k+ kGB+ AEB
Proof Writing e(z) = i-urrrn , we have vhere T is the natural- twisting isomorphisn and 1 is the natural embcttdtinj.
n=U suppose the follor,ring diagrams are commutative (u stand.s for'multiplication)t
d/dz(zA(z)) = d/az l^.rrr'*1 = E_(r*t )^nn . lEua u-81
B EA + EA+ ++
n=O n=o + +
B 8A+ B 8B E A' --=-r B' 6 A'
fn viev of theorem 3. lre need only shov that I (n+t)zn belongs
n=0 "o
./l 0s1+ ,:rl
(or /,). sut i (n+1)zn = B(z) , where s = k[x,y] = k(xny)/(xy-yx)
A 8B EA
+
,1 B 8A EB o
I

l1
n=u lsoJ u^E1 0s1J louo
I

+
is a free commutative polynomial ring on tvo variables of degree one and A 8A s B ---4+ ,48 B A 8B 8B ------JA0B
,e 4r. Then an associative multiplication on A E B may be clefined as

(As B) s (As r).,

ui:,t 5-'-bn,
o, n c 136 B u
maklng A C B to a(graded)!,Igebre.
 38 39

Moreover A and. B may be considered. as subalgebras of A I B in the It may be hard. in general to cbeck that the conditions of Proposition 1

natural- way ancl the resulting left A-nodule and right B-module structures of are satisfied. TLre next proposition considers a case vhen this coulal be done
A E B are the natural ones. by a maehine (if tfre algebras involved are finitely presented). Before stating
the theorem rre introduce some conventions.
Proof The last statement follows directly from the definition of the
rf s ana r ,"$*t*S$re k-linear map u: k<s> I k<T> + k<sur>
product. The first statenent foll-ows if we can prove the associativity of
given by u(x s y) = xy is injective and we wilf i.clentify k<s> I k<T> vith
the proaluct. Firstly, the diagrams wil-1 commute also aftelwe have removed the
its image under U as a subspace of k(S U T>. In the sane ray k<T> E k<S> is
plus signs. Associati,vity neans that the conposition of the maps in the top
identifiecl with a subspace of k<SUT>. Atso k<S> ancl k<T> are identified
rows of the following two commutative diagrams are equal.
with subspaces of k(S) E k<T>.
1E0S1E1E1 U^EUD81E1 18081 UnEIo
ASBSAEBSABB+AEAEBSBEAEB ^ - )AEBBAOB+ABAEBBB ^ YAEB t disiointl
Proposition2 suppose s antl r.))Gfficl 9:Txs + k<s>8k<T>
1818u881E1
J ',rlrou voercrc/ounorol uAsuB t
AEABBOAEB+AEAEAEBSB')A8A8BOB is a map such that
irr(tp) c IEk<T> e span(S) 8k<T>
1s1E18081 1E1EU^8UR 18081 lraEUn (1)
or im(to) c k<S>81 (E k<S>OsPan(T)
181EuAE1E1
1 11611r, lslslspa4tovoot uAEuB 1
(span(S) means the k-spaee spanned by S). Then Q has a unique extension
AOBOAEBBB + ABABBEBBB ----=--+ ASA6BOB
$: k<T> E k<S> + I k<T> mal<ing k<S> I k<T> to an associative algebra
k<S>
Goi.ng by the lover ror,rs of the cliagrams instead, lle see that the first
A ancl
the J.ast B is unchangecl (except for the J-ast map). Hence it is sufficient to (as in Proposition 1). Suppose afso o c k<S>+ and B c k<T>+ are sets df
prove that the composition of the maps of the top rovs of the tvo diagrarns
belov are equal. From the assumptions it follovs that the cli.agrans are homogeneous elements (the elements of S ancl T having degree one) and

commutative and since the fover rows are equal the proof is finished. 'let A=k<S>/<o> and B=k<T>/<B>.Theirrbedding U:k<S>8k<T> + k<SUT)
08181 1Ep-81 180 un81
BBAEBBA + AEBBBEA " ' ABBGA + AOAEB -:+ AeB jnduces a k-1i.near maP

OsO \ 16160
I ls*Er 1E18uB I voavull E: AOB + G=k<SUT>/<oU BU its -Q(t,s); s€S, t€[] ) r,
o'u'o'"

BSA8BEA
,), BEAEAEB;=,,^u*","i
^* + BEASB AEBEB AEB
'l'ite map U is surjectiver Moreover U is injective if and oirly if

--\ - -3 s s) and 0(t s a) are containecl in

060
--S
Osls1 J 1s*s1 uAEIEI I uo*vr;/ O(b
(a)
aSBSABB + AEA8BSB -' <o>8k<T> + k<S>8<B> fora11 a€o,b€B's€S,t€T.

Ifthisissatisfied,then Q inducesamap BOA + ABB making A0B

t,o an algebra (as in Proposition 1), and the map E above to an algebra iso-
morphi.sm.

'lhe proof makes use of the following two lemmaB.

 40 41

Lemmal Suppose S and T ared.isjointsetsand. e:TxS+ k<S>Ek<T> Lemna 2 Suppose S, T, g and 0 are as in Lemnal and suppose o c k(S)+
satisfies cond.ition (t) of Proposition 2. Then there is a uni.que k-l_inear and B . k<T>* dre sets of homogeneous el-ements (the e]ements of S anci t
map S: k<S U T> + k<S U T> which satisfies the following properties having degree one) ancl 1et A = k<S>/<o> and B = k<T>/<B> . Consi.der O

asamap k<T>8k<S> + k<S>8k<T>.Then $ indueesanap

(") d") =x if x€k(S)Bk<T>
BOA + ABB ifandonly ifconciition (Z) ofproposition 2 is
(r) 0(ts ) =a(t,s) for s€s,t€T
satisfied.
(e) d*y, ) = dxQ(y)z) for alJ. x:Vsz in k<SUT>

Proof rhe "on1y if'r part is obvious. suppose (2) is satisfied. lle consider
Moreover, the image of 0 is k<S> I k(T) , the restriction of 0 to
only the case where a satisfies the first part of condition ( 1 ) (the other
k<T>+ I k<S>+ + k<S> E k<T> satisfies the conditions of proposition 1, and
case is similar). Let p be the natural projection k<S> I k<T> + A6 B
hence Q d.efines an associative algebra structure on k<S> E k<T> .
and eonsicler the set I={x € k<SUT>; p o 0(x) = 0} . The lenma folfovs if we

Proof This is an application of Bergmanrs Diamond lemma [Be]. In the case l canprovethat I isatwo-sidedicleal,sinee ocf and BcI thenalso
im(rp) c k<S> e (k<S> S Span(T)), r,re may clefine a senigroup partial order on l gives that k<T> I <cx> + <B> I k<S> c f, which is a reformulation of the claim.
<SUT> ( = the set of monomials on SUT ) as fol-l-ows. Any rnonomial on SUT Firstobservethat x€I + sx€I ancl xt€I.for s€S and t€T,
may be factored. uniquely as w = oulu2...uq , vhere o €<S> and u, € T<S> - also by (2) ve have Bs c r , To c r . Next we claim that it is enough to prove
1 number )
Assign to w a d.egree as the ordinal number (o means the first infinite o:AiGn that T<s> c I antl c I . Because, if this is true, then it is proveti
<B>S

length(o) + length(u,).ur + length(ur) .r2 * ... + length(un).oq by induction on the length of x € (T) that x<o> c I . Incleed., suppose
Ihe inciuced partial order on <S U T> is easily seen to be compatible with x<o>cI,then
the senigroup structure anal also conpatible rith the recluction rules definecl Q(tx<o) = q(tQ(x<cr>))c o(t(<o>r<T> + k<s><82))c S(t<o>)rr<r> * O(tk<s>)<0> c
by Q , since the d.egree of ts is 2.o vhile g(t,s) is a linear combination c <0>k<T> + k<S><B> .

of monomials each of vhich has a degree of at most a + uJ where a is finite. By a similar argument it is proved that <B>k<S> c I provicled. <B>S c I .

There are no inclusion or overlap anbiguities among {tsj (trs) € T x S} ,

Now consider the filtration of k<S U T> i.nduced by
so by [ne] Q extend.s uniquely to a reduction mre on the entire free a]gebra

k<S U T> . T?re reclucecl vords are obviously precisely k<S> E k(T) , so properties FrcSUt> = {w € <SUT>; w contains at most r elements from S} .
(") - (") fol-lor from [Be] . At the sarne time property (c) shows that the The map $ preserves this filtration.
diagrams of Proposition 1 commute, proving that S d.efines an associative Claim: I n I'lk<S U T> is a left k<T> - module.
algebra structure on k<S> E k(T), r,rhich also follovs fro& [Be] . ftre case
Proof of claim: Suppose x € I fl f'1f<SUT> anal suppose t €T. Then
im(p) c k<T> e (Span(S) S k<D) may be handled simitarty.
 42 43

0(x) e rlt.suD ft (<cr> I k<T> + k<s> s <B>) = Fl<o> E k<T> + Flk<s> I (B), then 0(0(ts.)a.)
a l =
Ix.O(b.a.) and by assumption and from the previous
.l Ja

since cr consists of homogeneous el-ements. But F1<o> . o, hence, step p o O(b.a-)

" J 1' = O
. Also 6(ta!)s!
' 1 1
€ I, since tai € I by assurnption

and hence 6(ta:

'. 1'
) € <cx> E k<T> + k<S> I <B> from vhich it follorrs that
0(x)=xa'8b' + Ia! Ebl
a1 € I
O(ta-l)s-l since ve have proved that <B>s c I .

where ri€s ,bi€k<T> , a! € k(S) and bi € <B> .

Now, Q(tx) = fQ(tai)bi + fQ(tai)ti and hence p o Q(tx) = o since
The proof is completed by observing that T<o> n f'0 = O and
6

p o $(ta.) = o by (2) and n(O(tai)uj) = p o Q(tai).p(bi) = o . T<or>= UT<o>0tr'r.

r=t

Nov ve are able to prove that <B>S c I. . By the claim above it is enough
Proof of Proposition 2.
toprovethati.f b€<B>,t€T and bScI thenalso btscl.But, Lemma 1 proves the first part of the proposition. Since ts =Q(ts) in G

vith s € s, O(bts) = 0(r0(ts)) and o(ts) e rlt<sUT) , hence

x and hence U is surjective.
it fol-Iows that * = Q(x) in G for all
p o 0(b0(ts)) = o since p o 0(<B>) = 0 and p o O(bs) = 0 by assumption. Considerthek-linearmap poO:k<SUT> + AEBrvhere p isthe

The next step is to prove that for any r projection k<S> I k<T> + A E B . Suppose condi.tion (2) is satisfietl. In
,

T<cr> n Frc I + k(T>(cr> 0 Fr c I the proof of 2 it is proved that ker(p o 0) is a tvo-sided ideaL
Lemma

(re use Fr as short for rrx<sUt>). ink<SUT).Hence po0 inclucesak-li.nearmap G + A8B andsincc

Suppose bek<T> and ba€f forall- a€(o)flFr,then 0(x) = " in G it is obvious that this map and I are mutua,l]-y invergee

rr n (<o> I s <B>) = Fr<o> I k<T> + Frk<s> I of each other. Suppose on the other hand that (2) is falde. Then there ie
o(ua) e k<T> + k<s> <B> .

+Xa!b! vhere a. €(o>0F", bi€k<T>, a! €k(S> b and s suchthat po0(us)lo (orthereis a and. t suchthat
Hence $(Ua) =Xa.b.
ancl bi € <B> . Then for t € T, p o Q(ta) # o) but f(p o O(ts)) = us = o (resp. y1p o 6(ta)) = ta = 0 )

so U is not injective.
o(tta; = 0(t0(ua)) = xo(ta.)u. + xo(tai)bi
ancl this is mappecl to zero by p since, by assumption, ta. € I and b! € <B>
The last assertion fofl-ovs from Lemma 1 and 2 ,

fhe last step is to prove that for all T Remark The proof is vafid. und.er the veakened assumption that q (regp. B )

T(o> 0 Fr-l cI + T<0> 0 Frc f .

consists of homogeneous elements if the first (resp. second) rorr of
Fr-l . I
So suppose T<cr) n .Then a=Is.a.*.i"i
antl a € (cr) 0 Fr + att
condition (1) is satisfiecl.
where a'a{ € <q>"n Fr-l and s'sl € S and a" € Span(o). Ihen with t€T
0(ta; = IQ(Q(tst)at) + I0(O(tai)si) + 6( ta" )
By (z)i, p o O(ta") = o and if o(ts. ) = Xxjb. , xj € k<S> , b. € k<T> ,
 45

The folJ-oving corollary to the proposition will be useful in the proof of Theorem 5 Let G?OL and write G = k<T>/<o> ' vhere T_= {t1,...1t.}
theorem 6. ancl o = {u1 ,...,u*} Let er, =rank(Grr) , sothat c(z) = .
nlorn""ef
There exist A, B, c € 0. and if Ge q there exi'st D, Ee O\ such that
Corollary Suppose L, B and A are algebras such that L and R have
triviar nultipfication (i.e. (l*)2 = (n*)2 = 0). suppose also given a map [rt,lfr(r
n='
-,';-s,, if char(t<) = z
0: R+ E L* * A of grad"ed vector spaces. Then L E A is an algebra by means A(il =J E_
)u"-t / (,-, 2n)"2n ir cnar(t) # 2
^
ofthezeromap A*EL** LEA and LEAER isanalgebrabymeans Lr,,,I ( 1+z2n-1

of amap n*e (lEA)+* LEABR defineclas zeroon n*o (x ga*)

and. on n+ g (r,* o l) as the conposition where f(z) = (r - r(z) - r-1r(r)2)-t(, -, - r(, ) )-1 is rational
tlgt u^ (t) B(z) = (1 - z2)-1(t -,)-1c(,l2frtr + znc(z))
R*8L*8A+ ^)Ac+ LEASR
_1

Moreover, if L, R and A
GL, GR and GO are minimal generating sets for
(c) c(z) = (1 - z2)-1(t - -
z)-1e(zl'fr t, - z"c(z)) '

n='l
respectivelyand. A hasthepresentation k<GO>/<o)rthen LsAER has c-- n+1.
D(z) = (c.o)(z')c(z) TI (r + Ez
l

(d) )
-n
the presentation n=0
o@ n+1,-1
k<GLU GAVG*>/<clu {al , 11r, rrt, ra, rI - 0(ref ); lr1t C GL,a eGArr,rr€GR}>. (e) r(z) = (c.c)(,')c(z) TI ( r -sz-n ) .
n=O

[an-t, prop. S.\] . lt i.s also possible to use the general method
=,JqY"
ebove. In this case A is the enveloping algebra of a graded Lie algebra 3
Proof A trivial application of Propositi.on 2 shovs that L I A is an
algebra rith presentation and may be seen as an abefian extension of basic Lie algebras.
3
k<GLUGA>/<ou{11r, a1 ; 1,1' € GL, a € GO}>. (l). ttris is a generalization of Shearerrs example [Sh, r'note added in
"".
Moreover R has the presentation k<GR>/< rrr I rrrt € Gn ,. The map proof"] . Let Gr = k(Tr)/( or) be a copy of G . This means that
rl may be restricted and fifted to a map [' t GR * GL + k(GA) which nt rLr
, -- tu1r...ruNJ'r1 i^ a set of generators disjoint fron but iclentical- to T t
defines a map i.e., ltjl =ltil for i = 1,...nN. Likevise, o'- {"i,...,ril} is the sane
set of relations as o , but among the {ti} instead of the {tr} . ffre
e: Gn*(Gruco) + k<cLUGAUGR>
algebras Gr and G are obviously isomorphic.
by send.ing G* x GO to zero and using 0 on GR , GL . We apply Proposi.tion 2 The desired algebra B has a presentation as
to the map tp . The claim of the corolIary follows from the fact that the
B = k<TUTt l.l{a,b,c})/<cr(/o.tUB>
extension 0 of g satisfies condition (2) of Proposition 2. This again
where lal =lul =r ancl l"l =a and 3={ac-ca'bc-aba,b2}U
fo11ows by an explicit computation in a fev cases.
U {atr-t.a, atl-t!a, ct.-t.c, eti-tic, t.t,t-tlt'. btl-t.b ; 1 < i < N}'
we compute the series s(z) by means or trl.'jurilr"l'*"irouP#o*- o" .
Al-] the operations on .9 ve have discussed so far have the property that k-basis for G with 1 W and 1et
e Wr be the corresponcling k-basis for 0r

if ve start vith rational- Hilbert seriesrre end up vith a rational series. In A spanning set for B is found by induction to be all words of the form
theorem 5 ve discuss sone operations for nhich this is not the case. In each q^p Qr Qe q-
a "c wtw= ba 'w, ba -w- ...ba 'v-tr
of the constrr-rctions of theoren 5 , ve obtain a Hilbert series vhich equals a 'o '1 '2
rational function times a transcendental infinite procluct, possibly times a where g1>g2>...>q"ZO and PrQg are arbitrarlr wr G ,t , wiO ... ,w.r( W .
power of the original series.
Lt iB easy uo see theE thl.o rrt hrr thc aarlee we look for. We nol' aPPIy
Propoaition 2 to deflno .n rl8rbta t , R htlth the righr aeriea and whlch
lrrquotlontof B,Put
 46 47

n = k<{w(i); v(!r, ;Zr}>/<{v,(i)vr(j); itj , w,,wr€ w}) except that nov rords are allowed with S.,US}. . .. 2Q" . The algebra n
is changed to
where lw(i)l = lr.,l + i , and put n = k<{i+(i); w€ w, izr}>/<{w., (i)vr(j); i<j , v1 ,lr2€ }l]>
L = k(a,c)/(ac-ca> I G I Gr but othervise the definition of L I B is unchanged. By similar reasoning we

obtain the stated product formula for C(z)

where l"l = t , l"l = 2 . The algebra structure on L is defined as the
tensor product of algebras (aefined in "Definitions"). I',or c(G -Let c(1)
(a). ftris is a somewhat different generalization of the same example of Shearer.
denote the element lf.vr(i) in R where S = X),.r,, with l.€k, w.€W
JJ Let Gop be the algebra which is equaf to G as a graded vector space, but
A map rsith reversed multiplication. A presentation of cop is k<T>/< ooP> rith
{w(i); v€W, iz l} t ({a,c} UTUTr) * k<{a,c} UrUTr> I k<{w(i); r,r€W, i>1}> an obv-ious definition of the set oop (e.e. (tit2t3)op = trtrt,r). By theorem 3
C.Cop6 0., since, by assumption, G e q1 , and then also
is defined by
(v(i)' a) + Cop€ Q., . From the proof of theorem 3 we have (w is a k-basis for G vith 1(W)
w(i+t)
(r(i), c) + a I w(i+t) G.coP: k<T>.k<T>/<o.WVW.ooP> = k(T x T>/<B>
(w(i), t) * (wt)(i)
where S is a finite set and the elements of T x T are of degree one.
(w(i), t') * t S w(i) (t'6T' corresponds to tGT). Let (r ,. r;(z) (rep. g(2) ; a"note the set r x T (resp. B ) with the
This map satisfies condition (1) of Proposition 2 (in fact both cases). The
elements of degree two. Let also b be a variabl-e of degree one. Put

extended. map satisfies cond.ition (e). ffre verification of this invol-ves a

D = K<ru ( r, r tr4{r }>/<ou3( 2 )u{ (t
1,trt2i-r t..,," rY)
o", r { t.,,trPt,u t
r; t } r,t# r}> .
control of 12 equations, since R has one group of generators and one group
since G.GoP = k<T there is a map(f] c'c"p +
x [>/<B> ,- D (f)i. map of
of relations and L has l+ groups of generators and B groups of rel-ations. "
algebras which doubte"Yntffi2o spanning set for D as a k-space consistc
We give 3 of them below. of al-l elements of the form
If ;<i, w(i)v(j) E c is fr*.,Ou*..1b$.,Z ...
to 'J1 .v.JZ'
mapped '1 I v(i+t)v(j+t) which is zero in L I R. (w. bw.
,,
If u(n,v(i)Eu ismappedto tg(wu)(i) vhichiszeroin LER.If
wherew.,w;,
J1 J2
wi,..., w. €t.l, lw.,l = l"el, l"i I > ... > l"i | > 0andr!0,
t€T and t'€Tt correspond to each other, w(i) E (ctr - trc) is mapped to 'o , ' 'l 'T
(at - ta) E '^'(i+t) which is zero in L E R fhis is easily seen by intluction. A1so, this set of elements has a sericl I

which is less than or equal to the incticated. series. For the second atep of
We may now apply Proposition 2 and. get an algebra structure on L I R It is the ttgeneral methodl clefine
now easy to verify that this afgebra is a quotient of B ( a and c are R = k< il>Z<t
i fr; l"1l<l"rl)>
mepped. to a and c in L, b is mapped to 1(1)(R, T is napped to GcL fi'= { f; vf w and | ?l = lr,il + r} anrr 1et
and Tt to GrcL). Since also the series L S R(z) is the right one, (b) t,=(c'cop)('),c
is proveti. where (c.Gop)(2) is c.Gop but the ttegree is cloubred.

(c). rtre algebra c is nearly identical to B , except that the rel-ation

fr* ((r,rf2)ur) + k<(rrrf2Lr> B k<fi>
b2 is defined by
is repraced by b2a . i{e obtain the same generating set for c as for B tf ,tt,,tr)e) + t., uF
(fi,t,1) * 1e ;{1
 . -'-!4qrFF!-

(ff ln 0 ,8. [lrni , li€k r wr€W r then f meana iltf{ ),

' ,'---rEY--"

Ifour of tho flvr

w:__
oonrtluoiloat *H tbmra: F rxpxtottly lnvorvc r t'ntrrtor 'r

or goncrotoro of dlcgrl.'tro, Ehul thry lelve r:;ren ttta quoot!'on of xhouhor or

Proposition 2 applies and an algebra structure on L I B is intluced, oince nou similar constructlont.rillt, ln t, or in /r" ' t'ikewiso ue *'y *o1d:1
the extended map satisfies the following. (!ll'tr't)c generalizecl to alL ot 'Y'
vhether theorem 3, vhich only holrla tn /1 |
,.l,hat euch constructipnu and genorul i.zal,ions do exiet is a coneequence of
our
rr l",,l < lrrl then fr,%(r., .-21.2)
- 1B (frl)(qz) =0 in LER next theorem. Theorem 5 will ehow' at 1e8,st uB far as rateE of growth are
ancl *1r2t + P
18w., (wrt) =0 in LBR concerned. that the properties of any series occuring in '/
are approximatod
by a series uelonging to /1 ancl, less close1y, by a member of /,r'
rrom the proof of Theorem 3 ve get the presentation of (G.Gop)(2) as
t<(r'r)(2)>/<{(a.x)(e) , ,*..onr(2) ; a€o,, x€k<r> , lal = lxl}> . Theorem 6 (.). Let A€ OL. Then there exists and polynomials
"'A,
We have for a€o and x€k<T> and l"l = l*l t:,(z), Vr(z) with non-negative integer coefficients such that
f
s(z) = r., (z)a(z) + er(z)
f(a.x)(2) + re# =oin LBR (u). For any B( O\ ' there exists C CAe and a polvnomi'aI a(z) with
#(r.uon;(e) + xE# =oi.n LER non-negative integer coefficients such that
#" + 1sff=0in LER. B(z)<c(z)<q(z)B(z)

Fina11y, if t1,t2,t3 € T , ?{rr,rr) (')r, ana ftr(t., ,rr)(') are both inequality being coefficient-r'ise for these power series'
-rr,
to t1 E t2li-t3
mapped.
Proof (a). This is shovn in lAn-2, proof of thm r*l 'abrief outfine of
the proof is as fol-Iovs. Write A = k<S>/<o> vhere S = {"t""'sN} ancl :
Hence L I R is an algebra and the series L S R(z) is the right one
Iet T consist of the d-egree-one generators {trr; i=t,"',N ' i=l""'l"il}' .{|
ana LoR isaquotientof D(t + t€L,(t,trf)*1.., ."r\21 , There is a natural injection 0: k<S> + k<T> given bv 0(s1) =
Ii
ancl U * i€ R ) and this ends the second step and proves (d.). G, vhere C = k<T>/<o(cl)> I
= t;,.....t;1.
Il I . The ind-ucecl map 0: a*
|"i| tr
(e). The algebra E is fike D , vith b2 replacea by {l2t; tcr} The
is also one-to-one, hence A may be vierred as a subalgebra of G ' m
A k-generating set for E consists of words of the same form as for D ,
algebliaBwiththed.esired.Hifbertseriesisobtainedasbei'ngaquotientHl
except that re allo-r.r to thc
algebra of G by monomi-al-s in T , vhich is ninirnal with respect
l"i-ltlr > l"r^l , ... , l"i Izo . property that A ernbecls in it as a subalgebra
The product formula for this set fol-Iorrs. Also L I R is unchanged except (u). Proof is by induction on the "complexityttof B ' Define the compl-exity
that of a finite set of relations E in a free degree-one generated algebra
R = k< fi>/<{ irffr; l*,1 . l*zl , . k<T> to be co( B ) = f ( lwl - 2) . Let the complexitv of a f'p' degreee-one
w(B
'Ihe product formula for L S R(z) fo1fowg and L I R is a quotient of E generatealalgebra B be co(S)=co(B) vhere B=k<T>/<B> isaminimaL
presentation. fhis is well-defined, ind'eed ne have
Remark Let r be the radius of convergence (r.c.) of G(z). The r.c. of A(z)
is less than r , si.nce f(z) has a pole for z(r . Also the r.c, of C(z) and
co(e) = .i ti - e)rant(rorf,,r(t,x))
i=3
E(z) are (usualJ-y) smal-ler than r . Horever r is r.c. of B(z) and O(z), we have co(s) > O and co(e) = 0 if and only if B(Ot12 ' Thus complexity
hence the grorbh of the coefficients in the series for II ( 1+znG(z)) and
is a measure of how much an algebra deviates from being a one-two elgebra
@, and theorem 5(t) is trivially true if co(n) = 0 '
n (1*grrn+]) reflects on the grow-th of the coefficients of B(z) anct D(z) respectivel-y. suppose nov co(B) = N > O and that theorem 5(t) is true
for algebras
1" that there is an
in O\ whose complexity is smal'Ior than N ' We vill show

,,,, .- ., ,,
 50 51

al-gebra ,aOlt with co(O) < N and a polynonial Qr(z) vith non-negative Cl-aim: co(n) < n-t
integer coefficients such that From Corollary we get a presentation of d ."
B(z) < D(z) < Q,(z)r(z) o4{ui.} {v}.Ur>/<( B- {y})U{rr2, fri, rijrrr,, tirrr,, *ij - t.t.)>
r. J-
coefficient-vise. Since our inductive assumption applied to D gives us and hence co(G) = co(i) = t - (lyl - z)
an algebra C e A1Z vith
co(o) < t - (lrl - e) * (ly'l - 2) = N - t
D(z)<c(z)<q(z)o(z)
and the claim is proved.
for a. suitable polynomial Q(z) , we obtain
ft renains to shov that B embed.s in D , which vit-l- impl-y the remaining
B(z) < c(z) < (e(,)e,(z))s(z)
inequality B(z) < D(z) . We have
as desireci.
ker(B + O = C,/<yt>) = <y'>nS
Let B = k<T>/<B> be a minimal presentation rrith f = {t.,,...,tp} and
Itrl =t andvi.thco(A) =co(B)=N)O.Let y(B beof degree )3, where B isiclentifiedwiththesubalgebra k8B8]t of G.But
andlet f;=k<T>/<B-{y}> andlet i denotetheinageof y in B,"o ft€l*8BER anctthisisarighticlealin G, and o*i'=0 (since

6/<i> = B . To obtain the promisecl algebra D , we shall adjoin new variables to v-y'=i in G ana c=e/<i>),soin G ithol-dsthat.y'r=f'c.Hence
6 , along with relations of d.egree two and a single relation y' of degree .y'>ngcL+ I B s Rn k I B I k = o
lyl - t . This is d.one such that the quad.ratie terms aitj all have a common
and this eonpletes the proof.
left factor and the relation yt is obtained from y by deleting this factor.
Definealgebras L,R as L=k0Lt and n=kORt where abasisfor
A fev worils are in order on the interpretation of theoren 5(U). tie result
Lt is {u.r; 1<i,j5l} and a basis for Rt is {v} (tire algebra structure must unfortunately be left in terms of an inequality rather than qn expticit
is clefined by ,? =^? = 0). 14e apply the Coro11ary to the map formula like 5(a), because the explicit formula involves the Hilbert serier of
^++^
i:n-oL'+ E where i(r,rr.)=tltj a certai.n right idea1. In special cases i.t may be possible to obtain an extot
togetanalgebra G=LeBen
formula, and in generaf it is possible to compl-ete the construction rithout
Inthe sarneway G=LBBER is analgebraand e/<i> =G. Suppose
introducing as maoy new variabl-es as we used. here. For example, see L6fvaLlla
Y = rc.t. where cr€k and t.
.1.2 ...tr ,l *rr"r}941tr.r ..,r, f ), 1ST;5p
d.enotes tr.tr . retluction of Shearerrs algebra to a one-two algebra in the appendix of Fe] .
-a-
In spite of the inequality we nay stil-I use 6(u) to nake some strong clalml
For r = (tr,...rtr) , 1et rr denote (.r3,...,Tf) and clefine yt( a as about the relative rates of grov-bh of B(z) and C(z) for exanple, if
Y' = rcruTlr, * ta, ' JJ(z) = i o,r" and C(z) = i n ,' , and we a]fov the weak additional-
n
n=o n=o"
Nov,put o=G/<y'>.since,in a, v.y,=i G./<i>=G,vehave
""a assumption that {brr} i.s monotonic or even that int{trr*.,/bn} is positivc,
I = G/<y'> = G/<i,y,> = c/<y,> then we <Ieduce at once that there is some fixed constant q such that
where tt is the image of y' under the map d * C. Hence
b (c n-<ob
-n fora11 n.
D(z) < c(z) = (1 + pzz)(t + z)s(z)
 52 53

The set of radi.i of convergenee be the r.c. of A(z) = i "-rn € !. consid.er an algebra B which is identical
n=O "
to A except that al-I generators (anil hence alf refations) have their tlegreeo
We conclucle rrith a ferr observations about the possible exponential rates of
increased uniformly by a factor of d. . The n@ gratled. component of B viIl
grorv-bh for the coefficients of a Hilbert series. As noted, the rad.ius of
convergence (r.c.) or n(z) = i u-r' gives the least subtle measure of the be zero unless d divides n , and when it d.oes, Br, = Arr/a . It follows that
n=O "
B(z) = L a,-zn=
-r I1lO
;" n rtu =a(rd)
gror,r'th of the sequence {arr} . let @,, = {" 6 (o,t]; r is the r.c. of some dln n=,0

A(z)< A] and likewise rc, Q., and &.,, . which has radius of convergenee i/a .

fyrat R- is cor:ntabfe foll-ows immediateJ-y from theorem 1. For d.ensity, note

Theorem 7 The sets Q , Q, and @,, are equal. that ft, contains every s, where o is the smallest positive root of an equa,-
tion 1-"rr-"rr2-...-euzd =.0 vith eilO intesers. To see this, choose A =
-r(z)
Proof Clearly @,ra Q,rc @, so we need only shov that Q, - @r, . = k<T> with = then A(z) = 1/(1-t(z)) . ror T(z) = zp4a $e g.t
f,ur"',
Let r e @ and choose any a(z)e Ol with r.c. equal to r . By theoren 5(a) 2-p/q'e@ ror any positive rational- p/s and these points are themsel-ves
ve nay choose s(z)C At rith A(z) < e(z) = r., (z)a(z) * Pr(z) < rr(z)a(z) ,
clense in ( 0, 1]
As to how Hilbert series behave near their smalJ.est singularity, rre have the
vhere Pr(z) = er(z) + e"(z) has non-negative integer coefficients. By
following,
theorem 5(u) ve obtain c(z)eA\, r,rith coefficient-r,rise inequality
A(z) < B(z) < c(z) < Q(z)s(z) < p(z)l(z)
'thegrem 9 Let reQ. , T'hen there is an algebra Ce O\, such that r is
lrhere p(z) = er(z)Q(z) has non-negative integer coefficients. since the
the r.c. of C(z) and r is an essential singularity of C(z).
inequalities hold coefficient-wise and all coefficients are non-negative
and A(z) converges for lzl < r , c(z) must eonverge for z€ [o,r) , and llroof Since r e Q = d,, , *" may choose some algebra O, Ql such that n( z)

consequently for all lrl <, . Hence, r is1ess than or equal to the r.c. iras r.c. equal to r . In [Ar-2, lenna 1 and proof of theorem Z] it is
"."
of C(z). But, since A(z) < C(z) , we also get the reversed. inequality. fhe nhown that, if A(z) = i^"rrr' , then , ,-t for each n . Let H be
n=u "n
r.c. of C(z) is therefore exactly r , and ,, Q,r, as desirecl. llhearer's algebra, as described in [sfr, see "note adcled't . This H has the
property that its r.c. is unity but - r)%(r) = - for any d ,
1?-(,
Theorem B R, i, a ttivisible submonoid of (0,1] under nultiplication and lrence the singularity at 1 is essential. Using theorem 5(a) iie construct

a countable dense subset of (0,1] in the usual topology. n degree-one generated al-gebra G with this same property. Let B = A'G .
lly theorem l, B< q ancl the r.c. of s(z) is also r . lfritii:g C(z) =

}Je must show that @, is ctosecl uncier multiplication and that . I s-r', we have g(z) = i-^-n.n-.n-n_-n
.-e-"' and inequarities a g-. > g-r-n > o
ftee{ ntrU n=u
,1 /dcQ. if rLQ. and d is a positive integer. That @ = @, is closetl ror each n. For zc[o,r) it follows that B(z) > i^gr(rr-1)n r 8o
n=U
und.er multiplicati,on follows fron theorem 3. Now 1et d > 1 ancl 1et r
 54
55

tubstituting )t = zy-1 n we obtain

[,fa1 JACOBSSON, C., fu the d"oub]e Poincar6 series of the envefoping el-gebras
tim_(r - z)ds(z) > rirn_rd(l - r)d I e-rn = rdti* (1 _ l)dc(r) _ of certain era -58.
z+?- l+t- =
n=0"n i*i-' [Lei LEMAIRE, J.-M. Algi]res qonneles et hgmologie d.es espaces d.e l_acets,
?
for fixed ct . Using theorem 6(b) r,. get an algebra C e 01 , vitn
any Lecture Notes in Mathematics, \ZZ, t97)+, Springer-V;;tag;l;m;-;idelbergr
, New York.
the r.e. of c(z) also equal to r and lim (r _ z)dc(z) _ [L6] LoFWALL' C., On the subalgebra generated by
= for any the one-d.imensional elements in
the Yoneda Ext-g]gglrt, these proeeedings.
fixed d . Thus C(z) has an essentiat- [no1 Roos, J.-E., Re]litigns bgtveen_the poincar6-Bet],i series of l-oop sBaces and
"r"lra"rrr, "a r .
of local rings, Lecture Notes in Mathematici@
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Nev york.
The reverse questionto theorem 9, whether or not for every r € e, there [sh] SHEARER, J.8., 4-gr?4s:d.algebra with non-rational Hit--bert series, Journ. of
Algebra, 6z, tgBO, z,8-z31l
is an l,(z)c,/ converging for lrl a, and with a simple pole at r
,
remains open. rf truen it would forr-olr from theorem !
ttrat there are series
with poles of any desired ord.er at r .
We close by mentioning one nore open question
about the set @ ooes the
Bet R, contain any algebraic nunber which is not the reciprocal David ANICK
of an Department of Mathematic g
algebraic i.rt"g.rzlL partieular, does 2/S belong u Mass. Institute of Technology
@,2 This question is Cambridge, Mass.02139
notivated by the observation that when A(z) is rationalo it (USA)
alr.riiys has the
form p(z)/q(z) , where Q(z) has constant coefficient unity
and e, Qcz[z]
Consequently the r.c. of A(z) , which coincides with C]-aS LOFWALL
the smallest root of Department of Mathematics
Q(z) , is the reciprocal of an algebraic integer. A r.c. of Z/3 woutd University of Stockholm
Box 6701
mean an afgebra in which the sequence {rant(arr)} s-113 85 SToCTCIOLM
gro,nrs like {(s/z)n} ( swnpew)
rt wourd be of interest to see how cr-oser-y the coefficients cour-d
approximate
euch a sequence.

REFERENCES
[an-t] A gountgrexamp]e to a c
fll:n,_o.,
1-33. correci:-on: Aan. Math., .,.,0#sjffi:9ffT-.!9ll9, Ann. Math. 1i5, 1982
l^n-21
fljlK'rf:;uTh" ""11."t "irgrrr.ritv or . siru"rt ,"rt"", Math. scand., )1,
luel T?re diamond lemma ror rins theory,
?Xi$H+r!;t, Advances in Math.,2p,
loo-11 Math. Notes or the Acad. sc. or the ussR,
fflt?31;,";l;:rffl@.e]serel,
[Co-eJ GOVOROV, V.E.. On the dimenei^h ^r ^--i^r -r , Math. Notes of the Acad.
Sc. of in" Uri*
T'I*. ,""r-,
is now knov-n to be yes (added in proof).