Andres Bonifacio

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Andrés Bonifacio</h1>

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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-
ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-
searchable">This article is about the person Andres Bonifacio. For other uses, see
<a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig"
title="Bonifacio (disambiguation)">Bonifacio</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a
href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming
customs</a>: the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family
name</a> is Bonifacio and the second or maternal family name is
 de Castro.</div>


<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th
colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><div
class="fn" style="display:inline">Andrés Bonifacio</div></th></tr><tr><td
colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Andrés Bonifacio.jpg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/220px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220"
height="383" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/330px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/440px-Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903"
data-file-height="1571" /></a><div>An engraving of Bonifacio from 1897.<a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-
1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><div
style="display:inline" class="nickname">Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro</div> (1863-11-30)November
30, 1863<a href="#cite_note-birth-
2">[2]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a
href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo, Manila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-birth-
2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines"
title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the
Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>May 10, 1897(1897-05-10) (aged 33) <div
style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Maragondon"
title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite"
title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the
Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Cause of death</th><td><a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-
redirect" title="Execution">Execution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Resting
place</th><td class="label">Unknown</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Nationality</th><td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos"
title="Filipinos">Filipino</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Other names</th><td class="nickname">May Pag-asa,
Supremo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Education</th><td>Self-
educated</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Known for</th><td><a
href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine
Revolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad
Lawin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1896)" title="Battle of Manila (1896)">Battle
of Manila (1896)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_del_Monte" title="Battle of San Juan del
Monte">Battle of San Juan del Monte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasong_Tamo" title="Battle of Pasong Tamo">Battle of
Pasong Tamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Mateo_and_Montalban" title="Battle of San Mateo
and Montalban">Battle of San Mateo and Montalban</a></li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Political party</th><td class="org"><a
href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a> <a
href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Spouse(s)</th><td>Monica (c. 1880–1890, her
death) <a href="/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de
Jesús">Gregoria de Jesús</a> (1893–1897, his death)</td></tr><tr><th
scope="row">Children</th><td>Andres de Jesús Bonifacio Jr. (born in early 1896,
died in infancy)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-
align:center">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Bonifacio_signature.png" class="image"><img alt="Bonifacio
signature.png"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bonifacio_signature.png/15
0px-Bonifacio_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="57"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bonifacio_signature.png
/225px-Bonifacio_signature.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Bonifacio_signature.png 2x" data-
file-width="230" data-file-height="88" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a
Filipino revolutionary leader and the president of the <a
href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>. He is
often called "The Father of the Philippine Revolution".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-
Who_is_Andres_Bonifacio-4">[4]</a> He was one of the founders and
later Supremo (Supreme Leader) of the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan"
title="Katipunan">Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan</a> or more commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement which sought
the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines"
title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire"
title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonial rule</a> and started the Philippine
Revolution.<a
href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996p41-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He was also one of
the Filipino
historical figures to be recommended as a <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk
hero">national hero</a> of the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-official-7">[7]</a>

<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input
type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox"
style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-
heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel"
for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Education_and_early_life">1 Education and early
life</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Marriages">2 Marriages</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_political_activism">3 Early political
activism</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Katipunan">4 Katipunan</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Philippine_Revolution">5 Philippine Revolution</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Start_of_the_uprising">5.1 Start of the
uprising</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Campaigns_around_Manila">5.2 Campaigns around
Manila</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bonifacio_in_Cavite">5.3 Bonifacio in
Cavite</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan">5.4 Haring Bayang
Katagalugan</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Tejeros_Convention">5.5 The Tejeros
Convention</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#After_the_Tejeros_Convention">6 After the Tejeros
Convention</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Trial_and_death">7 Trial and death</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Historical_controversies">8 Historical
controversies</a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Trial_and_execution">8.1 Trial and
execution</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a
href="#Bonifacio_as_first_Philippine_President">8.2
Bonifacio as first Philippine President</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bonifacio_as_national_hero">8.3 Bonifacio as national
hero</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bonifacio's_bones">8.4 Bonifacio's
bones</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Portrayal_in_the_media">9 Portrayal in the
media</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>Education and early

life[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and
early life">edit</a>]</h2>
Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863, in <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila"
title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila"
title="Manila">Manila</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and was the first of six children of
Catalina de Castro, a Spanish Mestiza, and Santiago Bonifacio,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> an Alkalde<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>
of Tondo.<a
href="#cite_note-Who_is_Andres_Bonifacio-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>
He learned the alphabet through his mother's sister. He was later enrolled in
Guillermo Osmeña's private school,<a
href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and learned
English while employed as a clerk-messenger by a British firm.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Some sources
assert that he was orphaned at an early age,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> but,
considering the existence of an 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as
living in Tondo, it is disputed by others.<a href="#cite_note-Filipiniana-17">[17]</a>
Bonifacio was blessed with good hands in craftsmanship and visual arts that
he made canes and paper fans, which he and his young siblings sold.<sup
He also made posters for business firms. This became their thriving family business
that continued on when the men of the family, namely Andres, Ciriaco, Procopio, and
Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them
with decent living conditions.<a
href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>
In his late teens, he worked as a mandatario (agent) for the British
trading firm <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_%26_Co." title="Robert Fleming &
Co.">Fleming and Company</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> where he rose to become a
corredor (broker) of tar, <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>
and other goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading
firm, where he worked as a bodeguero (storehouse keeper) responsible for
warehouse inventory. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Theater_actor" class="mw-
redirect" title="Theater actor">theater actor</a> and often played the role of <a
href="/wiki/Bernardo_Carpio" title="Bernardo Carpio">Bernardo Carpio</a>, a
fictional character in Tagalog folklore.<a
Not finishing his normal education, Bonifacio enriched his natural
intelligence with self-education. He read books about the <a
href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,
biographies of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States"
class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the United States">Presidents of
the United States</a>, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes,
and novels such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor
Hugo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les
Misérables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène
Sue</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Le_Juif_errant" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Juif
errant">Le Juif errant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José
Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli
Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a> and <a
href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a>.
Aside from <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in
the Philippines">Spanish</a>, he could speak and understand <a
href="/wiki/English_language_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="English
language in the Philippines">English</a>, which he learned while working at J.M.
Fleming and Co.<a href="#cite_note-
22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-
published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published
source?</a>]

<h2>Marriages[<a href="/w/index.php?
title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section:
Marriages">edit</a>]</h2>
Andres Bonifacio was married twice: first to a certain Monica in Palomar,<a
href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">
Tondo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
23">[23]</a> She was Bonifacio's neighbor in <a
href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>. Monica died of <a
href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a><a href="#cite_note-
Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila-24">[24]</a> and they had no
recorded children.
In 1892 Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old <a
href="/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoria de
Jesus">Gregoria de Jesús</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> through his friend <a
href="/wiki/Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a> who was her
cousin. <a href="/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de
Jesús">Gregoria</a>, also called Oriang, was the daughter of a prominent citizen
and landowner from <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>.freemason</a> and freemasons were then
considered enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic
Church">Catholic church</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Her parents eventually gave in and
Andrés and Gregoria were married through a <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-
redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> ceremony in <a
href="/wiki/Binondo_Church" title="Binondo Church">Binondo Church</a> in March 1893
or 1894. The couple also were married through Katipunan rites in a friend's house
in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila" title="Santa Cruz, Manila">Santa Cruz,
Manila</a> on the same day of their church wedding.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>
They had one son, born in early 1896,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> who died of <a
href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-
Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila-24">[24]</a>
<h2>Early political
activismedit</a>]</h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></div>
In 1892 Bonifacio was one of the founding members<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> of <a
href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>'s <a
href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga
Filipina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-
32">[32]</a> an organization which called for political reforms in <a
href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Colonialism"
title="Colonialism">colonial</a> government of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines"
title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> However, La Liga disbandedDapitan</a> in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams-
36">[36]</a> Bonifacio, <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini"
title="Apolinario Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> and others revived La
Liga<a href="#cite_note-
37">[37]</a> in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was active at
organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the
revived Liga.<a href="#cite_note-
Abrams-36">[36]</a>
<a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga
Filipina</a> contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of
Filipino <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformists</a> in Spain.
<h2>Katipunanedit</a>]</h2>
href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></div>
On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced,
Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan"
title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, or in full, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang
na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the
Country's Children"; Bayan can also denote community, people, and
nation).<a href="#cite_note-
guerrerop132-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secret_society"
title="Secret society">secret society</a> sought independence from Spain through <a
href="/wiki/Armed_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed revolution">armed
revolt.</a><a
href="#cite_note-constantinop158-159-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It was
influenced by <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>
through its rituals and organization, and several members including Bonifacio were
also Freemasons.<a
href="#cite_note-guerrerop149-42">[42]</a> Within the society
Bonifacio used the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/May_Pagasa" class="mw-redirect"
title="May Pagasa">May pag-asa</a> ("There is Hope").<a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996p216-
43">[43]</a> Newly found documents though suggest that Katipunan has
already been existing as early as January 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Richardson2013-
45">[45]</a><a
For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and <a
href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a>.
La Liga eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for
peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.<a href="#cite_note-guerrerop149-42">[42]</a> The
more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in peaceful
reforms set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continued support
to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the
Katipunan.<a
href="#cite_note-constantinop158-159-40">[40]</a> From <a
href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, the Katipunan expanded to
several provinces, including <a href="/wiki/Batangas"
title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna
(province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga"
title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva
Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-agoncillop166-47">[47]</a> Most of its members,
called <a href="/wiki/Katipuneros" class="mw-redirect"
title="Katipuneros">Katipuneros</a>, came from the lower and middle classes,
and many of its local leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-guerrerop151-
48">[48]</a> At first exclusively male, membership was later extended
to females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jesús as a leading member.From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan
officers, although he did not become its Supremo (supreme leader) or
Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-50">[50]</a> until
1895. He was the third head of the Katipunan after <a
href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Basa" title="Román Basa">Román Basa</a>. Prior to this, he
served as the society's <a href="/wiki/Comptroller"
title="Comptroller">comptroller</a> and then as its 'fiscal'
(advocate/procurator).<a
href="#cite_note-agoncillop152-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop150-
52">[52]</a> The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and
elective leadership. For each <a
href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines#Defunct_provinces" title="Provinces of the
Philippines">province</a> involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council
coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public administration and
military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district or
<a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-
53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp149-150-54">[54]</a>
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with <a
href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a>, who served
as his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio
adopted Jacinto's <a href="/wiki/Kartilya" class="mw-redirect"
title="Kartilya">Kartilya</a> primer as the official teachings of the society
in place of his own <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decalogue"
class="extiw" title="wikt:decalogue">Decalogue</a>, which he judged as
inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Valenzuela" title="Pío
Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</a> collaborated on the society's organ, <a
href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Kalayaan</a> (Freedom), which had only
one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem
<a href="/wiki/Pag-ibig_sa_Tinubuang_Lupa" title="Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa">Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà</a> (approx. "Love for One's Homeland<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>)
under the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The publication of Kalayaan
in March 1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The
Katipunan movement spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Luzon"
title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a> in the <a
href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and even as far as <a
href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-constantinop175-
56">[56]</a> From less than 300 members in January 1896,<a href="#cite_note-
agoncillop166-47">[47]</a> it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August
1896.<a href="#cite_note-
constantinop175-56">[56]</a>
The rapid increase in Katipunan activity drew the suspicion of the
Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence
of a seditious secret society, and suspects were kept under surveillance and
arrests were made. On 3 May, Bonifacio held a general assembly of Katipunan
leaders in <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>, where they debated when
to start the revolution. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a
revolution was inevitable, some members, especially <a
href="/wiki/Santiago_Alvarez_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Alvarez
(general)">Santiago Alvarez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio
Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> both of <a href="/wiki/Cavite"
title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the
planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult <a
href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> in <a
href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a> before launching armed action, so
Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the
revolution, believing it to be premature. He recommended more preparation, but
suggested that, in the event the revolution did break out, they should seek the
leadership of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Luna" title="Antonio Luna">Antonio Luna</a>,
who was widely regarded as a brilliant military leader.<a href="#cite_note-guerreropp160-164-
57">[57]</a>

<h2>Philippine
Revolutionedit</a>]</h2>
Revolution</a></div>
<h3>Start of the
uprisingedit</a>]</h3>
The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the Katipunan on
August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were
arrested and imprisoned for treason.<a href="#cite_note-constantinop176-58">[58]</a>
José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to <a
href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> to serve as a doctor in the Spanish
colonial army in exchange for his release from Dapitan.[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp143,164-60">[60]</a>
When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a
ship in <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, to escape and
join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and <a href="/w/index.php?
title=Guillermo_Masangkay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new"
title="Guillermo Masangkay (page does not exist)">Guillermo Masangkay</a> [<a
href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Masangkay" class="extiw"
title="nl:Guillermo Masangkay">nl</a>] disguised themselves as sailors
and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with
Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.<a
href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Rizal himself was later arrested, tried
and executed.<a
href="#cite_note-constantinop177-59">[59]</a>
Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan
members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their
uprising. The event, marked by the tearing of cedulas (personal identity
documents) was later called the "<a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Balintawak" class="mw-
redirect" title="Cry of Balintawak">Cry of Balintawak</a>" or "<a
href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a>";
the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed.<a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996b-
63">[63]</a> The Supreme Council of the Katipunan declared a
nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a simultaneous coordinated
attack on the capital <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> on August
29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other
Katipunan councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities
erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into an open de facto
revolutionary government and they named the nation and its government <a
href="/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haring Bayang
Katagalugan">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</a> (loosely translates to Tagalog
Republic), with him as President and commander-in-chief (or generalissimo<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-
50">[50]</a>) of the rebel army and the Supreme Council as his
cabinet.<a
href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-53">[53]</a>[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996pp152-153-
65">[65]</a> On August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general
proclamation:

<blockquote>This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us
to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on
the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in
jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that on Saturday, the
29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our
agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously
and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the
people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not
physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we
have put in force.is
Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO<a href="#cite_note-agoncillo1996p41-
href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></blockquote>
On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on <a
href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan del
Monte</a> to capture the town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied
Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until
reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces
back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near <a
href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a>, <a
href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">San Mateo</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Rodriguez,_Rizal" title="Rodriguez, Rizal">Montalban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
Agoncillop173-67">[67]</a> Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and
Spanish forces occurred in <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong"
title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manila"
title="Sampaloc, Manila">Sampaloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Manila"
title="Santa Ana, Manila">Santa Ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandacan,_Manila"
class="mw-redirect" title="Pandacan, Manila">Pandacan</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Pateros,_Metro_Manila" title="Pateros, Metro Manila">Pateros</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caloocan"
title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>,<a
href="#cite_note-salazar-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Makati"
title="Makati">Makati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>.[67]</a> The conventional view among Filipino
historians is that the planned general Katipunan offensive on Manila was
aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on <a
href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Monte,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan
del Monte, Philippines">San Juan del Monte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop173-
67">[67]</a><a
href="#cite_note-zaide-69">[69]</a> which sparked a general state of
rebellion in the area.<a href="#cite_note-
70">[70]</a> However, more recent studies have advanced the view that
the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated;
according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a
bigger whole – an unrecognized "Battle for Manila".<a href="#cite_note-salazar-68">[68]</a>[71]</a> Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely
defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the
surrounding provinces by the end of August.<a href="#cite_note-salazar-68">[68]</a>[71]</a>

<h3>Campaigns around
Manilaedit</a>]</h3>
By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of
rebellion: <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> (under <a
href="/wiki/Mariano_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Alvarez">Mariano
Alvarez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio
Aguinaldo</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>
(under <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Llanera" title="Mariano Llanera">Mariano Llanera</a>)
and <a href="/wiki/Rizal" title="Rizal">Morong</a> (under Bonifacio). The revolt
was most successful in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>,[73]</a>
While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine
Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the
Spanish military campaign, becoming a <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No
man's land">no man's land</a>. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in <a
href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run</a> <a
href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>
against Spanish positions in Manila, <a href="/wiki/Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong,
Rizal">Morong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>.[73]</a> From Morong, Bonifacio served as <a
href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactician</a> for rebel
guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,<a href="#cite_note-
guerrero1996a-53">[53]</a> though his reputation suffered when he
lost battles he personally led.From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of
Katipunan mountain and hill bases like <a href="/wiki/Marikina"
title="Marikina">Balara</a> in Marikina, Pantayanin in <a href="/wiki/Antipolo"
title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ugong,_Pasig" title="Ugong,
Pasig">Ugong</a> in Pasig and Tungko in <a href="/wiki/Bulacan"
title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or
approving selections the troops themselves made.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-50">[50]</a>
On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on <a
href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">San Mateo</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montalb
%C3%A1n,_Teruel" title="Montalbán, Teruel">Montalban</a>. The Spanish were forced
to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San
Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege
to the hall, other Katipunan forces set up defensive lines along the nearby
Langka (or <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_Rizal" title="San Mateo, Rizal">Nangka</a>)
river against Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Marikina. After
three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river lines. The
Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San
Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-50">[50]</a> They were
pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish
bullet which grazed his collar.<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop173-67">[67]</a>
In Balara, Bonifacio commissioned <a href="/wiki/Julio_Nakpil" title="Julio
Nakpil">Julio Nakpil</a> to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn
called <a href="/wiki/Marangal_na_Dalit_ng_Katagalugan" title="Marangal na Dalit
ng Katagalugan">Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan</a> ("Honorable Hymn of the
Tagalogs") and became the official national anthem during the entire period of the
revolution until it was replaced years later by another national anthem
commissioned by the new <a href="/wiki/Republica_Filipina" class="mw-redirect"
title="Republica Filipina">Republica Filipina</a> government that replaced the
<a href="/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haring
Bayang Katagalugan">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nakpil-75">[75]</a>

<h3>Bonifacio in
Caviteedit</a>]</h3>
In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall leader of the revolution, was
invited to <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> province by rebel
leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts. There were two <a
href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> provincial chapters in
Cavite that became rival factions: the <a
href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdalo (Katipunan
faction)">Magdalo</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio
Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>'s cousin <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Aguinaldo"
title="Baldomero Aguinaldo">Baldomero Aguinaldo</a>, and the <a
href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan
faction)">Magdiwang</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Mariano_%C3%81lvarez"
title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a>, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of
both factions came from the upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from
the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a
manifesto in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)"
title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a> ruling council which proclaimed
a provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of the
Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for
victories in the province.<a href="#cite_note-constantinop178-181-
76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)"
title="Magdalo (Katipunan faction)">Magdalo</a> and <a
faction)">Magdiwang</a> clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not
help each other in battle. After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him
to come, in December 1896 he traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his
brothers <a href="/wiki/Procopio_Bonifacio" title="Procopio Bonifacio">Procopio</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Ciriaco_Bonifacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciriaco
Bonifacio">Ciriaco</a>, and some troops, including <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto"
title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a>, Bonifacio's secretary and right-hand
man. Jacinto was said to be against Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite.
Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the
Magdalo leaders. <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario
Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a>, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser,
writes that at this point the Magdalo leaders "already paid little heed to
his authority and orders."<a
href="#cite_note-mabini-77">[77]</a> Bonifacio was partial to the
<a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan
faction)">Magdiwang</a>, perhaps due to his kinship ties with <a
href="/wiki/Mariano_%C3%81lvarez" title="Mariano Álvarez">Mariano Álvarez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-garcia-
rodriguez-78">[78]</a> or more importantly, due to their stronger
recognition of his authority.<a
href="#cite_note-cristobal-79">[79]</a> When Aguinaldo and <a
href="/wiki/Edilberto_Evangelista" title="Edilberto Evangelista">Edilberto
Evangelista</a> went to receive Bonifacio at <a href="/wiki/Zapote" class="mw-
redirect" title="Zapote">Zapote</a>, they were irritated with what they regarded as
his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo"
title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a
king".<a href="#cite_note-
aguinaldo-80">[80]</a>[81]</a> Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one
Katipunan general from <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna
(province)">Laguna</a> named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the
Magdalo leaders in paying their respect to Bonifacio, for failing to support
his attack in Manila, but the other Magdalo leaders refused to surrender
him. Townspeople in <a href="/wiki/Noveleta" title="Noveleta">Noveleta</a> (a
Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the
chagrin of the <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdalo
(Katipunan faction)">Magdalo l</a>eaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live
Philippine liberty!").[81]</a> Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop
placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of <a
href="/wiki/Silang,_Cavite" title="Silang, Cavite">Silang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-
80">[80]</a> The Spanish, through <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"
title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the
possibility of peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-80">[80]</a> When
Bonifacio found out, he and the <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)"
title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a> council rejected the
proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered
Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him.<a href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-
80">[80]</a> However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations
which never took place.<a
href="#cite_note-guerrerop190-82">[82]</a> Bonifacio believed
Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-guerrerop190-
82">[82]</a>
Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen Katipunan
funds, his sister was the mistress of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"
class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">priest</a>, and he was an <a
href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a>
paid by <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a> to
foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of
Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Manila employee,
allegedly an atheist, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not
deserve the title of Supremo since only God was supreme. This last
allegation was made despite the fact that Supremo was meant to be used in
conjunction with Presidente, i.e. Presidente Supremo (Supreme
President) to distinguish the president of the Katipunan Supreme Council
from council presidents of subordinate Katipunan chapters like the <a
faction)">Magdalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)"
title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cristobal-
79">[79]</a> Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work
of the <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdalo (Katipunan
faction)">Magdalo</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tirona" title="Daniel
Tirona">Daniel Tirona</a>. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked
Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if others had
not intervened.<a
href="#cite_note-constantinop182-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerreropp187,190-
84">[84]</a>
On December 31, Bonifacio and the <a
faction)">Magdalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)"
title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a> leaders held a meeting in
<a href="/wiki/Imus" title="Imus">Imus</a>, ostensibly to determine the leadership
of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions. The issue of
whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought
up by the Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The Magdalo
argued that the Katipunan, as a secret society, should have ceased to exist
once the Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided.
Bonifacio and the <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdiwang
(Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a> contended that the Katipunan served
as their revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and
provincial and municipal governments. <a href="/wiki/Edilberto_Evangelista"
title="Edilberto Evangelista">Edilberto Evangelista</a> presented a draft
constitution for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was
too similar to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Maura_Law" title="Maura Law">Maura
Law</a>. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given <a
href="/wiki/Full_Powers" title="Full Powers">carte blanche</a> to appoint a
committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would also be in charge of
this committee. He tasked <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio
Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> to record the minutes of the meeting and requested
for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and never
provided.<a
href="#cite_note-constantinop182-184-85">[85]</a>[86]</a>

<h3>Haring Bayang
Katagaluganedit</a>]</h3>
Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>,
the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> had been
organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-
87">[87]</a> For each province it involved, the Supreme Council
coordinated provincial councils<a href="#cite_note-guererro2-88">[88]</a> which
were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-
municipal or quasi-provincial level"<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-87">[87]</a> and
local councils,<a
href="#cite_note-guererro2-88">[88]</a> in charge of affairs "on the
district or <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> level".[87]</a> In the last days of August, the Katipunan members
met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-87">[87]</a> (the
event was later called the "<a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Balintawak" class="mw-redirect"
title="Cry of Balintawak">Cry of Balintawak</a>" or "Cry of <a
href="/wiki/Pugad_Lawin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugad Lawin">Pugad Lawin</a>";
the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council
of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results:<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-
87">[87]</a><a
href="#cite_note-guererro2-88">[88]</a>

<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Position</th>
<th>Name
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>President / Supremo</td>
<td>Andrés Bonifacio
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of War</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Plata" title="Teodoro Plata">Teodoro Plata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of State</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of the Interior</td>
<td>Aguedo del Rosario
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of Justice</td>
<td>Briccio Pantas
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Secretary of Finance</td>
<td>Enrique Pacheco
</td></tr></tbody></table>
The above was divulged to the Spanish by the Katipunan member <a
href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Valenzuela" title="Pío Valenzuela">Pío Valenzuela</a> while in
captivity.<a href="#cite_note-
guererro1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-guererro2-88">[88]</a> <a
href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a> thus
wrote:

<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output
.templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output
.templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-
left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Immediately
before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan
into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his
confidence.<a href="#cite_note-
89">[89]</a></blockquote>
Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the
commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:

<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote">As commander-
in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the
preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the
nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and
positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all
victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be
attributed to Bonifacio.<a
href="#cite_note-guererro1-87">[87]</a></blockquote>
One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in
surviving Katipunan documents: <a href="/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan"
class="mw-redirect" title="Haring Bayang Katagalugan">Haring Bayang
Katagalugan</a> ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog
Nation") – sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation").
Bayan may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the
president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical <a
href="/wiki/La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana" title="La Ilustración
Española y Americana">La Ilustración Española y Americana</a> published in
February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República
Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng
Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a
rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.<a href="#cite_note-guererro1-
Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio
Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:
<ul><li>President of the Supreme Council</li>
<li>Supreme President</li>
<li>President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog
Nation</li>
<li>President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the
Revolution</li>
<li>Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution</li></ul>
An 1897 power struggle in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> led
to command of the revolution shifting to <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo"
title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> at the <a
href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a>,
where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to
recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed <a
href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine
Republic</a> (Spanish: República Filipina), usually considered the
"First Philippine Republic", was formally established in 1899, after a succession
of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the <a
href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros government</a>,
the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Biak-
na-Bato Republic</a>) also headed by Aguinaldo.

<h3>The Tejeros
Conventionedit</a>]</h3>
href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros
Convention</a></div>
Bonifacio even though fully aware of the Spanish assault in <a
href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Battle of Perez
Dasmariñas">Perez Dasmariñas</a>, offered no help to the Magdalo faction. On
March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a Friar
Estate Residence at <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros
Convention">Tejeros</a> to resume their discussions regarding the escalating
tension between the Magdalo and Magdiwang forces; And also to settle
once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan"
title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> through an election.[90]</a> Amidst implications on whether the government of the
"Katipunan" should be established as a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy"
title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Republic"
title="Republic">republic</a>, Bonifacio maintained that it should be established
as a republic. According to him, all of its members of any given rank shall serve
under the principle of <a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%89galit%C3%A9,_Fraternit
%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité">liberty, equality,
and fraternity</a>, upon which <a href="/wiki/Republicanism"
title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-50">[50]</a> Despite
Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials and representatives from other
provinces, he was obliged to proceed with the election.<a href="#cite_note-constantinopp185-
186-91">[91]</a>
Before the election began, he asked that the results be respected by
everyone, and all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their own <a
href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> <a
href="/wiki/In_absentia" title="In absentia">President in absentia</a>, as
he was involved in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Perez_Dasmari%C3%B1as" class="mw-
redirect" title="Perez Dasmariñas">Perez Dasmariñas</a>, which was then
ongoing.<a
92">[92]</a><a
href="#cite_note-linn-93">[93]</a> That revolutionary government, now
known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-
Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a>, styled itself as the Philippine Republic
or <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect"
title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a>. It lasted
just over a month. A later revolutionary government now commonly known as the <a
href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First
Philippine Republic</a> and also with Aguinaldo as President was inaugurated on
January 23, 1899, as the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic).<a href="#cite_note-
constantinop224-94">[94]</a> That later government is now considered
to be the first <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect"
title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a>, the present-
day government of the Philippines being the fifth.
Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for President. Though
it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one
seconded the motion and the Election continued. <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Tr%C3%ADas"
title="Mariano Trías">Mariano Trías</a> of the Magdiwang was elected Vice
President. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. <a
href="/wiki/Daniel_Tirona" title="Daniel Tirona">Daniel Tirona</a>, protested
Bonifacio being appointed as Director of the Interior on the grounds that the
position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona
suggested a prominent lawyer for the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted
and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since the voters had agreed to respect
the Election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove
Bonifacio to draw his gun and again nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people,
but he was restrained by <a href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio
Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)"
title="Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)">Magdiwang</a>, who had been elected
Captain-General.<a
href="#cite_note-Agoncillop178-95">[95]</a> As people left the room,
Bonifacio declared: "I, as chairman of this assembly and as President of the
Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly
dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved."<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop178-
95">[95]</a>
<h2>After the Tejeros
Conventionedit</a>On March 23, 1897, the day after the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention"
title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros convention</a>, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took
his oath of office as President in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon
Villafranca who was under the authority of the Pope in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-
97">[97]</a>:109 According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards
were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan
from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Artemio Ricarte
also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found
the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true
will of the people."<a href="#cite_note-
99">[99]</a>
Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up the <a
href="/wiki/Acta_de_Tejeros" title="Acta de Tejeros">Acta de Tejeros</a>, wherein
they gave their reasons for not accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged
the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason for
his negotiations with the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-constantinop188_100-0"
In their memoirs Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) and Gregoria de Jesús both
alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and
Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present.
Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of
the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-
50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop192-101">[101]</a> The
Acta de Tejeros was signed by Bonifacio and 44 others, including <a
href="/wiki/Artemio_Ricarte" title="Artemio Ricarte">Artemio Ricarte</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Mariano_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Alvarez">Mariano
Alvarez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Alvarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascual
Alvarez">Pascual Alvarez</a>. Then, in a later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another
document, the <a href="/wiki/Naic_Military_Agreement" title="Naic Military
Agreement">Naic Military Agreement</a>, was drawn up which declared that its 41
signatories, "... having discovered the treason committed by certain officers who
have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards [and other offensive
acts]", had "agreed to deliver the people from this grave danger" by raising an
army corps "by persuasion or force" under the command of General <a
href="/wiki/Pio_del_Pilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pio del Pilar">Pio del
Pilar</a>. The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and del
Pilar.<a href="#cite_note-
href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The meeting was interrupted by
Aguinaldo and del Pilar. <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Noriel" title="Mariano
Noriel">Mariano Noriel</a> and others present then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's
fold.<a href="#cite_note-
aguinaldo-80">[80]</a><a
href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Aguinaldo attempted to persuade
Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to
<a href="/wiki/Indang,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indang, Cavite">Indang,
Cavite</a> planning to get out of <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>
and proceed back to <a href="/wiki/Morong,_Rizal" title="Morong,
Rizal">Morong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-
105">[105]</a>
In late April, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio
Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> fully assumed the presidential office after consolidating
his position among the <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> elite –
most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang supporters shifting allegiance to
Aguinaldo.<a
href="#cite_note-guerrerop194-106">[106]</a> Aguinaldo's government
then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.<a href="#cite_note-
Agoncillop178-180-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop193-108">[108]</a>

<h2>Trial and death[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=12"
title="Edit section: Trial and death">edit</a><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nag
patong_Park.jpg/220px-Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg" decoding="async"
width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_
Nagpatong_Park.jpg/330px-Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpaton
g_Park.jpg/440px-Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-
width="1920" data-file-height="1372" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div
class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Andres_Bonifacio_Mount_Nagpatong_Park.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Bonifacio shrine at the foot of
Mount Nagpatong and Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite where it is believed he was
executed, on May 10, 1897.</div></div></div>
In April 1897, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio
Aguinaldo">Aguinaldo</a> ordered the arrest of Bonifacio after he received a letter
alleging that Bonifacio had burned down a village and ordered the burning of the
church of <a href="/wiki/Indang,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indang,
Cavite">Indang</a> after townspeople refused to give him provisions. Many of the
principal men of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas, presented Emilio
Aguinaldo with several complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men stole
carabaos (water buffalos) and other work animals by force and butchered them for
food. On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and
Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio
Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early the next
day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused
to fight against "fellow <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog
people">Tagalogs</a>", ordering his men to hold their fire, but shots were
nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed
him in the neck but was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's men,
who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother <a
href="/wiki/Ciriaco_Bonifacio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciriaco
Bonifacio">Ciriaco</a> was shot dead, while his other brother Procopio was beaten,
and his wife <a href="/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Gregoria de
Jesús">Gregoria</a> may have been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and
wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to <a href="/wiki/Naic"
title="Naic">Naic</a>, which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.[109]</a>
Bonifacio's party was brought to <a href="/wiki/Naic,_Cavite" class="mw-
redirect" title="Naic, Cavite">Naic</a> initially and then to Maragondon, Cavite,
where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and
treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.<a href="#cite_note-
guerrerop194-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The jury was
composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself
declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state
witness on the charge of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had
been killed in battle. However, after the trial the witness was seen alive with the
prosecutors.<a
href="#cite_note-guerreropp194-196-111">[111]</a>[112]</a>
The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty despite insufficient evidence and
recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May
8, 1897, but <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_del_Pilar" title="Pío del Pilar">Pío del
Pilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Noriel" title="Mariano Noriel">Mariano
Noriel</a> persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In
this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other <a href="/wiki/Bona_fide"
class="mw-redirect" title="Bona fide">bona fide</a> supporters of
Aguinaldo.<a
href="#cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-113">[113]</a> The Bonifacio
brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of <a
href="/wiki/Maragondon" title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-
href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Apolinario Mabini wrote that
Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from <a href="/wiki/Manila"
title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna
(province)">Laguna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>
who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.<a href="#cite_note-mabini-
77">[77]</a> In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like <a
href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> continued the
Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.<a href="#cite_note-Nakpil-75">[75]</a>

<h2>Historical
controversiesedit</a>]</h2>
The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points.
His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason and a "legal
murder" fueled by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first
<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the
Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians
have also opined that Bonifacio share or even take the place of José Rizal as the
(foremost) <a href="/wiki/Philippine_national_hero" class="mw-redirect"
title="Philippine national hero">Philippine national hero</a>. The purported
discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been questioned.

<h3>Trial and
executionedit</a>]</h3>
Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The
jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted
more like a prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead
appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to confront the state
witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed
in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp60,64-
116">[116]</a>
<a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro
Agoncillo</a> writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to
Aguinaldo posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces
would result in almost certain defeat to their united and well-armed Spanish
foe.<a
href="#cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-113">[113]</a> In contrast, <a
href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a>
contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he
still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was
leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted
control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio
who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did
compromise, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of
Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> whereas the revolution was officially halted
and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight especially
Katipunan leaders used to be close to Bonifacio (Aguinaldo eventually,
unofficially allied with the United States, did return to take charge of the
revolution during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–
American War">Spanish–American War</a>).<a href="#cite_note-constantinopp190-206-
117">[117]</a>
Historians[<a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"
title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?
</a>] have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government
to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial
council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was
only one of many such councils in the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Katipunan"
title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-
118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-constantinopp188,190-191-
119">[119]</a> Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write
Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as
guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered
Bonifacio to violate theirs.<a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-
118">[118]</a>Katipunan
of which he was a member".<a
href="#cite_note-mabini-77">[77]</a> Aguinaldo's authority was not
immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would
have had the right as the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for
treason instead of the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp61,64-
121">[121]</a> Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the <a
href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a>
as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by
Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower
classes.<a
villanuevapp58-64_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villanuevapp58-64-
122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)"
title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a> among the Cavite rebels, dubbed
"Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the
replacement of Bonifacio.<a href="#cite_note-constantinopp183-185-
123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-guerrerop189-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-
villanuevapp58-59-125">[125]</a> Mabini considered the execution as
criminal and "assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true
patriotism."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"
title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He also
noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don <a
href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and Don
<a href="/wiki/Mariano_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Mariano Trías">Mariano Trías</a>, who
were united, while Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked
upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province: this explains
his resentment."<a
href="#cite_note-mabini-77">[77]</a>
There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The
commanding officer of the execution party, <a href="/wiki/Lazaro_Macapagal"
class="mw-redirect" title="Lazaro Macapagal">Lazaro Macapagal</a>, said in two
separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the
orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to
escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away.
Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets
and marked by twigs.<a
href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-1">[1]</a>
However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio
was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a
hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.<a href="#cite_note-cristobal-
79">[79]</a> This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who
claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.[1]</a> Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of
an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a
hammock.<a href="#cite_note-
cristobal-79">[79]</a> Historian Milagros Guerrero also says
Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.<a href="#cite_note-
guerrerop196-126">[126]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio#Bonifacio's_bones" title="Andrés Bonifacio">bones said to be
Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull –</a> were discovered in 1918, Masangkay
claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events.<a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-
1">[1]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cristobal" title="Adrian
Cristobal">Adrian Cristobal</a> notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and
trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts
that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal
claimed.<a href="#cite_note-
cristobal-79">[79]</a> Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the
Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's
death by this manner.<a
href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-1">[1]</a>

<h3>Bonifacio as first Philippine
Presidentedit</a>See also: <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect"
title="List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines">List of Unofficial
Presidents of the Philippines</a></div>
Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, Ramón Villegas
and Michael Charleston "Xiao" Chua have pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as
the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the
Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> instead of Aguinaldo, the officially
recognized one. This view is based on his position of President/Supremo of
the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> revolutionary
government from 1896–97. This view also emphasizes that Bonifacio established a
government through the Katipunan before a government headed by Aguinaldo was
formed at the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros
Convention</a>. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine
nation called <a href="/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan" class="mw-redirect"
title="Haring Bayang Katagalugan">Haring Bayang Katagalugan</a> ("Sovereign
Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In
documents predating Tejeros and the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic"
title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>, Bonifacio is
called the president of the "<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog
Republic">Tagalog Republic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-
guerreropp166-167-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-cristobal-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-
127">[127]</a>
The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tagalog" class="extiw"
title="wikt:Tagalog">Tagalog</a> historically refers to an <a
href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">ethnic group</a>, their
language, and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog
script">script</a>. While historians have thus tended to view Bonifacio's concept
of the Philippine nation as restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language"
title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> regions of Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's
view of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayas"
title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao"
title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (comprising the modern Philippines), Guerrero writes
that Bonifacio and the Katipunan in fact already had an all-encompassing
view. The Kartilya defines "tagalog" as "all those born in this archipelago;
therefore, though <a href="/wiki/Visayan" class="mw-redirect"
title="Visayan">visayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano
people">ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampango" class="mw-redirect"
title="Pampango">pampango</a>, etc. they are all tagalogs".<a href="#cite_note-guerrero1996a-
53">[53]</a>
In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other <a
faction)">Magdalo</a> people claim Bonifacio became the head of the <a
faction)">Magdiwang</a>, receiving the title <a
href="/wiki/Haring_Bayang_Katagalugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haring Bayang
Katagalugan">Harì ng Bayan</a> ("King of the People") with Mariano Álvarez as
his second-in-command.<a
href="#cite_note-aguinaldo-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-ronquillo-
128">[128]</a> However, these claims are unsupported by documentary
evidence.<a href="#cite_note-
quirino-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Quirino" title="Carlos
Quirino">Carlos Quirino</a> suggests these claims stem from a misunderstanding or
misrepresentation of Bonifacio's title Pangulo ng <a
href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Haring Bayan</a>
("President of the Sovereign Nation").<a href="#cite_note-quirino-129">[129]</a> Santiago
Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and
the Katipunan Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.<a href="#cite_note-alvarez-
50">[50]</a>

<h3>Bonifacio as national
heroedit</a>]</h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a
href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" title="National hero of the
Philippines">National hero of the Philippines</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Monument.JPG" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bonifacio_Monument.JPG/220
px-Bonifacio_Monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165"
class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bonifacio_Monument.JPG/
330px-Bonifacio_Monument.JPG 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bonifacio_Monument.JPG/440px-
Bonifacio_Monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Monument.JPG" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio_Monument" class="mw-
redirect" title="Andrés Bonifacio Monument">Andrés Bonifacio Monument</a> in
Caloocan is considered the most symbolic of all the monuments in the country, even
grander than Motto Stella. It is sculpted by National Artist Guillermo
Tolentino.</div></div></div>
<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> is generally
considered the national hero, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more worthy
candidate on the grounds of having started the <a
Revolution</a>.<a
href="#cite_note-ocampo1999-109">[109]</a> <a
href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a>
notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not
"the leader of its liberation forces".<a href="#cite_note-Agoncillop160-130">[130]</a> <a
href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a>
writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the
greatest Filipino hero during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898-
1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1898-1946)">American
colonial period of the Philippines</a> – after Aguinaldo lost the <a
href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American
War">Philippine–American War</a>. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken
to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical figures whose
ideas could inspire resistance against American rule.<a href="#cite_note-constantino1980-
131">[131]</a> Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who
was viewed as "too radical" and <a href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario
Mabini">Apolinario Mabini</a> who was "unregenerate."Historian <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth
Ocampo</a> gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the
grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal
inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to Rizal's
banishment to <a href="/wiki/Dapitan" title="Dapitan">Dapitan</a>, he was already
regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary
president by the Katipunan.<a href="#cite_note-ocampo1999-109">[109]</a> <a
href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero" title="León María Guerrero">León María
Guerrero</a> notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan
because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of
independence per se.<a href="#cite_note-
133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Agoncillo" title="Teodoro
Agoncillo">Teodoro Agoncillo</a> gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not
replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".[130]</a>

Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "the Philippine national hero", the
title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and
Bonifacio, however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes
because they are commemorated <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines"
title="Public holidays in the Philippines">annually nationwide</a> – <a
href="/wiki/Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">Rizal Day</a> on December 30 and <a
href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Day" title="Bonifacio Day">Bonifacio Day</a> on November
30.<a href="#cite_note-
ncca.gov.ph-134">[134]</a> According to the website of the National
Center for Culture and the Arts: <blockquote>
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as
national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and revered for their roles
in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.
Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for
heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.<a href="#cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-134">[134]</a>

</blockquote>
<h3>Bonifacio's bones[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section:
Bonifacio's bones">edit</a>In 1918, the American colonial government of the Philippines mounted a search
for Bonifacio's remains in <a href="/wiki/Maragondon"
title="Maragondon">Maragondon</a>. A group consisting of government officials,
former rebels, and a man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they
claimed were Bonifacio's in a <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane"
title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> field on March 17. The bones were placed in an urn
and put into the care of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines"
title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the
Philippines</a>. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in the <a
href="/wiki/Old_Legislative_Building_(Manila)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old
Legislative Building (Manila)">Legislative Building</a> in <a
href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita,
Manila</a>, together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The
authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been challenged as
late as 2001 by <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth
Ocampo</a>. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the <a
href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the
Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> in 1935, his opponent <a
href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (the
eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the
result of Bonifacio's execution by the revolutionary government headed by
Aguinaldo. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War
II</a>, the Philippines were invaded by <a href="/wiki/Japan"
title="Japan">Japan</a> beginning on 8 December 1941. The bones were lost due to
the widespread destruction and looting during the <a
href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Allied capture
of Manila</a> in February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-ocampo2001-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-morallos-
135">[135]</a><a
href="#cite_note-110mb-136">[136]</a>

<h2>Portrayal in the
mediaedit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Julio_Diaz_(actor)" title="Julio Diaz
(actor)">Julio Diaz</a> in the film Bayani (1992) and the unrelated TV
series <a href="/wiki/Bayani_(TV_series)" title="Bayani (TV
series)">Bayani</a> (1995).</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Gardo_Versoza" title="Gardo Versoza">Gardo
Versoza</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal_(film)" title="José Rizal
(film)">José Rizal</a> (1998).</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vargas" title="Alfred Vargas">Alfred
Vargas</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Andres_Bonifacio" class="mw-
redirect" title="The Trial of Andres Bonifacio">The Trial of Andres
Bonifacio</a> (2010) and in the film, <a href="/wiki/Supremo_(film)"
title="Supremo (film)">Supremo</a> (2012).</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Anthony_Fernandez" title="Mark Anthony
Fernandez">Mark Anthony Fernandez</a> in <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA
Network">GMA</a> Lupang Hinirang Music Video in 2010</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Montano" title="Cesar Montano">Cesar
Montano</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/El_Presidente_(film)" title="El
Presidente (film)">El Presidente</a> (2012).</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jolo_Revilla" title="Jolo Revilla">Jolo Revilla</a>
in the TV series <a href="/wiki/Indio_(TV_series)" title="Indio (TV
series)">Indio</a> (2012).</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Sid_Lucero" title="Sid Lucero">Sid Lucero</a> in
the TV series <a href="/wiki/Katipunan_(TV_series)" title="Katipunan (TV
series)">Katipunan</a> (2013) and <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado_(TV_series)"
title="Ilustrado (TV series)">Ilustrado</a> (2014).</li>
<li>Portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Padilla" title="Robin Padilla">Robin
Padilla</a> in the film <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio:_Ang_Unang_Pangulo"
title="Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo">Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo</a>
(2014).</li>
<li>Portrayed by James Gomez in the film <a href="/wiki/Heneral_Luna"
title="Heneral Luna">Heneral Luna</a> (2015).</li></ul>
<h2>See alsoedit</a>]</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Day" title="Bonifacio Day">Bonifacio Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Procopio_Bonifacio" title="Procopio Bonifacio">Procopio
Bonifacio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Jacinto" title="Emilio Jacinto">Emilio Jacinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregoria de
Jesus">Gregoria de Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Nakpil" title="Julio Nakpil">Julio Nakpil</a></li></ul>
<h2>Notesedit</a>]</h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width:
30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-ocampo2001-1">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
ocampo2001_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_1-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_1-
3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_1-
4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocampo2001_1-
5">f</a> <a
href="#CITEREFOcampo2001">Ocampo 2001</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-birth-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
birth_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-
1">b</a> <cite
id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2004" class="citation book">Keat Gin Ooi (2004). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to
East Timor</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA240&dq=
%22andres+bonifacio%22+born">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-
1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia
%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia
%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=ABC-
CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-
2&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
%3DQKgraWbb7yoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
class="Z3988"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-
parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation
q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output
.citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-
image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-
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gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-
3">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414">"Filipinos honor 'Father of
Philippine Revolution'"</a>. Philippine News
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<li id="cite_note-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walking_tour_of_Bonifacio’s_Manila_24-
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%26pg%3DPA45%26dq%3Dla%2Bliga%2Bfilipina%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dla%2520liga
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Dapitan+in+Mindanao&dq=after+only+one+meeting+as+Rizal+was+arrested+and+deporte
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%3DNFdwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dafter%2Bonly%2Bone%2Bmeeting%2Bas%2BRizal%2Bwas%2Barrested
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%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DGzuEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT108%26dq%3DLa%2Bliga
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<li id="cite_note-agoncillop166-47">^ <a
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-alvarez-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
alvarez_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_50-
1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_50-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_50-
3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_50-
4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_50-
5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alvarez_50-
6">g</a> <a
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<li id="cite_note-agoncillop152-51"><a
href="#cite_ref-agoncillop152_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. 152
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrero1996a-53">^ <a
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href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_53-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_53-2">c</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_53-3">d</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996a_53-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1996a">Guerrero 1996a</a>,
pp. 3–12.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp149-150-54"><a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp149-150_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 149–150.
</li>
55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.philippinerevolution.net/cgi-
bin/kultura/awit.pl?title=pag-ibig%20sa%20tinubuang%20lupa">Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa</a>. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop175-56">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-constantinop175_56-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-constantinop175_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>,
p. 175.
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop176-58"><a
href="#cite_ref-constantinop176_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 176.
</li>
p. 177
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp143,164-60"><a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp143,164_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, pp. 143,164.
</li>
61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorromeo-
Buehler1998">Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, pp. 29–30.
</li>
62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorromeo-
Buehler1998">Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerrero1996b-63"><a
href="#cite_ref-guerrero1996b_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1996b">Guerrero 1996b</a>, pp. 13–22
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp166-167-64">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp166-167_64-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp166-167_64-1">b</a> 
</li>
<li id="cite_note-agoncillo1996pp152-153-65"><a
href="#cite_ref-agoncillo1996pp152-153_65-0">^</a> 
</li>
href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a>, p. 107.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agoncillop173-67">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_67-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_67-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_67-2">c</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop173_67-3">d</a> 
</li>
<li id="cite_note-salazar-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
salazar_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_68-
1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salazar_68-
2">c</a> <a
href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zaide-69"><a href="#cite_ref-
zaide_69-0">^</a> <a
href="#CITEREFZaide1984">Zaide 1984</a>.
</li>
href="#CITEREFSalazar1994">Salazar 1994</a>, p. 104.
</li>
p. 173.
</li>
href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 179
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp175-176-73">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp175-176_73-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp175-176_73-1">b</a> 
</li>
text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 180
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nakpil-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
Nakpil_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakpil_75-
1">b</a> <a
href="#CITEREFNakpil1964">Nakpil 1964</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop178-181-76"><a
href="#cite_ref-constantinop178-181_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 178–
181
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mabini-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
mabini_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_77-
1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_77-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabini_77-
3">d</a> <a
href="#MabiniGuerrero1969ch8">Mabini 1969</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-garcia-rodriguez-78"><a
href="#cite_ref-garcia-rodriguez_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarciaRodriguez2001">Garcia & Rodriguez 2001</a>.
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<li id="cite_note-cristobal-79">^ <a
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cristobal_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_79-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_79-
3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_79-
4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cristobal_79-
href="#CITEREFCristobal2005">Cristobal 2005</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-aguinaldo-80">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
aguinaldo_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_80-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_80-
3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_80-
4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aguinaldo_80-
href="#CITEREFAguinaldo1964">Aguinaldo 1964</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinop181-182-81">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-constantinop181-182_81-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-constantinop181-182_81-1">b</a>
1975</a>, pp. 181–182
</li>
p. 190.
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guerreropp187,190-84"><a
href="#cite_ref-guerreropp187,190_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 187,190.
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<li id="cite_note-constantinop182-184-85"><a
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-guererro1-87">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
guererro1_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro1_87-
8">i</a> <cite
id="CITEREFGuererroEncarnacionVillegas1996" class="citation journal">Guererro,
Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-
on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896
Revolution"</a>. Sulyap Kultura. National Commission for Culture and the
Arts. 1 (2): 3–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andre
s+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=
3-
12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=En
carnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi
%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
</li>
<li id="cite_note-guererro2-88">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-guererro2_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-
guererro2_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_88-
2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_88-
3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_88-
4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guererro2_88-
5">f</a> <cite
id="CITEREFGuererroSchumacher,_S.J.1998" class="citation book">Guererro, Milagros;
Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The
History of the Filipino People. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. <a
(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"
title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasa
ysayan
%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&
amp;rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-
1&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+S.J.
%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
</li>
href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, p. [<a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]
</li>
p. 184
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp185-186-91"><a
href="#cite_ref-constantinopp185-186_91-0">^</a> 
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-linn-93"><a href="#cite_ref-
linn_93-0">^</a> <a
href="#CITEREFLinn2000">Linn 2000</a>, pp. 4–5.
</li>
text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 224.
</li>
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop178_95-1">b</a> 
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alvarez-97"><a href="#cite_ref-
Alvarez_97-0">^</a> Alvarez, S.V., 1992,
Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881261-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-881261-
05-0">1-881261-05-0</a>
</li>
98">^</a> Álvarez 1992.
</li>
99">^</a> Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated
March 24, 1897. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819073229/http://kasaysayan-
kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ar.240397.htm">the
original</a> on August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fkasaysayan-kkk.info%2Fdocs.ar.240397.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid
%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a
href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint:
archived copy as title">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"
</li>
text"><a href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, pp. 188
</li>
href="#cite_ref-guerrerop192_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrero1998">Guerrero 1998</a>, p. 192.
</li>
href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 171–172.
</li>
href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, pp. 248–249.
</li>
href="#CITEREFZaide1999">Zaide 1999</a>, p. 247.
</li>
id=ITLRpPrrcykC">Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.</a>,
Rex Bookstore, Inc., p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA138">138</a>, <a
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+Module-
based+Learning+I%27+2002+Ed.&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore
%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3449-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com
%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITLRpPrrcykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr
</li>
p. 194.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Agoncillop178-180-107"><a
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop178-180_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>, pp. 178–180
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ocampo1999-109">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-ocampo1999_109-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-ocampo1999_109-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-ocampo1999_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOcampo1999">Ocampo 1999</a>.
</li>
</li>
</li>
href="#cite_ref-constantinopp189-191_112-0">^</a> 
</li>
<li id="cite_note-agoncillopp180-181-113">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_113-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_113-1">b</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-agoncillopp180-181_113-2">c</a>
<a href="#CITEREFAgoncillo1990">Agoncillo 1990</a>,
pp. 180–181.
</li>
href="#CITEREFConstantino1975">Constantino 1975</a>, p. 191
</li>
pp. 190–191
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp60,64-116"><a
href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp60,64_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 60,64 harvnb error:
multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVillanueva1989 (<a
href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn
template errors">help</a>).
</li>
pp. 190–206
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp62-63-118">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp62-63_118-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp62-63_118-1">b</a>
<a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>,
pp. 62–63
harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVillanueva1989 (<a
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantinopp188,190-191-119"><a href="#cite_ref-constantinopp188,190-191_119-0">^</a>
1975</a>, pp. 188,190–191
</li>
p. 190
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp61,64-121"><a
href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp61,64_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 61,64
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp58-64-122"><a
href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp58-64_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 58–64
pp. 183–185
</li>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-villanuevapp58-59-125"><a
href="#cite_ref-villanuevapp58-59_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillanueva1989">Villanueva 1989</a>, pp. 58–59
</li>
127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://www.museooriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?
clave=138&loc=0">"La Ilustración Española y Americana", Año 1897, Vol.
I.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link
rot">permanent dead
link</a>] Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ronquillo-128"><a
href="#cite_ref-ronquillo_128-0">^</a> <a
href="#CITEREFRonquillo1996">Ronquillo 1996</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-quirino-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-
quirino_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quirino_129-
1">b</a> <a
href="#CITEREFQuirino1969">Quirino 1969</a>.
</li>
href="#cite_ref-Agoncillop160_130-1">b</a> 
</li>
<li id="cite_note-constantino1980-131"><a
href="#cite_ref-constantino1980_131-0">^</a> 
</li>
href="#CITEREFFriend1965">Friend 1965</a>, p. 15
</li>
133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Mar
%C3%ADa_Guerrero_III" title="León María Guerrero III">Leon Ma. Guerrero</a>, "The
First Filipino", as quoted in Nick Joaquin's "Anatomy of the Anti-Hero." <a
rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm">http://joserizal.info/Reflecti
ons/joaquin.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040828010552/http://joserizal.info/Reflections/
joaquin.htm">Archived</a> August 28, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine"
title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ncca.gov.ph-134">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_134-0">a</a> <a
href="#cite_ref-ncca.gov.ph_134-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/culture-
profile-nationalhero.php">"National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Selection
and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical
Figures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi
%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+th
e+Arts.+
%2ASelection+and+Proclamation+of+National+heroes+and+Law+Honoring+Filipino+Historic
al+Figures.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts
%2Fculture-profile%2Fculture-profile-nationalhero.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid
</li>
<li id="cite_note-morallos-135"><a
href="#cite_ref-morallos_135-0">^</a> <a
href="#CITEREFMorallos1998">Morallos 1998</a>.
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110mb-136"><a href="#cite_ref-
110mb_136-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text" href="http://philippine-
revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm">"Philippine Revolution."</a> <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723230649/http://philippine-
revolution.110mb.com/bonifacio_detailed.htm">Archived</a> July 23, 2009, at the <a
href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved
on August 1, 2009.
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2>Referencesedit</a>]</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output
.refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-
indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-
left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output
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2&rft.aulast=Agoncillo&rft.aufirst=Teodoro&rft_id=https%3A%2F
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<li><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez1992" class="citation"><a
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Revolution: Memoirs of a General</a>, Ateneo de Manila University Press, <a
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%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F
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<li><cite id="CITEREFCristobal2005" class="citation">Cristobal, Adrian (2005)
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<li><cite id="CITEREFDelmendo2000" class="citation">Delmendo, Sharon (2000), <a
id=eO0VVq9lY7EC&lpg=PA191&vq=pax
%20americana&pg=PA162#v=snippet&q=pax%20americana&f=false">"Pax
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Estudios del PacíFico (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/?id=l533SkJ2VCkC">The Philippine Revolution of
1896:Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times</a>, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila
University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution+of+1896%3AOrdin
ary+Lives+in+Extraordinary+Times&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Ma
nila+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-550-386-
1&rft.aulast=Rodao+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Florentino&rft.au=Rodriguez
%2C+Felice+Noelle&rft.au=Conference%2C+Asociaci%C3%B3n+Espa
%C3%B1ola+de+Estudios+del+Pac%C3%ADFico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com
%2F%3Fid%3Dl533SkJ2VCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr
<li><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1996a" class="citation">Guerrero, Milagros;
Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-
a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>,
Sulyap Kultura, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1 (2):
3–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Andre
s+Bonifacio+and+the+1896+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=
3-
12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=En
carnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.ncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Farticles-on-c-n-a%2Farticle.php%3Fi
%3D5%26subcat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
<li><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1996b" class="citation">Guerrero, Milagros;
Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1997), "Balintawak: the Cry for a
Nationwide Revolution", Sulyap Kultura, National Commission for Culture and
the Arts, 1 (2): 13–22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=Balin
tawak
%3A+the+Cry+for+a+Nationwide+Revolution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pa
ges=13-
22&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=En
carnacion%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Villegas%2C+Ramon&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFGuerrero1998" class="citation">Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher,
S.J., John (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXjvQwAACAAJ">Reform and
Revolution</a>, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, 5, Asia
Publishing Company Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect"
title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-258-
228-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasa
ysayan
%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&
amp;rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-
1&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+S.J.
%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid
%3DpXjvQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
<li><cite id="CITEREFLinn2000" class="citation"><a
href="/wiki/Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian
McAllister</a> (2000), The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine
War, 1899–1902, University of North Carolina Press, <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.
+Army+and+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Philippine+War
%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2
000&rft.isbn=0-8078-4948-
0&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="MabiniGuerrero1969ch8" class="citation"><a
href="/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini" title="Apolinario Mabini">Mabini, Apolinario</a>
(1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini08.htm">"CHAPTE
R VIII: First Stage of the Revolution"</a>, in Guerrero, Leon Ma. (ed.), <a
href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini2.htm">The
Philippine Revolution</a>, National Historical Commission</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+VIII
%3A+First+Stage+of+the+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Revolution&rft.
pub=National+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mabini&rft.
aufirst=Apolinario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2FVoelkerkunde%2Fapsis
%2Faufi%2Fhistory%2Fmabini08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr
<li><cite id="CITEREFMorallos1998" class="citation">Morallos, Chando P. (1998),
Treasures of the National Library, Manila: Quiapo Printing, <a
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+National+Library&rft
.place=Manila&rft.pub=Quiapo+Printing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=971-556-
018-0&rft.aulast=Morallos&rft.aufirst=Chando+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFNakpil1964" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Nakpil"
title="Julio Nakpil">Nakpil, Julio</a> (1997) [1964], Alzona, Encarnacion (ed.),
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?
id=TXn3AQAACAAJ">Julio Nakpil and the Philippine Revolution: With the
Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesus</a>, Quezon City: Academic Publishing
Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Nakpil+and+the+Philippine+Revolutio
n
%3A+With+the+Autobiography+of+Gregoria+de+Jesus&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.p
ub=Academic+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=971-707-048-
2&rft.aulast=Nakpil&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXn3AQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2001" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo"
title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (2001), Bones of Contention: The
Bonifacio Lectures, Anvil Publishing, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-27-1151-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-27-
1151-X"><bdi>971-27-1151-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones+of+Contention
%3A+The+Bonifacio+Lectures&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing
%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-27-1151-
X&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2016" class="citation news"><a
href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (June 1, 2016).
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/95004/rediscovering-ph-
filipiniana">"Rediscovering PH through Filipiniana"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily
Inquirer">INQUIRER.net</a>. INQUIRER.net.
Retrieved June 7, 2019. <q>... [Joel S.] Regala
went to the archives and found the 1881 records on Andres Bonifacio! Reproduced in
the book [In the Blood] is the page where you find the parents of the hero:
Santiago Bonifacio (aged 39) and Catalina de Castro (aged 36).... This small bit
off information disproves the textbook story that Andres and his siblings were
orphaned young.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info
%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=INQUIRER.net&rft.atitle=Redisco
vering+PH+through+Filipiniana&rft.date=2016-06-
01&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F95004%2Frediscovering-ph-filipiniana&rfr_id=info
<li><cite id="CITEREFOcampo1999" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo"
title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (1999), Rizal Without the Overcoat
(Expanded ed.), Anvil Publishing, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-27-0920-5" title="Special:BookSources/971-27-
0920-5"><bdi>971-27-0920-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rizal+Without+the+Overcoat&rft.editio
n=Expanded&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=971-
27-0920-5&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid
<li><cite id="CITEREFQuirino1969" class="citation">Quirino, Carlos (1969), The
Young Aguinaldo: From Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato, Manila</cite><span
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Aguinaldo
%3A+From+Kawit+to+Biyak-na-
Bato&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Quirino&rft.aufirst=
Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
<li><cite id="CITEREFRonquillo1996" class="citation">Ronquillo, Carlos (1996),
Isagani Medina (ed.), Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896–1897,
Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilang+talata+tungkol+sa+paghihimagsik+nan
g+1896%E2%80%931897&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philipp
ines+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ronquillo&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rf
r_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
<li><cite id="CITEREFSalazar1994" class="citation">Salazar, Zeus (1994), Agosto
29–30, 1896: Ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila, Quezon City: Miranda
Bookstore</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agosto+29%E2%80%9330%2C+1896%3A+Ang+pagsa
lakay+ni+Bonifacio+sa+Maynila&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Miranda+Booksto
re&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Salazar&rft.aufirst=Zeus&rfr_id=info
<li><cite id="CITEREFVillanueva1989" class="citation">Villanueva, Alejo (1989),
Bonifacio's Unfinished Revolution, Quezon City: New Day
Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonifacio
%27s+Unfinished+Revolution&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers
&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Villanueva&rft.aufirst=Alejo&rfr_id=info
rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFZaide1984" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Zaide"
class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorio Zaide">Zaide, Gregorio</a> (1984),
Philippine History and Government, National Bookstore Printing
Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev
%3Amtx
%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History+and+Government&rft
.pub=National+Bookstore+Printing+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Zaide&r
ft.aufirst=Gregorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr
<li><cite id="CITEREFZaide1999" class="citation">Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), <a
id=6YMsNgAACAAJ">The Philippines: A Unique Nation</a>, All-Nations
Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines
%3A+A+Unique+Nation&rft.pub=All-
Nations+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-642-071-
5&rft.aulast=Zaide&rft.aufirst=Sonia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F
%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YMsNgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2>External links[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio&action=edit&section=22"
title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-
Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-
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<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <a
href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio"
class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés
Bonifacio</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox"
style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-
logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-
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logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-
height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a
href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio"
class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés
Bonifacio</a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andrés
%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bonifacio%2C
%20Andrés%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Andrés
%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andrés%22%20OR%20description
%3A%22Andrés%20Bonifacio%22%20OR%20%22Bonifacio%2C%20Andres%22%20OR%20%22Andres
%20Bonifacio%22%29%20OR%20%28%221863-1897%22%20AND%20Bonifacio%29%29%20AND%20%28-
mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Andrés Bonifacio</a> at <a
href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://librivox.org/author/1665">Works by Andrés Bonifacio</a> at <a
href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-
Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-
Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-
Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li>
href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/bonifacio.html">Andres Bonifacio: 1863–
1897</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect"
title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of
Congress</a></li>
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317220138/http://www.filipiniana.net/Artifac
tView.do?artifactID=PRR004000009">The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and
Procopio Bonifacio</a> Full text and online collection of court documents in
Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio
trial.</li>
tView.do?artifactID=BKW000000005&page=1&epage=3">The Court-Martial of
Andres Bonifacio</a> English translation of the historical court documents and
testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed
by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipinia
na.net</a></li>
tView.do?artifactID=BKW000000004&page=1&epage=1">Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
Tagalog</a> Summary and full text of an article written by Andrés Bonifacio in the
Katipunan newspaper Kalayaan posted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipinia
na.net</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-
bonifacio/">"Transcript of the Trial of Andres Bonifacio"</a>.
malacanang.gov.ph. Retrieved November 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-
%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=malacanang.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Tr
anscript+of+the+Trial+of+Andres+Bonifacio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph
%2F3330-transcript-of-the-trial-of-andres-bonifacio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid
deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/23/19/aguinaldo-confession-letters-on-
bonifacio-execution-fetch-p5-million-at-auction">"Aguinaldo 'confession' letters on
Bonifacio execution fetch P5 million at auction"</a>. ABS-CBN News (with image
of a typewritten account amended in Emilio Aguinaldo’s handwriting). February
23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt
%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News+
%28with+image+of+a+typewritten+account+amended+in+Emilio+Aguinaldo
%E2%80%99s+handwriting%29&rft.atitle=Aguinaldo+%27confession
%27+letters+on+Bonifacio+execution+fetch+P5+million+at+auction&rft.date=2019-
02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F02%2F23%2F19%2Faguinaldo-
confession-letters-on-bonifacio-execution-fetch-p5-million-at-
auction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndr%C3%A9s+Bonifacio"
data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-
size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a
href="/wiki/List_of_Unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect"
title="List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines">Unofficial presidents of
the Philippines</a> August 24, 1896 – March 10 or 22, 1897
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio
Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> as <a
href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of
the Philippines">Presidents of the Philippines</a>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unofficial_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List
of unofficial presidents of the Philippines">Unofficial Presidents of the
Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd
hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrés Bonifacio</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog
Republic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio
Aguinaldo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros
Convention">Tejeros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic
of Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial
Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Republic</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)"
title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary
Government</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Macabulos" title="Francisco Macabulos">Francisco
Macabulos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)"
title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive
Committee</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a>
(<a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First
Philippine Republic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a>
(<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog
Republic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Abad_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Abad
Santos">Jose Abad Santos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commonwealth"
class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Commonwealth">Philippine
Commonwealth</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippine_Revolution"
style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner" style="border-
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_Revolution"
title="Template:Philippine Revolution"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_Revolution" title="Template talk:Philippine
Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
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text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Philippine_Revolution&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
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padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippine_Revolution"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution"
title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td
class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*Battles_*People">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution"
title="Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution">Battles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Philippine_Revolution"
title="Category:People of the Philippine Revolution">People</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts
against Spain">Local Revolts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palmero_Conspiracy" title="Palmero Conspiracy">Palmero
Conspiracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Concurrent</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad
Lawin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacio
Plan">Bonifacio Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan
(Bonifacio)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros
Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-
Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Supreme_Council_elections,_1897" class="mw-
redirect" title="Philippine Supreme Council elections, 1897">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-
Bato">Pact</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American
War">Spanish–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine
Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos
Republic">Malolos Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine
Republic">República Filipina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros
Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of
Negros</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_the_Visayas" title="Federal State of the
Visayas">Federal State of the Visayas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of
Zamboanga</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Epilogue</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris
(1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American
War">Philippine–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sacay" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan
(Sacay)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law
(Philippines)">Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the
Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty
of Manila</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"
class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list
navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-
Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent
Church">Aglipayan Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga
Filipina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdalo (Katipunan
faction)">Magdalo faction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(Katipunan_faction)" title="Magdiwang (Katipunan
faction)">Magdiwang faction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine
Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary
Army">Philippine Revolutionary Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pulahan" title="Pulahan">Pulajanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda
Movement</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El
filibusterismo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kartilya_ng_Katipunan" title="Kartilya ng Katipunan">Kartilya
ng Katipunan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos
Constitution</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3s" title="Mi último adiós">Mi último
adiós</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere
(novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of
Biak-na-Bato</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/La_solidaridad" title="La solidaridad">La
solidaridad</a></li></ul>
style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Flags of the
Philippine Revolution">Flags of the Philippine Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of
the Philippines</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Marcha nacional
filipina</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a></li></ul>
labelledby="23x15px|border_|alt=Philippines|link=Philipp
ines_Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table
class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines"
title="Template:Public holidays in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this
webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-
talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines"
title="Template talk:Public holidays in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this
webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-
edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines&action=edit"><abbr
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-
box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
id="23x15px|border_|alt=Philippines|link=Philippines_Pub
lic_holidays_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img
alt="Philippines"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.sv
g/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12"
class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines
.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46p
x-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"
/></a> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public
holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays in the
Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Regular holidays</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's
Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy
Thursday</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Day" title="Bataan Day">Araw ng Kagitingan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day
(Philippines)">Independence Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Heroes%27_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National
Heroes' Day">National Heroes' Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Day" title="Bonifacio Day">Bonifacio Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">Rizal Day</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special
non-working days</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New
Year</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Black
Saturday</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_Day" title="Ninoy Aquino Day">Ninoy Aquino
Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints'
Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls'
Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the
Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nochebuena" title="Nochebuena">Noche Buena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">Last day of the
year</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special
holiday (for schools)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power
Revolution">EDSA Revolution Anniversary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow"
colspan="2"><div>Italicized: Movable
holiday</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
labelledby="22x22px|link=|alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippine
s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner" style="border-
class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines"
title="Template:Symbols of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template"
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Symbols
of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-
shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external
text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Symbols_of_the_Philippines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this
webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
id="22x22px|link=|alt=_National_symbols_of_the_Philippines"
style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philip
pines.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20"
height="22"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Phi
lippines.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines
.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-
file-height="568" /> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines"
title="National symbols of the Philippines">National symbols of the
Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the
Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the
Philippines">Great Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino
language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino
Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the
Philippines">Flag</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang
Hinirang</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa"
title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao,
Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus
indicus">Narra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine
eagle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Philippine
pearl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum
sambac">Sampaguita</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px
0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the
Philippines.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.sv
g/80px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines
.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/160
px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-
height="600" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style="width:1%">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saribus_rotundifolius" title="Saribus
rotundifolius">Anahaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barong_Tagalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Barong
Tagalog">Barong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't
saya">Baro't saya</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lechon" title="Lechon">Lechon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang
Palace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the
Philippines">National Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_hut" title="Nipa hut">Nipa hut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine
peso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">Sinigang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipa">Sipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waling-waling" title="Waling-waling">Waling-
waling</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a
href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" title="National hero of the
Philippines">National heroes</a> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd
hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table
class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th
scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-
list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrés Bonifacio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared
from national legislation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Day" title="Bataan Day">Veterans of the Second World
War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino
Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Day" title="Heroes' Day">Heroes' Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">Martyrs
and Heroes during the Martial Law Period</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From
proposed laws</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-
left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div
style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio
Aguinaldo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melchora_Aquino" title="Melchora Aquino">Melchora
Aquino</a></li>
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%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88" title="‫– آندرس بونیفاسیو‬
Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">‫<فارسی‬/a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link
interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%94%E6%96%AF
%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%A7" title="安達斯·波尼斯奧 – Gan Chinese"
lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC
%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%88%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A4"
title="안드레스 보니파시오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-
link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a
href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a
href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Bonifacio" title="Andres Bonifacio –
Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa
Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a
href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Bonifacio" title="Andres Bonifacio –
Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a
href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a
href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A1_
%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95" title="‫ – אנדרס בוניפסיו‬Hebrew"
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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a
href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a
href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Bonifacio" title="Andreas Bonifacio –
Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li
class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr
%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms"
class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-
link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio"
title="Andrés Bonifacio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a
href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC
%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8B%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA" title="ア
ンドレス・ボニファシオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-
target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a
href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk
bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a
href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a
href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a
href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a
href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD
%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81"
title="Бонифасио, Андрес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-
link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a
href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andres_Bonifacio" title="Andres Bonifacio –
Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a
href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a
href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a
href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
– Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a
href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD
%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A
%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD" title="อั น
เดรส โบนี ฟาซีโอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-
target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a
href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_
%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Андрес Боніфасіо –
Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a
href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio
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Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a
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– Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-
target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a
href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E6%BB
%82%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%91%E7%A7%80" title="安德烈·滂尼发秀 – Chinese" lang="zh"
hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Andrés Bonifacio</h1>

<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early

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