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    The History of the Discovery of the Chemical Elements Some of the Most Important Industrial Minerals Base and Supplementary SI Units

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    The History of the Discovery of the Chemical Elements Some of the Most Important Industrial Minerals Base and Supplementary SI Units

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    11 views13 pages

    Chemistry Definitions Notions Terminology

    Uploaded by

    psyops008
    The History of the Discovery of the Chemical Elements Some of the Most Important Industrial Minerals Base and Supplementary SI Units

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Vie Symbol and name H hydrogen He helium Li lithium Be beryllium B beron ae carhon APPENDIX The History of the Discovery of the Chemical Elements Generally aceepted date of the discovory| Authors Details 1766 1868 1817 1798 1808 known from an- cient times Cavendish (England) Janssen (France) Lockyer (England) Arfvedson (Sweden) Vauquelin (France} Davy (England) Gay-Lussac and The- nard (France) Boyle (1666) and Lomonosov (1745) aleo observed the evolution of hydrogen. Like Lomonosov, Cavendish thought hydrogen to be phlogiston On earth helium was first detected by Ram- say and Crookes (England) in cleveite (a variety of uraninite) Isolated from petalite in the form of lithium oxide; lithium metal was first prepared by Davy (England) in £818 Isolated in the form of beryllium oxide from beryl and emerald; prepared in the free state by Wahler and by Bussy (Germany) independently in 1828 Isolated in free state from the oxide; natural boron compounds have keen known from the Middle Ages Was shown to be an element by Lavoisier (France) in 1787 © BLE nm = e Continued eee e| Smale | Seep geplet | ks pean 7 N 1772 Rutherford (England)| Nitrogen as air constituent was identified al- nitrogen most simultaneously by Cavendish, Priestley 0 oxygen F fluorine 40 Ne neon 4 Na sodium 42 Mg magnesium 43 Al aluminium 44 Si silicon 45 EF phosphorus 5 sulphur 4774 41774 1898 1807 1808 1825 1823 4669 known to the an- cients Scheele (Sweden) Priestley (England) Scheele (Sweden) Ramsay and Travers (England) Davy (England) Davy (England) Oersted (Denmark) Berzelius (Sweden) Brand (Germany) (England), and Scheele {eveden) The chemical nature of oxygen was established by Lavoisier (France) Isolated in the form of hydrofluoric acid, HF, whose composition was determined by Ampere (France) in 1810; first isolated in the free state by Moissan (France) in 1886 The existence of a light rare gas was predicted by Ramsay and other scientists Sodium compounds have been known from an- cient times Magnesium compounds have been known from aucient times Aluminium compounds have been known from ancient times Kuown in compounds from ancient times; Ber- zelius prepared amorphous silicon, Sainte-Claire Deville obtained it in—the crystalline state (France, 1855) a The date is only conjectural; there is evidence that phosphorus was prepared “as early as 12th century = Found native as brimstone Continued Generally accepted date of the discovery Authors Details 18 Ar argon 49 K potassium 20 Ca calcium | Sc scandium 22 Ti titanium 23 Vv vanadium 24 Cr chromium 25 Mn mahgahese 1894 1807 1808 1879 1795 1830 4797 1774 Rayleigh and Ram- say (England) Davy (England) Davy (England) Nilson (Sweden) Klaproth (Germany) Sefstrom (Sweden) Vauquelin (France) Scheele and Gahn (Sweden) First detected in earth’s atmosphere together with other rare gases; isolated in the pure form in 1898 Potassium compounds have been known from ancient times Caleium compounds have been known from an- cient times Predicted by Mendeleev as eka-boron; isolated during resolving ytterbia into its components (see below). In the free state prepared by Fischer and co-workers (Germany) in 1936 Isolated from rutile in the form of the oxide, prepared in the free state by Borzelius (Sweden) in 1825. Was, probably, first isolated by Gregor (England) in 1791 Isolated in the form of the oxide as an admix- ture in pig iron; vanadium metal was prepared by Roscoe (England) in 1869. Vanadium com- pounds were first described by del Rio (Mexico) who, however, failed to recognize vanadium to be an element Isolated in the free state from the mineral crocoite Isolated in the free state from the mineral pyrolusite PLE aft Gta sca ec eli kere emer Continued 3 1] Fe er ae ‘Authars Details 28 Fe known to the an- Probably, first found in meteorites iron cients 27 Co 1785 Brandt (Sweden) Was, probably, known in the Middle Ages. cobalt Brandt isolated a mixture of cobalt oxide and cobalt metal; pure metal was prepared by Ber- zeling (Sweden) in 1808 238 Ni 1754 Cronstedt (Sweden) Nickel metal was prepared from a sulphide ore nickel 25 Cu known from pre- Found as native copper copper historic times a Zn known in the form Zine metal was probably first obtained in the zine of brass from 12th century ancient times 34 Ga 1875 Lecoq de Boisbau- Predicted by Mendeleey as cka-aluminium. Dis- gallium dran (France) covered by the spectral method in zine blende and isolated in the free state a2, Ge 1886 Winkler (Germany) Predicted by Mendeleev as eka-silicon. Isolated permanium as free metal from the mineral argyrodile a3 As arsenic com- Arsenic element was, probably, prepared by arsenic pourids have heen alchemist Albertus Magnus (the 13th century} known from an- cient Limes 34 Se 1817 Berzelius and Gahn| Isolated in the free state from the residue of selenium (Sweden) sulphuric acid manufacture 35 Br 1826 Balard (France) Isolated from ashes of seaweeds, In 1825, ex- bromine tracted from mineral waters by Lowig (Germany) 7 Continued a Symbol and Ge 1. 4 name late at the Hicowery Authors Details 36 frypitt 1898 jane y ju Travers| Detected in the atmosphere a7 Rb ene i aibidiins 1864 Buna and Kirch- Detected spectroscopically in the mineral lepi- hoff (Germany) dolite; rubidium metal was isolated by Bunsen a e a | (Germany) in 1863 isso 7 Crawford (England) | Isolated in the form of strontium oxide from d : oe mans Soe ae pene metal was 5 . ‘ z repa: y Davy (England) in 1808 sine 4794 Gadolin (Finland) First the rare art yttria was isolated from gadolinite; it was then resolved into’ individual oxides of the rare earth elements of the yitrium subgroup. Yttrium metal was prepared by Wahler ig fo aia 1 (Germany) in 1828 eee Klaproth (Germany) | Isolated as zirconium oxide from the mineral zircon; prepared by Berzelius (Sweden) in the a ah a Ge free state in 1824 Sane alchett (England) Isolated as niobium oxide from the mineral columbile; the product might, however, also be tantalum oxide (see below). The existence of nio- Te ee oval by Rose in 1844. The metal 42 vas pare jolten (USA) in 1907 alice 1778 Scheele (Sweden) Prepared in The a of ae oxide from mo- Tedentie fy isan glance); molybdenum met- 3 ae en 2 _|al_was obtained by Berzelius (Sweden) in 41817 eheetns 4193 Perrier and Segré Syuthesized by the nuclear reaction Mo (d, n) Te, (Italy) produced in weighable amount in 1945. Teehne- tium metal was prepared in 1964. Found in na- lure by Kenna and Kuroda (USA) in 1964 9Le LLG Continued Symbol and Generally accepted 2 name date of the discovery| Authors Details 1844 Klaus (Bussia Isolated in the form of ruthenium sulphide " Father ae i : Y from a Platinum ore after the extraction of plat- inum; first obtained in the pure state by Klaus (Russia 3 u 45 1803 Wollaston (England)| Rhodium metal was prepared during processing rhodium * crude platinum : 46 Pd 1803 Wollaston (England) Palladium meta] was prepared during process- palladium ing crude platinum : > Aa Al known from an- Found in the form of native silver silver cient times é : 48 4817 Stromeyer (Germany)| Cadmium metal was prepared from an impu- cadmium rity in zine oxide : ais 49 In 4863 Reich and Richter Discovered by a spectroscopic technique in zine ” | indiam (Germany) blende and isolated in the form of indium metal 8 known from an- Bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, was pro- ee tin ° cient times duced as carly as three thousand years B.C. 51 8b known from an- There is evidence that antimony was used by the i y cient tim ancients 52 Sere : 173), Muller von Richen- Isolated in the pure state from auriferous rocks i stein (Hungary) 53 pel iee 1844 ee anes) Isolated in the pure stale from products of 1898 1860 Generally accepted date of the discovery Ramsay, Travers (England) Bunsen and Kireh- hoff (Germany) leaching of seaweeds Detected in the atmosphere Detected spectroscopically in mineral waters. The free mete] was prepared by Sellerberg (Swe- den) in 1882 Authors Continued Details 56 57 58 lanthanum i ee cerinm Ir praseodymium Nd neodymium Pm promethium Sm Samarium ATTA 1839 1803 1885 1885 1945 (1947) 1879 Scheele and Gahn (Sweden) Mosander (Sweden) Berzelium and Hi- singer (Sweden) Klaproth. (Germany) Von Welsbach (Aus- tria) Von Welsbach (Aus- tria) Marinsky, Glende- nin, and Coryell (USA) Lecog de Boishau- dran (France) Isolated in the form of barium oxide; barium metal was prepared by Davy (England) in 4808 Detected ag lanthanum oxide in ceria prepared from cerite. Lanthanum metal was obtained by Hillebrand and Norton (Germany) in 1875 The oxide discoyered was a mixture of rare earths of the cerium subgroup, Mosander (Swe- den) separated it into three components (1839), cerium, lanthanum, and didymium (didymium was later also shown to be a mixture). Cerium metal was prepared by THillebrand and Norton (Germany) in 1875 Praseodymium oxide was prepared by separat- ing didymia; the metal was prepared by Muth- mann and co-workers (Germany) in 1902 Neodymium oxide was prepared by separating didymia; the metal was prepared by Muthmann and co-workers (Germany) in 1902 Isolated [rom the products of fission of ura- nium by theriual neutrons; in 1948, obtained in weighable amount by Parker and Lantz (USA). Promethium metal was prepared by Weigel (FRG) in 1963, Found in nature by Kuroda (USA) in 1968 The oxide isolated was a mixture of a num- ber of rare earths; individual compound was obtained by Demarcay (France) in 1904. Samar- jum metal was prepared by Muthmann and co- workers (Germény) in 1902 Ble rd Coutinned 64 65 67 68 69 70 Symbol and name Eu Europium Gd gadolinium Tb terLium Dy dysprosium Ho holmium Er erbium Tu thulium Yb yiterbium Generally accopted date of the discovery 1896 41886 4843 1886 1879 1843 Authors Details Demarcay (France) The presence of an unknown element in sa- marium was proved spectroscopically. Europium metal was prepared by Trombe (France) in 1938 Lecoq de Boishau- Gadolinium oxide was discovered in separating dran (France) samaria. The metal was prepared by Trombe (France) in 1935 Mosander (Sweden) Isolated as oxide in separating rare earths of the yttrium group. A conclusive evidence of the existence of terbium was obtained in 1878. Ter- bium metal was prepared by Daane and Spedding (USA) in 1953 Lecog de Boishau- Discovered in the spectral study of holmium dran (France) oxide. The metal was prepared by Trombe (France) in 1945 Cleve (Sweden) A mixture of holmium and dysprosium oxides was isolated in separating erbia earth. Individ- ual oxide was obtained in 1886, holmium metal was prepared by Daane and Spedding (USA) in 1953 Mosander (Sweden) Erbium oxide was isolated from yttria as » |a mixture of several rare earths. Pure oxide was obtained in 1879, erbium metal was prepared by Daane and Spedding (USA) in 4953 Cleve (Sweden) Isolated from erbia earth as the oxide; thu- lium metal wes prepared by Daane and Spedding (USA) in 1953 : Marignac (Switzer- Isolated from erbia eurth as a mixture of land) several rare earth metal oxides. Pure ytterbium oxide was obtained in 1907. The metal was pre- Daane and Spedding (USA) in 1953 Sa Continued agen pe inp ene a ivcmecertad Authors Details 7 Lu 1907 Urbain (France) Obtuined in separating ytlerbia earth. The Jutetium von Welsbach (Aus- nee epee by Spedding and Daane (USA) tria) in 1 72 Ht 1923 Coster and Hevesey | Discovered in the X-ray spectral study of zir- hafnium (Denmark) con and isolated in the free state 73 Ta 1802 Ekeberg (Sweden) Isolated in the form of the oxide from sover- tantalum _ al minerals; tantalum and niobium were long thought to be one and the same element. A con- clusive evidence of their being separate elements was obtained by Rose in 1844. The metal was prepared by Bolton (USA) in 1905 74 Ww 1784 Scheele (Sweden) he oxide was isolated from the mineral la- “tungsten ter named scheelite. The metal was prepared hy d’Elhujar brothers in 1783 (Sweden) 75 Re 1925 Noddack, Tacke,and| Discovered by the X-ray spectral method in rhenium Berg (Germany) the anslysis of a uumber of minerals. A reliable proof of its existence was however obtained only in 1927. The metal was prepared by Nod- dack and Tacke in 1928 16 Os 1804 Tennant (England) Isolated in the form of an alloy with iridium osmium from crude platinum aT Ir 1804 Tennant (England) Isolated in the form of an alloy with osmium iridium from crude platinum 7% Pe known from an- The first detailed description of platinum was platinum cient times given by Ulloa (Spain) in 1748 79 Au known from an- gold cient times 80 Hg known from an- mnercury cient times ic} 8 SSVEO-BT Waa Continued Z|" Tieme: | aateal tna alates Authors Details 81 eal 1864 Crookes (England) Discovered by the spectral method in the thallium residue left after tellurium had been extracted from its ore. The metal was prepared by Lamy (France) in 1861 who discovered thallium indo- pendently 82 Pb known from an- lead cient times 83 Bi has been known bismuth from the Middle Ages 84 Po 1898 P. and M, Curie Discovered by the radiometric method, Marc- polonium (France) wald (Germany) showed it to be an analogue of tollurium (1902). The metal was prepared by Maxwell (USA) in 4946 85 At 41940 Corson, MacKenzie, Prepared by the reaction *8Bi (%, 2n)UAt. astatine and Segré (USA) Was not obtained in the free sta’ Found in nature by Karlik and Bernert (Au a) in 1943 86 Ro 1900 Dorn (Germany) * Thorium emanation (thoron, the isotope of radon radon) was observed by Rutherford and Owens (Canada) in 1899, radium emanation (radon) was discovered in 1900, and actinon (actinium ema- nation, one more isotope of radon) in 1902 by Debierne (France) 87 Fr 1939 Mlle. Perey Discovered by the radiometric method as the francium (France) product of rare alpha decay of #87Ac. Was not isolated in the free state. Synthesized in 1935 Continued 62 Z| S¥iame lanle of ihe alocovery Authors Details 88 Ra 1898 M. and Mme Curie Discovered by the radiometric method and radium and Bémont | identified chemically as an analogue of barium. (France) The spectrum of radium was obtained by Demar- cay (France); radium metal was prepared by Mme Curie and Debierne (France) 89 Ac 1899 Debierne (France) Debierne in fact observed emission from a actinium complex mixture of active Ac precipitates; a more accurate description of the element was given by Giesel (Germany) in 1902. The metal was prepared by Farr et al. (USA) in 1953 90 Th 1828 Berzelius (Sweden) Thorium oxide was isolated from the mineral thorium thorite. The metal was prepared by Nilson (Sweden) in 1882 O41 Pa 1918 Soddy and Cranstonjj The date listed refers to the long-lived isotope, protactinium England) 231Pa, The short-lived isotope, 7*4Pa, was identi- ahn and Meitner | fied by Fajans and Goring (Germany) in 1913. The (Germany) metal was prepared by Grosse (USA) in 1934 92 U 1789 Klaproth (Germany) Discovered as oxide in pitehblende. The met- uranium al was prepared by Peligot (France) in 1844 93 Np 1940 McMillan and Abel- Synthesized according to the nuclear reaction i I neptune conse) 2281) (n, y)2!U +> 299Np, The longest-lived iso- tope, *7Np, was produced by Seaborg and Wahl (USA) in 1942, Occurs in nature (1952). The metal was prepared in 1944 Continued Ps & 5) |G ted ou | Soe sene| | asians betas 94 “Pu 1940 Seaborg, McMillan, Produced from soos vee by the reac- plutonium Kennedy, and Wahl tion: *°U (d, 2n)Np—>?38Pu, The longest- eo lived isotope, *4*Pu, was synthesized by Hess and co-workers (USA); the metal was prepared in 1942. Was shown to occur in nature (1954) 95. Am 1945 Seaborg,Jumes, Mor-| Synthesized by the tpasilon americium gan, and Ghiorso 289Py (ny) M0 ) Py o> Am. The long ~y) 49Pu (x, 7) 22Pu m. The long: (UEA) est-lived isotope, *4SAm, was produced by Street and co-workers (USA) in 1950. The metal was prepared in 1954 5 ae Seaborg, J , and Synthesized from plutonium, *° Pu (e, 22) Cm. : ees a Ginn (usa) The lo est-lived isotope, *“7Cm, was obtained ; by Fields and co-workers (USA) in 1956. The metal was prepared in 1964 ae 97 Bk . 1949 Thompson, Ghioerso, mph Todueed Tom. americium-241: 5 i ‘Am (@,2n)*#8Bk, The longest-lived isotope, petal seecoeabare: (US 7Bk, Ge synthesized by Chattan-Strode (USA) in 1956. The element was prepared in weighable amount in 1948, in the form of tho metal in 1965 : 1949 Thompson, Street, Synthesized by the reaction Cm (tm, 2n) suc, Be a Ge it = Ghiavea: and Sea-| The longest-lived isotope, Cf, was prepared . borg by Dimond (USA) in 1954. The metal was ob- tained in 1974 Continued Symbol and | Generally accepted : 2 | ane

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