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Appendix A Heat Transfer Holman
Appendix A Heat Transfer Holman
A P P E N D I X
649
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Properties at 20◦ C Thermal conductivity k, W/m · ◦ C
Server:
ρ cp k α × 105 −100◦ C 0◦ C 100◦ C 200◦ C 300◦ C 400◦ C 600◦ C 800◦ C 1000◦ C 1200◦ C
Metal kg/m3 kJ/kg · ◦ C W/m · ◦ C m2 /s −148◦ F 32◦ F 212◦ F 392◦ F 572◦ F 752◦ F 1112◦ F 1472◦ F 1832◦ F 2192◦ F
Au: Holman
Aluminum:
Pure 2,707 0.896 204 8.418 215 202 206 215 228 249
Al-Cu (Duralumin),
94–96% Al, 3–5%
Cu, trace Mg 2,787 0.883 164 6.676 126 159 182 194
Al-Si (Silumin,
Pg. No.650
copper-bearing),
86.5% Al,
1% Cu 2,659 0.867 137 5.933 119 137 144 152 161
Al-Si (Alusil),
78–80% Al,
20–22% Si 2,627 0.854 161 7.172 144 157 168 175 178
Al-Mg-Si, 97% Al,
1% Mg, 1% Si,
1% Mn 2,707 0.892 177 7.311 175 189 204
Lead 11,373 0.130 35 2.343 36.9 35.1 33.4 31.5 29.8
K/PMS 293
Iron:
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Hol29362_appA
# 101675
Properties at 20◦ C Thermal conductivity k, W/m · ◦ C
11/7/2008
ρ cp k α × 105 −100◦ C 0◦ C 100◦ C 200◦ C 300◦ C 400◦ C 600◦ C 800◦ C 1000◦ C 1200◦ C
Metal kg/m3 kJ/kg · ◦ C W/m · ◦ C m2 /s −148◦ F 32◦ F 212◦ F 392◦ F 572◦ F 752◦ F 1112◦ F 1472◦ F 1832◦ F 2192◦ F
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20% 7,933 0.46 19 0.526
Server:
40% 8,169 0.46 10 0.279
80% 8,618 0.46 35 0.872
Invar 36% Ni 8,137 0.46 10.7 0.286
Chrome steel
7,897 0.452 73 2.026 87 73 67 62 55 48 40 36 35 36
Au: Holman
Cr = 0%
1% 7,865 0.46 61 1.665 62 55 52 47 42 36 33 33
5% 7,833 0.46 40 1.110 40 38 36 36 33 29 29 29
20% 7,689 0.46 22 0.635 22 22 22 22 24 24 26 29
Cr-Ni (chrome-
nickel): 15% Cr,
Pg. No.651
10% Ni 7,865 0.46 19 0.527
18% Cr, 8% Ni
(V2A) 7,817 0.46 16.3 0.444 16.3 17 17 19 19 22 27 31
20% Cr, 15% Ni 7,833 0.46 15.1 0.415
25% Cr, 20% Ni 7,865 0.46 12.8 0.361
Tungsten steel
W = 0% 7,897 0.452 73 2.026
1% 7,913 0.448 66 1.858
5% 8,073 0.435 54 1.525
10% 8,314 0.419 48 1.391
K/PMS 293
Copper:
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651
652
Hol29362_appA
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11/7/2008
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Cust: McGraw-Hill
Properties at 20◦ C Thermal conductivity k, W/m · ◦ C
Server:
ρ, cp k α × 105 −100◦ C 0◦ C 100◦ C 200◦ C 300◦ C 400◦ C 600◦ C 800◦ C 1000◦ C 1200◦ C
Metal kg/m3 kJ/kg · ◦ C W/m · ◦ C m2 /s −148◦ F 32◦ F 212◦ F 392◦ F 572◦ F 752◦ F 1112◦ F 1472◦ F 1832◦ F 2192◦ F
Au: Holman
Bronze 75% Cu,
25% Sn 8,666 0.343 26 0.859
Red brass 85% Cu,
9% Sn, 6% Zn 8,714 0.385 61 1.804 59 71
Brass 70% Cu,
30% Zn 8,522 0.385 111 3.412 88 128 144 147 147
Pg. No.652
German silver 62%
Cu, 15% Ni,
22% Zn 8,618 0.394 24.9 0.733 19.2 31 40 45 48
Constantan 60%
Cu, 40% Ni 8,922 0.410 22.7 0.612 21 22.2 26
Magnesium:
Pure 1,746 1.013 171 9.708 178 171 168 163 157
Mg-Al (electro-
lytic) 6–8% Al,
1–2% Zn 1,810 1.00 66 3.605 52 62 74 83
K/PMS 293
Molybdenum 10,220 0.251 123 4.790 138 125 118 114 111 109 106 102 99 92
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Tin, pure 7,304 0.2265 64 3.884 74 65.9 59 57
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Tungsten 19,350 0.1344 163 6.271 166 151 142 133 126 112 76
Zinc, pure 7,144 0.3843 112.2 4.106 114 112 109 106 100 93
†Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 653
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654 A P P E N D I X A Tables
Insulating materials
Asbestos:
Loosely packed −45 0.149
0 0.154 470–570 0.816 3.3–4
100 0.161
Asbestos-cement 20 0.74
boards
Sheets 51 0.166
Felt, 40 laminations/in 38 0.057
150 0.069
260 0.083
20 laminations/in 38 0.078
150 0.095
260 0.112
Corrugated, 4 plies/in 38 0.087
93 0.100
150 0.119
Asbestos cement — 2.08
Balsam wood, 2.2 lb/ft3 32 0.04 35
Cardboard, corrugated — 0.064
Celotex 32 0.048
Cork, regranulated 32 0.045 45–120 1.88 2–5.3
Ground 32 0.043 150
Corkboard, 10 lb/ft3 30 0.043 160
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 655
Insulating materials
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656 A P P E N D I X A Tables
Ammonia, NH3
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 657
Glycerin, C3 H5 (OH)3
Mercury, Hg
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658 A P P E N D I X A Tables
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 659
ρ cp k
T, K kg/m3 kJ/kg · ◦ C µ, kg/m · s v, m2/s W/m · ◦ C α, m2/s Pr
Helium
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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660 A P P E N D I X A Tables
ρ cp k
T, K kg/m3 kJ/kg · ◦ C µ, kg/m · s v, m2/s W/m · ◦ C α, m2/s Pr
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia, NH3
Water vapor
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 661
Table A-8 Diffusion coefficients of gases and vapors in air at 25◦ C and 1 atm.†
ν ν
Substance D, cm2 /s Sc = Substance D, cm2 /s Sc =
D D
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662 A P P E N D I X A Tables
gβρ 2 cp
cp ρ µ k
µk
◦F ◦C kJ/kg · ◦ C kg/m3 kg/m · s W/m · ◦ C Pr 1/m3 · ◦ C
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 663
Aluminum:
Highly polished plate, 98.3% pure 440–1070 0.039–0.057
Commercial sheet 212 0.09
Heavily oxidized 299–940 0.20–0.31
Al-surfaced roofing 100 0.216
Brass:
Highly polished:
73.2% Cu, 26.7% Zn 476–674 0.028–0.031
62.4% Cu, 36.8% Zn, 0.4% Pb, 0.3% Al 494–710 0.033–0.037
82.9% Cu, 17.0% Zn 530 0.030
Hard-rolled, polished, but direction of polishing visible 70 0.038
Dull plate 120–660 0.22
Chromium (see nickel alloys for Ni-Cr steels), polished 100–2000 0.08–0.36
Copper:
Polished 242 0.023
212 0.052
Plate, heated long time, covered with thick oxide layer 77 0.78
Gold, pure, highly polished 440–1160 0.018–0.035
Iron and steel (not including stainless):
Steel, polished 212 0.066
Iron, polished 800–1880 0.14–0.38
Cast iron, newly turned 72 0.44
turned and heated 1620–1810 0.60–0.70
Mild steel 450–1950 0.20–0.32
Iron and steel (oxidized surfaces):
Iron plate, pickled, then rusted red 68 0.61
Iron, dark-gray surface 212 0.31
Rough ingot iron 1700–2040 0.87–0.95
Sheet steel with strong, rough oxide layer 75 0.80
Lead:
Unoxidized, 99.96% pure 240–440 0.057–0.075
Gray oxidized 75 0.28
Oxidized at 300◦ F 390 0.63
Magnesium, magnesium oxide 530–1520 0.55–0.20
Molybdenum:
Filament 1340–4700 0.096–0.202
Massive, polished 212 0.071
Monel metal, oxidized at 1110◦ F 390–1110 0.41–0.46
Nickel:
Polished 212 0.072
Nickel oxide 1200–2290 0.59–0.86
Nickel alloys:
Copper nickel, polished 212 0.059
Nichrome wire, bright 120–1830 0.65–0.79
Nichrome wire, oxidized 120–930 0.95–0.98
Platinum, polished plate, pure 440–1160 0.054–0.104
Silver:
Polished, pure 440–1160 0.020–0.032
Polished 100–700 0.022–0.031
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664 A P P E N D I X A Tables
Stainless steels:
Polished 212 0.074
Type 301; B 450–1725 0.54–0.63
Tin, bright tinned iron 76 0.043 and
0.064
Tungsten, filament 6000 0.39
Zinc, galvanized sheet iron, fairly bright 82 0.23
Refractories, building materials, paints, and miscellaneous
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A P P E N D I X A Tables 665
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666 A P P E N D I X A Tables
Length: Volume:
1 in = 0.0254 m 1 in3 = 1.63871 × 10−5 m3
1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 ft3 = 0.0283168 m3
1 mi = 1.60934 km 1 gal = 231 in3 = 0.0037854 m3
Area: Mass:
1 in2 = 645.16 mm2 1 lbm = 0.45359237 kg
1 ft2 = 0.092903 m2 Density:
1 mi2 = 2.58999 km2 1 lbm /in3 = 2.76799 × 104 kg/m3
Pressure: 1 lbm /ft3 = 16.0185 × 104 kg/m3
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa Force:
1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa 1 dyn = 10−5 N
1 lbf /in2 = 6894.76 Pa 1 lbf = 4.44822 N
Energy:
1 erg = 10−7 J
1 Btu = 1055.04 J
1 ft · lbf = 1.35582 J
1 cal (15◦ C) = 4.1855 J
Power:
1 hp = 745.7 W
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
Heat flux:
1 Btu/h · ft2 = 3.15372 W/m2
1 Btu/h · ft = 0.96128 W/m
Thermal conductivity:
1 Btu/h · ft · ◦ F = 1.7307 W/m · ◦ C
Heat-transfer coefficient:
1 Btu/h · ft2 · ◦ F = 5.6782 W/m2 · ◦ C
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