*

Rev
iewofPhi
l101Cl
assHel
dOn24t
h,25t
h,31stOfJul
y,1st&3r
dofAugust2018*

*
Probl
emsofAf
ri
ca/
Afr
icaPol
i
tical
Phi
l
osophy(
AWOESSAY)
*

*
Thepr
obl
emsofAf
ri
ca,
TheNeedForI
deol
ogi
cal
Reappr
aisal
AndThei
rPossi
bleSol
uti
ons*

Forustoident
ifyt
heprobl
emsofAfr
ica,
wehav
etoadoptamet
hodol
ogybecauseev
ery
thi
nga
persondoes,t
hereisamethodf
ori
t.

Thereasonformet hodol
ogyi
sthatwehavetoident
if
ywhatAfr
icaprobl
em ar
e,t
hei
r
backgr
oundorr ootcausesofpr
oblem ofAf
ri
ca.Whenweident
if
ytheseprobl
emsthati
swhen
wecanr eappr
aisethem.

Forustobeabl
etost
udyt
hepr
obl
em ofAf
ri
cai
nawayt
hatwecanf
indsol
uti
ons,
wehav
eto
dothati
deol
ogi
cal
ly
.

*I
deology*
:isabodyofbelief
sorpr inci
ples,
accordi
ngt
owhi chasociet
yisor
ganizedand
admini
ster
edfortheopti
mum pr oductionofgoodsandser
vicesforhumanwelf
are.Exampl
es
ofi
deologyarecapi
tal
i
sm, soci
alism andcommuni sm.

*
ConceptofSt
udyAf
ri
ca*

Afri
caisavastconti
nentwi t
hdi ff
erentnumberofpeopl esuchasNegroes,Arabs,etc.
Afri
caisalar
gecontinentwithdi f
ferentnumberofpeople.InAfri
cawehav esomanypeopl e.
Afri
cahave54countriesrecognizedbyAUandUni tedNat i
ons.Manycountri
esinAf r
icaar e
compositeofdi
ffer
entethnicgr oupsegl i
keNiger
ia.Afr
icaismadeupofdi ff
erentlanguages.I t
i
sacomposi teofnati
onswi thinnations.
.TheonlyexceptionsareAl
geri
a,Egypt,Mor occoet c
theyaremadeupofoneet hnicgroup.Af r
icai
smadeupofdi ver
seecologi
cal/geographical
feat
ures.Manyofwhichar econduci veforhumanlivi
ng.

*
FourHi
stor
ical
Per
iods/I
mpor
tToBeSt
udy
*

1.Theper
iodbef
orecont
actwi
tht
hewhi
ter
acef
rom 7000BC t
o1444AD.

2.Theper
iodcont
actwi
tht
hewhi
ter
ace1444AD-
1833AD.

3.Theper
iodoff
orei
gnr
uleandt
hecol
oni
zat
ionf
rom 1833-
1957.

4.Theper
iodofi
ndependencef
rom 1957onwar
d.

*
Meani
ngofPr
obl
em*

Aprobl
em maybedefi
nedasanyt
hingi
nwhichman,mayormaynotbeconsci
ouswhich
af
fectori
sli
kel
ytoaf
fecthi
swell
beingadv
ersel
yandorwhi
chhi
ndertheat
tai
nmentofit
s
obj
ect
iveandt
hesat
isf
act
ionofhumanneeds.

*
Char
act
eri
sti
csofPr
obl
em*

Problemsar eli
kepl ans,
theyhaveroot,
ifwecoul
dfi
ndanddestroyt
hoserootswewoul
d
succeedbot hinsolvingandremov i
ngthecausesoft
heprobl
em andthuspreventt
he
reappearanceiny ourli
febutifwecouldcutof
fthest
em orbr
anchandleavetheroot
untouchedt heproblem wil
lconti
nues.

Ther
efor
eaproblem i
sper
manent
lysol
vedwheni
tsr
ootcausesi
sfi
ndoutandi
sef
fect
ivel
y
t
ackledandther
ebydestr
oyi
ngt
heroot
.

Apr
obl
em iscont
ainedwhenit
sgr
owt
hisar
rest
edandapr
obl
em i
stempor
ari
l
ysol
vedwhen
i
tsst
em orbr
anchesiscutorr
emov
ed.

Thi
sdefi
niti
onofproblem wi
l
lhel
pident
if
yandunder
standtheprobl
emsofAfr
icaaswestudy
f
ourhi
stor
icalper
iod.Havi
ngunder
standwhatpr
obl
emsar e,
letl
ookattwoki
ndsofprobl
ems:

1.*Lat
entProblem*:Thecauseofsuchapr obl
em existbutnottoourknowl edge,weare
i
gnorantoftheknowledgeofthecauseoft heproblem.Whet herornotwear eawar eofsucha
si
tuati
on,i
texistal
lthesameandinaccor dancewi ththel
awofnat ure,theproblem i
tcauses
conti
nuetogr owunti
lsomethi
ngisdonet oar r
estitgrowthorexter
mi nateit
.Thekindof
probl
em *ChiefAwo*call
edlat
entisthatof* Anophelesmosquitoandmal ar
ia*
.

2.*PatentPr
obl
em* :
wemaybecomeofpr
oblem wit
houtatt
hesametimebecomeawar
eof
thecauses.I
notherwor
ds,
weareawar
eoftheprobl
em buti
gnor
antofit
scauses.

Forinst
anceonemaybehav
ingar
unni
ngst
omachwi
thoutknowi
ngt
hecauseoft
hest
omach
ache.

*
Hist
ori
cal
Phase1,
Per
iod1*

1.Peri
odBefor
eContactTheWhit
eRaceFr
om 7000BC-1444AD:(
Whent
her
estoft
hewor
ldar
e
movingtof
ourthr
evolut
ionofi
ndust
ry,
wearest
il
latf
ir
strevol
uti
on)
.

Afri
caearl
ymanwasconsciousofhi
sneedforfood,nat
uregavehim hungerf
orf
ood.The
Afr
icaear
lymanhav
et heabil
i
tyt
obehungry
, i
nordertosati
sfyhishunger
,hewasahunterof
ani
malsandhewasalsopicki
ngfr
uit
sgat
herers,
diggi
ngediblefoods.

Afri
caearlymanl i
veami grat
ory,ascendingandunstablelif
e.Nev erthel
esshewasasoci al
animalandt henli
veinbi ndoffamili
esi nordert
or ai
sehisfragil
ey oungmenwi t
hsome
measur esofprotect
ionandaf f
ecti
on.Heneededshel terbutthatisnotmuchofpr obl
em f or
hi
m becausehecoul dusebr anchesoft rees,
caves,hol
esoft rees,rocksunderwhi chhecoul d
shelt
erhimself.Forclothingheusehi desandskinsofani mals.Hehadnosoci alorpolit
ical
probl
emsbecauseast heheadoff ami l
y,hiswordwasl aw.Hisf i
vesensesoft aste,eye,touch,
nosewer eingoodcondi t
ionbuthewasunt utor
ed,uneducatedandbecauseoft hishecoul dnot
underst
andori
nter
prethi
senv
ironmenti
nasy
stemat
icmannerbecauseofhi
slackof
educati
onandt
uiti
on.

Tot heAfri
caear l
ymanallthephenomenonwhi chheperceivedaroundhimlikerai
n,thunder
etc.Helookedoutcastonallthesethi
ngs.Theev entshecoul
dnotunder st
andar eei
ther
unknownorunknowabl e.Hewaspoor ,
undernourishedandhewasconst antl
yindangerof
starv
ati
ont odeath.(fastf
orwar dt
oNi ger
ia,t
hisisat r
uedescri
pti
onofNi ger
ia.Ourgrate
grandFatherscouldnotsol
vet heprobl
em beforeanotheronecameupont hem,accordingto
Awo) .

Af r
icaearl
yman' slif
ewasmostunheal thyandt erribl
yshortwhi
chcanbecal l
edabl inkl
ive.
Whenhef al
li
ll,hedidn'
tknowwhatt odot orest
or ehi msel
ftoheal
thyespeciall
yatt heearl
y
stagesbutlatertheyweregui dedbymer einsti
nctst opartakeoncertai
nherbswhi chhav e
curati
veelement sorpropert
ies.Insear
chf orfood, hecouldgoasf arashi
sl egcouldcar r
yhim,
hehasnomeansoft r
ansportati
onandint heprocur ementoffood,whenhef indit,hecould
onlykil
lsuchani malsashispowercoul dhim.

Hewasaf rui
tgathererandrootdigger.Howeverastimewenton, heinventedcrudewooden,
orboneandst onetoolsandimplement swi t
hwhichheimproveshi
sef f
ici
encyinhishunt i
ng
andfrui
tgatheri
ng.Iti
simportanttonotet hatt
heuseofstonetool
swer eat echni
calrevol
uti
on
amongt heprimit
ivepeopleofold,
mi ddleandnewst oneageandthatinthisrevol
uti
on,Afri
ca
wasclearl
yinthelead.

Otherrevol
uti
onasti
mewenton,weret
heeraoff
arming,
past
orat
ion,
ironwor
king,house
bui
ldingforshel
ter
,di
scov
eryoff
ir
esandit
susesf
orcooki
ng,f
orwarmthandstableeconomi
c
l
if
e.

*
HowTheAf
ri
caManFor
m Set
tl
ement
s/Communi
tyandThePr
obl
em ThatAr
ouse*

Settl
ement sareknownascommuni t
y.Thecommuni tyar eform withv i
l
lages,clansf amil
ies
etc.Manyfami l
iesconnect edtoget hertoform aclanandmanyhav eoner ul
er,from townwe
canform ar egi
on.Thepr ocessoff ormingacommuni t
ybyAf r
icanstartedasf aras10000BC, i
t
start
edasf arasKingAf olabithegr atearound10000BC- 600BC.Af tertheformationoft he
communi t
y, someot herproblem ar ouse.Someoft hem wer elatentproblem whilesomewer e
patentpr
obl em.Withcommuni t y
,lif
ecame, divi
sionoflabouranddi visi
onofl abourledt o
i
mpr oveproductivi
ty.Wit
hpr oduct ivi
tyofgoodsandser vices;camet radebybar ter.Howev er
becauseoft heseimprovement s,thefoll
owingproblemswer esolved;

Mostproblem li
kestor
ageoffood,t
ranspor
tati
onfr
om oneseatoanotherwer
esolv
ed.Stor
ing
ofgoodsf r
om oneseasontoanotherwerealsosol
ved.Att
hispoi
nti
nt i
memannol ongera
foodgathereragai
n.Witht
hisi
mproveinconditi
onofli
feofear
lyman,thef
oll
owi
ngfoll
ows:

1.Humanbeingsdevel
opthedesi
ret
oaccumulategoods,
propert
ies,
theyal
sodev el
opthe
desi
ret
oeatbetterf
ood.Theyal
sodev
elopeddesi
retoownlandforpermanentoccupati
on
becausepr
oduct
ionwasdependedonl
and,
peopl
enowhav
edesi
ret
oacqui
remor
eland.

2.Alongtheli
net
heydesi
rechi
efti
tl
esi
nor
dertodominat
eoneanot her
.Theydev
elopedt
he
appeti
tetobecomechi
efanddominat
est
heweakerper
son,especi
all
yinthei
deaofgoodsand
serv
ices.

3.Manal sodesir
ef orlei
sureandifpossibl
etoexploi
tandenslavehi sfell
owman, inorderto
havegreat
eraccumul at
ionforwealth.Whymor ewealt
h?Becausehewantl ongerperiodof
enj
oy ment
.Sobecauseoft hisAfri
caear l
ymanbecamegr eedyinor dertosat i
sfythi
sgr eed,he
hadtodominateothersbyf or
ceofv iol
encewhichisst
il
lhappeningt oday.Whichisapr oblem
ofAfri
ca.Weengagei ntri
balvi
olence.Thisvi
olenceonotherpeoplewasmeantt oremov eall
obstacl
esonhiswayofacqui ri
ngmor eweal
th.SoAfri
camant rampl edont hedignit
yandr i
ght
ofother
s.

2.Ensl
aveother
stopromotehi
sselfi
nterestandgreed.Therethenappearastat
eofwarin
whichonefamil
yobl
igedorsawanotherasanobst acl
etobedemol ishedatanycostas,
in
ordert
opavewayfortheownershi
pofmor ethanlandcult
ivati
on.

ChiefAwosai dafterall
these,thi
sdev
elopmentledtoemergenceofsoci
alcl
asses,two
dist
inctofgoodpeopl e.Soci
et yi
ssuchthati
fpeopleacqui
ri
ngwealt
h,aft
erget
ti
ngt hatweal
th,
theywillsubdueotherstopov ert
y.

*
Emer
genceofTwoDi
sti
nctPeopl
e*

Thestrongandtheweakpeopl eemer ged.Thestrongwer eintheminorit

ybutbecame
dominantandther
eforetheybecameexpl oi
ti
ngpeopl e.Theweakpeopl eareinthemajori
ty.
Theybecamet heexpl
oit
edorenslavedpeopl e.Thelessonfrom thehist
oryisl
ikethedominant
andtheexploi
ti
nggroupinanysocietyarealway si
nt heminorit
ywhilethevastmajori
tyal
way s
bel
ongtooppressedorexploit
edclass.(Havesandt hehave-not).

Theoppressedgroupstar
tedhat
ingtheoppressor
sbecauseofexpl
oit
ati
on.Wi
thpassageof
t
imet hi
stwonowr egardedtheot
hershaslat
entproblem.

Thevi
ewoftheoppr
essorsandtheoppressedpeoplewer
econt
radi
ctory,
whereast
he
oppr
essor
ssawtheoppressedastheinst
rumentthatwi
ll
workf
ortheirpl
easur
esasser
vant
s
andsl
avestopr
ovi
dethem wit
hwealthandleasur
e.

Theoppr essedpeoplesawt heoppressorsasenemi esandaspeopl ewhol i

vesonthe
oppressedpeopl eandexploit
edt hewealththeycr
eated.Asar esultoft
histheyhat
edeach
others.Theoppr essor
shatedt heoppressedbecauset heybeli
evedonedayt heywi
llrev
oke
againstthem.I nanycasetherewascl assofwar,wher ebyeachonewantt ogainoverother
s.

Asti
mewenton, Agricult
urewasdiscov
eredandmancannowsett
ledi
nthecommunityt
o
har
vest
.Withthedi
scover yofAgr
icul
turet
herecamewar
sforgr
abbi
nglandbetween
communit
y,town,v
il
lagesbecauselandwast hemainmeanst
ograbwealt
h.Suchempi
resl
ike
Ghana,Mali
,Zonga,BeninandOyoempi
rer
oseandconquer
edpeopl
eandt
ookt
hei
r
possessi
onincl
udingthei
rland.

Theempir
eswerealsoconqueredi
nturnbyot
hers.Theywer
efi
ght
ingf
orl
and,
trader
oot
,
commerce,
ext
ract
ionoftaxesfr
om conquer
edpeople.

Thedi
scover
yofi
ronfr
om whi
chweaponsweremadeledt
omor
ewarandconquestbet
ween
t
heexist
ingcommunit
yandexi
sti
ngempir
esandtowns.

Howev ert
hiswarandconquestwer enotall
owedt ogoonf oralongtime.Why?Theruli
ng
classbecamev erycreativ
eandf indtoreducedtensionbetweent heclassoftheexpl
oit
ersand
theexploi
tedandwi thther educt
ionoftensiontheyestabl
ishedpeaceandwi thpeaceand
concordbetweent heruledandt heruler
,theysawt hemsel
v esasonepeopl ewhounitefora
commoncause.I nanycase, t
heprocessofcreatingpeaceandconcor ddidn'
tquit
esolvedthe
socialandpol
iti
calproblemst hatarouseatthattimeegprobl em ofinj
usti
ce.

Inanycasetheproblem associat
edwit hexploi
tat
ionofmanybythefewwer e*suppressed*
and*contai
ned*r
athert hanthei
rbeinguprootedandr emovi
ngthebasi
ccauses.Ov er
allt
he
dominantcl
assmaintainedt hel
if
eofleisurewhichithasachiev
edearl
ieronbecauseoft heir
l
ifeofl
eisur
eandcomf ort,
thedominantclasswasabl etoengagei
n*reflect
ion*(t
hinki
ng).

Ref l
ecti
oninturnl
eadstoenl i
ght enment;theybecameeducat edwithenl
ightenment,t
he
domi nantclassinAfri
cacreatedhi stori
calmy t
hsorst ori
eswhichf av
ourthem.Theyal so
createdtheGod, modeofwor ship, stori
esaboutgodsandspi r
it
s.Theyalsocreatedmodeof
wor shi
pingthisGods.I
notherwor ds, t
heycreatedr
eligion.Theycreat
edclassofpriest
sthat
communi catewi
thgods.Thehi storicalmythsalsocreatedkingandot herl
eaders(I
fecreat
ion
my thsisalsooneofthem).

Meanwhil
etheexpl
oit
edcl
assobeytheirleader
s, t
hei
rking,t
hei
rQueen.Theyconsul
tedt
he
pri
estoft
heGodandwor shi
pt heGodi
nt hewaypr escr
ibedbytheki
ngandQueen.Someof
thi
swayweretabooswhichtheyusemainlytocovertheirey
esandmindoftheexploi
tedcl
ass.

Manyproblemsofl if
ewer egiv
enreli
giousexplanati
ons, whi
chmakepeopl eseekforrel
igi
ous
sol
uti
onsinsteadofpr acti
calandexper
iment al
soluti
ons.Ov er
allt
hepeoplewerekeptin
i
gnorancebyt heirleadersaboutsomanyt hingsoflif
e.Itisnotewort
hythatr
eli
gionsoluti
onsto
soci
alandpoliticalproblemsdonotsolvet hem.Theyonl ypall
i
ateandsuppressedthem, i
e
soci
alpol
it
ical problems.

I
nconcl
usi
on,
thepr
oblem whi
chbesetourancest
orfr
om t
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heol
dst
oneage
r
iseuptot
heeveofAf
rica'
scont
actwit
hthewhiteracear
easfol
l
ows:

1.I
gnor
ance

2.Techni
cal
Backwar
dness
3.Super
sti
ti
ousBel
i
ef

4.Pov
ert
y

5.Di
sease

6.Pr
imi
ti
vecul
ti
vat
ionofl
and

7.Poormai
ntenanceofl
awandor
der

8.Inabil
i
tyt odefendthemselvesagai
nstexter
nal aggressi
on.Thesewer er
ealpr
acti
cal
problemst hatcannotbesolvedbythekindofappr oachourancestorsadoptedl
ikecr
eat
ing
godsi nthesky,feel
ingtheatmospherewithspir
itandi mposingdespotsonthecommunity
.
Thisappr oachcouldnotsolv
et hosepr
oblems.

*
Someot
herr
easonswhyt
hepr
obl
em ofAf
ri
car
emai
nedunsol
vedar
e;*

1.Att
hebegi
nni
ngourancest
orswer
enei
therawar
eoft
hepr
obl
em ort
hei
rcauses.

2.Theywerei
gnorantanddi
dn'
treal
i
zedt
hatt
heywer
eignor
ant
.Ast
heyhav
enomeansof
rev
eali
ngthei
rignor
ance.

3.Tragi
call
ywhentheybecameawareofsomeoftheprobl
em;theyappli
edwrongsolut
ionsto
them.Forexampl
ewhent heyr
eali
zedmosqui
toeswaskil
li
ngpeople,t
heydi
dn'tknowwhich
l
eafwi l
lcur
ethepr
oblem.Theyconsul
tedI
FAaskedthem t
osacrif
icet
othedeity,
meanwhile
malari
awasgoingon.

4.Andwhent
heyf
indcorr
ectsol
uti
ont osomeoftheprobl
em,
theyabuset
hebenef
it
soft
hese
sol
uti
onsi
nawaythatt
hesoluti
oncreatednewpr
oblems.

Thatwasthesit
uat
ionofAf
ri
cabetweentheperi
odofforei
gnr
uleanddecol
oni
zat
ion.The
peri
odofforei
gnrul
eanddecol
onizat
ioni
stheperi
odAfr
icanscameincont
actwit
hwhitemen
around15-
16AD

*
ThePr
obl
emsofAf
ri
caUnderCol
oni
ali
sm wasSl
aveTr
ade*

*
_Negat
iveEf
fectOfSl
aveTr
adeI
nAf
ri
ca_
*

1.Thebr
utal
i
zat
ionanddehumani
zat
ionofbl
ackAf
ri
cansonmassi
vescal
e.

2.AsthedominantAfri
canclasssupplywhi
tesl
averswi
tht
heirhumancargo.Themindoft
he
Afri
cansbecamet hor
oughl
ywar ped,
debasedandinbui
l
dwithcall
ousnessandcont
extwit
h
thei
rfel
lowAfr
icans.

3.Themindofthedomi nat
edcl assweregr
iev
edbyf earandhat
redf
ort
hedominantclass.
Consequentl
yAfr
icansgenerall
ydevel
opedinf
erior
it
ycomplextowar
dst
hewhit
er acebecause
ofsuperi
orknowl
edge,superiorweaponsandtechnol
ogy.
4.Depopul
ati
onofAf
ri
cat
ownsandv
il
lagesandt
otal
disr
upt
ionoff
ami
l
yandcommuni
tyl
i
fe.

5.Thenegl
ectanddestruct
ionofAgri
cul
tur
eandpastor
ali
sm andt
hedest
ruct
ionof
manufact
uri
ngint
erestandini
ti
ati
vesoftheAf
ri
cans.

6.Theinnersel
fofAfr
icawhichwasunder
devel
opedatt
hetimeofcont
actwi
tht
heWhi
ter
ace
becamedepressed,
darkenedandwor
stunder
devel
opedthanbef
ore.

7.Thetermsoftradebet weenAfr
icansandthewhit
eracewaswickedandunf
airi
nret
urnf
or
sl
aves.Ourancestorsrecei
vedspiri
t(Ogogor
o,dr
ygin,
hotdri
nksandfi
rear
ms)withwhi
chthey
degradedthemselvesandslaught
eredoneanother
.

8.Wi t
htheintr
oducti
onofmoney,
theAfri
cansgreedformoneyint
ensi
fi
ed.Therewashardened
socialst
rat
ifi
cati
onorhi
erar
chywhichi
sapr oductoft
hedevel
opmentofsocial
classesr
unning
parall
elt
oeachot her
.

Al
ltheprobl
emsofAfricadur
ingthi
sper
iodr
emai
nedunsol
vedatt
hecloseoftheagei
n
1833andtogetherwi
ththosewhichhaver
emai
nedunsol
vedi
n1443werecarr
iedfor
wardto
thet
hirdageamongtheseare:

*
ThePer
iodofFor
eignRul
eandDecol
oni
zat
ion*

*
Thi
sper
iodwasi
ntwophases:
*

*
ToTheWhi
teRace*

Aperi
odofimperi
ali
sm:imper
ial
i
sm i
stheprocessofi
nvadi
ngandconqueringanotherpeople
byfor
ceofarmsforthepur
poseofi
mposingcoloni
alr
uleonthem andexpl
oit
ingthei
rnatural
andhumanresour
ces.

Imperi
ali
sm isaper
iodofsubj
ugat
ioni
nwhichtheconquer
edpeopl
eloset
hei
rri
ghtt
osel
frul
e
andadminist
rat
ioni
esubmissi
ontofor
eignpower
.

In1884,t
heBerl
inConf
erencemettoset
tl
ethei
rpr
obl
emsi
nfar
mland,Di
vi
sionofAf
ri
ca,
the
col
onial
rulemeantt
hefoll
owingf
ortheEur
opeans

1.I
mposecol
oni
alr
ule

2.Theymai
ntai
nmonar
chy

3.Theyappoi
ntedwar
rant
schi
ef.

4.Theyfoundnewmar ketf
ort
heirpr
oduct,t
heyt
ookawaytherawmat er
ialt
otheircount
ri
es
thenbroughtf
ini
shedgoodsbytoAfr
ica.I
twasaperi
odofprosper
it
yfortheEuropeansbuta
per
iodofsubj
ugat
ionandexpl
oit
ati
onf
ort
heAf
ri
cansandal
sopr
ovi
desmar
ketf
ort
hem.

6.Theyrul
ebyi
ndi
rectrul
einor
dertoexpl
oitourhumanandnat
ural
resour
ces.Human
r
esourceswer
edeployedi
nEuropeans.

*
ToTheBl
ackRace*

*
Whatt
hecol
oni
almeantf
orAf
ri
cans*

1.I
n1444,whenAfri
canmadecontactwi
ththewhi
ter
ace,
Afr
icanswasal
ready2000y
ear
s
behi
ndthewhit
eraceinal
laspect
sofdevel
opment
.

2.Thereaf
ter
,ther
ewas389year
sofcolossal
humil
iat
ionandret
rogr
essiononall
frontaswe
seenintheeff
ectofr
aceofsl
averat
eandslavet
radeandthei
rconsequences.

3.I
n1833,
Afr
icansempi
reshadal
lbei
ngdi
sint
egr
ated,
sot
hatt
her
ewer
e

nov i
sibl
enat
ionst
atelar
geenoughtopr
otecti
tspeopl
e,soAf
ri
canswer
enotequi
ppedt
o
resi
stcol
oni
zati
onbythewhi
terace.

4.Ther
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenAf
ri
cansandt
hewhi
ter
acei
n1833and1884wassi
mpl
yont
rade.

5.I
nthi
str
ade,
thewhi
temenwer
einchar
geandAf
ri
canswer
ethebeastofbur
den.

6.Consequent
lythewhit
emeni ntr
oducedcashcropeconomywhi chdi
stortedindi
genous
Afri
canAgri
cul
tureandindust
ri
alcreat
ivi
tyi
nthesenseall
effor
tsweredirectedatthe
produci
ngthecashcropsrequi
redbythewhitesf
orthi
sindustr
yinthei
rowncount ry.

7.TheAf
ri
canswer
ehi
ghl
yexpl
oit
edwi
thoutbei
ngawar
eofi
t.

8.Becauseofthei
gnor
anceofAf r
icahewasunnecessar
il
yexpl
aini
nghowt
hewhi
temenwer
e
unfai
rtothem i
ntr
adepract
ices.

9.I
nstead,Af
ri
cansweregreatful
tothewhi
temenf orst
oppingtheoppr
essi
on,sl
avetr
adi
ng,
andtradeandotherhar
shtreat
ments.Thenat
ivesofAfr
icasuff
eredint
hehandofthei
r
i
ndigenousstr
ongmen, l
eadersanddespot
s.

10.Thisgrat
it
udet
oWhi t
emanincr
easedwhenWhitemenprovi
dedroads,
school
s,hospi
tal
s
tovari
ouscommunit
y.Thewhi
temenprovi
dedeconomic,
educat
ional
andhealt
hrel
atedfaci
l
ity
proj
ects.

11.Thewhit
emanwasalsoseenasgoodwhentheybroughtbackblackAfri
cans.(
Event
hough
afewofthem)whohadbeensol
dasslav
esinEuropeanscountr
ies.Eglat
eSamuel Aj
ayi
Crowther
.

12.Ast
imewenton,
riv
alr
ydev
elopedamongEur
opeanspowerov
erwhoshoul
doccupi
edpar
ts
ofAfri
caandexploiti
t,sosomeoftheEuropeanspowersstartedeffecti
vecoloni
sati
on.This
theydi
dbymaki ngourancestor
ssignspuri
ousdoubtf
ul t
reati
esf orpassi
ngov ert
heirlandto
theEuropeanpowers.Mostofthetr
eati
esweresignedbyt r
ickingourancestorsorforcethem
todosobyf orceofarmswhichtheEuropeanscal
led*Expediti
on*.

13.Inor
dertoprev
entwarari
singf
rom thescr ambleofAfr
ica,t
heGermanchancel
lor
,*Ott
o
VonBismarck*summonedtheBerl
inConf erenceof1884atwhichtheyshar
edtheconti
nentof
Afr
icawit
houtevenconsul
ti
ngourancestors,letal
oneseekingt
hei
rconsent
.

14.EachEuropeanpower
sthereaft
erassumedfull
col
oni
aladmi
nist
rat
ionandexploi
tat
ionof
parcel
ofAf r
icaal
l
ott
edtoit
.Thereaft
erexpl
oitt
hehumanandnat
uralr
esourcesofit
sareato
theful
lest
.