Dy gyg\u Soturday PRODUCTION. 10 hss Masks - 2% 1930. CASTING : whi priniphes yon cooking by Helps rd Ressentbols | work shop Feebowlagy by feyra Showdlari + Un thus tne Giquil mobien. 9 mink ap Rouned int. # % sand often solide piaton 9 foe _ganting ee | Coniing io a Roe leontiog cavity , ollmw iC ocfleigy Fhe Gqgkan oat &y Srentkiog The wRoubsl pen the Liquid me Geo enitad ln sz. Courbng cow iby, Stops. @ Potlexn making @® Pooks and vere, emking @ Pooning and ecifeohoo @ Fettting © Srapection Paileay making Replica. A Ane santing te be paodred y the Polteoo. clean Nemain dame. ape. Shipe pee “re. cashing ft ot seg + tic, Means thal procaaced bat thee el athe gates © aifrent en the 5 ailp bypo gy slawornes ® Shrinkane alloworne Yemen Cave Grave gee *9 ® machining allowonee ® day. eowence @ Shoke ollgwance & distortion alroance@ygiminkage altace § Re qoolais ane. poured at the pouring tempouifine | [Pessing temp = Saethiog Point + oo-e'c | —_ espee ¢, superbok ae Shuey fre pouning, fempnatane must 6c eppedtien thon HP Me avoid wr sold eottions qe molten mélol to the pay [os mote une 4, femitle, Meet inde the, (alent heat jthus 0 phone doage cote] i RT soon temp tea® | ® e @ Zpager in vebreat i soconking x Angling 3 4 cooling the shvinkage, 4, matouind will be saaking QUE a %» % anedwer. rung Oe Eee Sond Pakage io Roned ar qs abuiokag, ancl ehatover, sha sin plate In Fe phage. © Ooatecl o8 soled shuokage, egg lang 0 Re Gaye Aeon} ene, compennaled by the outer. and std dniovage. BY providing shninkagg elloweee en the, pate Shvirkagp-atlowence, ie The clioworce previetest feSleno jpn empearating Solid seninkage. teudng pias. auning conting a he soateouat syening tempering an a. boli @ the wnem temparaizny = eHuminium boo the ighest Gryel, atninkagy [eve] | Beenie “Ihe, tia one. Menara ap a fpun volume Legyech Aino heyyy con de. sgciteet ay a 2/0 by volume ” Becewng Yhe Ackil RA mkoranadle. a dimenfons me Sobel ghaiokage coil oberg O% sgecited Or co % ever seheerenstons Gahen a motental & heated 1 enpardla by oe Le» dimension, = Lx(R-7) Eo gional pty coupe q-22 CAR much with slaiak, « Be Bs & he shoinkage alowince [Sets ex Ce | = ” : 7 ily Aye op cductin sorakivg SA Mould be celeuliled by Is fponulo but due unowallabiats 4) of . coo! aa oot cook TEs a (TOs? FTO a7 Ts) ora RT ST otreaiy ep 4 « ~€ ¢ a « ( ( (oO "y OO ¢ CORFE HOKBHGHOROOOD © 6 © 3 3 | Bua - loaning Paghest solict shuinkas eval thus higher shrink atlowence [x= 23 BeAr] Minimalitymeht ~ 51 © towing HG Mp | X= 23.5 M/s Yowdan., Pradinum iridium abley ~ = ‘dhnost ce. ) Seeee yo ceoe } Sos canting oe Z metals No ahuctgpaliivmd grovick Crovey Cork Yvon, TCS — [oo =~ Vel oncoding 18 expondls and wonhants BH heating “ang, all Stainkage fegelher ta he stotel shuiokage Steel — -Aagud onc wotedt shnio kag. then Gapthes woul 62 fraqhest > stock PH Aongprt siner. reecledt — eumniniun Ss # enggat con volume — — Dee [# esing = 200 «1098 Se] i | cxsey cost iver Sh = \%e 4 AY [200 «too «se" aay “ 2 Vet 4 tat 2f-98) Loox 1. ey it oe cor ve eat | Toose) cag aon 7 coca — wedineet QNrnshinng adowrce fe exien patenial. provide om Yhe pattern ahi witl be removed by epachining q, she canting afer. ne Ncoatiag GOWN &% Campleterd As be grovided due to ‘ © sot w he cosed camporent, wilt here. poor. oosler else» rant te segiovoning, kSmponsls Yequne geo’ OFErncllent cong (wr sheds Pootle by mARERIAG pes machin the” component eoxeeny malerials Choutd Ge provictect © BW onemaliale variahoo w Swuokeger Gaking place Ane to the Noniah or a ee empratin® . SA = LX (Ty -Ts) j mothineg allauue & Providee, on % wm/side + aa. wy Syerea, Sha ate toc = Zag 2i100 Kh x Amel sideer 2x4 R = - Boo + 2. «Seo = S10 é o€ | L dimenione with Sh -+ MR a On W4tV2+2z = 208 1 ¢ | ¢ | ge Slot 2e2 = Sih € ' CR é Sa tg BUR aimernion gy pelle S122. eit DA cS 6 mae ¢ € D= goo reez = WH : | ba SC 42N2 = SCH - | Pg with fA +SP O= 20m +B pry = 2092 : co 6 LA Sey + Bpxcow = SWHr08 = ie 5, ‘ 1 @ Lea oltrwoseer er : a Maung Yhe. vanbical 4 1» ef the, pallean inty tnelineck Aun fycen ot i eas BMD, hie gale Ben Ye, meats s 4 wee ~4 ealazap ine. “vemover q. pabaun Ahoulet 66 «iH humar heat ‘ Wo mhashinuwes shaw, be cocrgeet * ( Se tha ama Sake cw Reet —cremupbon cetury y ‘ wath cud providing drop! alloteane, — Untill The loo point pie pallean comer cut Bey mould ) front om & Weneat By “the gallery avi th meovld and ony sraiting os vibration tok 2 el walls Ken pplnas. by the, hor wake. comes clomage. the mootel A satin the. mrovision shalt Mgwance | AP BOONES ce SMAM Amocnt B «_¢ grin io fed Grom the mould , mmerdictely tre ceorence, or fp iy gxinting Litve ‘pater ead the moatd: © the. patlonn var Be as ee Gang cheomagen te he. Mouled, ssa wrest oO | = bps esternel sunfaces the dealt eons at 1~3° Poder inkenol puna the dnabt Anwar = SeC yore :- St cemsting procem 5 |, Plann O made by wing “the materials Gd Z | WON) Aergwrys and gol sbypene <> Gqutct /metbing point aye a Avy morcany sehen coated & ~ IOS “BONE, gare aotii © obtined . Rem moatd w maede ard whem kept é seca Temp: 4 cheggo le Giquicl ~ bo earidy nemoveets ° An stone of Ware UNen the molten metal gout , it's semourel co | aqua alate | fagisnme not polystrenc (horns glaabe-H cost bo, counted + an une pleotc 1's Bean une | colthod nomeving wallpaikin all @ emovert. i HHP A, polystyrene. — \Fo-208c and vapourischin. temp v9 Bse ARE pouring temp Wout Ge, above. 1 ene eth to no time the shying i Napountverl. crcl excepedl. by “he pomousi ty prepa ~ 8 mocting sands + AICO it's @uaped hous Midgay® appliction — Very lgp sisect coating Uke, maar tat badd leaedagey Net weunab(e i * lange dised gailan utd not fe. nemeved. Oy HumenrRenle Behr om faced semovas, 4, gattlens - * Duaig namond ef the pala (Rew he mould, wthttove he mouting sane wiuid> n> odhmed te he paths aloo gitr vemnoved cnet tamagen the mooted wally Ad coward, nin , before nemeval of “the, peRlerd faci he outd Phe. palblo cath G. ARRAS that of adhered. seething Aen wath bo Aagediled And wo eooanneoneoo00 0090906009000 c seewangs wscuteD oka. place fe he mould)» eo : se. * ! “aa during slaking the gallery yae ae of the S copity produced with Gleome grecter than the “sie i the. Palio 5 hid (runeanty Yhe aise, ate costing. AB nrainin Whe, 4122. of he. coobing ap roqypi sed, - Captnally sho patio size than b ba veduerd, dy an ae y pinant eynt be cme allowene « Ake ouNdunt The sbake Ollowane elerends onthe mold making powon f nang QyAe pill & ousted) oem ov Ha oF plyphyeene oF fe, No Bahn 2© Digestion allowance Si's not renpaired en «atk the coatings but its nog{ul seek to grovele. Onby Auning Ye venbng 4, U ox V shaped Coatings Ouning ooting o U0s v shaped coatings , becouse 4 the ( apt srninkage j Yee vented teat of U may get bat * eakuunds ad prodacen unclinect logs 4, ¥ ~ | wg vertical Legs ao inthe. ovnino® gallo s the woulel Ge Bent FSyimanel soto “dusty cartng rine Megs ecouteh be. Rent coboare® ancl Pproducer varkeat legs 4, Ut | AR comount 4 banching Legs inacnd © collect Aitoshionatlowance. ORs comant q Risoraten ablewocre cowity Cnewaren > rary sir ‘nw -4 | © how denci ly — tor easy bosxtting (placing ort remover) \ 1 @Gaed ov exceuent ssalgce gots il PE eewinen io |poxcedion | : ( @ creep | - « Malenicla aweat ‘ Vigor wughh low doncity, ...-- adhthe propartien 4 {gr patlenn i> preset - Con 8c) ( ce, REPL Moisture, absenblicn canidhauwr work Paving Wo rnaishune, absonbhn 1 Whe, Commrpocstiog wood | | | \ fen be taken 0 gollern sectertala > Reak wood mahagony: = 2-Mate, woud bane 0. gratlem of, sige’ mantel ond eancitey wooed ne be high Ou a. a metals Lowest Bu ponerud ey AR(P4(e) bot fH bes | oociX cimost StF ‘Hines Wager: Toco he dency oy feo tue”20 0 p OOOCOCTORHAAANOABO0GOHOOORS9 OG metal patlann are & ba produced again by wood patter by «costing proc: (double slounkage altoccoue meet 6¢ pr inARe. toed patlenn (wed 2 smtded pet 89 cantiog ) og AL ehniterodat, 4 v BAe) — 2 alec) 3 Dtastic poten plastics are poseniay clk good. pnopatien which wane requir {ph pally eroleniol L's plantin one. the mast commonly ured pattern enatariala jovhe ‘art Vedliey toe tg) epony FEIN, PC , cellulose, Nylon, PAI YBene ote aw. bag af vey Wp ann , we cou be und er co gatlarn materic * paotoucing comptes. Soapes ey he, potleany veny cantly - Bernaval. hy Whe. WO patio i» clro earion to the berg bee war rood os cnentlent Zurface. frie wo pout 7 nasi Bevan a, very high Seffner ; hao he, gatlenn i Avamanadd fer on place to Onother. pace. ; the. gallein Oy, ¥ ctistortedt. OT annie ho nas ste af pate woed & Big only « Wher werk & wed with green Sank moutel ; sagt vat tailed dafe sone prodMeedl th the casting 4 Eo ae when casting tho woudl reull in vate Bhaped Proichons: Doe te vepeunisahon ¢, wlan content i grend sand — Cred an Atveleper used. fp pesticing gold and. tue ostisen twine Slactan, wove ge for dele syste ele + 5+ Tooen_ morc, sooling Hy te “Fo te “BEC & Since dency ey Hy & Voy -vory Wugh. ~ tb den ened [ge produuine ory smal sizeel conting corde waqutien oxcettent Sanjece yo w (tre machining tba et ured i commercial apelicohen * Only in Specfat Mpplcahens Uke in aemespore , it) onal >{B01 MAKING Woulating sanely ane wed do manyeiline she mold © Sikken hoad peatides 9{75 & 807] (sed. ips producing weqyized, stoargtn af, dhe mautdeng Sanct © Loy r[is te 207] AR pacduce. the Gord bc The sand. poxticler- © Walaa Leadiurn siticale 2 te 2%] meg lee RZ vethale. Whe. ee 4 bond bles Me dang panbile ® clay | | Silica sand + slay + ecler, > (Bireers senedl | stig cml + Clay 4Seasiteat,——> [Bag Boe] i | — ) Any cond with 50% Clay > [Lowy i - ,& ¢ \ A | © Wood powder. 03 SQW dwt m4 AR roweane, perounity propuity anc collapsibitety 4 the moutelviy sand. ¢ | ® Wat powder 4 bangs Ae rocaans, the. refpnedaniene —ROLy fy mautding Sand H¢ & stoxch Dexisin ‘ i CM \ouwane he Beristence to selec mation. ox sheng ayine gid sp ugte ce messin sf, Ie eael> active cect 60 actelect | Paopuation ponerad. by mautsling sand u © Posoualt Abitily 4 Qeaping ods OF gener ahxough he moulding dane leloranining, pores using, porniobitty test .nencadFourday Society] o* 7 * vet io nok .o peoperty 4, mousing sand but i only a mene. test fo rmoonune the, poreunthy groginty ? fy sand 7yeti “etanTymiote > Pepe “he Dane Aptclmen « vpuclune voluune din 0 nck night H per pune, P te Fa > Ran flees Shia specimen io ® Neck prooh wondainay hoe At 2. _ va 4 Peunisbitity Vo apna one ead socked b awoie : he funiabilt, cpiee Sane Hoos Sad sidan Pg eo Hf siege gramme ote Cte, volumes 4 Cece aie of A bom sedionaanan, Ning. conlainen GY =200 te T= ome Ws Volume = 2006) > A premune, RF Pa Appl by pumping akin, Ae (ereer Vevol q ionltie bfgt vine Back pean = S-08em Side connected with & Ve 200¢¢ prenune. grog» > Pa, > cloutale the. time taken fon ne = S088 No = 0188 he premine dep fy Pv | anata ke mioaten Lemme How to wuwens ponouni}iy. % @ Anwenning sand. guabile. sive — @® Redwerng clay, content @ Apading weed courer. @ Reducing ramming re > colts deebachoo of sunediy re shsengh ef jhe | ® Proviching vent hole (venting) @sixenots | Ayer ~ Tensile, siacrgih Gmgneniie. sensi, shear. atragto Al Youe shenghh toutd be measwrect vsing UTM lobe ability & Iie bend. bos geaticten ef sone mata d eed isberiven UR can “roo A. ineticéted by wing Shean stoerg- daloaination of shear shane th Indou laminas, shan. Shength ot (12 S$) © S 6 e e 8 S 8 © e e € € € € € co c © © © Aco ayers . bame, mailernial ar shown in by & madlg. ue ‘3 . Geccatnic lcackag © applred @Adhwniveney Ake vabitity a poration Genel q) bead, matenrals Wit other mnaderceet frse tayen> q dijyent materials aro coaster shown Ren bordig, shang & Clutaltd ow Aetewninaler a Greed Ge coued do 1658 > St) not ter lamioan «© dahgutuanen | Re bitty fpr toronsl Ruigher tompaniline etthout leony | ith stvength Re Geadinen - | i elon: colion Done by uring UTA) colt emeenalare conhot chamber F the. Wad con be applik eo The soteinen. cept . weqjured engin cy he Specimen Ren slewoly ip crcaae. She emp eh the dramtar, phowdy - dos some, temp +» “ne sone, spteimyn. wilh Re | | spledled é ¢ Oley : © Glaprabitity ~¢ gt Avitely ef breaking he envated eat Wile. omount «f the fpr € Mansunest. by calng vibxalosy mesh Senet bpaciinan kept io vitscloy ren ancl. cpply vient | | | ‘ | @ Fhosobi iG t ! Re, tly fy Mouteting aera [foro b Cah & euony twerand, HO 9g Mow cbavactoushyr ef tqusd ot goner (& furd) w» dlagoed tay ( Slvictto, + ( Bud How doaractentso qi solid & Ae ffoodt, by Llowabrtels; 4 mecouned by Using. ori fees ( 4 ‘ motediog <- ‘ whaler te. ee nanplad, fpe nonahg eb emanldig so 5 ih binned by Rune band i & called an paad moulding. Chaogaat_mathed > no eqpigment 0 Tage end no dewmager «i ¢ faapher 6 palaay Weaust Pumen bugs votes ted cohen the pasjections oc edtemions ana pase rs buch dee» he apply tenan amoKnt a Pa ‘Sengih % tonden sh re mould obtuned io non wna} gan Produghoo rate is low | | | | iraloun. the fgyee Peay fpr Terwag the, moutcking tnt 'S obtaned by ubing a machine « r | ® Bowting opmatveoDOH OHAHAAFHHDOGCGCOHPOGOVAOV!S ¢ a) € Ot ‘ es Wa! A dond Yuet moull i» raotised @ conten amount 4 feigst seth HF posxining potenbat” osengy , Ghen. (to alowed fo gall Aporty 09 the spouncl , y ~ - “the potenball encgy in conuenteal «fly impact energy ond ienpeck boncl hich iy diag 00 hg ground Ae ogual er opposite seacion foxe produced. by the ¢ moutd is ating om the mod jpn Cerapinning Re mouley Aer Begs hme Opptie by the ground ud not able & Porrope eapb dhe “top of the enoulel, Hye Bellon ef “the mould altaining hugher. Preorgth ond. Gandinen Gui We. top of the moule a atmos! Uke @ Cross sanel, © Squexing opuabiors seuss CRE Yor in applied by cning he. pen on te he pale “ie vey data be “Tuwa|ped on the moulding ead aret cemprening the sand: the ence applied bythe plole not fenjuring | up & the. “bollony, the. top eh tha mold. align he | ' Steangth ond handineo bud baillom ilk be pocening lower Alerg! | | | i | | | i i 1 C@Lekintin By combining jotting % sqpeeding openadicn » Righbrsahsensth could, eeseeas 00 top cre? ballon, Fe O} he WE dy Mol < 200 min — H's possibte & get nce Krargih ered Geadnen Uneagh ow Whe Moule bud} Nhe Th g mold > avo = she, central pat @ the mould dean the lowest Aiea QDand sinait rs oes the sanifsSon Btsongih ~msoughaat Goith ehalver he. Haight fy he Moukd 5 the beat icthed 2 cating moulding © sand stingeng ae Smea toatl Quontition @f erooteling Sand witl be thrown fn 1 mould wit> centain amedt pe wring machine => 60 -4bat pcaltsed, wanviing uf, Calding sad wilt take place © gees wntlesn Bhsength Jhnough Oud thy mold Netesdson: Cot d, equipment & hugh ard comot 6@ und) on moleling pillenn howe extumions ond fosion pe in, i i |(ove ane ured fos prcdiscing hollaw casbiays 0 Poopentien @ Non mateluc matevialr snow 2 uncek« Cpe eanty Tamevel. and, [pe no bore lesmatian) © Fece. rem ensisne Ce omc. eee by eration a meas) @ Higher. shength eh ons - ~e te ottholand self colend wr dnctten ata) . a | J - Ziivion 6 | @ Highs colapreddi tity ors teenct ot. ae cng a #® ond @ cre. conbradtithng properties ag: Ory Gand with Cog moutding vy tand token in O cerebox andl hun pie moth, pipe haga pROMMNe C02 feud Jew 1- 2evoute hn x con, 4 RBM, Bruce. Tet Gmmecdiately 4ekca dhe pipe vend, cxlloce ¢t ( ary, She [pe Megs ‘ | [Fees dnterl ond epen the cose Bek end, ; take cut tho core {hugh ‘veegth) ‘ beg deere | | = wand ven tre. nigh 4 obkaned w shest Uva, After -Sbbxs duachon ‘ Gide. yok aneton’ | she. Mery 4, the era Hed detentonating ond after 5 hx x he, Aengs ‘ th Cone almost eh sd it Apond ar tvoke oad + (eotlapatote) | deat maxe RES AMO KEEP iW STORE ty 2 Foundy saydig - | Cove. pris A Re ween gps focabing, suoppanhing , poartiening - : —— * Re (ere gritty ane produc by providing Onlenntors onthe prtlery luhen. enlenfons ene, grovieted. on the. gattenn, Me aeenoye, cf, plea om he moulel, baccensn dsliott Sapo. gailleay cottl ba rtenkd 2 piecer ne glace. ther pallew caitl be kapt in We ep and onatren ple on ae the mowed. & made So Worried Zemesin The undtin ef op end clrag OARS mala couny, penitponing awl xen ch, ower "i> Oo © 6 O2OHOONF9A0008000090000 y ine | | "io two material) ane Rowing same dancity” Hore soki@ «ome in Immersed Niguel motien. meatal » 89 gpamat the Brose < §, wcltan Rs GB. panel buagaat Yrnee would ber ailed upon tre wae ak baye force, = ae = at qexe = V8q ~ vag BF =Vva (S-d) a fe BFS Sete cot afiove vetheat 4s = FE ee) “| By» (eta ora Caso bagont byree ) Voad suppbtid. iy cove prink =350 A] Newtons Ss there As Sunfe 2 awa cro print in a fossa load = Nel BF -Z50A £0 9 Ne cetititional supponte reqpet wd = PO Dacditional supparts seqlirod aherfaer the Unsupported faad i> SO; the adetitionat supports naquimdd—cas be provided by untog Chaplets a He Chaplets one, wed by ting Anme mattnials am hat d, the canting» Mau Toocomne on indented. pant she. casting - Atan We pacing cnapléle — it should ee ences cleaned avoid wank joint Aprsnatieg fos the. raplety one -he. sols mate), ed 4h slaplet sisz. dos avery AN d,umupported lead 29ronF cpsarea chapldty sheuld | le JON R00 Rough chagld > vned 07 an cubdtional Dupont jpr cose ; he, Oraplater ato prov Ye. gaditional [yochionality as 0 damdhienal Aehetil\eabion:Boning Tne canting 4 sheng celypel cartingay he. r pation wed witl abo Prwestrap ctr. i Cres making mold ~ Wis shanp edlged paler , w the. Sane pedicles prusant im He wonens cost get r Stéppect arc paedluces Coase anne panbidey Daring pouting 4, molten metal. fy the. caabing cout than (cose. Acne pruttider Coit get Goded fen the motd and eafening inks a coully prodicing sand inden © the. “Casting ©% awold thin duning molding itself, + sheped rodtal. OS Aovmebatlic paste oil be provideck Sethal they will 62 retaining the. motel wher ‘ Powis Yo he molten mélal ond. auoicla cliaeet ue, cened tw the loos. sane particles ond the molten inetay + S fronce edininale the sand enartar anc Orel incuota~ feck Here L-shaped. pieces om called pido (pacntig ) Since heamal worduutiuity pade © peallen thers he moukting Mur he Parl alo prover iV rat “actedipfeaben 7 “ Riger s Hecaited banc on :- ( Ouning wnijon cvinsectioned varking he wer do proviclert Bo ne top mest potat 4 canhig Comity - we @Aprhe casing oe neo-unionw aensechion, the alan is provided near. & the Mitkas portion Yhroshe thiones€ portion oa Yoh shape unifoun carting hve Baenrane sho can grasa > thrown & the. Legare a Mere, due & the Preronce + risers ZoOne.1 ond eae 2 sae soliiffek amity” ond thunoMy amas | Coots Rn & became ar The. qponkity g matter U meal & Large in Sone 3.80 mone nest d Waysitedl dho t he Cewnen. negtor ,she heat rani. to takieg place a 19 2 dtvechins » .. She emperahae 4, ecomen z “ag Se Sing crs rt ees rod die 6 thiy cchaleser, slutokages ane. ccoming due Se soliaifivahion q Gone 3 cornet Ge compuniled ty GIR be sisan Hane gratiarer deff kam ao Sos ae Aheinkenne 4) 8 ° e ® 2 8 e e € € € € © © © © © e ctinechionnd, sofa ation Hecomenenive tty a : | provicted b a ARE onelaltic. pitee. provided. to the. aorta % coe 184 provitig iperbaa Chills» Sethe; one wed jow acmechiorad Solel J Sheth wotents me Ay ane materials oO von Donat con dud vi’ | $upeticd a the eve+ ‘, ia Statve have Gan mnatingy poiat temp: hyper thro H canting metal | cme vehith gelling odhenert tne. Casting i the canting pron ond it J unuasiled modeniot- ~- tt bhava t Ge removed. by wadhiny aftersancts i = i ||fouRWG eerie \ Ake motien. metal % alsays powied iste the cewting cavity Hey eniog rypkenn cated the, (FES ABP oting Auster Ean ieelley [eonstirntes A @ Pouring Wxnin ® Spxue . @ Runneng te ® Angele rarest op proper. gating mptom Gace crOued) i | | AAR opting syplem shealal ke aleriqned sett the time teen Jos [ts 4 | molten meth she, cowily runt Fe o> minima a» “pou ig. | | | | | Rs & to amene Heat ne-part oe ccoting cavity should, to Solas befene. complete. .fsttuay af We coohig county: ouningTng = Yotebcouile Flow © abe ees seu er = * Peoe x Yel, Airea x Veet be ceva + Be Ont, Wi gooraenag Woh*KCAie. Velocity 4 motten, metal io the _pstng system Shoolee be. Pugh sap pornibte Gotti ie. Cents 4 Gonica. fee | do fre ‘posetbie; the, setvey suplem Anowtd sopancte ~the impuniben | ipaedent co “the mottenooetat: de MW shoold etimiatle tre cand roster: a SA shoutdl avoret tne anpteation ofyet gk Ue. Yow 4 moter endtal in the. geting Agsten. Broan, “be alirouys ya onal 7 Phe pati’ Hece shoullnot be altecod 7 Gane the cavity © bean pitted by molten mel; he airget compatne + Smatead 4, moving out owas Ine molding sand H+ goon out Mast *e ceating septene Gnd. Huan agen Gables enbeppad Yo the. molten mefal Gouredl + sxapgliyiog Ye molten metal the lnapalty ‘ Seqaonles he Impunitien present éo the motheomell Ae thin loyen. provid ct ha, evel Prsnin Wanton collteln the molten metal over té- £0 thal She Guten heat avetlable inthe etter mada wilt Ge absorbed tyne plole ua matted (ets plat) at a ‘ine Ploeg So hol the molten. metal ced by the plete . andthe molten, mela eee Plate ane poss Stnough the, gang Syptemn. 2 (mule | be emsenes “he Yolk ecw af molten mebat din the, gntigg system | Re etimennion hy POURING Genin (rage os aire) j witt nok aed whe. Parfowrnce. q the gets aye ;) 7 8 eS ° 8 S 2 e e € € € ¢ € € & 6 © © & Spoue. Ns 2 coonestiag powage by the. Pouring farin ene. the vunner, gs alway venhica with akaught tnpered, Cloulan, cremscction Re tapineck shape oy ApRE ebimmiacite “he, t>pitation ofieet 3 Ae Ihejaht 4 “he spnue io Rerponntbie Jot reducing “he vatocrfy of | molten mda dothe opting ayitom: .. Live Raight q the Spaue oo dalecl, [esse met Vine velocity f motten, meat at the Gaboy Ayston muse Be ax [eigh an PporelBle, within Ane. Cimibs 4 laminae joo" velean lk Ag = CSA ay Apmae (nottors) j | Runner | Connecting, Penang. blo ne. bottom cf Yhe spe nek the, ingle | Bs cluoy Howson wrty anijow tnepesoidal acss secban | Out qa the Aloapes the teagerdictel ero cacticn do she one ruth éo Ravicy i highest couplfuieal , cltidhange « Bo waperordal anew section. (> anes Gay =a € y chen even he, Yow io -tekuney Glass oo o “Faintae. — Sey eh the, preniige 4 He [datum bead, volae 4, ceaf}serert gb Bewrcins Convent Woenpecbive. cy the iprpeco bas pong 4 ewEAL AN, crow nuction. io Aclechel agrte apie - |S eons to mrenscline | Ay = C58 gthe wume. | | | as recency te divert whe Howe qrom sprue f& Rovzentat, fo j reduce. “the Zand. eror/or+ >.| SNMATE | Bis “he. Laat ‘point ef earbag cavily from where the motten mebl 1 foabog 1 the Lasting vily [pom she Ms cho hoasentil ed ose Tro peacidlat tor section the Fos Reb‘) enakal casting the sanner. ca @ wecte. above the ingile 0 Hat any, Wocenerg, tmpunthen pnonenk iy the. molter. eaekat covet 62 C tantly, Sepanslod nd. Atpppedl. antertng We Counting Comtty . { ‘ag . # Dening costing, 4 loos 8! inetale the wunner. canuin o> fprovictecl balers ke loapte aia 20 Atel thy, Nigh “fl impunctien Apreaant in tte molien frodal Wilt be. collected. at re betters «anet Stop entering laf the | cows, consis o88set SSrom Ag - Cxosticchonl aren d) the Ingate ot Ay [Accenosen. uneel in gata Syptom..fpr Wenning, Sine. gery ke yreoinen, 1 - CR remove she. Impantties Gee 4 «psd ov Made by afing Conant, matertel cwibhr hugh parountty | | 1 4 | | Setar cove :- AProvided at baton the Spruce fm awoid the sench enostern eonne Dolton athe -Aprur moatnarel catty tee ooroRiliy «OC 6.2 OCOCHOOMOA9MO0980 09808990900 | Skim bob Semiddular. cuk gia co We ounnen Aegmatiay Yhe Impurities presen te re molten. metal ‘hae o st 1 sphere pa} Cachos Syphon © Bared om prenune above the molten metal, 10 pouring bartn | Non greoanised Grating Siem 8) Promised Geabng System © Bared 6 position of onte = DMop gatig oyster ®) Bottom gating cpiem ©) Ranting geting Sypier A) Step gating system s 1a) Non -Premunisedt Grofing Syren Blane premane above the moter meit the ppewiing benin, =atm prenan J katown an Neo: Pientatsed, Opting syplen } ats Voy any to traiatain jurt by Kecping fe pouring brnin. Spon, to “he atmeny } Buk TF cannot be vaccl, pn costing Husply reachue novus Crk, buminsiury vond marpertum, becauze 4 enudatven. pretlen- sa optimum Grating Bate ype Men-Rremnitack gating Syston ng, ¥ Steg tpn 6 AIATA os 14242 heBD Pronuntied. crab meer) . ate prenane. above, meter. mettt in the powuing banin & greater tha ferapree prcassee ; TC eed ap qpemncned gots pin : [| Ry iv wed in | © Gong 4 hig reactive mately 5 the top 4 “he powwng bani & | Bioply lose one dhe Afese. cove. the molten metal io “he pouting bonin th Ylled Wy ening Want gay -ab a Prenune gsealer tran é aimosphenic. prenune + (> obmpres £63 then chence of 0 enlerdig the, é PE dused pouning Cerio ip len ard only loart gas cal excaper + : “4 @ Sowetime she. Prop of, the. pooning berdn in closed clue. & Some Ponbial Yow 4, molten mela! d ablouad iy the. geting systoo Sonat the are hich g@lag Compnening do A cashing cauily Aforetrgy io ce backwenc tvection onc wey (ollectect en he sep motten. meal Aawing prence greerkrtnaa atnoophewc Premune. Known a) bak pramune trating Syston - ¢ fl i @ When wer yhe. joe vee w tp be ercuered, yw png syptom » “the. Velactty of the. moltermalal to the cpiing syptem. hos to 02 doctanedt Bd to wmenre “the, vetecity cettheueh eroening ne At 4, Ihe Spore (Ceabl be dartened cry upto the, ht dep Sox) 3 the Onby bat method © tr ininane the prenure aboue me (renmetat do the ouning, bento - Sane? lo @ Be-gpaing oye Ayer grevided at vine, topmort pant Ae i cing Cally 5 i called dog. gaking Syston ie [a Bao qgtiog pH yp vel | ke flow vate oe wale = Amin Velonag = Arveet NEL in Amin = erin 4, Aes Any Ag) “erat = man 4 (As rae, Ay) ~ V = Jagh = VeaOCHOHMHMFAAOAADHDHAGBOOHSA c @ O.0 © @ ¢ ¢ Aloweate = Aca Vinox st Be > chock area, | No Ag Ass) | Soeame ohne gite gpa — hom the Segjaning bo te en g the vows Pike canting cavity the. Velocity of the me Hen mental in the geting ystem © “be ond maniovain \ + Me. Pourity dere. ov Hits me, qme Wen mefel dato he, See | out, & an minimun ao passr6le, > Reeganing oo making he. twp geting mypsiem ws center Unitary i Wars bid) coutttpe uple tehith he top gpting syptems com eae Poorer 00's } beyood. Ulhich the Sand, eraslen, Cortt Makoplace | | SH cannck 62. uned. $e Rey he. leose sane moulily se. | © Bolin rabng Aysters. | Spite ng paevited ote below . ry | tonting Conily a | eT = Not Bex Vang * “- 2 Vaug = Mia\s | Vis gn { “5 = J2gha. | he ad s+ i) dos same i 4g nyplem V same. volume 4 the coil whe pT waged | the boftora gating ayptim b hugher theo the, Fee gatiags ste I Prepening o¥ making a batlom gpting syst. jo tyfiat Wo bend arovion takeyplate echadouee. be. the. hh. q cavity Guitieo © he loose Aandl moulds can be. jpulect Ve iy with cud ay bundles a, 6 feny eaniley ane oy| fos tee dome poraitg hulghir ard tea apt qf evil bb tane'=h- Akin jhe abo ¢, PT. Ypa bottom gating aystam tothe PT 4 the |e egimgnytens & is CMe eaten , ie Oe ee INL Is i ree od eed) ep Vert : Cows ) 1 7 = ‘i\O { Asda @ ha i - ar 0g_troking Ayton a} the cogiie te Someone necatre middle b athe ceasing courtly i ‘ Pountag tne - greater thon. top geting ego 4 tee Shaun bellow gpting nyt A a _ 4 PT= TetTe ‘ = None _Nolwne i se os Eee Shy ow ib provided al exnctly cat middle — middle gating systeny 4 a4 1@ Stop. gating apter ‘ hb ye longa oa zowtty wht he. above, opting aston phe niog tne weguired & Very Srayn. vito seduce, the. powrdg hime. me tna one togale @ previdied > ha iver horvontal gating system caved. oo Gtop opting Aystern | 4h meee Yoo Lage one Omale © prawded at Aopinost paatq caation, & cavity & Caled. a top Hep gedmg Ayton evad A000 :, > ) GOOCCHMHAAOEHOBAHE8HOHBOHOOH € x © 6 6 go-8-11 - Age IS}, > rng ane ued and ome ona o CnEple & Skea ; Her MuLthiply catty _peten cult © WH the oastaion Go Ae to anplowed by OA, | 10 casting “preter ; luring caleedirn Pocnng time. —She. loon aermas ue | Pachion, bent losses, sudden axporsta bones end sucteten. confaacheridenen ele fon be. Amemed OP naglegibote Abo the Hme taken dp" fers 4 molten, metat tote the ‘ser & Abo neglected iAspisation. etfed Crotation ox aahng etlge Duning powninys 4, qnotten, velo (rly the canting, Conus Op, £ omexthore alow < premne 05 the 1g he gating system; if he premune, fe velow chnopien ie lout Siete preune © ahnp prenune, the Preinune- ctayenee & Cuiohog es outside cond mele aye geting system | Due foothis perune, Byprne 4 the Gn Shr owing Jrom cutsrde, to the innide &) GBS Sgptem, Ynouagh poroia 36) pro of mowing, rand felled, ar anpivadion or inbolahor ob Gracthing aAlget Bow pot 1 P.2R ~ Mo anpietion eljpet Lapping bexraalss enn [ure osing Meaught eylich ik put] bot Se bye VE a fPEN sy £¢e hit fa =o &% : sh 2 = — Baha, Gaye) Rar if, shaight ayleednical Spar wvned. premune ot pont B& become, ~ve. gauge prenne. ¢ K abmpy pomune Asn angivadion, efjact ovens at point @ dat Aaek [Bor vemncuing “he ongtion ety] een nv = As\y feeve Kk { Az Vy Va= QV3 ~aeeitg tewnaulls xy > : hoe VEL te) ay P15 mush be BO Con)a yal bot veg MEL 88 - Wen? 2 be ‘ ey vg- Ovg 2 2gb2. wh {e el) = anne Ge) = Babe é va Vs =F, oé / t sayuation 4, gabelin ‘ Ron Xp ponabolie topared sprue to cned WC cannes that She rpaoune ch atong Ye. lengths 4 he. sprue & aqwat. to “9 opuge preaune. oF atnenphene prenune cred (€ ols ore the aogization. epiget ~¢ Bak making Forsdulre Camuahine spre i> efeutt we She. abreught fapenedd ‘ | Spee. ceo Ge. wed ( Buk \} stauygh tapned sere i» anae at ands 2 owl & P20 Gnge) ‘ but th Sohoen ne prenwe clo beetioral anan 4) the Stanight “bpd seas 4 oe gpecto shan. he ParaboWe tous. the. velocity io redbeag ‘ ait prenane Xo Uo Cweersng Ren ib aloo elintncde the. anpizcher, yet Solidification PTW) dor enlietfication 9, tty, netlen antl. 5 WE i woqpived to vemove the pu! teat fox ont Foo alager of oobiog en 2. Hast 40 be. sernovai oo salted tnhier, 2, molten trata do The casbieg coulty, t dle. Guat feoarer mexagh Ihe mead, is tekerng b place eased 09 unleadysile Poet conduction wait. Infin‘te call Yikesae neat terete at y Ase songce eneea af k Your eondussvity a= fam cipence % — thermal, ck sivil ssteienhen tine, 7 oo te ips T= V8 (COCR) ae) Feat re | As k aT ‘8 | ir= ) Soocea)ee wa] | Ty tT “ey XK, ~mott content s T= km maw a 5 Qs-8h carding C, uti Z00K(ox>0 min Aolidiler lo 10 minus « Cen corting Ce gy alin 2001010 mans solic yoo 2 me ney At tania tortie 7 kizke the Ne (eesey wn [Raa n Bleoonine 4190170 2on0) Ts Sas See iy _ | = Ox peel 73 a Athen the, toldi}icabon grown d over « naesl aot mauitedd fo Lcuit 49 tesome | | Poon tmp bw we cud, lunebiately Beale He louis ond eke He arte | | COHBFOCHHHAAAHOBOUOHHOOD € yoy ie 10.00 ¢aad Lust > caning, Ys an. open cartiog proce io Chith he Cigerd mother. motel do Lie peunedt doto-the canting ay Um Open, combi , adtoat i Fo Atif [ps dome. Hime ingent the mould Immecliately 60 Hoat cscluclifiedd molten. mofal in Peleg. achoum: Jeavieg the solic eet maknial @ # kite Bygemould + Now by beakiog te. occ tre canting con 62, trken out ® | ued. Yow praiuciay stecoredive. shaptn Uke leon sagen haithwnan Arce ef,» Since dry OX protiecad, Would float co Me Sifgee. —H wuld be Yroves ehilo Theensten | | | 1 ow me i | dos amath Anidinnn (Bee we 4 | jn \ Ya xt ‘ La lT : Cech) one torshat eho cor, be fpr. by (gapiiinnbaion 4 : xy > } ‘ VBE Yf-> t= t Roa t Lach +c2 | bis cl tCe jot i selve Wawom G2 p 7 deo: Zags 6 Qmny + dans Tp Cy yeeS o e ce] 3 o © 6 © e€ c C € € € © € © G oS o 190000 Aetibiog. LAR operation 4 brsating “he mould ond testing ova. the. mating & catia ting Re moll which in tv be Seton & kept ayer. a vibrate =. mesh, “Due tothe vl@oasiornk jenceo ythe, mole. Lwitl 62, bi0ckan é Ate proctor, plese 4, moutel © Yallng toto pte lenwiag melx oie and Canting Bverthe medi Once the. vompldle moutd wm Khe to be. bairkor, , Me. mould. boxe» ull G2 ench be Temoutdirg ned carbine 4 ia. Woapectian Annpection. @aimemional, jmpeetion Only one OF hwo Coatings towlt 62 Inet ctimennionaly onl qqualiy the gules» Afterwards ctinenrtonah impechor > not ¥e, ODgecbe testo Gangs cenbing spunt be innpered, jp She, Qrenance. a a Noo-destautiue tating & ony uneck + Leesa teieg ois upc © Coin tenting Aue wr wi Wit, check the, sound, — bad navel dot doaporence Simplest. cnniot ond Kotet erathioctology = B Uthanontc Testing '~ Deffinowge tmaarmn/ssin tudaniguae {= A creanenitten. ond, wativer io preset Ae magnticle q the dyad eeatved. ky the macviver, © compared, With tra, emgrchude fy Sigal ainomated ly te, taromeded ancl lam yogeek wh deleamined ~ shi 5 [len CS%| arsed a No snlicros Cite bin” Nex give loowreto about fhe. (oerbins yw fe pane. ceho technique atl be ened’ s@Pulne Echo'fert So PET “the probe * ax ao actmny meter Sottet 1 produces ubhanonie Sigral + Chanwer dene) variation uy obtewed fo the € pamage ~ Some amount f bone Aknad would be, ype tout, nd. the eo & Rename Heat Sota he chon the, prake. bo aatiag 0 Peoriver H's é monsining the Hme. ikenuat 6juw the, twornmeled signal < ond racmivecl aye laroorcted 2 art decorvect Spal avd. $0 on Vs= Ban 2 i € | ‘ fems- eee d i Nabine fF Gouted not be oOteined : 4 ; © Renopy, (v0) 2 i unin wodso gaphy % cashrg [fer ® obtained i cbacawing he teflec, vaniahier do tha {tn greece cheat By i Got be. Dtimatuck ; | AY pune: blaue. Colnaned, leh promt © a = by dancrty. ila ‘ pone while Wwlouned, parc = blow hole. o» voit i Light echete coloured pede alow $ tndusian- ‘ By meanuning “he civerion ah te patch arch by divictois by ogra {itor t ail gp Fee Stag, He duper No ocabin ‘ burn i> PRibly costly nGaeonoyncen prosen: (Paik walled ed ou, vet) only wibeak Lorepemnts (arro>pace. rocrajy) — HS uneda Boo ® OCOCOMOHAAMMOABHOHGOHOH9OHOOAO Rises Design * 94 be Braco kage Ae sugly eaitonah 40% he woe Risen ty actog Od 4 nesawoln the casting cawity fe compensate the Gicystek hou" gon aupplying the molten enckal to takin place duning ooli)fiet 3 3 z] Conditions @D Volume of man > Vol: oh *UOKage VS Veg ettemansy. costion- ® AB eeoune the matter. meku supply bene sowity he, sat ftation tne, ef malormeab-the risen unt be greater #9 os extn to colvcijyeaden Fim 6 canting Tq = Te ©: bocation efyavian @ Bhope 750% - Seladedt Auth that sualgie Ono. Gane 2 40> enpord jos enh ttornfer. mist be as min oo posbie /80 toad the yom ime 4 molten med Hae “eigen. must EE cr manimen ow pom tre x “) (is Boece. glven: Volum 5 chose She supose area. eaposed. jon Geol Rouen bs minimude wait Cybirducat “ahape q) the sien , She ment incnrmum o the APrwmtak shope tre wean boast pj Sag te wlser (> cant grferolir, Urage & aghentcal Bad power prep the rackingular o© cubical supe Qe ven” fegharsdecon - dag gion lune BA ~ ted gral fodobw Ghencbnmnoions 4 Aphental ndotx casity: Bud Fev he cane of wyindovcal. rinen. ~ fo tedowain re Airennions Guacvner; it G weqpl vid , howe the, rabccbialnip Ojos cuimurniony, Are wy tok ( shoe © Side oroten suiser <- (sede. sen) “ Pah J 4 Msite = Ye xen Tox vee sede = 2. =T0n +16 As= Tou IE aTO AV 4 ph re 4 As = 4¥ 4 00 “Oe dos mencenum Ay aA =O ao dAD a0) eee 3-4 23M Blo= o-4 zdu #fo=0 2 Ay= WOH + 2xE0 = 70) T =4y 2 AY + Go os anintmans ance, ae came weg? = OH < 7 4 °,9 DO © € ¢ ¢ BOCOCHHMAFOHEABHSXGOOOBSD fae Avs all the thre ypu ~ Top, dike ond apheniat — the malulun ane same doed = § [Method of wine Oerigr © Coriner reed ® Mobb method @ Wovet Ressearch wilhod ® svevinkage volume @ Caines mnainod Aversing who X= Me Te (ee ¥ieor B= Wale Deca t es Wa). f-° ae, Abc one combnih — te be jako Worn the ering ala Geomenpotating 4 enefel 40 be Caniee ~ velumetne wabio- = Vx | ra | | i | boy Yaowing the aetation the Darel Honky wenosen Dd: \ Run lord “Denk Han ning welahon ian Hei i@Moduluy mano’ Ty Te Qe 2 mQ* Ms 2 Me_ =D Ae enka on | | | | | ae) 2= Me \ Ne meebo me | 0 BGM De vam 1 t 0 Go 0 aFame uy a 6 fo = Pomc in VindBDhtlovel Rescanh Le trging saab Law co -Cotdtn & canbing ; Brope \pdlow SF = QT 2 thle caabeg | dAMen- colecteting whe seas vdeo — by wring Canting deta a eee to i The velumebsic, tio Goo Gener aor bie a en by [Sings the. velumdlelc vaio AR eewarntern (Dandi) ot Bien Con Bae cateuinted Nr =¥ V5 j _ veer du eee i ee | oe ane only. sage. fulbr So Gan antad im exzans ie = og | S65 Rackrguton, carkng = Abbey _ bab | ; * h SP, Sold sphere = O48 = B SS, Galle cytinden = GTO = ° St Hollew ayQircler = EO HS ve ~ volume 4) casting a = Joshunkage * Vic = shainkage, Volume | = ee Me | vy 23 ec | No = 3 Vsc =EGu | o-— | He | veh | cw hii Tea > erry "BK | Goat) ra Te Mrem => O=bM% 2B bea dasa Sori> y 8 S 6 e 8 2 8 e ae e = c € € € € © c & & \ My he dimenyion> 4 cx nisen O» colcelatert tarect oo defhiuent cordk'bon, 1 | absnyp ouvostically aabs}er Phe, Mevenany cerstiton aloo + Ste chimamnions a ca nese 0) coleuldled cUreetly by ning deffient contian nadoabt + wll babii» she porrnary Lendiboo alo, but dsyay oF mye a 7 es ennune “Yhe. optimal. ate tae wissen ~ Casting dy ISIS HIS Om tbe raving ‘le sharohage 60» \eB8Ve Dorgn tre, winery shnukage. Volume Cop Wytectwent) Ne = (SKIS S Ny on Nge= Bog SHISIS = $e" 68 Ve = 3 Vse = 3x 6 eISKIS 18 re af Kou = 30h Wrissis ~e° aac Top yndwiel S© Wa Woh = Babu (SetS¥IS % (eo os (ses ieye & « Bee ix 100 | ° \ | a, | N36 BAS ay not aahsffeod | We a Te DMF =m | sen = Gri = IS, : oe iH [Note °~ ook dh the Lost shvinkage Volume, method eth evccutony © spend Cookihen a | Gerke (Clahr tats feat) { By othe olfer teuhody HS mat neceinday a> She coin ov-kbley | Ao the elatn Goole emuae re sais}icbien dy bel recenrany and / Sages Gedabian © ayG What & Ie ereuntenteen kag 4, evobrey a Ont ee meme by wotg a stigle dep Aber Goly fpr Ih ond alee cLesigo) ea Wy watt out ancl wal eblget LaAR EY Risen gandiont, beat ae > Wer Genchent, 2SEP Ench well eel Crnchnt = AL + 100mm 2E> Riven gructiend 2SE> End wall eget Gradiont Sonn > Absil gvacbiont Last 2) with wd wo alee bah @) with end chills Lb =13t + 100 map BMewtth end oct centinl Heel La 18t +200m i ae i yp aR 4 i ee ea! gohan | APSE + 50mm et at St SOmm ley Hr | + a (EASE+ S00 ASESOMI 4SX+SOmm | AST + SOmm OF 7 | 1~ azle) | Special Ganting Prov Raectay, &acm | & Slush anting ie © Shek Mold Lasting | Sorhin the moulel v erode Uike-o shell & 6 thio.ox hollow Mold can be emade ea® cPranelic: verin — Gate - kL = 1500 42.2000 cp Oiphe patiaun im phenatit nani and Keap & fpe 1=2eniouten Aaice out the palling ond. keep it in \yarnce G B00 [Pe Pemines ake oul the. pallens and semove. the top bayer fRrmouc veri Remove “he pallenn + Aeotuner Mandiog eye mould io eavien Production male in frigh. (only 2 ner dio, !-emin) Renz takon 4p phokuce (mold & aboxt Smiouter } | Ae prow con be completely aullernted ov mechaarsde | Nonecmabitity oh he mold naferiat bed, oR prodacirg Oreesian and syromaleiel almye. 4 the movrd - Lomparaats protuscell ceybindan, crud, uybtoaten fhecada f 1C engenes cuatdensBRle toensmnisie pant beanioge (Rank ioafk , bavel gear .ger7 Blank ©6ef609F97F9970000009000090000 | @Souee_ eatiog. | Wax on be wrd ap a patlero soateutat + | © Bomplex. and intscale shape. ey the cantlnge con be cently proluce Removed ap patlere ewoulel be canter. d> He ia Ho Dist - Souja lane prockucedl, tp cenbiog would bz Very goad Oly up Sey. carting Could be. produend(ot Inthe. Gongta ay he caching, hich cote. be Prodtxetel 1 asvele AE moutel iv rade by wing ceroent concrdle arc moutdlmalorae by 4 cement c@nurele mou — some motel car be urect mow soar. one coring + i called Semi Jen pacoluang { mould vastiag. emer wrerele in bowing fu nal vorduchvity an | head homer. rate wt COs ad apie beocin iB Rare ehyyel ou be talking plete wn cashing.” .°. the castings producedt - by investment varbing precen cootete) ehuays Ive thand surfpece conch ac} woterion oe é a+ Grol % Bilyer. oxnaments “Rarbine blacler, wave guicten ‘ chs nado, system ; apie. woaw tag technol: Dron nde nes ate: *F “ a -@Vig Lastioy Proc Mould & roade oy untng metal bo mould i> alno called ao ave | Die Steck ov Zook bterl can be une co Excellent bungee yer © peosible sine wa une melded moulds ar neal outete MBCp woud hawe @clen dunfre pis: fo no-mndhcning o Fequsvect. after canbog - Bey meting dh moutd, cohen, Cagh Fenp enolten. metals ang poured tale Ye. cavity ae prccen could be wri ipeoting go towme ‘ 5 Wel Uke Pb, HO, Ak cadmium ce - t “e AS anoid aahentog qf sotediftert molten metal. tp the mould on posting cavity , We gRca. pocecles qnust bE SprNKIgel on the — 4 | Suafpuce aye cawily before. pouring the, motte ded tot Hae Comity [" Begg a 80 pewsily, prepay 4ymeuta Mo ve ait pront io the exhing couity Wl be swmovedt ly woing “snowy pisery cnshead gy btind wseny @ Saxony O16 Castiog, {ye Ie 4 mootten metal inl Whe Costing cowily to due to the. atawitéioncl, ee then it's aatled. a gravity die canting | Beg she molten. mated. cannot tat coh end. every omen G fhe 5 | comple Senge. 4 the. vouil , she, grant hie costing cornet COUN | fr cok th coinglerh, doar hs. contigs ned 109 be Gaedkonts, {ph Ampleao | eg’ IC erfoe pushin, moaele by cong AR aikoy a. © Bwowe diz Lorbiog S 3) ertennal premnre os wed jor dhe. fouomaratteo md indo he Canboq cowity - Ws called. an" prenane die cart Bey of he, eal preone he. Jou moermeket day enn evens) came, ener, ef, O ceinglex shape 4 ccarbioy can be. Canily “pOasiBle: -° _Prenere aie canting “ee | lancet foe predbacig compen Kempe. ¢, Canbing» “eG wy rende. 9, AL alloy v6, | agi Cantancilos Gexley 4, co i © Lentipugat Be ifuuqat, yorce produced clue, to the sokuion ¢ the. mould ceo & unedk jon Cuilabeting Me molten metal around the cecumeraree tScote aoc & Seq yet 50 ‘ried fo ro general Corbsiturcl cantiry © 6lone voly ol hovizonbl anu gp hake . * eee Aeverton and anu q, she meastd are coinciding — ‘#3 calledl cx ue ceotnlegel caskicy -pren om it pracluce unifems Incl taphry ero toe, cxcunferines D ecactsic or somi-centaliygal casting ML Gino Unect AD Produse non cuni}onn, “Huickaen q certing - User dp centruge cohiog | Pe portace lange sised pipe coithoed uring he ore (celg wale pier) € ‘ « @ Blow ox blow fete. ) — ( so Ls ony Re. avd oF geo bubble fRasenl uinicle he. carting ; ( 4 ‘ ' carted, blow o few blow hae Reason. -~ w= low ponwnity grepudty o themeutding seve — Hlowing Gerba yew d,molten metal wo gatieg “uptan Mowing, a piscbon aie tothe Conboy proce Ch) a4 @ Seow z, Aa. prenance of ait oF gr bubbler onthe sunace 4, ‘ “the Castioq. | = | cages OH net dat muuch Problem ard wey eden not lonsetond an cafpel 603 tt toute fe Mumovest by mutha 1 Reoaom ang. tame an Yak dy blow hole -@BuUsken . | Ae, prenance q aus ox geo bubbler ean ie Swale eH casting : Goarors ane same a9 Blow hole 7S| @® Povority :- Srall s3ed aus os ganprnbiles preneit udsiete the vasbag Ee i Rearan same on Yhal q) law hole . | © Ovoss Pronence, of iinpuride Guide Hre cast og, - | Winky caunuet dust. tr tmpnopar. Ae panaiane) Onpuathien . ae present co he molten. woafel » . ! aAvoitled by ening Sheunen , Akin bob, oljsellug fe avis i Q) runner ond agate te © Andurion ov. sand Sncuunioo :: a | AR ipnanence af, sored gael inte the caste : | Viainiy bes 4) bandh gnoacon talking planed ding costsoy | Ay ods, 40 “he hanbolent Hou & gpg system i = Using top pity Aystens Joe, cavities ee = sag top ging apie |p lig owe tare moc ot @ Novdy ox Sunickoge Camly. =a AR open space predated to the Casting ele ty the Non available. of motler.metat for Compensation i “the. Ugjuch shisnkagen taluing place. chuiniay solieb yeah. Pould be. attmuected by wing chity Mrsvun > Non, \etuig tre projected postion 4, coohag causily eniig the. te 4 ba 4 sotidipenten befpre Lomplete (fang the casting cau ty AR en be diminated etther by sadbacing (Dundee 4 mole. mek wl The cowily Oe iuenaay dearer qh Supontuat 4, mother muted @ Reb toik Aut Uke aemenls prodiued on the snc qecrteg” prstaced han wot gatlen coed eth green band. moutel » SOHHKROHHAAHAHOOAHGHGOOGS @ 6 ¢ €© Shift : uahen Muh: piece pallann ane une “Mere poay be a miswactch, between The cowlthen 4g, cepamcd drng boxes oshuch, prodeuces he aha ctefeet Hao &. seduced lay uring dowel pura I | S@ Lota Bhat | Aime dircoctinuity predaced ortho conbing diue i 4p todivat @iitnadien | Ho ief \ WELDING - Boo : Welbing Pechaclogy by NHle (ae, | Welatiag Rehaslogy by Rogim [eater ab rosie caida) } witdiig Rehngy by Gunnishburg Ate proce af, jung coo ox more similar ov -Osssinntlae 0| Jotinaw “he appbicabor + heat jor ox withow the applicater nnd, wry os etthact She oppbtahon A, prewue r i (Chaniall Ghewmity preheating 4 pest heating Gwadabitity ¢ mebl> wetting metals elo cots ext fy {idee oan ha, SeAuge une peu WIN Jie enebbing a, preat orekoriog Fhe joint & proticce Mon Sunton ov Pree. welding Proven With out the matting 4 prentrnaderiat aver with application 4 ytnine-foith eu, io Grain Cv elelnngs By aang 9 - ipvhe heat age fps meting dy tebe 0 coined [Ave warding 1 due to dhe. eledtncal ane —Yhe neat & obtained IChemicat uelabien Que. tp exrctheunic chemical waster iwal js methng 4 plas & obtained org Oxy Reedlre Gran wsetaing '- . ( Sd a wae \ ( 4 ' ARB onygen oud Gir teil be chioun fom thes ep—etve Gincany “ | finto the torch. body, mixect them Ayether o thetoah body A Am enurtane in pocening cxniain aig penne, hun Ap hugs panune mnistune i> pawy “Wwacigh he trergtnt nosle the preniine envrgs ‘ & Goward tate velo ily gnengy i “the mitlune coming out af ugh. velour (Shin thin mitline & gen inthakkn 09 Qroning — ho Condinuoy i lowe with te prsdued a tiat Ye read eanilable in fe ffene con be Wea fp welding dh litlen end jonag = CoHa + OQ: ——> BO + He + deat 2LO + 0, ——> 2 CHa + hen Ho +50 H20 + healyo y 4 ) COP HANROAOBOFS6HPOODD Ape compléle combuboo ey Fant Vor 4) orelelene, 2°5 units 4 Wok 4, 02% Bey out a Which lunit Vol e oz & comined frm 0 Gyiinder ad | VSanit vou 4 02 © obtuncd krem atmenphene - Pane 0% the amount q Oz, Conrrmedt from “the, Oz cagWincker > “he. Home. produced, & avid Gil hres Gy per a @ Neuiwor Adosne geet = 1040 1S om Cane i Ynnen ond. oudor cone. would br dlestingurabeck by thelr Collar ue Qnnen Re. — Shor yetlew incomplete Coubarhiay Cuder Cove — blue Wlow —— complete, winbuntier aeerotete conor Hawi Aemp & at ae indemoction 4 laren aut oulan Love (ie ease Manvimum. temp oct iterrechion = Breed c Parag Dura lange oy ft 2000 - 210°C [imate toy euazonde W clvenage. temp codiicedd i fant = (tc ige acu ad & Veena age by ti encey Dinc tomper used yh Applicosion '- es Used. Jos cuthing and Jpining 4 Ou, fpaow ond aon paaten molentely extept es icing 4, bias Fre zinc Prasat in te bins get evaporated - ance, nauinal [ome showtdlnot be Gauct’) | @Laysiatog some an. | Oz HS wis se hy ror Og 4 escer amu 4 0 saaco from the, C2, Gybodtor, ARe. divknce 49 G2 Arvetled by the. \lame, ye comple combustion. cd fey. leqgth 4 he \ | ft | Ann. Lone WIN 62 bmadt + i 3. Sight lean mittanes would. be having monimum Q (so » LCengine) Tinax = BBB C Tewg = 2100 40 2200°C Appliration : Bes q exten amoen)s ¢ ongen 4 02. & sup pled er Oa ylerte feecsygpnio the flame ARG precsces mika 62! hore coe possibile > caning ORI AgAL dexebinmefals Uke aluminiui, 4 ee oe - bey 4, hater average. Temp ome = Run MP rrcetoniads Coutel 4 abo ge. Sotrast by uning Ihia proven AR coo be. reed tor, sping att fpmoun © nan ppaows mila inchedling ovary (Gel cxidines Yane bez q prenene, qf. #0 amount o Or. ¢ Yous inshe Jace, “Hhin“on ps combnen Dun sone date g 25 ae paidpect ae © se Bian coct producer Znorides: ushith plonts Ove, , © Ihe wetee poo © not alter Gemcw oudd) reme 7am te taper) @ Larbusjnig ox Reducdg Home 7 ra ~ May te au stated. “yy Tre, sun Oe 2036 0S Cone 2c = 240 BN e—%___ Bes 4 host. aupply 4, og bere he. Wiytioder j-los complete combs oy Ano aceklene She Home Fea to rowel i longer dirkenee ond longty 4, the orm tiene io Qn 3N ~€ bay of orga. terete te Cone jhe hax crap lost by wnechin evel waaen oA & vey Wx he erin ond, ays temp. one: nedtcedt ~4 ~~ ~ Two = 20a8e “4 Teg = 1800-19000 ( 4 ba cy Yow, cverng jump 4 ere Very hgh or Pmateninta connet be forned - Application +- e Beg qf shoat bupply ol Cryger. ; he free. carbo nony present co he flame ~ ¢ oa i) thin a racer es | fpseee Sena, the conboo _ ¢ yredices rich. up coabon: nel clog She iruchanicn properdier” Roabaviving Yeme houtdnat be wid jet Sotiung ay, parvo raertat 15. mao fommondy wre ia Jovviag 4 ushcanbon steel: 2 Snean d, Stak — tate, inowan ef Conberr Gnlent — MEP neclusces © fap cotton atecia vite fave lots mp cnet “Yhe high candor stout etree ahwady Sebald oth conbon Rus cvit canton by prea yi. fore ~ it connet be abrerball by Ho bay on steaks So Rgecabor dn cou gycort trea — Nc medyalk: $4011 SGOCHOHCHOHAFAAEHOBHASGCHHOODAS< oOeooe ¢ Hose i. Ans coenesting 2. cyliodin “@ the tonch body ; Copper hone corPberuned + Meta» a. cogadllty to hstand high prevune ae aloe has Hecibitity 4h, Ga hase. pipas w ured Jon Connecting Bcetyeene, cylincken, Ca dan chemically mand With acetelene avd produce paste Uke enofaitat Gk Pipe oid fet Honce Qe pipe cannot be weed [pr canting wacelaiene Y Loder: Cur no intethonapbttitiy 4 ape gee i» PemmMe i ss withstonding low prema (valor), Grespen mrettnuicly Cem be selected fF fronnackng ceelelene ayfencten + be waned subbersiptarbe moteuigh: OR cwvid te ibacknogohibly oh the Rast. pipe Ane sie tclour, ond te BE « had. distibation, «cr 6& shreds Torch angle. = URe engle Yas te cin dyin ta ond ols 4 COMAPI © called 4ooth angle TA = 0-90 red Tae tort incwane seh engie.; Hoe arna 4o Gh he Yleme i aapdned to the wold) bit & noduucect othe ome doncily, will (rereant = Slane dency = Sect Sopeles Resto, do Ahiknen Meats , amourd gyreat 4o be Supplied, por unc’ enon, Gh the wat BIE inacaving * fone tne tow cngle & be © ME. ¢, ptalen ‘te b2, jomed: do me Qo be ba inmpancel the, dosde Ong piakes iy trmoosing — heed supplied. 5% anit aneo fo tas to be coowandd @ ARersoad condusbivity, lates *- do “ne. Yroumal. condustivily gree » wovering Nhe bwott vcoy|ge ler watt onze. by topduution. & imma and ad-heat availab( aba) JeAnt io educicg’ «AB compensate tin lem a, heat he ughor toedy Z isto be wed « © Blase of wclebiog = Anvingadive. ne abow. plow | Use terge Ao cagle of The beginning, ge wrdebing? and sett dow angle ct The cad 4, Me cocking = fia hy Gerinnang, Ae Fong A pink oT tou plate tm! on tea SteEoin, PECHMIGUES (ee siea) jWenonen. Peon dong ameunt @ heat cu bs supped: stov thio Langs Gych ave howled Ge wnedL + e i Bk the nd qthe. weldling 8 sioatl trees angler ane curel, he Jovie ¢, were o> cbstwuabing he overflow molten. KO =) and ~eliininalés the oroiten cLefech ak the encl the catching 2 dypen Aovelnond ot heft Woanel weteling technology (uawT) 2 Back hand o¥ Rigi ond Cutehing technology (1) lame, om tothe, weld PML con Behar — “sroelhed, qf Foecaning of Yeats jor dividing the type oath techuque Mh the iy tqcunted, towancte he, non-cwaleleck portion, <1 ye Pe eal technigpe * : A) the fone iv pore, foconndts $he. already weldert portion o> catlenl ae odd welding technigne 4 fi & ‘ cm , : ; => = ‘ pack endl weldiig leche ‘ Jorerand. welding Tehniqyle Cinwrpecbua 4, aevachin) . ‘ Ay prockice most G, Ye Cuetders » more afltctent one agigetive. & ‘and feukigpnd wing © fue be men eftive bayer & dora. por pt fo night dindto & Clone. pawn att 4D ‘ot drsuboo et Heat She. rad, cwoldig bochnmye b Yo pent calding tudnique. bey 4, te [me poured Foornds non-wuldledt > podifan , Yhe preheating ey the cortebing ackjen wit Fake (love sou «> me qf, bask bond, wrlding fednnyle 6g the. (re & jouw towards the utd tatelan ln vobieoels, erred gontion he ed heating a the. Qn. pote’ OF Ye [pow dy Alene. peshing bau She notion. slag poudticles inte wale pool: “" domd 4 the molten slag pabider toy nolo inode the weld bead whith xadvees dhe Bhogplh 4 #ee. wodd bead ond Fave3 6 e e Ss 8 e e e€ c € € € c c © c c S- protices nea unijere slag layer. over the welek édltl- nich cpromotes ahagedbrente Gntemioahin 4 he Uri beret — pum d, bhior he Joace gh Hone: o> Pushing ow Yhe melter. a cpabdlel pero the Ctepot Tt we tag Pbeles ane prose! & “the eoatdMOi€ and unfpan lig tegen 0 pred over Hy weld Lead b to Applicatoo Sorerranct shawn Joining picts upto Amin ~htkney) co sungle pom wotclvig _ uring absent mavanent q he ‘ech, and up. bam ate posite, fan be ceed, ty tyh pom bay mock ed moremend f the SF cea back fan PA Re bale and wetcbing Techniques could Ge wed Gy Jour? Pater wpto run Hucknen ath dingle pan webbing wit snodsbort Souaht movement qe fox = and upto 15 mI 4eydenon plales a fo single peur cooteling uuntng modifeel movement of toxch - | Welding Pasitionn . i @ Wovisortal os flat we © Votical wating position @ Horizontal. Vertical @ overeak © Horizontal oF Slat plate, weldeg Posin a ' LShwm — Fomband cy Buk bond wit | Le A-bmm | b= 6-15 mm Back band, ith i Los Muth paws @ Veshiok weldton_poarhote Alay Yor Gottom 42 top Always Y, lorehoned craig Teun 2» useel *, dao Joe [fe tar a em sadtheanl gt hd ro Molten, matal pantick> wid \ehg@ Horisorbal, Vortiak Qo horkzontal, venbicot poritian Aine plates are, verticat. malien medal “Pry te jotl alone i] ‘ este 6 ffove aubing by Ye fat hasel walelag | fechniqua. coo ett a> a0 add bonat ’ holdag | she molien. mekat, puiticles im posit | So back Weck to creck ‘ | Se @ Ovon theeuch wu = by 4 oongee Yenstor.s, ope he dotic boc ond 5) i molten, melt) The motion. metal w Kept co pestieo Ty ‘ | cotthest pug Sy bak bent « ctebrig echneye ae | © urwet ; Dhe. jorce MY, YYorme, © eating sare 7 eddibonat ee . anilyor werd Gea. Geo ba, prodateo. creas cite forahend veldidg Jock iuque. 7 es Some dytne. seer malat aah. day 4» pndoon / 3 [eB pe tay itty ae Asad j SL oem unilomt aie, bead predinseds a karkhed WT is prefgrodd : Alu uned in ops walstiog y Daning gar walling opration j We wolder b Reapently laaarg oof <4 Filan red forte voicing gene and dipping a powder - called 09 ‘ 8 + A cleowidize the mell 2 Pd odsowe. Gpres prevent & Fre weld pook ‘ 3 per slag Layer over Wet bend ened cuseich cdewosphon opattion | | 1M ahoold canning Lhe. matt | 2 OF Onoute cubsonh Gard 3 ar dhoutd be asle to Jowe slag layer” 4 mP shouted ba < TP gy tomnt chien. oe maternal 3 5 & sould be a low ar gosnible iv coy sogeation. fp dhe, moversmetal (Ee Vino should be bo for sag pcdua, P* eng Seeds : | Sulphur Shoudelnsl bo, prosudt Ho Hor Powder sun bo degree 8 ortho haghly potions), > COOFHFAAAEHODOOOOGEOHNOS Cal powicler on ante Joo prone, atefetone.d prrducedt tear produc valk o hugh (outa a fours empce rot, sation encores!) AR enput pment ia longpe. Gg, If abuays sede « walling ntl boniclar the conbithe to wollen tyne Coptpment et Acctalene i alumy> vse ar Ocekene | ahtn we ald acatelent tp acatore 5 Hwoutd atserb the acetelne, o.ctelect 5 cad no separate mochcnizn o necctect» 1 tke acene ==> 25 Us 4 Qh, © | kse => ISx2S=345 Us hth @ 'S kse Se asK2S = bas Uvaplile © as koe IS Ksc © the dale stooge prenune of Cucebone ~ bexpnch ! chic Oeatone. get enpided at any me (AIR Aeetelene Gro» welding i QL tahaloven 4he tot Ougen nagarsed os Campicle Combudtion 4 the qocettlone ip obtained cobs, [per the. akmergtenic dd , Aly CoUed OS cfr -ceceletenc {gp wating Co Hp +@a\—> 210 4 Hat beet aco +}O2\—> 202 + teal Hz afca)—> Mao + be tong Slame. ' How Wane 4p roel iW a Longpr. autour, ke jemplele lomBiabed to Haaa fe PEL onggen fom the aimee» ~ YE worundben, and. radar Thank enagy lovey ante vey fg. - the erennge stomp [ame & aby 500-7 | veny low m-P mateudl can be | Bg 4, vay Yoo axerage. tomp op te eo" » Only very aaa jjoimed | Uke lend, Hin, Biney cadlmdim ote ; | nano con be unuch aro hua source pr seeing operat, i | | |= L Oay Mydnayen, thantetcting <7, Bip +g —> 220 + heat at wee ca) ! : e = 2 (feombcal) (caren ! = 265 t06 - aoe i 2! Reowebcatly ha Dabo 4 Ho On rahe o> 2+ Bu prubeally » Yhb vech'o _& 25-6 can be wed: Sorthot diving welding the excon heptrag> prerent do Fre. [lame 4 Kimply Moving duorey fe Ye, wrteling dose cael aching vw a shick goo fos protecting cated. pork fpr camphor e conkminabion «thin wacthed, tem Oe, tree Joxjoching hugbly seathve mefaly Jake aluminium , ig eo Max: 4%mp to plewe = 2980¢ avanage Ren = F00 - V0°C Ain lower. og dome & due te the. pomshen 4 untey a Bd thin Tote aug Jump G tame; hd mthed con be wre. [pe.focnuig 4, = 4 Taatae watedala eka cluminian = “Ur oh cy eect, BAJO 4 Fag eaaubve mek ‘ ELOWG (Epresat Crees welding porte) ‘ ATOMIC HY PROGEN, 0 Ms advo called ap spoctat cpa welding prown bg 16 a wombinakan °° ond Onc walling ea FecorSuly Wain the. power Mupply & giao enc ophmury ( % on lb midoeaed es aot vet, ‘ ha cox, opprdriced 8h ty tne, oleeicele 4ipe’ han, Yhe hysecgen & Lupebed slp the ate, the maecule\ IU be degéntgralod tats odonuc hyphoger> iahith ub endo un'c orcteroete, advo adage gly Fanshon: ond wait waged (GF HHA Sine ———arcorane>o ottuined. pom ah ane fan = Wh Re atomic. hydbegen 4 to nee t50 ~ SsORK PRE cnn tt Gemes out becomen an umtable gar ab admeophon'c coneutiin - Sits Sounited to Joom tne mauler foayn whith o cxotmrmnic Fenton RE aah ene volte omits Ane Olectes ~& 8 6 3 € e e c c & € € € e€ € co example + Duna wudtding 4, Gonbor, abigys cs Nidal alloys NO Nui % to be 5 b e e wud - =. CARe, presence Of Conbor. or aided , Whe manterral fkep act am volew id Ber." 2 Bowan-sommonty ued \ during gar voletvig alk other malay iter nod At & wod to apply aatdibonal molten meta to 4ne Bata bead, tshen Gen, we preparation os jotat perpenatian bo clone, fox Jouning ¢. tho plate eon matter metal 9 Sagpived. to yor gep- Gf Wickens 4 glean tobe joined % > Sm — octge preparation uv cher a EXSeom — egpona Jolnl cn be onack tis fe prepuatian) withoud A anu cctels bial ying anya bora AUER Pyadling opnation (ne Hilt nuns) groprtion 40 be. prxerect + density @ 4 pine malo ghouls be naanky eqpalcte teat ey found mutencal Aothad te mead mole mokal fy fiWen enc Pernt wah Would. ekain sompsime catthouk Aeprmabon 2 IP A KUernod material my? ef, Ye. govent noctealiont. Go card Ye. exten g metking of Pred peccloweat) 3 Re molten metas iarnod matowal io reach mixord, win tng molten metul y pout nontential dilen xed wodoreln how carbon sted, medium werborstu, bin ee cae commonly wed x ite[Production of Oxgen. | Prcduncing Oz ere ahnp: als ip $he checpeot % scot melhactoleg ep | Ne 42h ~1a5'se PoE ax & 2 2Nt 183°C | Ora Oe 185.9% eect fo fetal, oe beoly 7 ais Ly -aede Ss -1a8% ———> “N88¢ cas iyacdary ligtea+0%d) Bg 02 Onigoo o> alvay> pre ty shove. {0 he. Joomn of Ege onyegn 00ly- AB anctd the uneasy of > kpahion Aystem — Prenene of big 02D be. Greene 40 120 Ka + Clit he BP q. Or woulk 62 HO-SoC- Run “thin cor be Shomd. o> Yha, eirmorphonic temperature gerry =f] lig, 3. - Gir & hua? gueducect by mating caluwr conblde wit) weler (alg + 2H{O ——> Cate + CaOH)e = “banod, on Shin psnciple 2 meathod 4) produutian to there :- ) Walon to Canbide +y pe? 4} gael © allowed. do ptt eM Ae, Caleiun conbonaite i gnoule pr poe Hoe Ccekelen’. i certke, low pronwe.ccalelere. & ees produce Smart psoduuction. sete S's a pretnble aqupmenk abinys geaule % wnat. Content dy prover 63 4 ren Poanen Ge pureed pruder cpt « lap yen Bearbir, — Ye fut rence, OFceers 9 Carbide 40 (Wales type, ECOCOOH HANNO 4H9OO0BODAL OOOO 0 6 a) | [Ane waldiog:- Hgeow Qn wdduition - cub q he molecutay hydrogen prociucedd » hot ty he yphnogen & Ounning by 7akifig tre Oxegen. ora re adinos pane ond Bemivuiig Shut Rydnoser Sioply moving Sry won the. welding Jeol ackng ay a shielding gr ¢ protecbrg the weid peck hore odmorpheric Conkaminabon fs Ae Wraed won: “pe matting a plete om be oGtacned cha fo hothounc Ghamicak weruhion ead also by buamag ef 30 mateowler, Ha Ro mathed gin bur prbecboy 4o weld. pood Yorn He oxyrhydngga coll oi ARey ane. wd, * seemag 9, Prighly Yearhue melalr dee abasninion jf ao oad for joing 4, sreulnlenn stock UR book naquised, 1 the naling ef tne plale © obtained Aue to eherksie ON Lit called > gnc weeliog - [earmoee }~ 6 ro \ etna te oe oe Posey Soy - i When the pours buppla® rer and optimare aye bho He a dledtoode. andl work piece j whe faye velouty cealnens itt be wm maintaned naled ab the calhede Waids ane adtrcited Vay tne pedis, “Ad, move Thowandy anode When they ane tenptodnuing, om toWhne anode) The hE ¢ ededrery wi be cocwwated. ioko ect energy... ine heat wo spooled exk he anode Simatlancoarly the Nair velocity, Portbuely & anged Tom ail 62 gerondled atthe Grete chide ore altnaited? 25 Ihe Cithode | pneh mover Aveiand’s counode “Cra, “thie oy velocity ony are anpenying foo dhe. cathod ; The KE gq the fom in conwenled ito Rent energy one heat b gpowreed cine cathode alse “But the. vebgcily 4 re | | eiedninn in much Redner. than tre vetectly 4 fons + he. Youre! sprendl at the. anode tr Ofer. Pour thak ¢ Cathede Re wee gprendled at anocle te vet senmalat ab Colt, = A: Donigg We proce dome A Ihe “Vly coergd etoBnedy, endl TVIy Sm Tony Will (eile, & the PLDEge, Bethel Ihe KE qd Geth the Clemerh wid be AGAkmeowly sonwented Ibe Heed Rigg, educy Oy chew @ A Ggepak be thDue we Abin, Ma MP FLaKee GME HIE. LD LEC LEY y 4 -5gp0 te bo00°C Aco the Zone altro violet ane. vend Apmonds Ereune Whe are 7B) She ane to divectly eon Th human. ie , after jew mioatler time phe eqns wid be stunted Pairs, ~ AB averd Win the anc. mount be Cer only [Ahrocgh safety goggles 0” Aapels toons Dived Guent Stmight Polarity (pcs) eledmode Ve oe oR “Digs! Cuverd Elediede Negative (OCEN) werkpiece + Ve. | Divedt Grarent Rewenne Pobanity (ORF) dedhele + Ve on Dire Lune Atectiods Positive OcEP) coskpece -Ve AC anc welding on ACHE (Aiimnading Gamer High raancas wu Ac pout, supply to wreck S0/0-So'le eat grealed hehe , cheporition. wate <> yas ond. + Tighe x ‘ spady one pease ‘) o Ss S e S 3 8 ® 6 e e€ c € c © © © 6 c © 6 ACHE so Mediu thicken plates Fy w w toodtiumn epi, ef Ave pocovery Fe > Fe time nequivod 4o ertabiyhe he one bas the. eteshade cod wodly place Errabuthing ane af to eokubtithing the. yor 4, stection ond lord Wo rain Ronpadiue. dirwech’oms: G0 0-6 ane watdling whatever smay da. Me anc necovery Home j i world influence, He, wclebing proven QO AG ance walding C3 dhe teyninale ane conbianoualy chaning pte anc wacovery me count 62 i than Ye fy the BAe “oe e tir mst ees Qe cererad, Hae OT With & food (sma we eq, hae paved E Ss ane recovery Ment eee 9fS0Hy foug CT= 0-0 Dh ART = 0-02.50 By tovtmriag Vole. of power supply he ART utd ene be rockice-t ince polarity henge ov coors. 4 mT ane satug by ius anew su 6a sh Solg [peo powrse Dinslbe Ste. So nat Ajpdsve aera ger orores, voi se Ax afte wl ng opeaton y Se eng fy coatabag Vole ured the ove By opsraten @ B0-F0 ¥ “sop [Optimum Satbings Aoxthe nptan to be to sap Lbtan xontitions wlnedever tne. crag y Suppl Ig eing pourt. magply enet co “Slaed athe anc. point > Sox thus 14 co | vequned fo debomine He chau enclergth Wing the waldiy pron ond, of Wena stg § poet some" ‘mel! ta tact age Storing hin TOA 3 coe a Vo = open uscalt voltages = Ment Vollage Be, Te~ Shoot rales ted (onan vars) i Teast gensg tad oY hu leat ve LL + eas tert ~Ryze T weetuces R iovwanen (ws scp commer) i | | Soowen dR > doceare oT | shun V~ ipccates |v 4% acibwn pont « Voltage al ene. = ve tage at poremocne i Vo- Yor = aybl xs Vo Ts DZ = Zs (vera-bh) Ve = Vora-bi power = VI P= rd) dor optiman ane Length ae =0 aL Ve=.B0V, Ty= 0008 » V= QOrAOL , L-arclagty » Celedah ophmun, one laid ¥ Uy ces pour. boutte Q Up = Mm ver t go- 28Sxd 2 gorhOL gee) ath, Te j 30% = 60-406 i 2008) AL = looo(6-49 T = aso(6~#)).O © € 6 6 S o oS o e e e € Cc c € c c e © ©0 « peva = Goreor) (aso (6-40) te = Q50 (ao+400 (6-40) zaso (120 -GeL+aHoh - Heoct) © =aso (\20 — Wor - Ibo) 2° els © =aso (-leo-s2085 Ls awe L= [60 Bas Te aso( 6-49 2 a50(6-4) 2 loco | ' | gz Gorse) (asole-4y) 1 | {Qo +20 (850) (6-2) = lecox 40 = Ho, Kool Q|Veoov T= lOO , “Ren He opbonal rolling [pe weld co % OVb0V, HOTR (6) Sov, locom —@) Gov, Loco m —@? SOU ,APOOA | a Sime V2.Vo reds (Duty Cyue () | ARe of gy time dusning vsiuicr the ose Co without ovatbaating J. Iwitak, eq tleroanly ef, western exyeripenento Ave ‘on? hime. Total, Welding Time | Duty yele = dec on Time the ouhial, welding time. choving whi the anc & 0 igr apo fake. feat recptred pr. eoething of he ple, * Aye OW Time + Rest hme Los We weldkin demeT the wens Rs ~ nenitlece op thes APcenctony heat greta > @ = wry here. @ vaneiny conykeit Go ae) but Tvanien Pn. Outle Mealy = *hoar dencptiated > Ga = h A AT [tonsteni) daly oele Qa 2 Oy Rest Time = 0 D =Kho~ scat ot Gncome, very Ly igo attempt Vrcnjesinan, beromaly vor 1 Vig cad the Awennfomer. rar Jobe FG ovoid in 5 off. eumryy cote cpoccdh cg tee 4 the mest me. oust be. gisto to te wateding eapiproant dothah dangy thin Hime only oat dem'pation wit occur and no- gprerciton dy heat - i i i | @q> 4d Qa = Q5-Oa | ! | Sahn some. me. Ye. aecumuldted he | QiEaqisoon Ag = tous, Aa= bk, (8a), = 000 KT Dui Gyle 2 = Ga = 10-6 = He kee = B0S® see = Soom | | hot = @ Rr SCOR Q Sh same jeldiiy opipment ota T=apooh Ord eycle. + [Baa pr Cuong charge i FE tue Showte Catealed he ‘o’- (obs pr at oeSHOMOHKEOHMAONRFHASOTOSOCOOOOS Ta denise rent Dy deiner cas eye + (scofte bo = 2000 Od 73 s Dy = 00x boo *G0 Tees Bose x 4538 33/0 ASA 33 +/. So Ne sert hme thane = Gonbinuser wendhig Gr éa,cleaa» | Etectucten, Aunchow © Avo ap ar eheebiat element i doring He dledical, ere @Souebings it rally saad supplies he culdiHonal metten mokh ti weld bebe | Sjdedinde only sans}er vie 0 jyattoraly Sthen it's neoomumable etectiode oon it} Conmumabieizcledne cte Aj dedmode kotielrer both the above [pretooutts > 1 ponomeroatte, derbrocle | eShould dave Gygh MP ond. haghen aecksial woduttuily i fo Gaaghite tungiton ,canbeo the Hl C Graphite —rave lower M-P ~ So eAeed. COUy with ocse Fungrror. — Mowe. bugeen me = DESP, CCAP, ACHE - fe Aluny wad 09° borse. wise ebetTredes — Ko Coctings would be prog 0” eledio | corpumnble_ebrhnede | © tone qualthen a» Anal dy Yuen. nod to gar one welding: © typo = 9 @ Bare wie ctedoode | Qloed. eledhode i gary of nated. o: * | pak ao deowidlirer dusting weleting ae : é ats te mdr nda: 7) > pac DN an eb ee aay os4 Uhlan SRBIL2e “Me OU, — 5 Sh can, prcdance, shitielig gases oF Protech vlel poe, = prc Lankan ir reeeng | 6 Vhean supply clley tng lzwenls \os inproving The. mnechanctal prpabos ' joes boat: : PE Dee. 4 testiogn. givens - 4) dos deoiidisaben venct c.bsonbing gen Rewrosiliton os Sermercaene. Looking Las = 2) dos dag Jysmahion, Rioniam Oude (Ruble) - Or, D Aor disc seabitizaber> Pottamiam Compound A) Acs shielding gee a J — 5) Ac astdhing allewgeng elements * Smallapaniiten of Vanoclium.,cobalet, Nickel, Wangonuse ear are ats Coatings ? e | | i i Sallulose coahogs, | | | \ ~ Stectende, den(grah er Bya 6 digit Code CFS digits — indicalis prfemance. 4, coating bw last 3 digit — Inedealén sotchnndtme pnopeatiin ey techccde eaten x ORY ation —- a é - fo eloractio . BRS raged tadeng eaten Strength vnldig 7 Gaurssunl lontiition —— 11 =(At0 > 210 Mea) 21 ~ (aio~ B10 Mpa) = 31 ~ Glo-H1ompn) Q\ — (aio ~1010™q) 15 COV, teat having ABoMP, & muleuelaih ages seat Titpmten eure Hho hight but Hs notunect o oad") G 29 OGG ) 3 e e e € c Cc © € fe eG & @ Oo > @ ¢ Qesign of watd beac 2- — 1 No Gy eecoctes vonstved? 2 Welshing speed 3 NO: 4 panes & otal, welding bme “Tenminslogien SB, tools growing 1 Foot gap Rost Gee: 7 Re ofp pruvidedd bio the. 2 plaliza ad the better peat Bint yet beni She, woinplde *etaan he ple en cot coded, least he, mollen mete ebithedte Shoukd. You wet she cHlomn marr point “he plate ancl procure. the Jourt * es this the oat Hap in wemtred: vay Upto Banas’ boot yip cn be gitto Lond wide | Ae. Broaight govtion. the pala pnavidedt ct tha totlom rent got oh He pine dg enty i Re land. v parwided. 4 avoid he baxning tnagh of edgn | Wout Lond ured & Seo URGES |eonghe =. wWhengwen the Fhickron, 4 pale to be Juured gpankes Yan, Senn j ith neceneny te prcpane, Somme. apa thfoinb We. V oF Voy T join Od d dai the Y joint io the more effete joint bg ge “Tne hgfest situ ante, anal, lower, eomout F addibned) et | Fost Commonly oseel V-angts arg - 65.0090 120° |No: q, pomen. | Dhinwwn she. Yhidloen dy plats b hiyfor. ond. hyler = 8S not paw bie 4 join Yhe plate i valng Aingle pawn welding « 0 it culd. be ene. el) by ting rou pia weet Ope Sv neat che velding proten , ith aly prepeabio Lak (0 Kupte.gun -weteling F not une an minitnart, number cy poney &2 POAsIBLE po mlmiGe he cbooah upto > \jued. madbngeen, weldn of: tga Ti es WT a May \e Nae! ieaus omar rege ¢ cern encdlentat, provided. oven nel abeve te 4 the ptale, = Re ensen meta preted 069 om abe the Sunfpae qy the plaley % Gowning io poouiced. ty ensune. tat She wevistwe area, avarlable af the pint W athenot cepal 4ythe Yeniidace ava ¢ he plats dr be jocoedt: Gonunen comnicersration er Cialiephay in deriyn ef wutelue join) Vo~1S fo Volume. qy wetdl bead can be provided, ar nouming Spaillen.: - ____ Dung teldng, operat, some. d Hk molteg meat pica ave Jompltg Son dhe TE would. poot endl BU On Oftun dasa 4, Ye. pale cue. to the Bw qyercor Aone - caviedt an speller IS We team qy molten metal hem He tote pork ond offget the, avoir ffs 4 plage Spatter wo witl be aboot S-Lo%/> Volume dy eelel boact: ajo am Design a e eink. Vo: F Ute! bend Nod etedhake neque = Sot eee @ foie qone electne, Vagus oh, pores Rid wating time = OT Duty Gye su ® Gat = length qphe weldbend welded by aning Oe eatide Cthuned Yarn the wuldlig, cata dock Gounenpocting to We dno olcvae ood Hiitknin ¢, pales bo 62 Jotoek’) x= 200-500 wm, ; heshodte Wo: of dehedes foo = langing welt Goad x No ef pose = No. of eladater wag (00s eh etedhedn»/panr | | ; i Miagnshic anc blow os Axe blow cnedled by the. elednic Cumed Git tend to 1 dehor ond making este welding ad: Min w caved “agnbic anc blo ARe, magpetic ee dno the rc 19 We ahovtest ne anking pace 0 aalipant gone, Poon. segue es ont blow” Reanon + weleling near. 40 Yhe, cesith comeehion @ Staahag and ending ane blow | | ‘. [$45 moainiy oerunng to OC anc woiding ood } pot AC ane welling 5° Sumultenecus wilebings ab enane Shout one ele } “9 ! schesn Gos Doon eel, wing Aifpeat snarl cen aditico& ie LB fone ps cently connection. <2 oagabc anc tloto welding away yr he eautlh comedhion :- hen the waldling © clone ve one. onc of Ye plate; the would ee gue 00 the, etna, enc ror Bay q. the weteling been. Compleed 5 stop Ane couicting ane shit Ae, erat wonnichog towards REBEL wady wolel sick 2 Sroanbing one ending cine Blows woldk oe eliminated by wntig the Sent oo deile § win ou plale rerpebvely Rey, aso gg arthuuds bo the, plata aft wall» hus A, be nernoved) a Pee] bby Biinple Yranunen. blows: ce ar leet L—__J = 3 hones KIMAURNOKs Loiiding af moxtoan. on plate & done , ure same. cumunt endian, «by ais the, elactiiedtes cs THe best solubien De pour buppley Linnineting recat blew i> Using AC puwer supply insdeact d crit commeny ured power mugely in he cascwelding operation — DC pas? urpply cg Whe, teed gaara ey the work picte. anal clechede con 62 Conblied by | Geng “the. ‘Polanity%y o OOHOFLHHFAAAAOAOADHLOVOOHOA0 Cd -£ G c i Tungshn Soe Gar Welding oF. Gran lungeron, AC weAANG oF ARGON AL Wedsun Gia or GT AW) = @ow) | | [ts DeRe MEE Re Aungstony uned ay om atedlwde natenieat Ws Cmnidend an neo -tonmumeble eteducle coeddng operation AR protect the Lats poo? hem edmorghenic wntamicnbon \ the ols would 6¢ sugebed tothe Geldling post Cominuourly wing inant sey cytendbes? AR mos\ commeoly coed Count spnin aAayoO ama angen ane coutelng A onord ne metbng 4, etexthode , the wwokent with be euppltcl hnough a Sta. Pipe witch & Woupped aroun, he, electrode seat fhe temp ch etethve & hak an tow an posite Bg q, Cabruouy supply «, comt cer Grating place i dhe Ueteh poog 5 [tcouldl be teen gotcha. lpn chnaxghanic, tontaminahco - Hance agten takiauenkian 4 TG wokding ; odtomic hydoggen. become oheolste ond Thin w populanty need ips Josvag 8 idny seausue metal Uke AL, My ote, Grnttadions :- Jord v very Wuqp cue to urnpe qh wound 0 ex wotent 3 Bg 4, nomiomunabie wocthing 5 at aay Femporc. lune phe atom a tungsten may dillune Jyom Ino. Hp eh He. eedrede ond enlers udte W Got POL sent erunres chu baitlenan q, te, waisl goat aaMetal Snent Gun Welding 9% Gran Mekel Are wercuung Ia os Gmaw Sexvo motor ruben parks 8a 4 consumable cedbinden ; he, atectiode nevdnot be cooked. - oe Fe coclent ww te be Beppe Hence the, twat of woldling veces Hag te consusgighe etechodgy ~ tts posttble be Jin mane then Smo JhiUeAy j Rede wttncet wurng any axtetitionas Hes noel when Yee ettthocle co jyaning Wnoug “Whe, Sabber. Joo , ond a9 ondidep wivide ene HRking to the, sufice, can be Squsedod out Bg eterbrocle sey wmumatle ) ro tango iyntoo ' Zoninaouly scermumable. atedbetle edntdh in Werad 09 the Spook ond fet by , | : lang) gente motor | Limetation » ‘ | Bey the dexhode ude be wound 09 te the poe he mainuy bige oh the 4 | elertnocle could, he Seam: Dente, yorring O) legge. nicenta plates ; w airgle LL _por caiding cole. rmjg-caviding by ¢ small Meech eltchade j Ye uxteig | Sspedds test count be (ud > alten lots Waldling speeds; The. Re ch Ihe, dtd pool rede, » Re Yee cnb © very age et due Fe fore one. he en, mci! peadas than early Yume Yom the wold pot ancl She yeti fo would. Decome. vany highhy e avetch Velo ma Vil of ale tchith Ceo Be. wateded by warty Style prin weldbig ‘2 SOmm only »a y o S Ss oe o o & © e € C € c € € c ce c. © oS Submnggd sc welding Stark oud flag xs Sea work PIECE Qo rin We ane > completely Sabetmrgpd co ne. Hark powder» 9 name, tube Lontirununly comumab ie decode Lond v0 the spook anal he by wndg ewe Con Athy ©place 4 inert oon 5 qeoatily of put powder. trill be Appteedt, no “he hopper, oud hit, some amount id ton emetbing ond Converts Eafe Ane clang = wemeuining we gowdler’o Sinpk, Wouliag ont the’ top cabled, unui 1 gk weatiaeled oad dew nm : Unundd Yur - 9b o ele od So wnat hist the. heppor {Seth aloo euning elegy cf Longe Harkins pictes a» sigh {Small kre de etclaceles 5 he walang speed wnct & low. qed ie Ye Weel pred produud to peat qm eo lava Due ttm yee ane % moten mek. panties ane eying ty June Tes welal poot. Gat 6¢3 Dy. Prereree > \uge quonkly dy Yur powder oven. the eld poot j ite obstauabing The Jempig Symaottenmdat garhidlen « Hence Whar spats (019 & misionag » 81's Unniled > wr Uphy FSmm dere ploler ceonemically wring Stpke fran waldings & Gxyereh Siw teraxption f Hot. powder i» Vers high €ledso Slag twelting - . a \ Ais vet Special Welding prow whilr cag be vatel ip Joining Piter 4 fobove Fsimiy ilu, economically to dug le pan ay only beer. ured in Vertical woldilg foxihonelectrical condi Pha. pousdden “a S cohen whe powur uPpIs gher, he ore iw priducod Yoo tha Hp ob the etectredte ond. work piece; TRE treet goeréled clue Jo the anc cos Oe | uned ooly Jor meting ofthe etctnicellly Crdlurting Nun powder ave | cok oe Fommeagts cant cae rot | Wine. the molten stag. Staines anc in Pet Of: ~¢ | Now the etechicity © Jowing pn dectrecte Jo the work pier ; through aa \ cledhicad worlucbuity f tra motte alegy - 4 Fron the, casnant do Poring re he weltan dag Bey deechcal Yeotthae og he blag , the heed & cing gpninalid ond tnoiuh cu be wed pr meting ¢ dhe Shee SB cctnter “a BS bd 04, se encthing of pldler com “Ga to ~@ pc-cbtured due tothe cieehiat rorweu G Ye melten. slag ‘ LB name. ar atede sag weteling Cprabe « i i ‘ F stestne ctediede “& Getbng malted 5 Ht oceuprin spate ab Sea. eller 4 The fe Seid Gad, wobec pune He molten slag oy the Mpuandl drvecbion So-Hoat the cover with Ga, moving Slowly eo the pustined, Cedeebir « ‘ | ee commonly ured, ete deicad cordaatins Hot powder io siliten banedt foe pads € | _ghny trikes outed b0, walded, eecnomentigy? é ~—e Ber Wor trteun 435mey ~ ily Neh mua, eonemc « ‘ | Si [Aline above S rekeds ane Yhe “putter Neo Walon. welding opnshons - a.0 ) CHOTHMHNNMHEBHHHOECHOOHDAS © Soldering _Ysaaing ane A mednaninm Qn al the Now furien walding procenen ; nen he Uquid molten. mela! c Pounce lod Yee, joint, (bd wd the Gold bun ueo ona Joon he sunffuee ablquen jois S. dhe wmeetnaniong by (shih “te yoent eee seks) place & welling ant sunfce cllocstng Beano fxr denteping Aon Sunken wists © Liner ever. 40 endale ane to ta. joined whith thar Gang chilbonce co wetting | Jove melting one eentewad 5 ~ he other meteor may be evapomited welding _ gone Box scl od malls OW alumni euaprater al 150°C @ Some makdn Can neven, produce, Grguicd meter. woetal + Aangeor (IP- 3405 C- a tnis temp ; We io cinielegpated 4o powiclen'jpn) aren ashen (wo teed H do 10,000. Ww cent [own eben gph: @ When aor, a very Holo comport & ty be. jomed Fo tne vengy tick (oemponeets bape. joing 4, hekmehonpontty ; Ho compare will melt ap: jpthing 4) eladeic wen PEB = © waking ord sobidiation yp Ptat mrelencla couse Shonge. do spestanicat popes dy anand medeniak & foton. welelag Yn Gre WERE Net abiewad 49 doange pe mechanical "propmber, punt mental: do Aus Conn foo “unica welling ol beurach " se engi toon ag'= 16 engin Gyloden «YP bey se Son ang, ooro-sen eldig © pov Aout, be Kopty go mee mnedhhanisiyy 2 Reropercchue 3 Neat soune 4 Klsng md | 5 Appurabions { iSoldeniog_ sedhanisin > wdlang and surface allsicing Rempvaline Row < 190 ob pinies : ZL heee Tine tin Bi lead alloy will cunpornte at 447°C Fimo ied ai anos ane] | Heet Sounce > Ais-ateielene ame] 9) matal A ~ 350% B) met A ~3sD% Bs ‘ { eechrical, Beriaknce, 8h Am HOR B-bade F< gaste < heating Cocu) hth own da len “4 | Ailer. wed 7 ~ | lead- Tin -abloy cated Soft Sdldening ‘ (6 +50) ‘ Bad Tia. gituer 2 eattect hand soldering *— beg q, actditonal aifues: ~~ ¢ Bo! 30: wo) ¥ ee G ) coywd is & ah igh: Cempennse) — Spoke aplenty : (oibrakon ab “20. ual) ) A small quent ty of lolomuth do aclelect ty jcuer met do (ringer the, uxtlabitity «fy mollen malay tr soted body act Io icles The, AP dylan er etoncaln~ “4 4 Applicabion > aiy wud, pF jpeng dedive and elechwane, wien de the PB 4 \ | = Cosreragt swisiten space. ute?) ! | | hrorck soldenaag um Space a pyieabers 4 Brazing. — iF witha jest gapenken - 2 plain crt joined a. ( brag CutZn 4 medanisin ng ond, bua aining ; “4 Remprralane mete ATS rang fine ont Aas ‘ i A= 350C], apponine 4H gaa erre tote i 8 ef e B= Gas 48% a daly heaing WP ZHAN camel be bayed oy basewretded Heat gounce 014 ruxdnoge. Sunnace bua3ug o settee bx Ailler vod > open Zh alley — hovitg hugh copllny nang Lepper alloys Couree eosthermnetat of, (Uirred ane Youig w to joint dir by ‘ogi Cea] %t : :) >) 9909980900090 0 € c € € e 6 © © aye} 430-1 Appliation — - chewean yeial pupwahcn ane not pone claiving hole, af pipe : Braze walding °° 15 2 platen jowed with ened prepwmaher [I cw Grane we AML paopnbien cana. same veep We bel iene Silles vod + ynallen metal pope week rocwe, 1M bos the plate Bgewily Cu- Tw -ollag & having yb Opasrtetione re. amend, te (u ableys ' Soh bean weely Ge wot aulsty 2 to get euapoailed oven above, 4a%e (oat | Appbintas = sherweurn, pin! prepmaher ane porsr ble olny, 4 pipe» evden 4 prionil i Brage welding < brazing < soldering: racing “t r a } 86 Grastngo perotion. bo the yount thickran, (oR (pil Fe © Koveaning fo atrengie ag the pak tp tnowooen a cand tren reduces a ' { 7 SRR Aap do ad Uap wruans he flow, maller met coho the spit Woes; ay re, You me earlon: 5 wading Gee. on the, anor Cllouhny onea, orwenws Hinve the. joint sence. fotseane cif Boone gop the Gucably 4 pUorsed wails prosert | viet joint tecanen coridenobie - duning ung ch the component ; the. pre wid be tam mithd, wie the Pen ned woterial elo oud he teen mad onteay ff kafost We, sue See eae | Hone the stsength ep ve Stor Beckucys 'mi ] Fig Rpiskace patos: | Renistance, spot weld ° pel cla | Re wed nag; ee rmclbiog ef plates | vm jouting Gredixcerd bee ob i dedsial snvteuey _ = 8 dame, GweD ao went woidung | Ae shape dyna weld bead patie! %& appnaximadely Gke o spank called o> spate wotdiing Heal. generced (Ho) a=] noo-~ersumabie ere leanede calor AMpuled have CE ~ pusend paring try thy ot fo cms Hy se upton. preoune welding proverr R~ seni ptence Pow oectricol, wnistence Tne ye ehh nnd foo bo 1:0 cuvrent 8 weno o,eethoe melons T= 10000 A + higher. Bream th ua "so hea plate ~¢4 4f cute sonleels fos soenatlnss np =1400C 4 Cee aoe 2s town Tas 2 — Srl: a Cu oF Turpin oF Calgon allo Rexistane, ‘opto es Age? yeast og BoEL OA GF sau 2 an miimunn an poss!0O xR RoW 4 x & . 1j8- 00) Ged rwsrns. oho Hed etecrete ae Ee + lovoo Fi ( tel Werk pice “ 4 ~ Aga VS > Fit avo shauldle on mimumen posite [Res PS At plate a2 | MKT Ln est Cunratly Be depos 20 cxmp 4 PRE ‘ Pyar mugen shenabinos slo y a ape. vwooe SE = A ie ia40d AR mininse Ra- wonketing sunfpicer Mant 62 Sirooth ancl clear \k2= Bim > Garplote 2,=2) cng(B3)- 2tzativcol, Berl shee, ap fiatay rte oorad Ihe, TERE twondlEstie > gr shuld alo Ge 0 minvinwn ar possi ble ~ to owotd metting 4 Complete Wickes 4) 5 inition - he labs ad. jotRing a, atednaden?o betta: = the plate) V Rigby etodaically wenistect madonna conn be noritaoce. welled Ry enanot be dhensgel - isn? I @- $ayes ponlgee PGsabaut BAPE oy by maxing corhel uapee leony ard Bough - aes saianes | wae A chad ho. am marimar Gn QDS BE * a oy HORa ) CONDO HAMAHOMNXOOCOOOHOD © € S ote time dnay hid the Wann! o frmig strcuyr Ye verison oeets oacuié woually 20-2 Sec tuned o> pioneed. Only k a shes! dinabion Bg Fenartienun teenp. ccdalagsh wenistance csatelng & — Tyag = 1000 ~ 1200" Afshin much, temp ban. pane. a Se OIF loog ime. Ht mmny Lonely + oonaivg, Bf plates ox enbine meting ef the. plates 6 3S Ae time io bean. tontrolied W such sora ppacin by wring AC current eit @ Fela. ee fy, | TF Saw Ws Sade 2). olSen sony 6 Grenaien the, poten supply © glen , nulay will alinw only a Sot Abul of cyt power only. Rive curing hut ee ay prank io the, jgind would be, squeetadd our OF Aniven out & called squeere time Aas. ducing hich the cuoaent in poring soap tha craig & abled “age Wo = 2 Rw) Ring ding wetutlhYha, ere iy continued tw hate unhll the melfensfeekil proses cok get sotedeyed © allied hold Hime « (otrwice expemin, cee) Rine. dating whith The. compléle mariskne. Weldiag coyerpment es suoldchod wy couled 088 time Rin wto account for > time felon jer ahujbing gf eletnectes from present prsiton, be Ree FH account ie shel nest Bme an cycle Rau roediuation 4 ioowan fyuensy dhreiiho weld ogde + Orig waidtine ; the, ge Gpplredon Hy Pater can ta ridkuok Dovty se dnc de feud | Mall Hine te tes Ruugnen 4 Hee Sufacen Cath Ge ayy te AI! nipth wld nos manislance ae \ Mot (WRU Hee races the pect Vi : ‘ \ ‘ Crd trey, Hh He ates Goract grodio “ — 2 aah pe seat Jane oh fine, tor 2 dog *woud toad, to recuse. the Grittlensa © Goreng. he drughney Wort URtised = HU. tron) sy Heo! hupplieed wa | Was eo (SH + LH) | = =™ (Colt -Te) + bn) = 8V [Ce (n-ty) + ay uot, nag O cghiad oud WS Afi 4p Oban he. imenafonn g Hb — ¢ DS Jostbeensbent, cebeutation dy Volume Gente Genet heap jee, Wed odd produere to Uytindaicad- cit dia, aqual 2 | dra qd the atednode tip ond hh a Oquad, to the distona be = 2 ekiDede Hpi > | t- Yeveckatn ds plates o- OIE ae ha BE = Qlodedtiad) HAS Ips nevinhnee coating Chighest *) Ih og 80%, > WARE = MUAH) 4 F7RY = eo(sit+ LH) ‘ ~e 2 Yeu HAS SS]o — Arc welt ‘ Nau = 55-65 “fe ~ Gav wetchivg Mt sf) = ° 8 S oS o € e e € € Cc € c c G6 € G- o rowed # twprouing. he sivengte. of Land, biongy.caps(y..h MS Dionne, eis Joon © R iewnsong the shergh; he tayor crud qf elipbica maggetSmunt cons with Whe, anid of, He jpint . ie esky x Re. choncen qoel Biibng dy Maar cin cig monger may happen, ue to” Yhe dull. yenibenwe co abo Heipint-’ difpunt Pom bite a joint v Ais mainly happen due 4p the, drenge io Re at tep.cnet bottony - Charge in R3 colt happen. cluning jjotning 4 oll thicken paler Bp same 1 by Jouning aifLsontoriak plates q, seme. Yhrdenon - -— 08 ib lpunt Ahideren gaifey ured, macls q. Suhpet Palericy » TS enmune. Hort Nhe major ais dhe. ciptcad maeget do Ceines'elia ott the artis G the votat oheObokt Yori cone Cbove he. ont ce be mmete, ceyrat’ te ‘orl venistence ef the Joint below TM & PEAKE by Changin the eisdhocte maton or by chongeng sthe, climenyiona 4 he electiocle - Seat bres hugher vanished ntoded 0 Bike ne “Te te See sees es eae Shtower wonistome is Mecelec Oden Sut tre Cu Yuet nal ony lange Paioly Who cLeewndler of He. elorthonte (> eon, Cheng (not the ea) R= Bt A he © By tomaring he overlap ¢ the, plates, coany amber. of erage wilt ba produced co the. plates coinen, reducing nowrbele maggels 5 Cnog Weking F 24 ond tubiegent emg “ho shunting 4, os Digowy a) aechricity may ake plow CR shund Yhe properly 4. decliicrty Yak civic alusays 194, ty Prt Atanas the tortinnccsmmndenial walker Ya adm continynus antevall; il it) arelable nearby Shrating (en bubinnated by maiohinig epinun sp agnung: — dy dy Mion, boot spe. to curt dhunbing is Sy 8% sity woe @ By ving tontinuouy roristence, well ag OF Merislence KeeWweteling aa‘ Resistonce. Seam. \woldhiag Y = | Re wonimows dnridture weldbig Yo tra 2 Huse platen 40 be gpined | aeline, Seaped clethedes ane wed > . | te pone cpirantin of dectoicly © very severe. : 1 anatit cannot 60. ctienenated ¢ | £8 get the veg: amb. covert gb Joent shalawn j . dhe omad euurent celnich io bipaming 1 Are, warren pordrg | amovat¢, Yumant hey 1 62. or wanneed ot He Supply Conchibodh t beth ~s ‘Renidence. Pro\tetion Welding Opmabion x Re sadhod of jorning a Prsjeclionadh component § a4 | by anthg vensience, apa warding opension, “ootted he Wnitiarce. projection, wotdlung ~ 1 Re Senge ep he deilncde wait be saune.a the simpe cpa Component Ar @e. foche dt Poncumnion. Wotrding Operation. Ro & « peo-funloo prunune welding ange Ghd to ond Jouitny o> dane ~A0 bull feels poeta No segmaile etectnecles are Unedl ~ he ceonporant 4 ba jointeL ach on wlerhade Anh the, gouIon supply Utd beg ier [a eee 60 Wnt Yh Joint any be Kaeled fe @ denytnchie . Acanby equal Ay Ay NEP Henp ¢ se enabervial: pe eee ears Sothah the mateniat dhe foink ext become Bat on f e ca Evoy bef cod aloe proerr tose svggees ll & Yow 7 more Give Fo share An eneway 2 Habe alto ay Sloan butl_weldsig + | tows sinp She pape. Supe ove eplyte. jyce ~ = porcumivey- (suvaealy) + v Aun 0 sinlgicnciloy ipint cvcutet Se pn ths ctenelne Hk given Lavan joint shang enc art onal for jos 4, ang {PM end frondZommoo appladion. Gertaznce wetcling @ Where aver Leak goo), Spies te ba produced Sen Fem. & Act allowed), egy prevnne vor, wat tens , suchraile @ where aon the Wawnne io wuyht ate ep @> Aout @nsisaon ysoalaoilunig % shouchuval tubes qe ee > space crott . ear y NU WY @® Sowing gy Hrow away *ype of hp sf trol +o ey he ood Bockes °S 4 FQ tow MBewmni) wobeling venthoo i ARosme} mnicture > [beat] + nreridues Fogg + Al Fe ALO. hi a Fest AE —— fe + ass + heat, ste Tigront (ihine Silered Skaggs igniting powudlen Rene mitre, fe be Pinan = BFSO ~ 40d Re wibobon. Jor baring ef lonthing powder vsti be giver by wring — ete Pe BE a hy pres et be geen. By sg Re mast cemnodty vred. sgerhig, gauscean one avium foroside oy (Mngneoium hen taping pocuctex b> banned ; he Goat grinded atl & weed spr tah) RB exchhanic shemiea necation q Yonik meilietiond prodice fren, AtsO3 vond. heal * Madly developed Jon joining 4 vatlo wy Bernie arua like hilly , yrertcrwar of, Cohera aleelnictly oY oct wate fae gochiag b doo Ge ued, Jor jocny 4 Thiele Componay >(Pre heaking, . | singe Heating whe jet ele woteling j © By -wemove the diartine parent éo plates Like. preerey gprenevollyo ote [> Brenan higpsiane uoaily el yyy mf mela ee 40 66 ptned * | Bg- dung eaten, of, Sash eboriala he heat tash bs wodbubion i { Votuj hig it's to (cull. +e yong The Plabe to Melting Point: By adloing dhe, preva = tha. baad lent by erduuhien cen 2 soclucecd (ey mcditowiy L209 etiyypence) = Doni haing ef, high. °C yu - a ing, joleing capanton materials ~ ether The. plats aw, probeated, dhe auth oad Qt bo ecole slewdy -anck exacting Fiesty con 62” | ehirmioated i > Duwing Qoinng ef sing ike. shuclines, he wing should be “ee ic pareated af wn place. exactly opporile to-tst «tne Olas cari bed Bo 4toat the, Cmuakiing ter ‘he. Su wile, chiminated “ aaa pehee > ushenewr the. wadding eptedl, toto ba toownnent Snstenct dy — wuning the tomp porn mem temp 7 0mky fem cor intenmectiet YOmp « {Post heating *- Hosting the attdl broek offen the, wetcling > Ro voliave inforond nertissal strover prewnt WO the cute Bact Ad moduce. she, Gillen crv ewone Ye tHughatey ape bead = cqnwert roantenntte Swuue prevent Co wets rac ‘af rooside oF sorbite, Weldabitity Re cane withuluth Yhe welding ef Guo mabe Can de dene woth Dut producing defedts Co he cwote 6+ Aostoes - = We aye soa 4 be jad | bhrgghne Yay rans om ton ofl Mectiun, MP orierala ane len a9 eany fo wold! waleniady « 5 @ARermal. Lendbubuity ey mene # be. oned ; Rowil, condus vity inatorials ane “HKaD 0 Beith fo told mckvilo be the. heat baet by tendon. ia wig ign ene th aut 0 ie rasan the. phan +0 Me : } Ha matodal ® boning typ ou cod nigh Wome londunbuit, the heeled i Vead imme — bet oolebe wiked by Petre ogoS @ Roopyesent cp tamed expansion. Gy malencio . ‘ fm expansion médentaty cre taken cur eb} (Clr fy Wale anadona! 2 st pcbites crack very only to theteld bared, 2 ® Rearhuiy ef the metal gti secutive madly - very eayyeutd touxtd = 9- “AL 104 © Lledrical. nosisiance 5 highly oledrially ventsence maelentale — Very ay curcI> Ag al s\u Dedeelo © welding e Co S e . i ° e ae e i c c € Cc c © BAe | _ | 4 Ssdernal, (seen por, oudside. { defo ¥ | & Antennal eect ee - 1 | * 2 | ! + Oven tap 1b Sedernat, porosity : 2 Orden eat 2 Gnlernet, . Magnetic arc low i Moniputction S e 6 6 2. 6 e e c € € € € ©- © c 5 © Satennal ponoatly Senath Size oln pawbides os gew pandicle, prosent core. sunlece oftcrd ond op eniect sue poabsilg Codd ih Xt © present ab the ingide. *t & colle BHoroad penositi, than wetebing wit oul Me vne~ of bea ABC VetdiAg Witty We UAE J, bus wide cledwodtey Use @, elninp ebeetnodes (ercenive cellutone Ledled etecheste) Use shieleng Gener ctusing cootetors © Sodenral Ceacky _ QL cuatky ore present is the Surfpen o, fv weal bend it's calteet He euke endl i}, hee lostche 7 IS cruled Uternal creek Beason, Pronence ef ieridual strona onine weld boacl bey, axtenting the titration -tatstg plore co ne Joining Plater owning o tush @epamnion mmesentata with out daria Use. d hydnogen. a.» a. shielding geo Chuniog ealding a grow eemateset cb (absenb ity eo, Gene bate) Allotwing Whe tuagstoo atafpoion @TIG wadding }@ Slag oduntony Re prennee, slag puntclen costele the wate boat. Reapoor | Vie ef fowhand, wailing techniqwe 0 Gaowetding Sneomact sizetion ef unies i ean welchiing ov [ost veahiys gue ae oda of (Ger g wean pane wei) ae, eke Ampnoper eleaning dire, eatdbuad in mualtifery wxlding « tuenive wd 4 ye i cwabelaig ~ Socornplntely lied poot wo j Reonony, Joining, «han thounal, cooduubi uit HP imeenialy Seen A pap tam coats Oa Asiaing wh ity drajaces catiatdl preloading wodisg | ye ighor Ahdknen pints wing Jpinag oO, habme enatewal ow Righetnciinen play ng) do ir / Lowa, omount te mot cog - BD Ho Mwholer waridl produced Ye wetting beOreck 4 lurlon. : No matting f pruni malowel oo totting pace Reason are sume, an incomplekty piled pret ) verding Zlowrmorn booklet (chapter D) Ee oe = be Geagh Sputdetoct aN = Tees nose gien j Peonrosn 018 | hem save, P-Byks , Heahpoznooa, étore Sie 08-0405 0 b= fea PR HOP ahr ora = 56K welding ped = és 7 vy Heat vag, = aan gre x Hh ab aheat supp x 5 Wor Req, hot vgs Vo- Ye. T > ts, Va=Ve PO ames Ta SOOA (Re Manner stier ropediony Va = 20 rheona: 3 = 32 > Ve ~MexS0e {Ow Lasmm NOS aoc Va = @orboros 2 Ho a So Yee 400 Vo =2av = Ax tx$)xigoo @ (2. by Ste xd) eee nek bata = Head Beqe Boat supplied x Q, = ba Peo 30 fp? looan br Aj onyGri Whe Tes Ie sho cerd*x 200 0 WR = romnx HY s(Evanje assc é mkt epg teabohion 1 0-6 2 6S Fhe ake aaioteu | aren Hea N82 Reccht = 86+ 0K - di = 20 — oat ape GC Pe » 20-Tgpeee> se dys Pe = SOW. gocen be = Que = aocsn © vet g.cwetad bored? We 3 cece, ee ade 2 Ui fBoctena azo J eae Hoe we os =m (sw suH) “se SVale Aebietd +) ae Aza0e Os Fon 6 8 CAm8 (58 $06) eae wot} OOOOH AMABOAABDOVOVPIOHOY Ne ftp = L908 2 5 esetbede hh 355mm 2 nod puny = 140 - a pews eid oS @ than = (ECE Lomo hs 3 TAT = Bot. 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Lamumphiort co ‘ |oaghintng operation’ the temp: oxbuced in cracking operction. Pook life ete. \ = Hat bowtnen tenpenakse: the eninitoum temp- atwe whic toneas to temperechne. duises comiderable, reduchion othe Ibarcinen ef.c “Pook, retentod + WO dteet Fooe | Resnp endren | 30¢ Rees ~ = ce kee = 208 68 ; abartien tome > Caso ¢ | rapenteenone, > Sess Ren 7 | ee Rea : | iy 4 By Knowing he Jyuer to mancheningy he megkelthy Teqjatvement 4 He machine. at can be eh: By kecing the Power conmumehion. Go mreuhinigg % Yhe “engactly 4 the puiie mover required mo be ahinndled: “By knowigy he jAempanahnes ircicet damng marhiniog | enitsig trek mdewat > rleied ( | Suststnet The bdbardntn temp Aindal > Ye temp wrduceel hunny mauling > 4 | "By knowing he took tile. the proven porcmebwy coo be adjusted £ the ‘ toot le = toot changing time. TTyPEs of TooLs wefe machining opiaation gereatly aene. by ening RAypen doo’ @Single post Biting nek Afonly ee cutag elge i> ownttabe fat Fereving malonal> fywn He extrpiece €4- Canin, tools, shepippvels» ering tools cheseln ole Sp generat; Material nemevad wale aite Sorte Poul curttag too ts 6 Lower » = ~ @Mulk Guint Zattiog toot i 8) mose Fan. one cating edge © available yr Aomoving he enatorueal fpate cmipees ccs Oallbile » Mien eultes, Croaiian ab . aati Cae6 Anion infucoucy Madhning Opaction. 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Tan xs ten SAY | Taw . | A Goal Pol ie et 0% fr Steal oh wes ( wes\ — ee wl | te, ' | ny “WA sap} | & Se L& 8e | 7 : Hl ‘ i Co > Nemoins same r {. cy = WO-A we s ‘ A= WW-C . ' 6 > Yemainy same. ( i | | | Nowa Care hysrowy (WAS) Wiad bp the son, ch ABR ara ORS « E Orly 2 pmamaley ane amd Ap, = nasmal wike angie + Cp = Nosrmal weblef made ots nas bea ! Kp = test! Cano (2) + oy (=A5H) = (ons) = of (ees) On = tar! #8)Efed of Bok Crorelsy. \OBake nake angle (*L) cohen back rake angle iuneanes t x, Berishing ance. aveitnbe |pt manidhing tonck deren yp Strengih. 4 Fowce vequited, ye roach inuig¥ Power Lomrumption ) oO a Frid y Kood weary # oot tele tT ~ ab ue eeu due fo ak pshergl { chidoredlay abeonm a s S 6 3 ® © e € € € c € « € © © © oS tomnidened to too salle we leash ake, cage, tama att sera wen \_} big the dip flow io Yhe wake fase would be, exter URe max. poshile +e. bexknake gle una o> 4S” © we engle by beyond AS®: the yeduehon im the stsearte gd the AOL Very Ah + the toot with, gut eaniby “Olsaxe angle. Voted caring > machining ch Oras wom pieeen > Moan cutung operation. ) Dosing enachining of breeEit 'O Take gle We seulpie. ($018 prvlsced io belle dite to he, Lnystepephie sintdtine of bree = A owoid the. wwoakeriung of sat duuung Wend, uitherg ae cperatsen «oO wake Ye. must be coed» Sodat — dy 7 no- aidearnd fle % he dhip be taking piace ices | -ve naek sake angle. | Re. a, “VE Stake. angles Gras deen ofertedl With the a F tobtodua foo o fippod_ ood — 6c) she canbicte, Jooln ane. Vent} weak in denrion. . Ve woke angle & nothing bad the Dake argh o reduuing due ttn tosten * Prusr womumphiont — Teot te ¥ Howe meniinun ve wike angle wed Only upto |PeolyBdide nake angle (xs) | oe chen. aide rake ongle t | Shexging _é | Sorter ¥ aignely fb 7 Power vaqpireat Y oor ale t + GI dorneane in 0% the arround ef, dP benching & wold clivection. reducer = Genaradty 6, S-1S°, Q @ Beviep -oogle. ( Ge, 8s) Brovided, rnatoly fe awoiding the Tubbigarhon Yor | | Foot ond workpitke tatth. 8 relief, engl ; the +000 to stinply webbing wee onto the won piece without doug Gng meshing © Aosuss Bhemgih force raqulvock Y 8" “ | Power emrempticn + aug ( | Rot. ule AH stcgeoly ( : Germrolly Ce ad es =F IEP ( @ Batuig Lge cogil. ; | Paioly. Sniloencaehe safer fee precbucedl tore J | coonk piece : { Sunique. {yom & rreasmnect uring RE ‘ | Ry = ere pam to volley height i es er | } fan Cs + Cok Ce Reo ieurtan. i> She value qy 8 with codicate Had dhe. Sunfoue ee Procuced conte, omponant Poos. Cot — Rat ~ pur sue fish CoP Re} ~ Gat mayen ish Ce = Bae Gs = 0-40CHOCO OMMRAAANRODHHVHVOOHO AO’ | rah 0:2 4e 2 com Mechanianr 9, chip jenction © Nose Rackiwy With tnvaane 4. nose, waeliuy - the sunfece Kish peo: 0 She Wwotk pitea wottd oh Cotter - Ra sunktua Vinith oOeinud VP Ry a ee. finch would be better 00 the otbiabenel or Goowera gy now Tacks ARe contact anor bey he took anal workpiece Goi Ll comtane do} ncneamd the Jones Undicced duning madhioing , vimsabors lend chetlonig watt take place . AR» enults doko the. poo berfe-ce yee . Re optimum nose. vader whith guar Geiler Boho Atvol 5-7-2812 - 9S O-BmmM 5 Sead = O-lMMo/ voy ~ Kifer [pith | R= 2° —_ = go - = O-Ons ens VG . i Ae the lowered the Suyace Linh Ry = Ho = o-00416 reo 8x03, than the ore © agrlied. 6 caring He ef, the tool cate He layer of Gcoonk pie. matenat j the ratentat stant clefcoming plandicadly ood) Buide ovr Yha whe ue 4, Ye soot (redwing Areco sen “bo fv ne. ay qyworke puEe orate fuck jthe, BO. HEALD when Asn fume by Wing Ted wrteucr” ang inestwonk eoainial So fred he Shear © COCKY a SILT decking piece - carat he Ap dy he Het out propeyee rome IM, Suge prolucing gear plone erct chip porn the above Ske, owebanised by cchich 7 rhe chip ypImAlien keting oN place io sheening end teamig, During soothining of salt woskpieces - bg 4 ) ohelBvay Ye Sheanwane oF eaangy WW PROPAZ’ co She. Material do qe cbsonbek by Ye. material ant dinsappzareng Sortthere to te middle maintaborg contnuly pie ho a} he topside Hence conbowou Grippans. produc > An cose fy wautining of bord en bite COR piccer bE fy Lowen | oughren ; Ye enuiga ‘ave com propaggile venus enathy wplo We Sesfce. prodwaing, Bideobowss chip E ouring roedhining ~ aturyg enlenachips 0 powdered. parbreles ane preduurest ond maving on the Maka. Roe ftie trot * enon pouceral, particles ane moving © ‘ dhe wake face.) hay oray get adtherect ( t or wulderd og dere, walee, ree bea ¢f, i Prrence, tha. very hugh temparcitunes : seg ad te chip eck tofafele t j ARm adihening motown oF He rake. eee t j cated built up edge | Bust aber wy te taee, oy | wo. ees Kater BR, on ogonbyneca, ‘ | Ops war ay cad cohar. the Grip o Preckusng 5 \ ito tomedsatiely Hooton anes Yon the, brains | Jone Sertoat “mecnachips also wit be Aer i cua: red No adhwivig aie be eueng plow « G | ductee jainchion dh bukip ange — the adicaage & / hot ale Pre wor, Noid inscgnee ep tre. i wake (ce ,o0ly lull ~ealgp io exes Out - Hones. teethife dovwaree - oe i | 4 ; 3 Bad Cobh. the fpseroo Euthep octep the sues b . i peck fb joe ebuto maa he 1¢h se | toraanin Bad [pes and, gare Conn oe, wed) [qe Unvende, | |@ Diswonhounw chip :- Hone onc b2itle ww: whan, wwosked! ; Poaenpaiie (0K wonddifinny: Only cdotenbiqucur chips ane boone: c Sagem Amt ed pres Duning, snachining 4 Sojtenose pleceo with law speoets, noel tows -eunount & Tedim gad mpi ne ane alwadsy present Bap ie pre paaae carte, sonal preduter Aisonhiownun chip ‘Sith small wake whe hun With small we le + joaten in aching ane. hugen ihe cash crongy Wane i> Fagin Tb con canidy propaga orto te Sure, crv Peceucce adiscanhnuss chepa ) 9900000 lange wneut chip During machining wo uncut chap thicknen +, he. [pies to be. epgtion® by Tring $he. totes hig seal mageutce fy enargy wove vy igh © vi he crengy eave. cers eerily propagate uphe She. suajece + cith wre of autbng jpuctn Dosing mothinuig operetiond bcs cf high ferpowkaes ; the chip ib expanding clue to octal expamrion Uren te Luling [ich Suppiue arbre. oni Bore - Génatouer. he hue qowrdled of be carmecawcey ty tre. eattiig Yu; rortoat He temprration 4 she nip im waduicing cud tb conbiaus a erty os Shot dunehon tha chip © exgerdag 9 thor Contrahing + Davas she. qrvten ¢) expmrins © Contec? any Crews lich ane pusent tthe Avie VILL papacdle cently ov lonvertif tne Aascentousus Unip ) @Lontinwoay dnip wi noy Suilbup eatgp oa Only posnte, wit Soff ond duahle wader'aly* hyghopmne enochin ing, lye eeke amie - [pres avd power conrumphion vactucens t heal gpnevshon is ‘madkaing empavaline © Packucing i ard BY Lote Fernpaiahae? “he actharing p enitno cups L wit be eyinnaled Sina uncut dni, — S eG Calling [aid ~ Rent eanved anny ,s0 neatly 3 e © . € € € € & Cc 6 © S-| Sol ont [rE how apeeel i Small sake Longe uncat chap catthout cutieg fyi | During uneasy of suctle “workpiece, maierial Cobihoptrnum aullita veloutiy > | darn ase, tons centie. Re ype § the chips produced i» : “Padonbiqwoun SHO ugh owt @Ocorhmuan Horcughout | © lonkinucon i» befenning ond fp Vistockinuoun tH baginmin ond di continuous atond Gontinwoun ak “ened ‘ Me > Tan tooo. | : on a reduces ~ Vi reduces Aran NV igslo telows optimum Qrtpw gre Lotertrnucne Geni» fr ‘ec - ‘ I On Grenerck «ts pmfrali te Pre whe chuontinnowa cP Bes hy vary 2any to t capone Shem ie ‘ continuous chips ane reduced, ip guel casos Qprertdan ctucdon, oy bseak Yom to dato ntinuns + c-aghipbrnkans one uaad Methods of _soachising © Owthogonal. machining the to0i do ato the, actg rotor, Hs called 0 cota nag eg Sock plone epeaion umd io onnpenky = penbigdhopnation, Sowing — [—) © Dauique maukhning. ; yee cillng extn 4) hE rook, ut. 49 che culbrs : Velouty vector | 2 ey ORaning Shaping , dulbings eating,Beet 2-S:z0pm DO HOMOSOCHAMAARANADHGOOBOHHOS (comer ever Ihe machining & btaking place - Tuo wemponants fore Jord be meting: One parallel 4 She bly ocge, Lautet avy Haunt lee” ovet other. anting AL tothe. culhig eelge called oo Satlng fore : a vithnogonal Mashing — only Fy ond Fr ane achng- 40 tae ant alo Known ay 2dimenslooal eullling do oblique. machining ~ Fe vernainn same ; but Fr con 62 des0lved +o Fr &! ond [Fr BinS = Fe]. Ren & components ge Jorves ana aching madhiiing : 40 it d alno cauect ar 3. Dimemionat “machining » Bg there ane no Lined melody cwailable jor analysis a OtOeque. methining operation , cf i ahwvays Conentedd info Gethagoouk on incompreniéle. he. volunelnt chmge ® Yhe. anewal oud. an seno. ‘c Vol gh rmnied Grfpse.cerauning = VOU aywatied an mmethining - @ vat athe chip Seman Coaster | : bib =b4 | | | one During mmoubunag operate 7 Me ge © aching Uke canprelve. doin soviat Vie, volume & reduct By 0) coeome’ whinadion Honea Whe telus ch the. ity op the. neater» lengin cthackion, haste be. dravarch (© G,wolth ctieecbor, 5 bd Bg HE coidttn ¢ he the thicknen 5 the Comeanne <6 volume, jnkerplace, only , applied oy woug Hp qh te WoC eatory the lagih. elrwedtion the Oy whe leagthy clinection chalou the. volume neduutig “he, sie. abther hecknen dischin, dhip > reuch Rugher thes diy the. “Hutkaen chip in eke an ‘consents Vot befpse = Volume a7 tot, = Bebrhe doe be Re hy Abo AybiVe = taba Ve Chip Yhitkner nab'o Avene 4 BBC) Soh = tenghn qetenione AB = © 4mm A AGO, -(g-0) = B05 Sin fto-(-0) = BS = Fe Ag = tz als © Gala) Stod Top Gra + Sind Sthoc LE quipgnans % cLonomindles (4 HpCOLOHGHOHOMMONMRMABDHOHGOBOHO™ DO tan Gr 44a Sto K aloe + and find = tn | kop wend Bina = 7 Cores a = Bed) nat 3 ot | to a> KT SD OF Applying sin sae. Ns = NS i Ce seb Ly Vo > wto-4) ve - i = vs Tapered) Sod Sino) | | Ve - MOE - Gol) ey eae mero fearaoe betes demuve “boo ma| P= Paictionnl jae acting €0 She ake, {e ge oot N= fae nomen des chon je y= Shean. fone actingadeng the. Ahean plane = fone nosm to4he. Shean plane. | Rene anesthe 4 oduat |yves acting diviing machingg opuation- Bud nero. feces ane Aol measenable “Re ay suo the Gositonkal Comporanty 4, he e[Fy- Toma pe, rial joer By - Verkied. veo & actual pocapecuyTe- Sattig pre, Ron vertical ond Komzental \erten contd be mearunel by watng A dycamometer of sprinll baterce Fu ond Fy ane achuitly Ihe torched cemponints gacdiia) lores - ABeyane. alne Mrower ar satascnatle. ances: (Fr Fe Re aetual jeries arc. leer uned fo eralgls - duce these | doses ona Hot meancaable, Aus Wwe cooutdl {irk « wetationship, Geo We econ pore wth Octunt fee. Achal (psier ann Gon Cbbantd We. wearable. by Going Ynpenckon!s cache by wing Yi. cchnet fortes eevudhinrg operabiens could, 6c. analysed Rin masattent Re wuld bE cnumed ar the shewveles ayine, mercbentegele. = An mendint cive i ie ges tact 3 ppt angled 4 ane preoent encl | eithe 3 Anibnges ane posting Common. Ngee tenure Mir to unad ad a. bain [os telablishing Ihe reladionship Gohveon , He pecenable one, She achiel ey —te, F; in Vethial ond Fe os hoster Rar i bea 90 ahesebitnl explana ea. < prescoe. magred bared 00 she -schual mauling openasten= Bd conelant cele Gear dra bane of mrachinuig Sone tins (ooheeh d beer. senpvermed by 9 \ axnhebockwiise.distehion) y Faw &- came. fron the took denignabion $= we cule catctate jor tne. cre yee eagle. b-2 An.( Bo) = ao © DOSMONFMAANRAHHBHOOVOOHOD se, Feito ake coefficient 4, fichier ot dip toot clean. [e FonB | | Ace detared, eqs § fecing cosh cent ayer c | clan(e-~) a . sanp- 40x, = fr [aoa Btnot fe Fo dene Ferm = Fr + A OBI t toad, “ka fp to one side ordh tnt cb chew. Siete | Tetens — Sptptod = Fy + Fe ten of . aa Fr + Fetan[SrEgenenat annoy cattag fore Dated fore 4 Fe ET 3 b | | An. sparta cane Fp>Fe Fazing , truioding , breaching { fr was y griosing + ar bs Sr) gowe, al ses") = BS? bo eotoat ever be dhe n value. B >AS [pion ena pos) we tang +2 Am ef a bpdier Lb become, >). BY do genera Ti droulal G2 lew than 4.- Hence. 16° Yhe cores cchene, rhe coef} yaent so fpition. become 1, clamicah Pichon Reosem cotll be ured to clebeormine phe * = 2S applicable oly ib I dlouad >t chen 4 coleuldled otreusibe: q Shear, eon troduced qt = fe sg ] As e a- 5 babs = __ fsx Sad bx 7 bow possible, radinsdg eperation, tho witimalle shee. xhenuy , so Ht goonle dene. Coit be hugo 5 bur ef ot Re. oti Mane. shed Aree apited te Qajem. aye wcuhanig oper tek orld poh erent dee watinnis cho staerey CR coaneoponetiagwoo P= Foxe = Fs__ x or(b-a) Vc (+ p-2) ee _ , A= Fs «Stop } = Por wa(bD Ve . i Seb clr fs onthe ‘ dos minimun vor done all optimum shear. ongle. xelation dor misimam workdone in mashindog operabin - oR - I\imDUIN erVEROY LRLTERIA- OF MBUIMIM, oR — RCHANTS CRITERIA, | R vaudate Yh equation practically » hee. shallor: hay wed 40 | (oni srg condudid erxcperi mento + But they uted, +o pove the manchont's sheen. oncfe. nelabon * Rey proved ancitarn optinaen, abacn- engle netedton. abcatuich Whe minum. erongy, ah cradiuung witl 22 taking place . Lee h shallpr sbaarongfe. xelahior ‘ _ eR aquation to devedlained by experimentation - Ms not been. pocvad thessehically - Syouttaneowly Stabler aro wooducled eaporime rity opr proving “>a. monchont aren, angle, relation But he obo yet He obkined “another shea ongle. melahin Wo exam. 5 sanply rreakie ned - wre moneloant'| welabian” i mentioned. Pane ottwr cnpotion — Once Ba Cee and, Ahatjpr. oor adkeed +2800000089 ) HOHHOHOMAAAANAOE Merchants Gonstant ® oro i” coctierieg “he accent 4, shear APsomuy Yoduced do-the. material andl ato Whe 4 = ing foontant ox Morckant) Convent (Co) | ' t ! = Uys wor Ge es cuny ° teduction to he machining ootaat gor 107, Peay 1%o neduuhion io the , the spacilie cutting enorgy car Ane be called as as ov Specie. cathing ‘prenune..o Specie, supplied | Ag breeding Yee Ghoantc. Good Gls the. atom ¢) he roadoviel,, x0 “feat ‘he sions welenne eapsivalent amount fy j | mnengy bathe. ono, heat energy ss he head & gprendted to rhe hal ade 60-65 Yo eh nengys Sappbd io uTUZeL wf sone i Ae woapriaum amovat 4 neat é savech oway by Ane chip ond. Breamal | piroust d vento cnnted aay by He WP| © Bordony head 002. | baa ¢ pen, dy ten a He chip took onlelgue Soe. | energy supplied & comertech te Heat enewy i BO 55% oh energy dupplied 9 doaverted to heat do Ha tone - | Mosuirnum amount e heat generated én J Gone & beer Carrier, anny, by the chip cnc a Araalt MOC carries! aba Oy She trol i | BH Peahony heel sone | UR energy supplied wn convened. tp heatonnay OC = ton presonce ef pion. at the, doolwore henge Solo Ye 4, nee Supplied 2 Converted to Weak O» Wun Bone Out dy fhe. head gpronaiied co hin Sona; euros tp canricel i aauery by Abe. workpiece, et. sel anocnt 4 cornddd cvsas : by the toot: — o Byoagiesting oak anengy lost tothe Sumocnehings os enw taonment by conwackioo endl ascuialien., eshalever. be-he heat gpnandled co the greeting operation. i> Aroply Crmnbdl away Oy She. chép ,wostepioce and | dhe tool io deseasing Oveler t | “4 | | | {| WG= WD HW = heat eurceQaury ba (chip + 28 + i) cee t BE ( age SSO, 1S- S-BR ‘ ‘ Be the henl chard, ancy by took very sexu ene » neqlediecl ; ‘ Heat Geeunrdled = ect casnied, array by chip + wp) Be rhe ohip Ue crmajury amy he eeaionurs emoant yhe heal 5 Yhe nor @ temprnchue. 4 tne chip. © encnimunr end if thio Fempenattare, bo t Vai oun. to the. enalting point temp dy wous piece » dhe dip ay et wodhhened, bark adher ore warkeitee, oF or the tock | eR anote hin 1S deforming he wide to jempanrcbue of He chip Ot tean othe PP; adjasd The Pro@> porameles Sth Shoat She empenahne. anckued duning methining © oll Gelexo Ye. WP temp 4, cook malorials Heat Goanyedt by Chip = U0 ~ heat craticl owas bay WP =W-aw = WO) a= potion dy heat genoraled ohids see be ut Cons 0D mp AT = Wira)AT= 86-0) 2 0-0 mle Vol x 8x Cp Vol 8x Cp (Bove) 8x Ce AT = 4c Gd Give) 8 be | | | = Ravel _ Revelvd | [ | Tr ~ oot Temp eoe0o $e machining operator , oll the baal soner wena meels od ne {uaction. Ue at the he toeduteck. wal be measured onbine uring dypamonrdlers- i Chane. the. (onenn in jomes during roechinuig i wy gecaten tran, 15% #0 Chea Shoal rndhintag ‘ net wdinlony ma doco cuted. te ea. red: ~@ Rowan comumption here “he joserare Mnurowing— power. ernuunpho @ho WowWee Rin io ber mecowed by mounting 4he ammeter. a Yhe. inlet q, eechical motos ancl avuel drown by fr melo» i mmowtored » Cohonavor. he: innean. (0 cuamwat ctravon &y he. melos Pag © moe han (SY. i aumed that Yhe. tool hasDuning rorvmnd. Machining Condiiens Ihe «town Fhe chip & Jownet Yo be, sochallre. ex aight Glee colour, henauer. jhe Colowre dthe cup i chayedl black os bunt type a colour. - i's wouUMned ‘Hoar “the to Aas Seu oe fpilea © Hahimig d, high Corben. leet we During reaching of hugh carbon werk piece, wit pilesied Fook: cs wp paling ; he coabon. prbient do whe. wonkpkce get coriy combined wt the. oryger. present do ihe, ctinonphere end. produces cenbon monouide neth b> obsouad, aro rvte cofured. go Ce cohena.yn rrachinslg high conber wwonking gitces —i} whch, colle coloinedl gate Ae bbsaweet obsawed Hes entunedt Haat trol o feted oe @sioun qe. chips BL | | | | [Moder of oot Seilure | @Foihue ough plashs clefesnaheo. — abnormal Sulure i Ouning machiniy operation + ifsbe temp ai he He 4 the vol » >the t hot Randnen Jomp 4 trot material took tip w uning i ee harenen i oonidonably anal. can’ (+ difptm plastically ove. cannot praain he i washing debispdlorily called ap plorbe dejtamatio ule 4) The ot Ro in maily be 4, wang sccton q, We eck mboual, os He wreag Saladin 4, the pite Praneten Non spate (line © Hailing ways covchanint breakage, cnet ilu nth he 4ook partying o& nacing cabisciailyy geo ito Mp | chippad tusay ond ersot penfgan, rvachonig Sadsctonily i CR agg due oe pranince ef, low holes i» the workpiece | 05 had tndhinion wy Jhe, uorkpie sovrat duening mocniung 6fy Yorotnolay and andl ancuntony — Ye per will BZ eontond. wally and Ye. tip Mook ships way On similar wondsttion> 4, mathinwig ~ the. (pute water athe 400k S | not repeatable « .”. “Gs aloe yennidewd a> aionomnal, jebne ont f | 3 of tw weaned fpr two lip Cateruatico Y 2 @folure tough Gradual wean’ — wt but hune Owning modiivng opactica - nt He dy tek wenm Cu slowly sont - scrwrquey he Wee oo He took dacomer comicierable ¥i+ Connet prj tae woehnng Subatiabaily ane anuwuher Yu hot w fotlod hecA gradual wear pilin matoly lekeplace dhe & . gue 2 Aypor «f, wear mechaniam @ Coaten wea © Flk wean alen wom, Wear taking place Gr he nake Jace fhe took tke a. creilen & cattek ersten “ee caglen~ shelisw spheniel cleprintan onthe Suck, RD © canned. ue to >the. prorence. aiction (9 She. chip took corenfgce, > chbmmive acho 4 micacchipo purent en chip Atrck on hefice > abbsarsive cebion q, \xaqenrle ¢ tlh reaant on the 4 pom agree > alilwion wean — sonebinen dung machining bos 4, vatethic atiench’n. bluse tok and. dhe. work piece — “the odoinn the tock enakcutall are capluning he Fock anc. eve over “couple 5 tg during mathining qy Femsus workpleen unig adiamond cof cultluig toot. bitce 0 cLtamend Pune, canken w pnaseat + Run ater o ¢ will bo ott oy iron BA Duving aching operation he nile wone with staat a sone infanea, aawass YO hep he. took: ny 2 ‘4 Ghen he, Upward pre o> applied. by ening ted the trot 5 the chip poruced to eeioy aimactly KR} cpwerd Bat bicy G self wt the chip j tt & yatuing back 0° the sake 2 onthe tol + Inthe pan ¢ bes Ved ont et eek a “the wake fee. 1M Waleed touting bfotae: ip dye eck mt chip - -" ofpthion = M0 abrewe ecto > No aaffpoten. cohen the. Untp (2 jallung ask om the mike. Ret f Yho 190% {E & trying Fo penetra caty he A002 at some diokace away Lemire, aip dine. Aol, of Nianit potnt | the. ny , & nencchon Oo high 5 temperchinre. i high’ Beige oe - pe medanical pnopurten dy frol matentad, at Hatt plait aa deterdots “= iohidh with inna Joe wear We took Ord Moducen rater © Flank woor ARe wear Fakungetaa © “he serge ate wok OR © cownck, due bt ‘© Se S 6 £& € € € € € € € c o €- © Shear ongle Under simiar aoectitors qy machining |} Ye oa Shear angle producech vo T° nnuhinebitil o 4 @ pe. sf op produced? Diseontiouses crip => bboflen wnchinable. ARe. cbwe maclp wuld eoly 62 umd. +p compre 20> Mow wp ARun Hoey arr only appiitable. “up merebixn | opoguen 7 hip onl, We Could wrckut muting oa Mex Wp cack, Merrure any Brie Vhose. panamelers end. iparact 09 Haat jhe cecesia? «fy flighen oshionbtit ep -anet.ken then only one Wp i given, ~he mouchinabidil, can be chetonmined toy comparing colt shader. op ond, CQtelele tne conchinabr ity eden Using Thin wnchirabiily éreton he werinen f mnchintng 6 a wonkpiace, Com 62. Setermind ¥ a Ve cal veloctty fr 60m hr, 00 atest oop! Machurability ndon ArT = “1 Vo~ Githag velouity po 60 tin ter 00 o Herdland cod seplece, Tree culliig Steet .or face, Mashiw & uneci ti Sendard @P * gy niseh uplo 0-05 Yo ~ phot cation ual ex Coes o> SONS e086 ke pte Brag Ze ~ Suleh eae radhoebilt bat he | aati Galy 2-4 oe ~ lee inupamne io gsiilenen'n Wey igo» dhe oOHIMST cauyerd, FS 08 TAPS oanat be. wedi Cryirabning ayplrcadion endl. more. toa S/o Dan he coculture itt, dein ing fore Gaitg AE on Arotendh eee 2 c . eaducene 10° H while yprulating 105 j she FU war yroun — [pres bo rr , fo have highest possible mash:rab(2'es gleot. clrasticnlly . 20 oily 9! Bud (ater Sr many soakenic wan pgrnel tobe. having giealby ruin *fy Joan #5 ‘ Nee value tr — could be 0m jada decker mnshinabilily % obo been. Depned ~ Universal, ashing. Index Cumiy ow abo calle Absshute Tndos - bs it ever. clounot woquive ever stndand wp| Econowres 08 Machiatog © Ait methad) af wlekouniniag. he. optivat {| Sagfh giver economic caitenle, machining | Yecdnomicy a soachiining 5 Dut Gthe pron ponomden) 5 he cudiig _ the, @intinum Gos) Gutenia, =. Qwranimum Produbion eathnia @ Maniinun Profj tool Wey Qunitiztively we could. Hettthin bub 90 quentitedive velaher « Oe cate Ge8 theo culltng Waics anc. wack; foster 1» rcchunung Sadeey by about 5-40 Yo So Ya) the Went the took & racing tod Act le rcwoses by about 25-4070 @boen garomélen (v9.4) Bag “he pitien proamen ere usiqus: cand), ixtepertlent lee nbocho Vey 40 wedtele gmCED Pranélen cite, toollfe Guenttadively Jue 3 prameters “Taylor fest ancmedt nal ne cll) valoaty © Hee one cebrch ar the hafeat onpluener ap “hetvol tig: Howe dhe Telos Ban woventedd, qpuenbitab ve Sdlabermhiy Gav wee toot Gip Ord culliig veloud —Cremd an “Tayloo's not bbe enusticn testes eet Btperd 09 RE V-- calleg vebacily ~ fig Iya" \ begReglors ce npteat = P Gilluig vetouty § linneietiee tae M- ows - on = HES ~e Gt - 02 7 Hss oz - 04 ~ Ganbide o4 06 7 Cesamivs oF ~ 9-a ~ diamend /co hateroa Taylor Qasr Lovented, the relahorship Oho “he. tookpe, oad omen proie? foamed aloo; ceileck o> mroddvect, Taylors deothile ogo : o 3 jet wo mn fro a= cep eft & oor °,q, - exponaaly ou dike. 3 paces paramelen> ; the. culling hae a 7 vadpaily hove Heyreot infu co the ‘polly, ge Yy “aa cat Kevinglepits te fluence cnck ped @ co bebocer votod tity » ___ARe ease withushich roading qo Ser work piece, 2 Byo done: b clledL woachinadilty paromelerr aehetminng poachinabi tng (eck 09 meaowre) © Suslace {ini inden similar Cer bat. ane seh > produce ean ,mectuntig » Ke wep on whtly ao Biller machionipie « a celles © Wot Ye ge Ute. Bimilan CoviHiond mashuthig } We wp 00 elnh,highon “ook ite © obwined iv ballon rrcubiaable- @asier somelhinvig Under simitar. cordon She. jonces enduuedl one lowen & @ Specie energy rom imailon wneliHom 4 meubalig Ipwer. Yho speceye soe uultg, ergy uspeo he wrachinabi ly BG Ncleyial Rveoval Cate We Lew anbiten bad on Git, ight MRR coy beet co ley mashin ab mauhinuig ; Yhe Cp 02 ede cotted, beter omdvicab( li, wpOOMOHAMAMMHOGBHO OOP OAAOOLY Tos K+ TOL bm iooo $v Voor va cunstinaing value 4, V opt: ophiman tot phi “ < Yn opt = ° (i) Topt = [ico n Q@Mwxtnun Production €: Re eefgr> to Minimum “Abkl time, Total Time, TT = Tes * In + + TOL tooo § <7 doy minimtun TC a®O 20 cw fi i) Qn. Nort. = ‘|e s C= Taylors Cooter 2 = Taylors exper Lew ~ machindg Late Grenge to R Vogt = Options cu “ Velouh - Toph = Sphinury dot Te * Toaws cul 4 ebove timer only madvining Hime one. soot ceaaging time CTE) ene cutting velocity * Ina 807 onfjenced ty he Bs Te~ Hime needed -toching he. toot one tingsel Tyee V te) gee ke PaO en D PVE looo8v —too0$: 7%" sf doo mininumn etal me. AG <0 AV me V=Vopt = al = SP - TCL Bg she taling pe. Ak enllonce fy the, tatdg eter She. profft con. be: masuimised, Ye yy wwistonising Ye ‘tole cont Man tenure pent Giitente. & Nothing but He midi mum, wot Greve, =n Topt = [tah . oles (ort ne cost (Wore erent “= So Vopt = [FR | beboerr Wolowths Calli velocity andl Surface {yoo Roo. (Wet cpt mn (Vopr nis est Aan ne, cutis voloctHen fp eu Be: Bily han than mk on ironer nett Ska But Sf ore Gorider the. {frist = (here @ 0 qpentirhbue rebobeshio wen VN > Suoypue. finish + => Qualiyt > Sp could fe eoowereel© Vogt for rnin toot © Vopi lanes @>O@-O0 ~ © Nop fox sna pry’ Bu Eve Gate a Rae gle a Owing, tanning operation it a venprredl ‘ 4o 40) Ye took such, dnd she He sf he a oot oan, wotreile yotti whe at othe woonkpiece Ry kag aythe Aro ctll be tone woth. 2 tothe deadeentoe Hatbihnde: gat oy deci pig aee09 tgp Doning déthag 6y mieerke he tooltip ray Bat Bhiqidly olbove os below He Goonk piece FURin colt aplect Ye rauhins penton toner took 4A above centnl Cine oO Epigetiva xke angle, + Foviery 1 Power ecoumpticn Ao tele t Sin Os = SF @ Kppeive wetigheorgle Y oF = Bio" (SE) Wablitg autn Hl tok Seserk piece Orbe 0+ Bee= Ge - Of Socane ef, garbag of), epraber, Wtpolo sot above we cefilre Geng Gwonk piece, o> re: trot t> \ Peeeding trwardehe cemse 6G fy tachisttion Uy Backus, euee. t weunainy Kame, = ~Hhe. o} e oth coneant & sppetve netadtowle Y > ot ome. gocnt 5 the opledive Sel | Cet mes her eteenD ate rooay berome. eqjrad BS woe he ech i simply urorfting wubbing on the. Gorxpiece without dicing any marhiniog cS 6 e 3 © 6 € C € < € © c é c c © “r MY Rowe vad a whith Cee =o S03 = OF > R Sg gi= of - oF tin ” | OF SHOE whoa Bee=e be7 Ce“Smm , OL=10» Oc= 6? did, dla at which the 2B - 0=50mm, OF = Fook Just cubs “2 95 = &"(25) Xe = 1+ Og Bee= 6- 6s v= 1s d= ack Sim | ogling below’ cane line 01-55%) Me= HK, ~ Os Bee= Ve + Og "Bers the took o Ack belaw cenbre One o ve make angle will be neduccct? Bie te his = foto D , Rowen eroumption t Footwear * , fet they Root become blunt Very lent @Re afigctive, netic engte t Qubbing action iw Awol ond cop eit be “"Ecompletety awoiced hppa 4, Aathing 400k above “the enlreline w core 4 Ooternal Cuvning Opaatioo Boring Operntion suencins tame ap Yoo! of i setting trot below cenoic line in entomnat stunning oparabion and wee verre , =Basic peaaneler neqplz fpr-analyping he ven maihining operating, Orthos on DM = Rake angle 3 2,= wneud chip 3 b= Wlelty ofa 4 Foo cuthig [ove 3 Fr = Aust ome . tun, Ay F ond A one given amme = t, =F Baa only 2 puamelow out Bewreiet be Hie0 ab atime w any Qf A ond wane glen oonume t,o Question w Q, Sand eo ore ghia —amume a2 g bhique. Machining 0 7 Eine Hew © 00 divect method awaitable. jor anabysio cp vrect obliga. machining ythe obbyie mathioung problem co be tnvetlled ctl oathggonal eating problem, ond analype vt a oithegenat meihin.ing problem Lohun Lonutting oblique Ub osthegpnat he atove. S prvantl ane te OBhapy and. planing. ANS a. niogle point cating trot obfique eneuthioncey operabion Convemion => K= oh LISA) g cubugeee = x Con) : oe Ue Fly = FSi Gs S b=_4 ae @A ~SnCs Fea longest force Fa R Fa = nent tangoe = Fy@A = r= ton | Th wowmeed ey any obthe above Fy= leant oe = Fr Siok => fy = eR equation MRR= bibVe B. =F AVE4 ail @Runing end. boaning Abo single pont culling Fook -cétique, mathinig operctsem end 4D be wenwerted to siINgte point camnig trol catggenat systern = KE (Ase) = K (ors) t= SOG = Isa b= id = GCs SoA Fe = loagat = = Fy te aia fq = Wewhlengex = Fr Geog > Fy= fa Fa = Brat =FrSncs > f= Fe Swe mar = bbVe =EFAdVe @Pulleng Mutipoiat cutuag trol - obtique machinitgoperahen - onl Ab nto conwertea, daly single point cutting toot--Cathogonal rocuthioning opanatian — Ae slat prorent io dill Git to cated ~ Sule, wlways ie auit bet [se pwn = veg wwebas|, ond (to enpol te on svenaumbes chys Catencing pipe sty on the dnell GE Re. angle. acta. by ee or web cith the 3B hesizotial © cated Ketix angle (on) Me \\uler ane. pronitted® oo due. Ort 4 oblain uke angle. of tool Hp ond, potbate danposal qth» os ony On dort bit smaller Actix angle CU be. taken abe Cenhe jos making the foot Hp Strong , ave towards Yao’ punighany Remix agie can be Downred and randy angle ad pentpheny fox Ony dingosal 4 the chip — austion 4 hela, vont 4 Ao variation w clone only athe coral partion g theBeg ¢ helix angle veatation he suke ongle clro Veaies pem Minimung co the cerifee to the. maninndm at the periphery 28 - point angle - 9; taken ar 12" Gfendevel) 26 > NE — ailing band work pee chen, 28 iv low - he wrical horgnt wad there w chon, gy buckling jpuitane cohen hand, wp & uned, mere. pe © roducodl end cepa “the, chonce, cocronneh’ tus 108" 28< ee - Bop) wp = AS=55 ~ Vey a Oop During machinig 4 Ven 20g! top AReAype a chips ed in continuous » A ctnposa Wem eanily 5 the hella angle. must be, 22 mmanimun cr posstiie: dor his the. conical Length 4 doll bit must be lenge.» 0 to get Huis stmatler point angles must be ured - Anguxys curing machinuig golf OP~ ues Y So chentes ¢, Sau Mie. Cs eb mmanutpcbning by Heiating opanebeo So caNedt tyiat dau 61 tn 0 eter = 2 a * Aa wished poston © join to Ataaiight 2, shenk pos by ing pin wetdlin Sproat, maa NAA f Se to ngles could be unect fee ued SioB ~ 2 SwB Aotol nwo) Josie = 5 Fy SinB Aaa erilling wo on © Bue, snethunw operttion. (Ws Bot poptibie. do meansc Fy = Teak Must fowe tne 5 comporent jouer But the menouabt 5 SioB quanbihe oe; Re wetet hues! be achig oo duillbit — end. Torque Yrveq, Moye = 0-6 FD Fe = To O65 MRR = tb Vc = Fave ry se neta he butt Git esA oiwing : ~ Se 2 mubipoct nillhagtok ~ cbteque snaghuning 2) odo be erueited te single point Gilling - exthoqonnd machining w- wake cagle- . 4) eoany Auber of Single ort ctuhag holo ahd tnexerdecd along the —etvusmprenee, of) tteuer I i Whine, Ihe. cling Cutler eoilt be formed > Ss Oe uncal chip thicknen coitl be Varying {OMe mninbnut < 4p matin, Ln me ; 7 nin =O | 7 Wimax = 24m |e => ‘ Mm JO re Sonal edn in =EN=S tN |e Se Aotietyct 10 /ed Sy eae [ed me) og, : << 4 R= bani + Yar e : ~t b -wtdt, ent fr b= min (even erbgtan gion) \ — . So smiling B comporanly 4 fouercre. mearinabte ot oudtoh Winith, Ungert foxte &HEkan > Seq Me nant Unrgesh and Sy “he. smallest c= longest fosce i | Jax Weak Gonget = Fr@rA => Fr= BBs ( vscany one eho | id Gy- Smallest = Fy SOR > Fy ~ oe (I Fr Gor MRR = 2, 6510 abiwayp une Ine table, yeed i mm/min Dork use Ve — Sine 0n2 toot co Rene Lealtig auton ooiy Upto centasg ene v4Propartien ¢ © Madre ef cullig took materiel, not be. allenst 50-507 Iyshor Joan the, work prese monte o @® Hottanner temp: op toot nakeniat should be Go big ao posite a @ A should bave fyjher foushnen to widhntond unpact Wack: ® Rermol, Pordurtivily shoulel 4 oo high arf duslsibute the heat witout poodudiig high bacd enentrabon oastie, to © oehpuret dy thownl experion should be an Low ad possible to ator. Vaniahion. ef, cocnkpieczy —F cancor lew coil. be atijlyoing Avors Whe worKplece raged. depositing 69 Ye took fesming an © bbetup 20 Hare, HSS should ook be wed te omaha Yugh, Peabo wokkpiecey % Stellitte, og Non-Fernous Got Alloy eebalt — 40-50% civamign~ 29-32% oo — 16-25 Yo eanboy ~ 2-4 %o Monyhachereng Oy nened = Lasting Uepame autabay) oobi, Corgoat ene bak egeinale ete by role ene. melanie wag, = Aorging —-~ 80 entire body 4 trotimnale d, tome miaé ¢ © O.0 © o 3 e oe Ss LO OOM HLOMAMAARBH OAD fot hancnen temp = Boo SAL other. properbin verain, fame an the HSS a Slelltte i» developed. a» x substitute eellung Awoe ma Yee? arm or 4 Corbilen ov Asogstor, Ganbidey o Comenkel Garbicle 08 Sinker @abitte, Wothe major Srobluert oe Wanubdanig eothod ~ powder metalungy —— Bo Ft contains venu hy ARaeweoits fandnes ond. Hs of I * ogpindable- Bin row oases { Ap gy toot: ey t Sate ) Tip 4 wok ent bodly & ws rade patil, matowal » Hot baudnen temp - (000°C an, Aoushner x HSS Ve moat = 300-350 nis Bhupe g, auabiclas ane -foore P-type Carbiclen — - unect orernelimag g dtecls anct feanous aovterials en K-tupe @anbicoy — ~ madkivny 4, @ot Tro, a 1 Aon-mekel M-type carbides — General purpose loo eadrone © Aub diviclecd into Plo Peo Psq Pro. Pro Kio K20 kso Key Keo Mo Mae Mo Meo Meo Jowar dhe. Cuusnber. Ccbiceles Pye the. anctnen ord Gis Hlenan « se foo materia. and higher owsiber decbiccley ~ Cpls deaths Godage a owen rumber tots — Liniel> mathining epenedtions Uargen curnloer. trol — ours wrodining opactonyi 5 Ceremin Major cowbhent tw elluninum Onde (AWS) Manatednig Methad ~ Powder metallurgy aE Fizow ous iype dy tpo0. - Hot handlnen. temp - 4200°C tl Ve onan = 400-500 rofnin « : H gues exceilent sunfgee isla oo the veka [gee ©} he tool « “Coch ¢,bpichion flo Soe ‘ofanfate ~ low aot ~Vexyloe been. only snd jp [huyply bute] continuaws eeachining appltatins Ge furming dialling cle’ mg 6 Ronarnitn + Medal = Cow mals 7 Ham Fo%% Wetaly 10% ( bg, Coremin & the major consGuent ztement; She. proparhiy ef rnmics & almort same, ad ceramics ad be 4 oddibico dy rfe metals (Yhe toughnen 4, ermels ( Hughes rar corrawnicn Heme cenamert cenmely cn 60 ‘ uned) ag Inbunttient NechuNig alio sme ap conamve [= bedines — Rode. Neon, = 400- S00 Lmanufpdiuce ~ Powder Metallurg | 7 Diamond \ mgjes Combhunt @ Canbor Mansfodioung wethad — Paden wlan /oarchatiaion — Uw any tye Hn gos ea. Conduit - ifr Gent Hema enpranin, — ow i AReughnen — high he 4 edoty mage Caley boihae i Handnen — high ( Nigh: i aot arden temp ~ 2000°C Ve mask = 1500 1 2000 ~/mio - Liwatation: Nery conty alee seen tase f9r2 ch AMMAR Le)