In geometric optics frequency wavelenght energy mommentum pressure exerted etc are

not considered.
Light is treated just as a directed line segment which undergoes changes in
direction based on certain laws of oblique rules.

Graphically a light ray is indicated by a line segment with an arrow on it.

Beam : A beam is a combination of light rays .

A beam of light maybe

a. Convergent

b.Divergent

c.Parrallel.

A parallel beam of light is obtained when the object is at infinity.

Or

When the source or the object is at infinity then the light reaching the observer
or the optical instrument maybe assumed to be parallel.

Laws of Reflection

1. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

2. Incident ray , reflectde ray and normal all lie in the same plane.All point
towards point of incidence.

Angle of Deviation:

Angle between the incident (initial) ray and the reflected (final) ray is called
angle of deviation.

Properties of image formed by plane mirror:

1.Object distance = image distance.

2.The size of the object is equal to the size of the image .
3.A virtual image is formed for a real object.
4.Virtual Image is erect and the image is laterally inverted.

General equation of deviation = d = 180 - 2i

Nopte a plaNE MIRROR FORM A REAL IMAGE OF VIRTUAL OBJECT.

Spherical Mirrors: