890 Prefixes and suffixes | Prefixes + not atypleal ‘mints: miniskirt, mini-series fnie- belo: antenatal (= beforebirt) mis bad or rangi not mlabehave, fnll- against: antsAmerican, antisocial ‘mlscalculate, misunderstand ‘auto- self sutoblography (ihe story of the mono~ one; single: menolingual(= uslhg | ‘wetarown is) ‘ne language), manoral bi- two: bleyela billngual (sing twolar- _muti= many: malinational = involving ‘Quages), bimonthly ica 2 month or mary counties) very two morihs) non. nat non-alcoholic, nonsense, cont, cont hundred eontenary (=the nomesmoker, non-stop huncrecth anniversary), centimetra _nana~ rine: nonagon (ashape wih nine ns hundredth of a matte) C ean cr creummagt (= gh: eetagon (ashapo wih eight co. Wh logeer co-pilot, coexist, 8 greater degre: outdo, cooperation run fasta orbetier an sb) con wih together context (te words. over= mee than normal: fo much: overeat, ‘sentences tal com before ander @ ‘overslop (= eonp io ona) parteular word or sontanes) ponte the; pentagon (a shape wth fv ‘gains oppost: contradict ‘sies), pontathon (competion (cay fnecoposto) invowng fe ciferent speris) ‘counter- against; opposite: counterravolu- post. alle post-war ‘on, counterproductive sreducingtha_pre- belo: prepay, proview ‘opposteo the dasrod fect) ro: fern four of pro-democracy, fo tekng sh avy; the opposite: dofost pro-hunting (emoving th ayers eetrom aidge, quad fur quadruple (= mulisyby fur, decentralize, ‘quadruplet (= one of fourbabes bom et ‘daca sn: decathlon (a competion Ivoh- the sama tine) ington difrant sports) +. agai: rewrite, rebuild ‘doen tort: delta Semis ha semcrle,semiconsclous ‘is- rverse.or oppose dleplessure, Septa- sve: soptagen (a shapevwih seven laorbark, discomfort sides) | cx. formar: exulfe, ex-president sub- 1 below: lossthar:subzsre2under: | fextra- 1 very more ihan usuol-extrathin, ‘subway, subtitles (= ransations under ‘xtra-specal 2 oulsie: bey! the petireso afin) ‘extraordinary, extraterrtil(crring super exomaly mor then: superhuman from somewhere beyors tho ooh) waving preter powor han Pumas fore-'t betore: In sovarce: foreword Formally havo), supersonic (= ester than 1a the beginning of abo) 2 front the speed of sound) foreground (= he ron partofapltur), tele-far:ever along dlstance:telacommunl | forotwad ‘cations tolophoto fon hex sh hexagon (a shape wih six sides) trans= across vough:traneatlant, Incl im ire not Incorrect, ial, Moga transcontinental ‘gible. mmoral, impatient, mposel- i. three: triangle trleyclo la, rroguar, relevant lea extremly Bayond a cortaln iit utra Intor- Between; fom one fo anther: ‘modern International, interractal tun: ot; opposte; aking sth away kilos thousanelogram,Klowatt Uncertain, uncomfortable, unsure, maxi most very ape: maximum indo, undress ‘maga- millon: very large: megabyte, unis one singe: Uniform (=having the ‘magabucks (= a12of move) ‘samofoem) ‘micros vary smal: rlerochip. mid inthe middle of mid-afternoon, mldatt ‘housenct: millescond,malimetre Photoeaplale©Oxird airs Prossa Suffixes able ible -bla (to make efectves) possible 6: acceptable, noticeabe, convertible, lvsie (= possible ocvie), here slatble = hat yeu canna sit, “age lo make roure) a procses or tote: ‘storage, shortage -al (omaks ajecthes) connected wih ‘experimental, accidental, ‘environments! any, -eney (tomske roune) ‘an action process or state: appearance, ormarce existence, inteligence, rognancy, effiiency anteent (Jo mse nouns) person who does ‘She assistant, Immigrant, student -ation to make nouns) astate oration ‘examination, Imagination, organization tas -able ‘od (lomakescectvas) eving a particular State or qualty bored, pattomed ee (tomake ours) a person fo whom sthis ‘sone: employee (= sb hae employe) trainee = who being tained) on (lomaka verbs) ta gio stha parveular ‘ual; tomake sth mare ~:eherten, widen blacken, sharpen, loosen, (utncte: lengthen) “er (la make roune) a poreon who doos sth der. painter, banker, diver, teacher acct) rom a place: ‘Chinese, Viennese SieiSroeanacies. ‘raonateps sn ra cn Speer ei eat piles ae i tes tonmsseny ieee, Prefixes and suffixes ty (omake vers) 1 produce a stte or qualy: beauty, simply, purty Ing (te make adjectives} pred tes) 1 describing nation ‘aly or language: English, Swede, Polish 2 tke sr: babyish focish 3a sorta: longiah, youngleh, brownish Jat (omake nours) 1 aporson wo has ‘Studied stor does sas ab" artist, ‘clentat, economist = 2a pecan who Dolev in stor belongs ina pariclar ‘rou caplaliet. pacifist. fominst fon (la make nouns) 3 stator process: ‘ection, connection, exhibition, -ive'[lomake adecthes) haveg apaticuler ually attractive, ofective “lan -ise (omakeverbs) producing = partular state (tomate asjecives} not having th hopeless, -lke (fo make scectves) srt: eile “ly (omeke adverbs) na parteulr way: badly, beautifully, compataly ‘ment (10 make naune) asa, acton ot Quali development, arangement, ‘excitement, achlovernent ness, (Q maka nours) alata” qualy ‘indneas, happiness, weakness ology (tomake nouns) the study of 3 Subject: biology, peyeholegy, zoology oF (lomale nouns) s parson wna coos st, coflen as ajo actor, conductor, sallor ous (lo make adjectives) having a parlelor ‘ually: dangerous, relglous, ambitious ‘ship (lo make nouns) showing sats friendship, members, clzanship ward, tarde (a make echotbs) na parte- Uardieclon backward, upwards wise (to make adverbs) a parler way ‘clockwise, edgewise ¥_ (omate adjectives) having te ually of ‘he thing mentioned: loudly, ralny, ay, thirsty ie, Potcaplable© Oxi Urs Preem Ward beginni 751 You can change the meaning of many English words simply by adding a group of etters to the beginning orthe ending of a word. Prefixes A group of letters added to the beginning of a word is called prefix, Here isa list of the most common prefixes and examples of how they are used. Anglo. relating tothe UK or England an Anglophile (= someone who loves England) 38-1 opposed to or against anti-racist laws 2 preventing or destroying an anti-aircraft missile 2- J operating without being controlled by humans auzopilot (= a computer that directs an aircraft) 2 self un autobiography (= abook that someone writes about their own life) pet? Diling wal (= speaking two languages). bimonthly (= happening twice ina month or once every two months) Centi., ceri hundred a centimetres acentury Ce~ with or together aco-author« to coexist cantra- against or opposite fo contradict (= say the opposite). contraception (= something that is used to prevent pregnancy) Sounter- opposingorasa reaction to ¢ counter-attack (= an attack on someone who hasattacked you) f9ss- Tacross cross-border 2 including different groups or subjects across-party committee (= one formed from many political Parties). cross-cultural Ge- totake something away deforestation when the trees in an area recut down) ~ not or the opposite of dishonest» disbelief: to disagree electronic, usually relating to the Internet email. e-commerce S€o- relating: to the environment eco-friendly tourism (= tourism which does not damage _ the environment) Suve- relatin g to Europe Europop (= modern, young People’s music from Europe) ~_from before an ex-boyfriend. an ex-boss extra- outside of or in addition toextracurric- ular activities (= activities that are in addition tothe usual school work) Syper having alot ofortoomuch ofa quality hyperactive. hypersensitive (= more than normally sensitive) i Ina way whichis bad or not suitable il- Prepared» czrz ill;judged remark tHe, inva, gx~ not incorreets illegale impossibles trregular niter- between or among international an interdepoeartmental meeting intra- within an intranet iGio- athousanda kilometre. akilogram mega- 1 érzformalextremely megarich (= extremely rich) 2 one million 40 mesahvies o- very sinalla microchip. microscopic (extremely small) enid- inthe middle of mid-July.» a manin his mid-forties- mid-afternoon/-morning vpillis athousandth a millisecond nsini-_smalla miniskirt (= very short skirt)« aminibus not or badly mistrust. to misbehave riono- one or single monolinguai. ‘@ monologue snuiti- many a multimillionaire. a multi-storey car park nee. new neo fascists non- not or the opposite of non-alcoholic drinks. non-smokers ‘out- more than or better than to outgrow. to outnumbers to outdo someone (= to show that you are better than someone) over- toomuch to overeat. overpopulated poly. many polygamy (= having more than one husband or wife at the same time). a polygon (shape with many sides) post- after orlater than postwar. postgraduate pre before or earlier than pre-tax profits. ‘preschool ‘o- supporting pro-democracy demonstrations -eudo- false a pseudonym (= false name used especially by a writer). pseudo-academic quasi partly quasi-religious ideas re. again(o remarrye areusable container - half or partly asemicircle, semi-frozen socio relating to society socio-economic sug- 1 under or below subzero temperatures 2 tess important or a sinaller part of a larger whole asubsection super- extremely or more than usual ‘dsupermodele super-rich ‘therms- relating to heat or temperature a thermostat (= piece of equipment that controls temperature)- a thermometer trans- across transatlantic lights 2 showing achange to transform to translate tri threea triangle. a tripod ultra. extremely ultra-modern architecture. uultra-careful un- notor the opposite of unhappy. unfair. io unfasten under- ‘Tnot enough undercooked potatoes. underprivileged children 2 below undertoear+ an underpass wy| i Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters at the end of a word which changes the word’s meaning and often its part of speech. Here is a list of the most common suffixes and examples of how they are used. -abie/-ibte changesa verb into an adjective ‘meaning ‘able to de’ avoid» avoidable «admire > admirable «like > likeable -age changes a verb intoanoun meaning “the action described by the verb or the result of that action’ marry-> marriage +break > breakage »spill > spillage -al I changes a noun into an adjective meaning ‘relating to’ cuiture > cultural «nation » national «nature natural 2 changesa verb intoa noun meaning “the action described by the verb’ approve» approval «remove removal -an, -ian Tmakesa noun meaning ‘a person ‘who does something’ historian «politician 2makes an adjective meaning ‘belonging somewhere’ American -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency makesa ‘noun meaning ‘an action, state, or quality’ performance «independence » preference -ation, -ion changes a verb into anoun ‘meaning ‘the process of the action described by the verb, or the result of that action’ educate education «explain + explanation ‘connect > connection -ed makes an adjective meaning, ‘having this thing or quality’ bearded «coloured «surprised see changes a verb intoanoun meaning ‘someone that something is done to’ employ employee »interview-> interviewee etrain> trainee -en changes an adjective into. verb meaning “to become or make something become” thick » thicken «fat fatten «soft soften -enee, -ency See-ance -er, -orchanges a verb intoa noun meaning “the person or thing that does the activity’ dance-s dancer semploy->employer + act actor «cook » cooker (= amachine for cooking) »time- timer ful changes a noun intoan adjective meaning, “having a particular quality’ beauty > beautiful » power > powerful suse useful cod makes a noun meaning ‘thestate of being something and the time when someone issomething’ childhood motherhood sian See-an ‘bie See able ~ical changes a noun ending in-y or ics into an adjective meaning ‘relating to’ history historical = politics» political -ing makes an adjective meaning ‘making someone feel something’ interest » interesting = surprise-> surprising + shock » shocking ~ion See-ation ise See-ize -ish makes an adjective meaning 1 slightly agreyish colour +a smallish (= qitite small) house 2 typical of or similar to a childish remark 3 approximately fifiyish (= about fifty) -igt 1 makes a noun meaning ‘a person who does a particular activity’ artist «novelist «scientist 2 makes a noun and an adjective ‘meaning ‘someone with a particular set of beliefs’ communist «feminist /e changes a verb into an adjective meaning ‘having particular quality or effect’ attract » attractive «create creative sexplode-> explosive ize, -ise changes an adjective intoa verb ‘meaning ‘to make something become’ modern >modernize «commercial» commercialize -less changes a noun intoan adjective meaning ‘without’ homeless people «at meaningless statement «a hopeless situation -tike changesa noun into an adjective ‘meaning ‘typical of or similar to’ childlike trustsa cabbage-like vegetable -ly ‘changes an adjective intoan adverb eseribine the way that something is done She spoke slowly. « Drive safely. 2 makes an adjective and an adverb meaning ‘happening every day, night, week, etc’ a daily newspaper « We hold the meeting weekly. 3 changes a noun into an adjective meaning ‘like that person or thing’ mother + motherly «coward » cowardly -ment changesa verb intoa noun meaning “the action or process described by a ver’, or its result’ develop > development « disappoint disappointment -ness changes an adjective intoanoun ‘meaning ‘the quality or condition described by the adjective’ sweet » sweetness + happy » happiness dark» darkness sill illness « -ology makes a noun meaning ‘the study of somiething’ psychology (= the study of the ‘mind) + sociology (=the study of society) or See-er ‘ous changes a noun into an adjective meaning “having that quality’ danger > dangerous « ambition > ambitious -phile makes a noun meaning ‘enjoying or liking something’ a Francophile(= someone ‘who loves France) «a bibliophile (= someone who loves books) -ship makes a noun showing involvement between people » friendship +a relationship « partnership =ward, -wards makes an adverb meaning “towartis a direction or place’ imward « forward »homeward “wise changes anoun into an adverb meaning ‘relating to this subject Weather-wise, the holiday was great. + How are we doing time-wise? -y. changes a noun intoan adjective meaning “navinga lot of something (often something bad)’ noise-> noisy + dirt > dirty «smell» smellySTUDY PAGES centre 44 Conse free "5 fears worker, swimmer, golfer, driver, actor, sailor, conductor tin opener, screwdriver, hanger, projector Buddhist, socialist violinist, pianist, guitarist Suffixes Suffixes are used at the ends of words. Here are some common ones: ‘erm forpeople whodo or activities and for things that havea particular function sist = for people with certain beliefs = who play musical instruments = for some professions chess tomakenouns from adjectives ion to make nouns from verbs -ment tomake nouns from verbs journalist, pharmacist, artist happiness, sadness, rudeness education, television, pollution improvement, government Note: Adding a suffix to a word sometimes changes its pronunciation. Look at how the stress changes in these words: photograph > photographer Noun, verb, adjective? educate > education Most suffixes can tell you whether a word is a noun, adjective or verb. This table shows some common ones: adjectives -able, al, ful, -ible, ive, Jess,-ous,-y nouns -ance, -(t)ion, -ence, -hood, -ity, -ment, -ness, ship verb -en, -ify,-ize washable, natural, beautiful, flexible, active, helpless, adventurous, happy performance, reduction, independence, parenthood, similarity, enjoyment, politeness, friendship harden, solidify, modernize Note: -al can be used to make nouns, e.g. arrival and adjectives, e.g. comical ~ Use suffixes to change the following adjectives and verbs into nouns. 1 rude 4. ignorant 2 create 5 hilarious 3. prefer 6 developChapter 1 WORD FORMATION PART I. Derivation using: a)Prefixes — a group of letters that is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning, The following prefixes are the most frequent: ors eg. alive eracs e.g. abnormal + ante- (before) e.g. antechamber * anti- (opposed to someone o1 eg. anti-craft * bi- (two or twice) eg, bicameral * co- (together) eg. co-star * de- (to express the opposite meaning) e.g. deactivate * dis- (to express the opposite meaning) g. disbelief j + ex- (former) e.g. ex-wife * extra- (outside or beyond something) e.g. extracurricular something) + hyper- (more than usual or normal) e.g. hyperactive + it- (before nouns that begin with ‘I to expr: meaning) e.g. illegal the opposite+ ime (before nouns that begin with *b’, ‘m’ ot ‘p” to express the opposite meaning) e.g, impolite + in- (not or no) inadmissable + inter- (between) e.g, interagency + ir- (not or no before nouns with ‘r” to express the opposite meaning) e.g. irradiate + non- (not) e.g, non-combatant + over- (too much) e.g. overload + pre- (before) e.g. preconception + retro- (back! backwards) e.g, retrospective + sub- (smaller/ below/ under) eg. subaltern + super- (more, better, or bigger than usual) e.g. superabundance e e.g, surpass * trans- (across! between) c.g, transatlantic + ultra- (extremely) e.g, ultramarine + un- (to express the opposite meaning) e.g. unwelcome + under (not enough! below/ less important) e.g. understudy ar _ b)Suffixes ~ a letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a different word. The following suffixes are the most frequent: + -able (used with verbs and nouns) e.g, comfortable + -age (used with verbs and nouns) e.g, carriage + -aholic (used with nouns) e.g. shopaholie ~al (used with verbs and nouns) e.g. global | + -an (used with nouns) e.g. American + -ance (used with verbs and adjectives) e.g. attendance + -ant (used with verbs) e.g. attendant ~ation (used with verbs) e.g. generalization + -ar (used with verbs) e.g, beggar ~cy (used with adjectives) e.g. dependency + ~ed (used with verbs) e.g, pampered ~ee (used with verbs) e.g, employee ~cer (used with nouns) eg, mountaineer+ -en (used with adjectives and nouns) e.g. shorten + -ence (used with verbs, adjectives) e.g, existence + -ent (used with verbs) eg. existent + -er (used with verbs) .g. worker ern (used with nouns) g. northern ful (used with verbs and nouns) g. play fil ‘hood (used with nouns) . parenthood -ian (used with nouns) -g. Christian ible (used with verbs) e.g. indigestible + -ic (used with nouns) e.g. democratic * -ical (used with nouns) e.g. geographical + ing (used with verbs) e.g. charming + -ion (used with verbs, adjectives) . description ~ive (used with adjectives) g. industrialise ~ish (used with nouns) sg. boyish ity (used with adjectives) g. morality + ive (used with verbs and nouns) eg. descriptive + less (used with nouns) eg. ruthless _| + - dike used with nouns) eg. warlike e, e,yO GQ + -ly (used with adjectives and nouns) eg. totally -ment (used with verbs) g. fulfillment =ness (used with adjectives) e.g. thickness or (used with verbs) e.g, sailor + -ous (used with nouns) fon (used with verbs which end in -di -t) e.g. appredension | + -some (used with verbs) e.g. quarrelsome + -tion (used with verbs) €., subscription + -ty (used with adjectives) e.g. loyalty hip (used with nouns) | eg. leadership + -y (used with verbs, adjectives and nouns) e.g. moody139 iE nrg here are many word begrings fpethss) an word endings (eae thal canbe ac to 8 rato chonge ts rearing orf word das This most commen ves ar shown hee, Ph exp (rhow boy a usa ne proces of wor Toation Mary max ae etd th nay. Verb formation “Te acing zo self canbe asc to many rune and agjetves to fr vets, Ihe tis ‘emrcan Areroanis legs lege esa rmoderize popu ponulras “Trey want to re to factory mare moder. They wart to modernize he ctor beauty feud ure Sree These bets maketh watr pure. They pu io ‘Adverb formation “Te cing + can bo ade to mos acces to fexm acer, is: i essty an ‘sly ‘ack ‘qacey shoe sup io uabavcur was supe. He btved tun Noun formation “Te eninge eran si ation canbe acd to rrany vrs fo nouns, He his ote ier ‘Sen Bee tee: conn open ‘eon ‘ec Von dives bus. He 3 bus ever. ‘Ac opener 10 fo opening cs. raze arazeert ‘eon Seveepnent pay payment rite rotremont CCicyon dave very quick, Thar development ver auck adie serrate fscccite ‘socaton amine saraton ouenzo ersten ‘The doctor examined me caret Ho gave mes cart examination “The endings ty and -ness oan be aod to many Ejestes fo orm nae, ts on county ees oadty paw purty Saas Supiy 2 50 ere. shat crusty. ar arias ‘ea Bee ais happy Pappas vere indo Inve ey dar The darkness macot meossbie tos