,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;

gFjp I --- ,e;jpa muRk; mjd; vy;iyfSk; (Art 1-4)

 ,e;;jpah- ghujk; vd;gJ khepyq;fs; ,ize;j xd;wpak;.- Art 1 (xd;wpak; -coined by Dr. Ambedkar)
 khepyj;jpd; gug;igf; $l;l> ngah; khw;wk; nra;a ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; „ Art 3
 President Kd; mDkjp Njit.
 simple majority.

khepyk;- cUthf;Ftjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;l fkpl;bfs;; :

 S.K. jhh; fkpl;b- Nov 1948- not favour for linguistic states.
 JVP committee- 1948 report in 1949
nghl;b =uhKY kuzk;- Me;jpuh cUthdJ- Oct 1> 1953 (nkhopthhpahf gphpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khepyk;)
 khepy kWrPuikg;G fkpl;b- 1953 Dec 22
Chairman- ghrpy; myp
Members- HN Fd;];U
KN gzpf;fh;
16 khepyq;fs;> 3 UTs- ghpe;Jiu
 khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;- 1956
14 States & 6 UTs - nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; gphpg;G- 1956.
 JK rpwg;G me;j];J- Art 370- eilKiw- Nov 17> 1952.
jdp rhrdk;- 1957> Jan 26

Part II ---- FbAhpik (Art 5- 11)

 Latin word- Civis

 Xw;iw FbAhpik
 FbAhpik rl;lk;- 1955. 1986> 2003 fspy; jpUj;jk;.
 FbAhpik- IBRD
 Registration- 5 years
 Naturalisation- 1 year
 1948 july 19f;F Kd; India y; FbNawp trpg;gth;fs;.
 FbAhpik ,og;G- Art 10
 ntspehl;L FbAhpikia jhNk tpUk;gp xUth; Vw;why; Vw;fdNt cs;s ehl;bd; FbAhpikia ,oe;J
tpLthh;.
 gpuNtrp ghujpa jpth];- 2003-
Jan 9- LM rpq;tp fkpl;b ghpe;Jiu
 FbAhpik njhlghd mjpfhuk; - Parliament
 Njrpa milahs ml;il- 13.04.2003 y; eilKiw.

Part III -- mbg;gil chpikfs; (Art 12- 35)

 1931 fuhr;rp fhq;fpu]; fl;rp khehl;by; jPhk

; hdk;- jiyik gNly;
 Magna Carta of our constitution.
 Cornor Stone of Constitution.
 Fundamental of Fundamental Rights
 kf;fs; Rje;jpukhfTk; kfpo;r;rpahfTk; tho tif nra;fpwJ
 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp- nla;rp
 kf;fshl;rpapd; rhuk;- jdpegh; Rje;jpuk;
 Kjypy; 7- Now 6
1) rkj;Jt chpik- (Art 14-18)
14- Equal Before Law
17- jPz;lhik xopg;G

2) Rje;jpu chpik- (Art 19-22 )

6 Rje;jpu chpikfs;- Art 19(1)
 Ngr> vOj
 mikjpahd Kiwapy; $Ltjw;F
 rq;fq;fs; mikf;f
 ehnlq;Fk; nry;y
 tpUk;gpa njhopy; nra;a
 tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpy; jq;fp trpf;f
3) Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd chpik „ (Art 23-24 )

23- nfhj;jbik xopg;G

24-Foe;ij njhopyhsh; xopg;G
(ngz;fSf;Fk;> Foe;ijfSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

4) kj chpik (Art 25-26)

5) gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; fy;tp chpik (Art 29-30)
rpWghz;ik kf;fs; ( nkhop & kjk;) fy;tp rhiyfs;mikf;f
6) murpay; ePjp ghpfhu chpikfs; (Art 32- 35)
 Heart and Soul of our constitution- Dr. Ambedkar.
 5 ePjpg; Nguhizfs;;- High Court (Art 226), Supreme Court (Art 32)
 Writs- borrowed from England
 Ml;nfhzh; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Habeas Carpus)
rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd Kiwapy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;; egiu ntspNa nghz;L tu.
jdpegh; Rje;jpuj;jpd; muz;
 nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Mandamus)
muR nghJf; flik nra;a itj;jy;
 jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Prohibition)
ePjpkd;wk; jd; mjpfhu tuk;ig fle;J nray;gLk; NghJ
 newpKiw cWj;Jk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Certiorari)
fPo; ePjpkd;w tof;Ffis Neubahf cah; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F mDg;g
 jFjp Kiw tpdTk; ePjpg; Nguhiz (Quo Warranto)
muR cah; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gth;fspd; jFjp gw;wp mwpa
7) nrhj;Jhpik (Art 31)
ePf;fg;gl;lJ- nkhuhh;[p Njrha; [djh muR- 44tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;>1978.
Art 300 A- d; gb rhrd chpik. jw;NghJ rl;l chpik.
 nghJ ey kDf;fs;- Art 32 - Australia
 Art 34- uhDt rl;lk;
 vkh;n[d;rpapd; NghJ midj;J FR- fisAk; [dhjpgjp jw;fhypfkhf uj;J nra;ayhk;- Art 359
Art 19y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s chpikfs; jhdhf uj;J nra;ag;gLk;
 Art 17 & 24 – Absolute Rights.
 Art 21 A--- 6 to 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp mbg;gil chpik.
86tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;> 2002 eilKiw- Apr 1, 2010
ghpe;Jiu- Mr;rhhpa uhkKh;jj
; p fkpl;b tof;F- Nkhfpdp n[apd; tof;F
 Citizens only --- Art 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
 Untouchability (offences) Act- 1955--- name changed to Civil Rights (Protection) Act, 1976
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights- Dec 10, 1948.
 jfty; ngWk; chpik rl;lk;- 2005 - Sweden - June 15 Passed ; Oct 2 eilKiw (except J&K)
ntspg;gilahdmuR. First- Rajasthan
State level RTI act- Tamil Nadu 1997
 “mbg;gil chpikfs; kf;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; cWjpnkhop vd;Wk; ehfhpf cyfj;Jld; nra;J
nfhs;sg;gl;l cld;gbd;if”- Dr. uhjh fpU\;zd;.

Part IV - muR topfhl;Lk;; newpKiwfs; (Art 36- 51)

 Nehf;fk;- r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; ePjp ngWjy;
 KfTiuAld; Neub njhlh;GilaJ.
 kf;fs; eyd; fhZk; muR (welfare state)‟Art 38
 23 nghJ ey Nehf;fq;fs;-- fhe;jpa nfhs;if> rkj;Jt nfhs;;if> Nkw;fj;jpa nfhs;ifs;
 ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F nry;y ,ayhJ.- Art 37 --- “rhrdj;;jpd; kdrhl;rp”
 Art 40- fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J Art 41- Ntiy> fy;tp chpik
 Art 44- nghJ rptpy; rl;lk; Art 45- ,ytr> fl;lha fy;tp
 Art 48- gR tij jil Art - 50 eph;thfj;Jiw- ePjpj;Jiw jdpNa gphpj;jy;

Part IV A- mbg;gil flikfs; (Art 51 A)

42tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;> 1976- d;gb 10 flikfs; . ghpe;Jiu- ];tud; rpq; fkpl;b
jw;NghJ- 11. 11th- 86tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;> 2002
fy;tp mspg;gJ ngw;Nwhh; my;yJ ghJfhtyhpd; mbg;gil flik.

o Foe;ij njhopyhsh; FO (1979)- M.S. FUghj Rthkp

o Njrpa Foe;ij njhopyhsh; nfhs;if- 1987
o Foe;ij njhopyhsh; Njrpa FO- 1994 Sep 26
 $l;lhl;rp
yj;jpd; nkhop.
kj;jpa muR & khepy muRfs;.
mbg;gil mk;rq;fs;;:
1) rhrdj;jpd; jdp Kjy; Mjpf;fk;
2) mjpfhu gfph;T. kj;jpag; gl;bay;;- 99 khepyg; gl;bay;- 61 nghJg; gl;bay;- 49
3) rhrdj;jpd; nefpohj;jd;ik
4) Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;JiwAk; mjd; ePjpkd;w kW Ma;T mjpfhuKk;
rh;f;fhhpah fkp\d;- kj;jpa khepy cwT Kiw.
xNu muR - xw;iwauR- England, Srilanka.
India is a Quasi federal country—federation is not mentioned.

Part V kj;jpa muR (Art 52- 151)

ghuhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp Kiw. . 3 mq;fq;fs;.
kj;jpa eph;thfk;; -- President, Vice President, P.M and Ministers
rl;l kd;wk; --- ghuhSkd;wk; ---- Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha
ePjpj; Jiw ---- Supreme Court
FbauRj; jiyth;
o Art 52- FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp
o Kjy; Fbkfd; . mizj;J eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
o murpd; jiyth;-Art 53(1) . Kg;gilj; jsgjp-Art 53(2)
 Njh;T Kiw: Art 54 (rkr; rPh; gq;fspg;G> xw;iw khw;wj;jf;f thf;Fg; gjpT)
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha cWg;gpdh;fs;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;.

Proposal - 50 .Supported by- 50 .Deposit – 15,000

Value of an MLA vote = Population of the State × 1___

Total elected MLAs 1000

MP vote = ,e;jpahtpYs;s nkhj;j MLA f;fspd; thf;F kjpg;G

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l MP f;fspd; vz;zpf;if
mjpfhuk;- Supreme Court . Neub Njh;jy;.
 jFjpfs;
35 taJ . .Lok Sabha MP-Mtjw;fhd jFjpfs;.
 gjtpf; fhyk; - 5 Years. uh[pdhkh fbjk;- Vice President.
gjtp ePf;fk;- Fw;wj; jhf;fy; (Impeachment)- fhuzk; - rhrdj;ij kPWjy;.
gjtpg; gpukhzk;- Supreme Court Chief Justice.
 ,k;gPr;nkz;l; topKiwfs;- Any house of parliament.
¼ members jPhk
; hdk; mwptpg;G. Kd;nkhopjy;;- after 14 days. 2/3majority.
mjpfhuq;fs;: ehl;bd;; nray; jiyth;. Nghh;> rkhjhd cld;gbf;if.
cah; mjpfhhpfs; epakdk;. ,thpd; ifnaOj;jpw;F gpd;Ng rl;lkhFk;. Dissolves Loksabha.
mtrur; rl;lk; (ordinance) gpwg;gpf;fpwhh;. --Kf;fpa mjpfhuk;. --Art 123-- valid for 6 months.
ehlhSkd;wk; $ba 6 thu fhyj;;jpw;Fs; jhf;fy;; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.-
$l;L $l;lk; $l;Lthh;. uh[;a rgh-12 . LOK SABHA- 2 Anglo Indians.
rpy kNrhjhf;fSf;F Kd; mDkjp Njit.
3 type of emergency gpwg;gpf;fpwhh;. (on the recommendation of ministry)
Art 352: Njrpa neUf;fb epiy. Nghh; or MAjg;Gul;rpapd; NghJ. 1 khj;jpw;Fs; mq;fPfhuk;.
6 khj fhyk; - fhytuk;gpd;wp ePbf;fyhk;. 3 jlit.
1962-rPdg; Nghh;. NeU- PM. uhjhfpU\;zd;- President.
1971- ghf; Nghh;. ,e;;jpuh fhe;jp- v.v. fphp.
1975- cs;;ehl;L neUf;fb-,e;;jpuh fhe;jp-gf;Ujpd;; myp mfkJ.
Art 356: [dhjpgjp Ml;rp. khepyq;fspy; murpayikg;G eph;thfk; nraypof;Fk; NghJ.
6 khjq;fs;. 3 tUlq;fs; ePbf;fyhk;. 2 khjq;fSf;Fs;.
kpf ePz;l fhyk;- gQ;rhg;. Fiwe;j fhyk;- fh;ehlfh. mjpf jlit- Nfush> gQ;rhg;. (9)
Kjy; jlit- gQ;rhg; (1951) fiyg;G- Nfush.

In Tamilnadu- 1976-fiyQh;-,e;jpuh fhe;;jp- gf;Ujpd;; myp mfkJ.

1991- fiyQh;- re;jpuNrfh;-R.V .
1980-MGR-Indira Gandhi- rQ;rPt nul;b.
1988- [hdfp MGR- Rajiv Gandhi- R.V.
Art 360: epjp neUf;fb- ,J tiu gpwg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy

 ,e;jpa vjph;ghuh nryT epjp (Contingency Fund of India)-apypUe;J nrytopf;f chpik.

 Kjy; [dhjpgjp- Rajendra Prasad- ,uz;L Kiw gjtp tfpj;j xNu [dhjpgjp (1950-62)
 Unopposed- Sanjeeva Reddy (1977) . RNal;ir Ntl;ghsh;- V.V. fphp (1969)
 mjpf thf;Ffs;- Rajendra Prasad (99.3%) . 11 - mg;Jy; fyhk;.
th

gpujpgh ghl;By;- 12th and Kjy; ngz; [dhjpgjp. . 13- gpuzhg; Kfh;[p.
[_iy 25> 2007. kfuh\;buh. uh[];jhd; fth;dh;.
uh[; gtz;- fl;bath; Edwin Landseer Lutyens
Kjy; K];ypk;- [hfph;; cird;. Kjy; jw;fhypf [dhjpgjp- V.V. fphp.
Kjy; jypj; [dhjpgjp- Nf.Mh;.ehuhazd;.

Jiz FbauRj; jiyth;

 Art 63- Jiz [dhjpgjp gjtp

 Njh;T Kiw : mizj;J Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha M.P- f;fshy; Njh;T.
 jFjpfs;- 35 taJ g+h;jj ; p. .Rajya Sabha MP-Mtjw;fhd jFjp.
 gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 tUlq;fs;. uh[pdhkh fbjk;- [dhjpgjpf;F vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 Fw;wj; jhf;fy; (Impeachment) %yk; ePf;fyhk; -- Rajyasabha-y; Kjypy; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 gjtp topNa uh[;arghtpd; jiyth;. [dhjpgjpahy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLfpwhh;.
 [dhjpgjp gjtp tpyfpdhy; or ,we;jhy; or cly; epiy rPuhf ,y;yhj NghJk; jw;fhypf [dhjpgjpahf
,Ug;ghh;- 6 khjq;fs; tfpf;fyhk;.
 MP vote = ,e;jpahtpYs;s nkhj;j MLA f;fspd; thf;F kjpg;G
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l MP f;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 kNrhjhtpd; kPJ thf;fspf;f KbahJ.
 13th Vice President- Hamid Ansari 14th-

gpujk mikr;rh; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit

 ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpapd; ehlhSkd;w FO jiyth;.

 murhq;fj;jpd; jiyth; (Government) cz;ikahd eph;thf jiyth;.
 mikr;ruitf;F jiyik tfpf;fpwhh;. gjtp gpukhzk;- [dhjpgjpahy;.
 PM gjtp tpyfpdhy; mikr;ruit gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
 Leader of Lok Sabha
 rkkhdth;fSf;F Kjyhdth; & mikr;ruitapd; mbg;gilf; fy;- khh;yp
 gjtpapd; topNa jpl;lf; FO> Njrpa tsh;r;rpf; FO> Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lf; FO- tpd; jiyth;.
 uh[;a rghtpypUe;J gpujkh;; Mdth;fs;- ,e;jpuh fhe;jp (1966)> F[;uhy; (1997)> kd;Nkhfd; rpq; (2004)
 Kjy; Non- Congress PM- nkhuhh;[p Njrha; (1977)- [djh fl;rp.
 MP- Mf ,y;;yhj xUth; PM Mfyhk;- 6 khjj;jpw;Fs; VNjDk; xU mitapy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
 MP Mf ,y;yhky; PM Mdth;fs;- eurpk;kuht; (1991)> Njtnfslh (1996)> nkhuhh;[p Njrha;
 Jizg; gpujkh; gjtp murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
1) gNly; (NeU) 2) nkhuhh;[p Njrha;(,e;jpuh) 3) ruz;rpq; (nkhuhh;[p Njrha;)
4) n[f[Ptd; uhk; (nkhuhh;[p Njrha;) 5) YB rthz; (ruz;rpq;)
6) Njtpyhy; (VP rpq;) 7) mj;thdp(th[;gha;)
 nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 15% mikr;rh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;.
 mikr;ruit $l;lhf- kf;fsitf;F nghWg;GilaJ. jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;- [dhjpgjpf;F
 mikr;ruit- 3 gphpT nfhz;lJ.
Nfgpndl; (Cabinet)- jdpj;Jiw. The term included by 44th Amendment- eph;thfj;jpd; ikak;.
nfhs;if cUthf;Fk; mikg;G.
,iz mikr;rh;fs;- jdpj;Jiw fpilahJ. Mdhy; PM tpUk;gpdhy; nfhLf;fyhk;. Nfgpdl;
$l;lq;fspy; nghJthf fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhh;.
Mdhy; rpwg;G miog;ghsuhf miof;fg;glyhk;.
Jiz mikr;rh;fs;- jdpj;Jiw fpilahJ. Nfgpdl; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
xU mikr;rUf;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPhk
; hdk; ntw;wp ngw;whYk; KO mikr;ruitAk;
uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
ehlhSkd;wk;

1) FbauRj; jiyth; (Art 79) 2) khepyq;fsit 3) kf;fsit

khepyq;fsit - uh[;argh - Nkyit (1954 Mf];l; 23y; ngah; ngw;wJ)
$l;lhl;rpapd;; ,ay;Gfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ.
nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs;- 250 (238+12) jw;NghJ- 245 (233+12) (229+4+12) Delhi-3, Pondichery-1.
rKfg; gzp %yk; epakpf;Fk ;Kiw „ mah;yhe;jpypUe;J gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 jiyth;- FbauR Jiz jiyth;- kNrhjh thf;;nfLg;gpd; NghJ thf;fspf;f KbahJ.
mit epue;;jukhdJ. cWg;gpdh; gjtp fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs;.
1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs; 2 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw Xa;T ngWth;.
Fiwe;jgl;r taJ g+h;jj
; p - 30 khepy MLA-f;fshy; Njh;T.
ve;j kNrhjhitAk; jhf;fy; nra;ayhk;.;
(except - gz kNrhjh> mikr;ruitapd; kPjhd ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPhk
; hdk;.)
rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs;- Jiz FbauRj; jiytUf;F vjpuhd Impeachment kNrhjh - Art 67
mfpy ,e;;jpa gzpfis cUthf;Fk; kNrhjh -Art 312
jkpo;ehL- 18. mjpfk;- c.gp-31.
kf;fsit- Nyhf;rgh- fPoit (1954> Nk 14 Kjy; ngah; ngw;wJ)
 nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; - 550+2 (530+20+2) . jw;NghJ- 545 (543+2) (530+13+2) –Upto 2026
1971 nrd;r];gb eph;zapf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. . a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; - nly;yp-7> Others - each 1.
 Neubahf kf;fshy; Njh;T. . Fiwe;jgl;r taJ g+h;jj
; p- 25
 cWg;gpdh; gjtp fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs;.
 Emergencyd; NghJ 1 Mz;L ePl;bf;fyhk ; - 5th Loksabha ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ (1971-77)
 gpujkh; MNyhrizapd;gb [dhjpgjp fiyf;fyhk;
 1 mit jiyth; (rghehafh;) + 1 Jiz mit jiyth;
 rghehafh;- $l;lj;ij $l;Lthh;. jiyik jhq;Fthh;.
 nghJthf thf;fspf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; Casting Vote cz;L.
 uh[pdhkh fbjk; JizrghehafUf;F vOj Ntz;Lk; . gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
 murpaypy; eLepiy. Jiz jiyth; fl;rp $l;lq;fspy; gq;nfLf;fyhk;.
 Nguit jiytuhf ,Ue;J [dhjpgjp Mdth;- rQ;rt
P nul;b
 kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; egh; - Fredrick Whyte (1921)
Kjy; ,e;jpah; - tpl;ly;gha; gNly;. Rje;;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; - fNz\; thRNjt; kht;yq;fh;.
 1/10 gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk $l;lk; eilngWk;.
 kf;fsitapy; jPhk
; hdk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhy; mikr;ruit gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
 ghuhSkd;wk; tUlj;jpw;F 3 Kiw $Lk;. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 2 Kiw $l Ntz;Lk;.
o gl;n[l; $l;l njhlh ;- Feb – May „ ePz;l njhlh;.
o kio fhyj; njhlh; - July – August
o Fsph; fhyj; njhlh; - Nov- Dec – Shortest
2 $l;lq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhy ,ilntsp 6 khjq;fSf;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ.
mYty; nkhop- ,e;jp> Mq;fpyk;.
 3 thrpg;Gfs;.
 Lok Sabha , Rajya Sabha ,ize;j $l;lj;jpw;F miog;G tpLg;gth;- [dhjpgjp
jiyik- Nyhf;rgh rghehafh;. ,J tiu- 1961> 1978> 2002-y; $l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh [dhjpgjpapd; xg;GjYf;F gpwNf rl;lkhFk;;.

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhit [dhjpgjpapd epuhfhpf;f KbahJ.
Mdhy; kWghprPyiz nra;af; Nfhhp [dhjpgjp jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;
(gzkNrhjh> murpay; rhrz jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fisj; jtpu)
 gz kNrhjh- Art 110 „ jPhk; hdpg;gth; rghehaafh;. (epjp kNrhjh vd;gJ NtW)
[dhjpgjpapd; Kd; mDkjp Njit Nyhf;rghtpy; kl;LNk jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;
uh[;argh jd; fUj;;ij 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; ghpe;Jiufis nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
[dhjpgjp fz;bg;ghf xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;- Art 111

 ghuhSkd;;wj;jpd; Kjd;ikg;; gzp- rl;lk; ,aw;WtJ. 2tJ gzp- eph;thfj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ.

 Art 112d; gb gl;n[l; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ (khepy gl;n[l; - 202)
 jkpo;ehL- 39 mjpfk;- c.gp-80
 jdpj; njhFjpfs;- 131 (84+47) 19 khepyq;fspy; kl;LNk jdpj; njhFjpfs;. mjpfk;- c.gp-17
 jkpo;ehL- 7 rpjk;guk;> fhQ;rpGuk;> ehif> ePyfphp> jpUts;Sh;> njd;fhrp> tpOg;Guk;.
 Kjy; kf;fsit- 1952> May 13- 489 Seats jw;NghJ- 15th mit. (2009)
 Vjph;f;fl;rp jiyth; gjtp rhrdj;jpy; Kjypy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
1977 ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy; egh;- Y.B rthz;.
Nfgpdl; ke;jphp me;j];J cz;L
nkhj;;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 1/10 ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Pro- Term Speaker- MLA or MP-f;fis gjtp epakdk; nra;Ak; jw;fhypf rghehafh;
 MP njhFjp Nkk;ghL epjp- 5 Nfhb. .1993ypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
 khepy fl;rp mq;fPfhuk;-1) njhlh;r;rpahf 5 tUlq;fs; murpay; eltbf;i
; ffspy;; <Lgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2) khepyj;jpYs;s nkhj;;j Nyhf;rgh cWg;gpdh;fspy; 25 MP-f;fSf;F 1 MP vd;w tPjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; or
3) nkhj;j MLA-f;fspy; 30 MLA-f;fSf;F xUth; vd;w tPjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; or
4) rl;lkd;w Njh;jypNyh or Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypNyh 6% thf;Ffs; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Njrpa fl;rp mq;fPfhuk;- 4 or mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; khepy fl;rp vd mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jhy;
mJ Njrpa fl;rp vd mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk;.
 jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; 6 Njrpa fl;rpfs;- BJP, Congress, CPM, CPI, BSP, Njrpathj fhq;fpu]; fl;rp
 ,il Njh;jy;- gjtp tpyfy; or ,wg;gpdhy; Vw;gLk; fhyp ,lj;ij epug;g elj;jg;gLk; Njh;jy;.
 cg Njh;jy;- gjtpf; fhyk; KbAk; Kd;Ng elj;jg;gLk; nghJ Njh;jy;.
 Nfs;tp Neuk;- xt;nthU ehSk; Kjy; 1 kzp Neuk; (11-12) . G+[;a Neuk;- jpdKk; 12-1

 el;rj;jpu Fwpapl;l tpdh-

tha;nkhopahf tpil jUthh;. Jiz tpdh Nfl;fyhk;. tpthjk; elf;Fk;.
 el;rj;jpu Fwpapy;yh tpdh-
vOj;J %ykhf tpil jUthh; Jiz tpdh Nfl;f KbahJ. tpthjk; elf;fhJ.
 FWfpa fhy tpdh-
nghJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;r;rp Fwpj;J. 10 ehl;fSf;Fs; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 Censure Motion (fz;ldj; jPhk

; hdk;)- kf;fsitapy; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.
 No confidence Motion (ek;gpf;if ,y;yh jPhk
; hdk;)- vjph;f;fl;rpahy; nfhz;L tug;gLk;
 ek;gpf;ifj; jPhk
; hdk;- MSq;fl;rpahy; nfhz;L tug;gLk;.
Kjd; Kjypy; - ruz;rpq; mikr;ruit (1979)> 1990 - tp.gp.rpq;> 1997 - Njt nfslh
 ntl;Lj; jPhk
; hdk;- khdpaq;fspd; msit Fiwf;f. Nyhf;; rghtpy; kl;LNk nfhz;L tu KbAk;.
 ePjpj; Jiw

 3tJ mq;fk;. . Rje;jpukhd> Rahl;rp nfhz;l xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l mikg;G.

cr;r ePjpkd;wk; (Art 124- 147)
 1774y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ - jiyik ePjpgjp- ,yp[h ,k;Ng . 1950 [dthp 28
 Kjypy; vz;zpf;if- 1 +7 . 1986y; 1 + 25 vd cah;jj
; g;gl;lJ.
 2008y; 1+30 . jw;Nghija vz;zpf;i
; f- 1+26 ( as on April 27, 2012)
 ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia $l;lNth or Fiwf;fNth nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;- Parliament
 mbg;gil chpikfspd; ghJfhtyd;.
 GJ nly;;ypapy; cs;sJ. Njitg;gl;lhy;; NtW vq;Fk; mkh;T nra;ayhk;- President mDkjpAld;.
 ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gth;- President. . Xa;T ngWk; taJ- 65
 jFjpfs;- njhlh;r;rpahf 5 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf gzp mDgtk; or
10 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf gzp mDgtk; or
[dhjpgjpapd; fUj;Jg;gb rpwe;;j rl;l ty;Yeh;.
 gjtpf; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;; vq;Fk; tof;fhl KbahJ.
 gjtp ePf;fk;- ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Impeachment %yk;. . xt;nthU mitapYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik Njit.
 fhuzk;- jpwikapd;ik> epUgpf;fg;gl;l jtwhd elj;ij
 gjtp tpyfy; fbjk;- [dhjpgjpf;F vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 Mtz ePjpkd;wkhf nray;gLfpwJ- Art 129
 rh;r;irf;Fhpa xU rl;lj;ij murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F KuzhdJ vdf; $Wk; ePjpkd;w kWMa;T mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
 Kjy; ePjpgjp- Harilal J. fhdpah. 2tJ ePjpgjp- M.P. rh];jphp. . jw;NghJ fghbah (38tJ)
 Kjy; ngz;- ghj;jpkh gPtp. . Kjy; jypj;- K.G ghyfpU\;zd;.
cah; ePjpkd;wk; (Art 214-237)
 Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ- 1862. . fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> nkl;uh]; (1862 [_d; 26)
 Art 214- xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Art 215- Mtz ePjpkd;wk;.
 mDkjpf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;if-60. jw;NghJ- . 1+ 53 . ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp.
 epakdk;:- jiyik ePjpgjp - MSeuhy;. . ,ju ePjpgjpfs;- jiyik ePjpgjpahy;.
 jFjpfs;- 10 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;w tof;fwpQuhf gzp mDgtk; or
10 Mz;Lfs; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpj; Jiw gzp mDgtk;
 Xa;T ngWk; taJ- 65 . uh[pdhkh nra;a tpUk;gpdhy; fbjk; [dhjpgjpf;F vOj Ntz;Lk;.
 gjtp ePf;fk;- ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Impeachment %yk;. . xt;nthU mitapYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik Njit.
 fhuzk;- jpwikapd;ik> epUgpf;fg;gl;l jtwhd elj;ij.
 jw;NghJ- 21 cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs;.
ghz;br;Nrhp- nkl;uh];. yl;rj;jT
P - Nfush me;;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh;- fy;fj;jh
fTfhj;jp- 7 khepyq;fs; Nfhth> ilA lhkd;> jhj;uh ehfh; fNtyp- gk;gha;
jiyefhpy; mikahjitfs;- 9
Nfush> c.gp> mNrhk;> F[uhj;> k.gp> xhprh> uh[];jhd;> cj;jh;fhz;l;> rl;B];fh;.
 Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F xNu ePjpkd;wk; ,Uf;fyhk;- Art 231
 kJiu fpis Jtf;fk;- 2004 [_iy 24 Jtf;fpath;- yNfhl;b
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l khtl;lq;fs;-12
fd;dpahFkhp> jpUney;Ntyp> Jhj;Jf;Fb> kJiu> jpz;Lf;fy;> uhkehjGuk;>
tpUJefh;> rptfq;; if> GJf;Nfhl;;il> jQ;rht+h;> jpUr;rp> f&h;

fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;: (Art 233 - 237)

 khtl;l ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gth;- MSeh;.
 7 Mz;Lfs; VjhtJ xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;fwpQh; gzp mDgtk;.

khepy muR (Art 152- 237)

r
 3 mq;fq;fs;.
. khepy eph;thfk; . rl;l kd;wk; . ePjpj; Jiw

khepy eph;thfj;jpd; euk;G kz;lyk;- jiyik nrayfk;

MSeh;: (152- 160)

. ngaustpy; khepy murpd; jiyth;. . eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; ,thplk; cs;sd.
. [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. . gjtpg;gpukhzk;- cah;ePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.
. 35 taJ g+h;jj
; p . gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs; . khw;wNth> ePf;fNth mjpfhuk;- [dhjpgjpf;F.
. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Nte;jh;. . kj;jpa murpd; Nehpil gpujpepjp.

. khepy muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizaj;jplkpUe;J Mz;L mwpf;;iffis ngWfpwhh;

. khepy epiyikfs; Fwpj;J kj;jpa murpw;F 15 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw gUt mwpf;iffis mDg;Gfpwhh;.

. kj;jpa gFjpfis kj;;jpa muR Nehpilahf eph;thfk; nra;fpwJ.

. kjuhR khepyk; 1967y; jkpo;ehL vd jPhk
; hdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ (ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; )
. jkpo;ehL vd 1969y; ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. nkl;uh]; -nrd;id vd khw;wg;gl;lJ 1996y;.
. a+dpad; gpuNjr MSeh;fs;- nyg;bndd;l; fth;dh; vd miof;fg;gLthh;.
. nyg;bndd;l; fth;dh;- lhkd;; ila+. Chief Commissioner- me;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh;> rz;bfh;.
Administrator- yl;rj;jT
P fs;.
. kj;jpa khepy cwT Kiw- rh;f;fhhpah fkp\d; (1983) - mwpf;if- 1987.
khepy Kjyikr;rh; - khepy eph;thfj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb.
. rl;lkd;wk;: xU mit or ,U mit nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
rl;lg; Nguit- tpjhd; rgh
. khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikak;.
. kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;T.
. mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;if- 500 . Fiwe;;jgl;rk;- 60 . jkpo;ehl;by;- 234
. gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs;. . 25 taJ g+h;jj
; paile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
. jkpo;ehl;by; Reserved seats- 44+2
rl;l Nkyit: tpjhd; ghp\j;.
. khepy MLA f;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; 1/3 f;F Nky; ,Uf;f $lhJ. . Fiwe;jgl;rk;- 40
. taJ tuk;G- 30 g+h;jj
; p . gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs;.
. cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;T: 1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs;- khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpdhy;
1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs;- cs;shl;rp kd;w cWg;gpdh;fshy;
1/6 cWg;gpdh;fs;- MSeuhy;
1/12 cWg;gpdh;fs- Mrphpah;fshy;
1/12 cWg;gpdh;fs;- gl;ljhhpfshy;
. Nkyitia fiyf;f mk;khepyj;jpd; jPhk
; hdj;Jld; ehlhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk;; fiyf;fyhk;.
. jkpo;ehl;by; fiyg;G- 1986- k.ngh.rptQhdk;- MGR Ml;rpf; fhyk;
. <uit cila khepyq;fs;- gPfhh;> [k;K fh\;khP ;> fh;ehlfh> kfuh\;buh> cj;jpugpuNjrk;> Me;jpuh.
. ,uz;L mitfSk; ,ize;j $l;lk;; $l;l KbahJ.
. gz kNrhjhit 14 ehl;fs; jhkjg;gLj;;jyhk;;. rhjhuz kNrhjhit 3 khjq;fs; jhkjg;gLj;;jyhk;
. jkpo;ehl;by; Kjy; nghJ Njh;jy;- 1952. Kjy; Kjyikr;rh;- uh[h[p (1952-54). fhkuh[h;- (1954-57)
. jp.K.f- 1949
Cjpak;;:
. FbauRj; jiyth;- 1>50>000 . Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;- 1>25>000
. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs;- 30>000 (Pay) DA- 1000/ day ($l;lk; eilngWk; NghJ)
njhFjp mytd;];- 20000/khjk; mYtyfr; nryT- 14000 kw;Wk;; ,ju rYiffs; cz;L.

. gpujkh;- 1>60>000 (vy;yk; Nrh;jJ

; - in 2010)
. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; - jiyik ePjpgjp- 1>00>000 (33000) . ,ju ePjpgjpfs;- 90>000 (30>000)
. cah; ePjpkd;wk; - jiyik ePjpgjp- 90>000 (30>000) . ,ju ePjpgjpfs;- 80>000 (26>000)
ml;ltizfs; (Schedules)
I – khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjpfspd; ngah; gl;bay;fs;
II- [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp> MSeh;fs;> ePjpgjpfs;> CAG Nghd;wth;fspd; rk;gsk; > ,ju rYiffs;
III - gjtp gpukhzk; > ufrpa fhg;Gg;; gpukhzk;; Nghd;w cWjpnkhopfs;
IV- xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; uh[;argh cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia eph;zapg;gJ
V- Mjp jpuhtplh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; thOk; gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;.
VI- mNrhk;> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh> kpNrhuhk;> mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; trpf;Fk; S.T gFjpfspd; eph;thfk;.
VII- mjpfhu gfph;T- 3 tifahd gl;bay;- kj;jpa gl;;bay; khepy gl;bay; nghJ gl;;bay;
VIII- mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l 22 nkhopfspd;; ngah; gl;bay;
. rhrdk; Vw;Wf;; nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJ- 14 . 15tJ nkhop- rpe;;jp- 21tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;- 1967
. nfhd;fdp> kzpg;Ghp> Neghsp- 71tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;- 1992
. re;jpyp> ikjpyp> NghNlh> Nlhf;hp - 92tJ rl;l jpUj;jk;- 2003
. rk];fpUjk;> cUJ- mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfs;. . Mq;fpyk;- mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhop my;y

IX - ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F nry;y Kbahj rl;lq;fs;; gw;wp (284 rl;lq;fs;; cs;sd)

. Kjy; murpay; rhrd jpUj;jk;> 1951-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
. jkpo;ehl;L ,l xJf;fPL rl;lk;> [kpd;jhhp Kiw xopg;G> epy rPhj
; pUj;;jr; rl;lk;> uapy;Nt rl;lq;fs;
 X- fl;rp jhty; jilr;; rl;lk;
52tJ jpUj;jk;> 1985-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
XI- %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lk; gw;wp
73tJ jpUj;jk;> 1992-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ- eurpk;kuht; fhyk;
XII- %d;wLf;F efh;ghypfh rl;lk; gw;wp
74tJ jpUj;jk;> 1992-d;gb ,izf;fg;gl;lJ- . 73&74 rl;ljpUj;jq;fs; 1993y;; eilKiw
kj;;jpa gl;bay;- 99 Jiwfs;
. ntspAwT . ghJfhg;G . &gha;; mr;rpLjy; . ntspehl;L thzpgk; .jghy; je;jp
khepyg; gl;bay;- 66 Jiwfs;
. fhty; Jiw . cs;shl;rp .rpiwr;rhiy .rl;lk; xOq;F .Rfhjhuk; .ePhg
; hrdk; .Ntshz;;ik
nghJg; gl;bay;- 46 Jiwfs;
. fy;tp .kf;fs;njhif fl;Lg;ghL .FLk;g eyk; .gj;;jphpf;if .jpUkzk; .njhopyhsh; eyk;
. vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; - kj;jpa murplk;.
ghuhSkd;w FOf;fs;
. Public Accounts Committee - 22 members - 15(LS) +7(RS) - vjph;f;fl;rp cWg;gpdh; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.
. Estimate Committee – 30 Members (LS) - vjph;f;fl;rp cWg;gpdh; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.
. Rules Committee – 15 Members (LS) - jiyth;- rghehafh;
. Business Advisory Committee – 15 Members (LS) - jiyth;- rghehafh;
. Committee on Private Member’s Bills and Resolutions – 15 Members (LS) - jiyth;- Jiz rghehafh;
Kf;fpa murpay; rhrd jpUj;jq;fs;:
 murpay; rhrd jpUj;j topKiw- Art 368
1tJ jpUj;jk;-1951 - 9tJ ml;ltiz Nrh;g;G . 26tJ jpUj;jk;- 1971- kd;dh; khdpak; xopg;G
31tJ jpUj;jk;- 1973 - kf;fsit njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 525 ypUe;J 545 mf cah;jj
; g;gl;lJ
42tJ jpUj;jk;- 1976 „ ‘rpwpa murpayikg;G rhrdk;”
rkj;Jtk;> kjr;rhh;gpd;ik> xUikg;ghL Nghd;w thh;ji
; jfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ
44tJ jpUj;jk;- 1978- nrhj;Jhpik ePf;fk;.
52tJ jpUj;jk;- 1985- fl;rp jhty;; jilr; rl;lk;
61tJ jpUj;jk;- 1988 „ thf;fspf;Fk; taJ 18 Mf Fiwg;G „ uh[pt;; fhe;jp- 1989y; eilKiw
69tJ jpUj;jk;- 1991 „ nly;yp- Njrpa jiyefh; gFjp vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ- eurpk;kuht;
71tJ jpUj;jk;- 1992 „ 8tJ ml;ltizapy; 3 nkhopfs;; ,izg;G
73tJ jpUj;jk;- 1992 „ gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lk; 74tJ jpUj;jk;- 1992 „ efh;ghypfh rl;lk; - eurpk;kuht;
76tJ jpUj;jk;- 1994 „ jkpo;ehl;L ,l xJf;fPL njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs; 9tJ ml;ltizapy; Nrh;g;G
84tJ jpUj;jk;- 2000 „ Gjpjhf 3 khepyq;fs; cjak;- rl;b];fh;> cj;jh;fhz;l;> [hh;fz;l;
86tJ jpUj;jk;- 2002 „ fl;lha fy;tp chpikr;; rl;lk;-
92tJ jpUj;jk;- 2003 ---- 8tJ ml;ltizapy; 4 nkhopfs;; ,izg;G
 ml;lh;dp n[duy; (jiyik tof;fwpQh;)- Art 76
 gzp - murhq;fj;;jpw;F rl;l MNyhrizfs; toq;f> rl;lg; gzpfs; nra;tJ.
 jFjp- cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd jFjp ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp . gjtpf; fhyk;- [dhjpgjp tpUk;Gk; tiu.
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rl;l mYtyh;. . ghuhSkd;w $l;lq;fspy; gq;nfLf;f> Ngr chpik cz;L.
 MP -f;Fhpa mizj;J rYiffisAk; ngwyhk;.
 Kjy; ml;lh;dp n[duy;- M.C. Setalvad (1950) . jw;NghJ- G.E. Vahanvati
 ml;tNfl; n[duy; - khepyj;jpd;; Kjy; rl;l mjpfhhp. . epakdk; - MSeuhy;.
jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp (CAG) - Art 148-151
nghJ gzq;fspd; ghJfhtyd;. . kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; fzf;Ffis jzpf;if nra;tJ.
epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp . gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 65 taJ g+h;jj
; p tiu.
cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; topKiwapd; gb gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
jiyik jzpf;if mjpfhhp rl;lk; 1976y; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
‘,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mYtyfk;”;- Dr. mk;Ngj;fh;.
jw;Nghija CAG - tpNdhj; uha;
Njh;jy; Mizak; (eph;thrd; rjd;)
 1950 [dthp 25y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. . [dthp 25- thf;fhsh; jpdk;(2011)
 RNal;irahd Mizak;- Art 324 . Rje;jpukhd murpay; rhrd mikg;G
 jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; + 2 Njh;jy; Mizah; (1989ypUe;J) - miztUk; rkk; (1993)
 epakpg;gth;- [dhjpgjp. . gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 65 taJ g+h;jj
; p tiu.
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F ,izahdth;fs;.
 gzpfs;: . ehlhSkd;w Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;. . khepy rl;lkd;w Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;.
. [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp Njh;jy; elj;Jjy;. . thf;fhsh; gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;
. fl;rpfis mq;fpfhpj;;jy; rpd;dq;fs; toq;Fjy; . Njh;jy; Njjp eph;zapj;jy;
 cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; topKiwapd; gb gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.
 jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; - V.S. rk;gj; (NtYhh;) . Njh;jy; Mizah;fs;- Hari Sankar Brahma
 jkpo;ehL jiyik Njh;;jy; mjpfhhp (Chief Electoral Officer) - gputpz; Fkhh;.
 Njh;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis cah; ePjpkd;wq;fNs tprhhpf;Fk;.
 [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp Njh;jy; tof;Ffis cr;r ePjpkd;wNk tprhhpf;Fk;
 Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; Mizfs;; Fwpj;J cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; kl;LNk Kiwapl KbAk;.
khepy Njh;;jy; Mizak;
 murpayikg;G rl;l jpUj;jq;fs; 73> 74-d; gb khepy Njh;;jy;; Mizaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 jdp mikg;G . cs;shl;rp Njh;jy;fis elj;jfpd;wd.
 thf;fspf;Fk; taJ- 18 . Cuhl;rp cWg;gpduhf taJ tuk;G- 21
 Township - efhpak;. .Contonment- uhZt FbapUg;G .Notified Area- mwptpf;fg;gl;l gFjp FOf;fs;
 cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; 1/3 ngz;fSf;F xJf;fPL.
 khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J- 29 . Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;- 385 . Cuhl;rp- 12618
 .khefuhl;rp- 10 . efuhl;rp- 152 . lTz; gQ;rhaj;J- 611
 khepy Njh;jy; Mizah; - Nrh. ma;ah;

kj;jpa Njh;thizak; (Art 315-323)

 1926 Oct 1. . . ghpe;Jiu- Lord Lee Commission. . Kjy; Chairman- Ross Barkar
 Art 315- xU ika Njh;thizaKk;> khepyq;fspy; xU khepy Njh;thizaKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
 kj;jpa Njh;thizak;- gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 65 taJ g+h;jj
; p tiu- epakpg;gth; [dhjpgjp
 khepy Njh;thizak;- gjtpf; fhyk;- 6 Mz;Lfs; or 62 taJ g+h;jj
; p tiu- epakpg;gth; MSeh;
 xU Kiw kl;LNk epakdk; nra;ag;;gl KbAk; . jw;NghJ- 1+9. .Chairman- D.P.Agarwal.
 vz;zpf;if eph;zapg;gth; - UPSC - [dhjpgjp. . khepyj;jpw;F - MSeh;
epjpf; FO (Art 280)
1951 . vz;zpf;if- 1 + 4 . gjtpf; fhyk;- 5 Mz;Lfs;
kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa epjpapid gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ
khdpaj; njhiff;F ghpe;Jiug;gJ
Kjy; jiyth;- K.C. epNahfp 10- K.C ge;j; 11- A.M. Khusro 12-C.uq;fuh[d; 13- tp[a; nfy;fh;
11tJ epjpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb tpiuT ePjpkd;wq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ (01.04.2001 Kjy;)
jpl;lf; FO khh;r; 15>1950
murpayikg;gpd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;l FO my;y.
K.C. epNahfp-apd; ghpe;Jiu(1946)d;gb mikf;fg;gl;;lJ. . vz;zpf;if- 1+ 1+8
jiyth;- gpujkh;. Jizj; jiyth; - KO Neu eph;thfj; jiyth; - Nfgpdl; ke;jphp me;j];J
Kjy; jiyth;- NeU .,uz;lhtJ jiyth;- yhy; gfJhh; rh];jphp
Kjy; Jiz jiyth;- Fy;rhhpyhy; ee;;jh .jw;NghJ- 10th- M.S. Aluwalia
khepyj; jpl;l FOtpd; jiyth; -Kjyikr;rh;.
khtl;l jpl;lf; FOtpd; jiyth;- khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J jiyth;.
gQ;rhaj;J uh[;
 khepyg; gl;baypy; 5tjhf Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 gy;te;j; uha; Nkj;jh fkpl;b ghpe;Jiu mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ
‘gQ;rhaj;J uh[; rl;lj;jpd; kfhrhrdk;”. .fkpl;b mikf;fg;gl;l tUlk;- 1956. .ghpe;Jiu- 1957
 %d;wLf;F Kiw - . khtl;l gQ;rhaj;;J> . Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> . fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J
 Kjypy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l khepyk;- uh[];jhd; (1959 mf;Nlhgh; 2)-ehf;$h; khtl;lk;- NeU
 ,ju fkpl;bfs;- .mNrhf; Nkj;jh fkpl;b- 1977y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mwpf;if- 1978- ,uz;L mLf;F
. GVK uht; fkpl;b- 1985. . L.M.rpq;tp fkpl;b- 1986
. jkpo;ehl;L gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; 1994y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
. fl;rp jhty; jilr; rl;lk; cs;shl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F nghUe;jhJ

 Art 343 - ,e;;jp nkhopapd; Njtefhp vOj;J Kiw - ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp nkhopahf mwptpg;G „ 1965
. (10 Mz;LfSf;F Mq;fpyk; ,izg;G nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ)
. Mq;fpyk; epue;;ju ,izg;G nkhopahf 1967 ypUe;J mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ
 Xw;iw khw;wj;jf;f thf;F „ [dhjpgjp> Jiz [dhjpgjp> uh[;argh> khepy rl;l Nkyit Njh;jy;fspy;
filgpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. „ M];jpNuypahtpypUe;J gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
 ,lJrhhp > tyJrhhp – France y;; Njhd;wpaJ.
 Lame-Duck Session „ Njh;jy;; Njjp mwptpf;fg;gl;;l gpwF ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; filrp $l;lj;njhlh;.
 [k;K fh\;khP ; - rpwg;G me;;j];J „ Art 370.
. jdp rhrdk;. ([dthp 26> 1957ypUe;J eilKiw) . ,ul;il FbaAhpik
. ,uz;L mit rl;lkd;wk; . epjp neUf;fb gpwg;gpf;f KbahJ . mYty; nkhop- cUJ
 Njrpa ngz;fs; Mizak; - 1992 [dthp 31 „ Kjy; jiytp „ n[ae;j; gl;ehaf;
 SC/ST Njrpa Mizak; - 1978 „ [_iy 21. . ngah; khw;wk; - 1987
 Njrpa rpWghz;;ik Mizak; - 1979.
 ejp ePh; jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs;
. eh;kjh ejp ePh; jPhg
; ;ghak; - 1969 -1978y; jPhg
; ;G „ 1979y; muR mwpf;if ntspapL.
. fpU\;zh ejp ePh; jPhg
; ;ghak; - 1969 - 1973y; jPhg
; ;G „ 1976y; muR mwpf;if ntspapL
. fhNthp ejp ePh; jPhg
; ;ghak; - 1991 „ jkpo;ehL & Nfush - 2007y; jPhg
; ;G
. 1929y;; Vw;gl;l cld;ghl;il kPwpaNj gpur;idf;Ff; fhuzk;.
 khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd FO „ (Inter State Council) - 1990
 Zonal Council (kz;lyf; FOf;fs;) „ 5. . kj;jpa cs;Jiw mikr;rh; - jiyth;.
nghJj; Njh;jy;fs;:
 I – 1952 (1951 Oct t- 4 months) „ 489 „ fhq;fpu]; - NeU. . ,uz;lhtJ nghpa fl;rp- CPI
 II – 1957 „ 490 „ fhq;fpu]; - NeU.
 III – 1962 „ fhq;fpu]; - NeU „ 64y; kuzk;- rh];jphp 66y; kuzk; - ,e;jpuh
 IV – 1967 „ fhq;fpu]; - ,e;jpuh „ gpsT „ ];jhgd fhq;fpu]; & ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu];
 ,e;jpuh fhe;;jp gLnfhiy „ 1984 . uh[pt; fhe;;jp gLnfhiy „ 1991
Njh;jy; rPh;jpUj;jf; fkpl;bfs;:
. thf;fhsh;; milahs ml;il mwpKfk; - 1993 „ T.N.Seshan fhyk;.
. 1974 „ jhh;f;Fz;Nl fkpl;b . 1990 „ jpNz\; Nfh];thkp fkpl;b
. N.N. Vohra committee
. 2004 „ mizj;J ghuhSkd;w njhFjpfSf;Fk; kpz;zZ thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;;jpuk; mwpKfk;.
Nyhf;ghy;: - kj;jpa murpd; murpay; eph;thf cWg;gpdh;fs; & MPf;fs;; Coy; Ghpgth;fis jz;;bf;f
. 1966> Adminstrative Reforms Committee ghpe;Jiuapd;gb mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Community Development programme – 1952 . 20 mk;r jpl;lk; - 1975
 Ntiyf;F czT jpl;lk; - 1977-78 . TRYSEM – 1979
 IRDP – 1980 . JRY – 1989 . NRY – 1989
 Nghl;bfs; FO ( Competition Act) „ 2001
 eph;thf jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; Art 323 A „ 42tJ rl;l jpUj;;jj;jpd;gb mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 eph;thf jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs; rl;lk;> 1985d;gb kj;;jpa eph;thf jPhg
; ;ghaq;fs;(CAT)1958y; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
 kj;jpa Coy; jLg;Gf; FO (Central Vigilance Commission) – 1964y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;l mq;fPfhuk; - 1998
. ghpe;Jiu „ re;;jhdk; FO . ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;GilaJ.

 kjr; rhh;gpd;ik „ (Secularism) yj;;jpd; nkhop

. 1789 gpnuQ;r; Gul;rp ,f; fUj;;ij gpugyg;gLj;jpaJ.
. 1791 gpnuQ;r; murpayikg;G rhrdk; gpuhd;ir kjr;rhh;gw;w ehlhf khw;wpaJ.
. murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;i
; fahf kjr;rhh;gpd;ikia filgpbj;;jth; uQ;rpj;; rpq;.
. 1888y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp kjr;rhh;gpd;ik fye;j Njrpaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; 5tJ topfhl;Lk; nfhs;ifahf mike;Js;sJ.
. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd kjk; ,e;J kjk;.
 kf;fshl;rp „ (Democracy) fpNuf;f nkhop
. kf;fshl;rp muRf;F mbj;;jsk; [dehafk; -n`ull;l];
. kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ gyUila murhq;fk; - mhp];lhl;by;
. kf;fNs> kf;fSf;fhf kf;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp - Mgpufhk; ypq;fd;.
. kf;fshl;rp murpd; Kjd;;ikahd mjpfhuq;fs;- kf;fs;.
. kf;fshl;rpapd; Jhz;fs; - murpay; fl;rpfs; & nghJ Njh;jy;fs;.
. kf;fshl;rpapd; tif - 2
. Neub kf;fshl;rp „ murhq;f nray;ghLfspy;; kf;fs; Neubahf gq;nfLg;gJ. - ];tpl;rh;;yhe;J.
. kiwKf kf;fshl;rp „ kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshy; Ml;rp.
 fl;rp Kiw „ 3 tif.
. xU fl;rp Kiw - rPdh> u\;ah .,U fl;rp Kiw - America & England .gy fl;rp Kiw - ,e;jpah
. ,e;jpahtpy; 2 tifahd murpay; fl;rpfs; cs;sd. 1) Njrpa fl;rp 2) khepyf; fl;;rp
. kf;fshl;rpapd; capUk;> uj;;jKkhf tpsq;FtJ murpay; fl;rpfs;. murpay; fl;rpfs; ,y;yhj kf;fshl;rp
khYkp ,y;yhj fg;giyg;; Nghd;wJ> JLg;G ,y;yhj glifg; Nghd;wJ. „ NeU.

 rh;tNjr kdpj chpikfs; gpufldk; - 1948 Dec 10.

 ,e;;jpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizak; - 1993 mf;Nlhgh; 12
.1+4 cWg;gpdh;fs;. . jiyth; - xa;T ngw;w cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp
. gjtpf; fhyk;-jiyth;- 5 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ 70 taJ g+h;jj
; p. . cWg;gpdh;fs;-5 Mz;Lfs;
. Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Nghpy; Gyzha;T nra;J mwpf;if rkh;g;gpf;Fk; ( 1 khj fhyj;jpw;Fs;)
. Mz;L mwpf;iffisAk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;. . Fbikapay;; ePjpkd;wj;;jpw;Fhpa mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
 kdpjd; xU rKf tpyq;F - mhp];lhl;;by;.
. Kjy; rKjha mikg;G - FLk;gk; . ,e;;jpahtpd; caph;ehb fpuhkq;fs; - NeU.
 nghJ nrhj;J rPuopT rl;lk; - nrd;id khfhz muR -1937
 nghJ nrhj;J ,og;G kw;wk; mopj;;jy; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1982
 kf;fshl;rp mikg;gpd; caph;ehb - cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;.
. fpuhk Cuhl;rpapd; Ma;thsh; - khtl;l Ml;rpah;. fpuhk rig Mz;Lf;F 4 Kiw $Lk;.
1) [dthp 26 2) Nk 1 3) Mf];l; 15 4) mf;Nlhgh; 2
 jkpo;ehl;;bd; 31tJ khtl;lk; - mhpaYhh; (2007) 32tJ khtl;lk; - jpUg;g+h; (2008)
 khefuhl;rp -10 nrd;id> Nfhit> kJiu> jpUr;rp> jpUney;Ntyp> Nryk;> <NuhL> jpUg;g+h;> NtYhh;> Jhj;Jf;Fb.
 FW tl;lq;fis ftdpg;gth; - tUtha; Ma;thsh;.
 khtl;l mkh;T ePjpkd;wk; - fphpkpdy;; tof;F . chpikapay;; ePjpkd;wk; - rptpy; tof;F
 ,e;jpahtpd; ehfhpfk; 5000 Mz;Lfs; goikahdJ
 ,e;jpah gy ,dq;fspd; mUq;fhl;rpafk;- Dr. Vincent Smith
 ,e;jpahtpy; ghurPfh;fs; te;J FbNawpa gFjp- tl Nkw;F
 ,e;;jpahtpw;F te;jth;fspy; ,e;;jpahtpd; gz;ghl;L ePNuhl;lj;jpy; xd;W Nruhjth;fs; ma;Nuhg;gpah;fs;.
 ,e;jpa ruhrdpf; fl;ll fiy- ,e;jpa ghurpf fl;ll fiy
 itFe;;j ngUkhs;; Nfhapy;- fhQ;rpGuk; gpufjp];tuh; Myak; -jQ;ir
 uhkehj Rthkp Nfhapy; - uhNk];tuk;. Eluhrh; Myak; - rpjk;guk;
 rKjhaj;;jpd; mbg;gil mq;fk; -FLk;gk;. mbg;gil gs;sp - ,y;yk;.
 ,e;;jpa nghUshjuj;jpd; KJnfYk;G „fpuhkq;fs;.
 ,e;jpahtpd; nrk;nkhopfs; -4. jkpo; (2004) rk];fpUjk; (2005) fd;dlk;> njYq;F (2008)
 nghJthf FbAhpik 2 tifg;gLk;.
 Democracy- Greek Secular, Citizen, federation – Latin. Budget- French
 tsUk; ehLfspd; tWik> grp Nghf;f [.eh. FOtpd; jiytuhf gzpahw;wpath; C. Rg;gpukzpak;.
 midj;Jf; fpuhk mz;zh kWkyh;r;rpj; jpl;lk; - Cuhl;rpfspy; mbg;gil fl;likg;G trjpfs; nra;jy;.
 midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; (S.S.A) – 2001 njhlf;ff;; fy;tp Nkk;ghL
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; fhyj;jpy; [kpd;jhh;fs; cUthdhh;fs;
 kf;fs;; Fiw jPhf
; ;Fk; ehs; - jpq;fs;; fpoik.
 kf;fs;; njhlh;Gj; jpl;lehs; - tUtha;jJ
; iw mYtyh;fs; fpuhkq;fSf;F nrd;W Fiw jPhg
; ;gJ.
 Cuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa tUtha; - tPl;L thp> Foha; ePh; thp> njhopy; thp> nrhj;J thp
 kj;jpa khepy muRfs; gy;NtW jpl;l epjpfisAk; > khdpaq;fisAk; khtl;l Cuf tsh;r;rp Kfik (DRDA)
%ykhf Cuhl;rpfsf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.
 Cuhl;rp Kiw „ fpuhk Cuhl;rp> Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;> khtl;l Cuhl;rp
 efuhl;rp Kiw „ NgUuhl;rp> efuhl;rp khefuhl;rp
 lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp „ kfsph; Fyj; jpyfk;.
. gpwg;G - 1886 [_iy 30. GJf;Nfhl;il. . GJf;Nfhl;;il fy;Yhhpapy; Kjy; khztp
. nrd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Yhhpapy; kUj;Jth; gl;lk;; ngw;w Kjy; ,e;jpag; ngz;kzp (1912)
. nrd;id rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz;. . nrd;id efuhl;rpapd; Kjy; mjpfhhp.
. nrd;id milahwpy; Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkidia epWtpdhh;.