Llanos, Giovanny Earl, C.

Pet-E 2204 Feb. 26,2020

Research no.1

1. What is Electrical machines?

Electrical machines are power converters, devices that convert energy from one form into
another. They convert mechanical work into electrical energy or vice versa. There are
also power converters that convert electrical energy of one form into electrical energy of
another form. They are called static converters.
2. What is the advantage of DC motors over AC motors?
DC motors have one distinct advantage over AC motors: they have better speed control.
In general, DC motors are used when wide variations of speed and accurate speed
adjustments are required. However, with the advent of electronic variable speed drives
(inverters), the speed control capabilities of AC motor rivals and, in many cases exceeds,
that of DC motors.
3. What is the principle of DC motors?
 Energy Conversion
If electrical energy is supplied to a conductor lying perpendicular to a magnetic field, the
interaction of current flowing in the conductor and the magnetic field will produce
mechanical force.
 Value of Mechanical Force
There are two conditions which are necessary to produce a force on the conductor. The
conductor must be carrying current, and must be within a magnetic field. When these two
conditions exist, a force will be applied to the conductor, which will attempt to move the
conductor in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. This is the basic theory by
which all DC motors operate.
4. What is the back emf?
In a d.c. motor, armature develops an e.m.f. after motoring action starts which opposes
supply voltage, called back e.m.f. Induced EMF in an electric. When the coil of a motor
is turning, it is cutting magnetic flux. As a result, an EMF is induced which, by Lenz's
law, opposes the current. This is known as a back EMF

5. Does commutator convert AC to DC or Dc to AC?

 Commutator does converts AC to DC. The commutator converts the AC voltage
generated in the rotating loop into a DC voltage. It also serves as a means of connecting
the brushes to the rotating loop. The purpose of the brushes is to connect the generated
voltage to an external circuit. In order to do this, each brush must make contact with one
of the ends of the loop. Since the loop or armature rotates, a direct connection is
impractical. Instead, the brushes are connected to the ends of the loop through the
commutator.

6. What are the effects of the armature reaction in DC machine?

Armature reaction effects the normal operation of DC Generator in many ways. It
actually decreases the main flux by 10% which results the generated emf to fall with the
increase in load current. Thus as the load increases the armature reaction losses increases
and hence the efficiency of the Generator decreases. Armature reaction also comes in the
way of good commutation. In commutation the coil under consideration is short circuited
by the brush and the coil should be in such a position, that no current induce in it but it is
only possible when the coil moves parallel to the field or the coil coincide neutral zone
axis, but overall flux is distorted due to armature reaction and thus it shifts the neutral
axis to some other position.
7. Explain how commutation in the machine is improved.

 Resistance Commutation

The Resistance Commutation method uses Carbon brushes for improving

commutation. The use of Carbon brushes makes the contact resistance between
commutator segments and brushes high. This high contact resistance has the
tendency to force the current in the short-circuited coil to change according to
the commutation requirements.

 EMF commutation

the arrangement is made to induce a voltage in the coil undergoing the

commutation process, which will neutralize the reactance voltage. This
injected voltage is in opposition to the reactance voltage. If the value of the
injected voltage is made equal to the reactance voltage, there will be a quick
reversal of current in the short-circuited coil and as a result, there will be
sparkles Commutation.

 Compensating winding

The most efficient method of eliminating the problem of armature reaction and
flashover by balancing the armature mmf is the compensating windings. The
windings are placed in the slots provided in pole faces parallel to the rotor
conductors. These windings are connected in series with the armature
windings.
8. What are the causes of failure to build up voltage in the generator?
Beyond saturation, increases in field current cause proportionately smaller increases in
generated voltage. Also, the current that flows through the field coil at any instant is
dependent on the voltage being generated and the coil's resistance (I = EIR). While the
voltage is building up, the field current exceeds the value needed to generate the voltage
being generated. Therefore, more voltage is generated. But at some point, the armature
voltage is going to result in exactly the value of current needed to generate that voltage.
The larger the field resistance, the sooner you are going to reach that point.
9. Explain the applications of the DC Generators in industry Power plant
 Used as a supply source of DC motors.
 DC series wound generators are used in DC locomotives for regenerative braking
for providing field excitation current.
 Used as a booster in distribution networks.
 Over compounded cumulative generators are used in lighting and heavy power
supply.

10. Explain the applications of the DC Motors industry Power plant

DC motors employed in thermal plants are classified in to two types based on the type of
application.

 DC motors carrying out Control function 

 Dc motors carrying out Emergency function

Control functions:
This category consists of the turbine governor motor, governor limiting setting, motor
operated rheostats, etc. These motors are small, about 1/8 hp or less. They are operated
quite infrequently for short duration.
Emergency functions:
This category consists of turbine-generator emergency (lubrication) bearing oil pumps
and emergency seal oil pumps. Such pumps may also be provided for steam turbine
drives of feed water pumps, fans, and other large loads. The lack of lubrication during a
shutdown without ac power will ruin the linings of the bearings and damage the shaft. 
11. What are the different losses in DC Machines, define and discuss how to minimize cache
losses?

1. Field copper loss: It is power loss in the field circuit. During the course of loading
if field circuit resistance is not varied, field copper loss remains constant.
2. Armature copper loss: It is power loss in the armature circuit. Since the value of
armature current is decided by the load, armature copper loss becomes a function
of time.
3. Core loss: It is the sum of eddy current and hysteresis loss and occurs mainly in
the rotor iron parts of armature. With constant field current and if speed does not
vary much with loading, core loss may be assumed to be constant.
4. Mechanical loss: It is the sum of bearing friction loss and the windage loss
(friction loss due to armature rotation in air).
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