GS. Ts. NGUYEN BAC LOC PGS. TS. LE VAN TIEN PGS. TS. NINH BUC TON PGS. TS. TRAN XUAN VIETGS.TS. Nguyén Dac Loc. PGS.TS. Lé Van Tién PGS.TS. Ninh Dire Ton. PGS.TS. Tran Xuan Viét sO TAY CONG NGHE CHE TAO MAY T§p I (tron bG ba tap) (in lan thit 7 cé bé sung va stta chita) Chi bién: PGS.TS. Nguyén Dac Loc NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC KY THUAT HA NOI 2007LOI NOI DAU Tién nay khoa hoc kE thudt dang phit wiés bdo, mang lai nhitig lot ich to lon cho con neuei vé tat cd cdc link vue tinh thdn va vat chat. Dé ndng cau dé sng cia nhin dan, dé hot nhap vdo su phat irién ching ctia cdc née trong khu vic, cing nlur edo mise wen thé gidi, Ding va Nha nude ta dd dé ra muc tiét trong uhitag nam 10t ta thite hién "Céng nghiép héa ve hién dai héa dat nub". Muon thie hién "Cong nghiép héa va hidn dai héa dat nude", MGL iroug nhiing nganh can quan tim phat wien manh do ta co khi ché tao vico khi ché tao déng vai 6 quan trong trong viée sdn xudt ra cde thiét bi, cong cu che moi nganh kink té quée dan, tuo tién dé can thiet dé cdc nganh nay phat tien manh hon. voi mot 1c dé vi Dé phuc vu cho viéc phat trién nganh co khi hién nay ching ta edn dey manh dio tao doi ng cdn b6 ky thuat cé trinh dé chuyén mon cao vé cde tink vuc cong nghé kink dién, déng thai phdi dap ing ditoc nhiing cong nghé tién tién, cong nghé ut déng trong sén audl co khi. Mat khae can tang citing cde co sé vat chat, thiét bi may mbe va dae biét la ede tai liéu tra eta tham khdo trong khi hoc tap @ truéng cting nur iroug khi cong téc ¢ cdc nha may, xi nghiép. viv. Nhiim dap ting yeu cau trén, chting 101 bién soan b6 "S6 tay cong nghé ché tao may" gdm 3 tap. BO sch nay due diing lam tai lieu tra citu, hoe tap khi lam dé dn mon hoc, dé dn tot nghiép cia hoe sinh, sinh vién, hoc vién cao hoc va nghién ciat sinh cdc ngduh co khi ché tao may thuge cde hé dao tao. Pong thot nd con deing tam tai liéw phuc vu cho san xudt trong cde nha may co khi, wong cde phan xing co dién siia chita & cdc cong ty sén audl mat hang khéc. Duve xudt ban trong thdi ky ma khoa hoc cong nghé phat trién vd thay doi lién tc nén bo sdch nay khong thé trdnk khoi cde thiétt sét vé cde mat. Chiing 161 mong nhan duge va tran irong cdm on cdc § kién dong gdp cia ban doc va cdc ban déng nghiép dé lin xudt ban sau, bd sdch nay ditoc hoan chink hon. Cae y kién xin gtti vé Nha xudt ban Khoa hoc va K¥ thudt. 70 ‘Tran Hung Dao, fea Néi. Cae tae giaMUC LUC LOLNOI DAU. MUC LUC. CHUONG I Thiét ké cic quy trinh cong nghé va cdc nguyén cong trong ché tao may. I. Thiét ké c4c quy trink cong nghé va c4c nguyén cong trong ché tao may. 1. ¥ nghia cia cong viée chudn bi san xudt. 2. Thiét ké c&c quy trinh cong nghé va céc nguyén cong. I. Thiét ké ty dong c4c quy trinh cong nghé trong ché tao may. 1. Khai niém chung. 2. Dae diém va whiing nguyen téc chinh cita viéc. thiét lap céc hé théng thiet ké tu dong cha cdc qué tinh cong nghé. 3. Téng thé céfa tric khi thiét ké cfc qué trinh cong nghé. 4. M6 binh tofn hoc khi thi¢t ké ty dong céc qué trinh cng nghé. 5. T6i wu hod thong s6. 6. Chon trang bj k¥ thuat khi thiét k€ cdc qué trinh cong ngh¢ bang phuong phdp giao tiép. CHUONG II Dung sai va lip ghép. 1. Cac khai va dinh nghia co ban. 1, Kich thuée danh nghia. 2. Kich thude thyc. 3. Kich thuéc gidi han. 4. Sai lech. 5. Dung sai. 6. Lap ehép. 7. Day kich thu6c thing tieu chudn. H.Dung sai lip ghép bé mat tron. 1. Cap chin xéc, sai Igch co ban va dung sai. 2. Lap ghép. 3. Ghi ky higu sai féch va lép ghép trén ban vé. 4. Dung sai vit lép ghép 6 6 lan. 5. Dung sai va kép ghép then. 6. Dung sai va lap ghép then hoa. 90HI. Dung sai hinh dang, vi tri va nham bé mat L. Dung sai hinh dang va vi tri bé mat 2. Nhain bé mat TV. Dung sai calip tron V. Dung sai kich thudc gic va lap ghép con tron 1, Dung sai kich thude ade 2. Lap ghép con von VI. Dung sai lap ghép ren 1. Ren hé met 2. Ren thang VI. Dung sai trayén dong banh rang tru 1. Cap chinh xe va dang Adi tiep 2. Danh gid mite chinh xée cita truyén dong banh rang 3. Thé hien do chinh xc hink hoe tén ban vé ché tao ban rang CHUONG III Chon phi va xac dinh luong du gia cong 1. Chon phoi L. Che tao phoi bang phuong phap diic 2. Che (ao phoi bang phyong php rén va dap nong IL, Xac dinh luong du gia cong 1. Khai nigm vé Luong dur gia cong cong thifc tinh toxin wong du gia cong 3. Trinh tf xic dink kich thitéc trung gian Theo cdc bude a kich thuee gia cong cong nghé va 4. Cac thong 86 dé tinh todn Iueng du 5. Phutong phip tinh roan Iuong dir eho cong nehé kip gidp 6. M6t s6 thi du tiab to:in hong dur vi kich thude gia cong 7. Luong du gia cong chung cia phdi dic 8- Luong dir gia cong chung va cae sai lech cla phoi thép ché tao bang bign dang déo 9. Lugng du chung gian (Iuong du nguyén cong) CHUONG IV Dung cu cat 1. Khai niém chung |. Cae thong s6 hinh hoc va cau (ao cilia dung cu cat 2. Cac vit Su ché tac clung cu cat va pham vi st dung TI. Dao tién, bao 1. Dao tién gan manh thép gid va dao tign gan manh hop kim ting 2. Gée dav kep chat bang co khi ¢'¢ manh da canh bang gom sit va hgp kim cing 3. cde dao c6 Ludi cat bang vat Leu com-po-dit TH. Miti khoan, mai khoét, mai doa 1. Mi khoan Trang 22 92 92 8 lit ut 7 ui? 120 Li lat 143 144 167 167 167 167 185 223 223 225 229 231 243 246 251 262 262 286 286 286 286 290 295 295 308 316 319 319Mei khoet Mai doa 1 Dung ew 1 hop TV. Chuot 1, Dao chu 16 2, Daw hus ngoai V. Dao phay 1. Daw phay ngon 2. Daw phay elite} 2a, Dao phay tu 3. Dao phay din 4. Daw phay poe 5. Dav phay dink hinh 6. Dao phay mat dau VI. Dung cu gia cong rang 1. Dav phay dia modun Dav phay agon medun Day fage cat rung Daw phay true vit Daur soe rang Daw ca rang Khon" rang Dao bie nine 4 Pag cat rang £0), Bau chuot rang HE Bia dau od mang dao duce mai sie elie VIE. Dung cu eat ren 1, Daw cat ren gr md ex vanb rang lvoe ton, 2. Bau cat ren eam ed mat ren theo hung tiep tuyen in ren va aro. 4. Cae Hoai dao cat ren VIE Dung 8 edn ren 1 Dung cu de can ren de os fs 2. Dung cu eke cain ten wong IX. Dung cu dang hat (ung cu dang mai) J. Mat ficu snail va phane v1 ting du 2.8 hak va thank plaia hat eth: 4. Chit ket dinh otia cde dung cu hat - Bo et 4. Cau ini ett dung cu hat va ndng d6 tong igu mai 5. Cap chih wie cia dung eat het ©, Caip khony 7. Bun: doi eta vat an bag cua ck mi cu hat ea nen nem 8. Phan Loui vit kg Ingu binh ding tia di ona 9, Sura dug dung eu hit istta di + THAM KHAO TAL LIE! 6 ng 334 356 34) 345 B45 345 356 350 3O4 366 308 373 374 375 379 380 381 381 383 389 393 398 409 401 407 409 au di ail 4S 430 436 436 45 450 450 451 454CHUONG I. THIET KE CAC QUY TRINH CONG NGHE VA CAC NGUYEN CONG TRONG CHE TAO MAY LThiét ké cac quy trinh cong nghé va cac nguyén cong trong ché tao may. LY nghia cia cing viéc chudn bi san xuat. Bat ctt mot sn phdm nao truéc khi dua vao san xudt déu phai qua giai doan chudn bj sin xudt - giai doan nay rat quan trong va chiém nhiéu thoi gian. Thigt ké quy trink cOng nghé gia cng chi tit 1A mot ngi dung co ban cia giai doan chudn bj san xudt. Ngay nay do sw phat trién cua khoa hoc ky thuat, dac bigt 1A viée tng dung tin hee vao Linh ve céng nghé di rdt ngin duge thdi gian chudin bi san xudt mot cdch dang ké, mau chéng tao ra cdc san phém méi, d4p tg kip thdi cdc abu cfu cita thi trudng. Dé ché tao mot sin phdm, cé thé c6 nhiéu phuong an cng nghé. Van dé dit ra 1 lam sao chon duge mét phuong én cOng nghé hgp ly hode cao hon 1d mt phuong An téi wa. C6 hai trutng hop thiét _ké quy trinh cong nghé, mét 1a khi thigt ké mOt nhd méy mdi, hai 1 tong nhiing diéu kién cha mot nha méy dang hoat déng. . Quy trinh cong nghé duue thiét k& nhim muc dich huéng dan cong aghé, lap cdc chi tigu kinh t& k¥ thuat, lap k& hoach san xudt va diév hanh san x Negay nay do nhu cau x4 hdi vé da dang hod sin phdm nham thoa man nhing ohu cdu st dung khac nhau din dén dac tinh va hinh dang eta sin phdm cing lu6n lu6n cé nbhtng diém khée nhau. Dé 6 thé dap ing duge cde nhu cdu trén, ngudi ta da thigt ké cfc quy tinh céng nghé linh hoat (quy irinh céng nghé mém). Quy trinh céng nghé linh hoat Khong nhitng dép tng duge nha edu sit dung khéc nhau ma cdn cd ¥ nehia ln trong viée san xuat cdc phu ting thay thé. MO6t quy tinh cong nghé duge thiét k& can phai c6 d6 tin cay nhat dinb. 6 tin cay nay chiu anh hudng cia nhiéu yeu ts khéch quan va chi quan. Khi thigt ké mot quy trinh céng nghé ngudi ta thudng dua vio céc quy trinh cing nghé gia cong nhém hode kidu chi tié di ¢6, C4c chi tigi st duge sip xép thanh cdc nhém chi tigt, méi nhém s& ¢6 mot quy tinh cong nghé dign hinh. Néu céc chi tiét cn ché tao khong nim trong céc nhom chi tigt dign hinh thi vige thiet ké quy trinh cOng ngh® cho chéing thuge loai quy tinh cong nghé dun 1g va cing phai thoa man céc yeu cfu chung sau day: : -Phaj bao dam chat lugng sin pham. -Phuong phdp gia cong phai kinh té nhét nghia 1a ft tién nhdt -Phai dp dung duge ohimg thanh tuu mdi trong khoa hoc ky thuat. -Phai thich hgp v6i digu kign cu thé cia nha may, nhu kha ndng thist bj. kha nang va trinh d6 cila Luc luong cn bé va céng nhan.-Phai tng dung c4c hinh thitc (6 chite san xuat tién tién. Khi thiét ké m6t quy trinh céng nghé, cdn phai c6 cdc tai ligu k¥ thuat sau day: af Ban vé k¥ thudt cia chi tiét véi day dit: ~Mat hinh chiéu biéu dién 16 rang. -Ghi day di kich thude dung sai va cdc didu kién ky thudi khadc. -Ghi 1 nhing ché can gia cong dac biet. ~Ghi vat ligu cita chi tiét, d6 cig va phuong phép nhiét luyén. bi Sdn lugng chi tiét. ké’ cd thanh phdn du tit cting voi nhiing diéu kién han ché khae cla sdén xudi. cf Hinhv€ b6 phan cil sin pham irong dé 6 chi tiét gia cong. di Nhiing tai lidu vé thiét bi nhu bdn thuyét minh ctia may, cde riéu chudn vé dao, vé Ab g Negoai ra cdn cdin 06 cdc f3i ligu sé tay nh -Tigu chudn xée dinh lugng du, dung sai. -S6 tay 6 g4, cfc tranh chi dan vé 46 g4, vé dung cu cat, dune cu do. -Tiéu chudn vé vat ligu trong ché tao may. -Tiéu chudn vé ché dO cat, vé dinh mc kinh té ky thuat Neudi thigt ké quy tink céng nghé cén nam ving va sir dung « Wi ligu dé mét céch thanh thao thi méi cé thé thiét k& quy trink nghé tt duoc. 2. Thiét ké cdc quy trinh cong nghé va cac nguyén cong. Khi da c6 day di cdc tai ligu ban dau, ta bit tay vao vige thiét ke quy trinh céng nghé va thudng tuan theo trinh tu sau day: al Nghién ciiu ban vé chi tiéi, Kiém tra lai tinh cong nghé trong két cdu cha nd, nghia fa ding vé gc dQ ché tao dé xem xét két cu cia chi tiét dé c6 thudn loi cho vise ga dat, do luéng, kiém tra trong qué trinh ché tao hay khong. R6 rang ring trong vige kiém tra lai tinh cong nghé trong két cdu 6 day nham bao dim vigc tigu hao kim loai it, khéi lugng gia cOng va lap r4p 1a it nhat, do dé gid thanh sé ha nhdt wong mét diéu kign san xudt nhat dinh. Sau dé xac dinh s6 lugng san phdm can ché tao. bi Nghién cits bang phan loai chi tiét. Sap dat cdc chi tigt vao cdc nhém dé tit d6 c6 thd time dung cdc quy trinh cOng nghé gia cOng nhém hoc quy trinh cong nghé dién hinh. ci Chon phéi va phiong phdp ché tao phéi. Chon phdi phai can ctf vao cde yéu té sau day: -Vat ligu va co tinh vat ligu cla chi tié: ma thiét ké ddi hoi: ~Kich thudc, hinh dang két cau cia chi tiét. -San lung chi tiét hoac dang san xuat. -Hoan canh va kha nang cy thé cia xf ighiép. -Kha nang dai d6 chinh xdc va yeu cdu k¥ thuat cla phuong phdp ché tao phoi. 8al Xie dink chudn va chon cach dink vi, kep chét cho ning aguyén céng, Chon cach dinh vi vA kep chat chi tigt hop ly 18 mét trong nhing, vain dé co ban cita vigc thiét && quy trink cOng nghé, Vi khi ta khéng che duge cdc nguyén nhan khde sinh ra sai sO gia céng trong mat ute dé nhat dinh, thi d6 chinh xdc cia chi ti€t gia cong cha yéu 1A do yd tink gd dat quyét dinh. Chon duge phuong é 94 dat hep 1 khong nhitng giam duge gian phy ma cén dam bao dé cing ving Wt, nang cao dutge dan dén giam cd thi gian co ban, ef Lap thit ne cdc nguyén cong. Lap thi ty nguyén cong 1a x4c dinh hop ly tién trinh cong nghe tng vdi cic bé mat cia chi titt, sao cho chu ky gia cong hoan chinh mt chi tiét 1a ngan hat, gdp phdn han ché chi phi gia céng, bie dam hiéu qua nhat Khi x4c dinh trinh ty cde nguyen cSng can theo cdc neuy -Neghién citu dé chon chudn thé va the nha that cdn than. -Tiép 46 x4c dinh tinh ty cdc nguyén céng sau va chudn tinh, -Can cit vao dé nhém bé mt va dé chinh x4c yéu cdu wa cl phuong phdp gia c6ng lan cudi cia cdc ba quan trong -C& gang bao dam tinh thong nhat vé chudn tinh. Chi. ¥ ti cdc nguyén cong cé thé sinh ra phé phim. nbine nguyén cong nay nén dat wudéc dé trénh lng phi hodc bé wi them vide kim tra trung gian. -Chii ¥ t6i nhiing nguyén cong dé sinh bién dang(nhu gia cong thé hoac nhiét tuyén). Tach nhiing nguyén cong nay khdi nguyén céng gia cong tinh, hoae thém vao quy tinh nhing nguyén céng thudmg hod. nan thing ch thuc hign nguyen cong gang giam sé lan pd, tang sO vi wf wong méi lin ga. Thye chat cla vide lap thi tir cdc nguyén cong 1a x4c lap mdi Lien ket cha céc nguyen cong gia cong chi tiét d6. Mdi nguyén céng duoc thyc hign theo nguyén ly img voi mot phuong ph4p gia cdng thich hap vdi két cau cha chi tiét my. Khi xc dinh phiong phdp gia cOng cn dua vao cdc tiéu chudn sau: -Kha nang tao hinh cia phuung phdp gia cong. -Vi wi cdc bé mat tén chi tiét gia céng, trinh va dap khi cat. -Kich thuge bé mat gia cong, kich thuéc téng thé cita chi tidt gia cOng va pham vi g4 dat phdi én may thuc hign phuong phdp gia cong. -D6 chinh xdc cé thé dat dude cita céc phuong phap sé chon. -Gid tri nho nat cia lugng du gia céng c6 thé cat thuan loi ting vdi ting phuong phap -Diéu kién san xuat thuc té.gi Chon may cho méi nguyén cong. DSi véi cdc nguyén cong ct got thi viéc chon may dua wén cdc nguyén ta¢ tng quat sau day: -Kidu loai_ may duye chon, phai dim bao thuc hign duge phuong phap gia cong da x4c dinh cho chi tiét d6. -Kich thuée, pham vi lam viée cia may phai dam bao qué tinh gia céng thuan tién, an foan. -May duye chon dim bao dat yéu cdu chat lugng gia cong thea tinh ty céng nghé chung cia chi tiét gia cong. -Cong suat va pham vi diéu chinh céc thong s6 céng nghé phai tao diéu kién gia cong tt, nghia 1a dat chat lugng va nang suat gia cong.” -Chon méy cé nang sudt gia cong cao, nghia 1a nén sit dung mdy c6 phi t6n thoi gian gia céng 1a jt nhat. Mat khac phai bao dam h@ sé sit dung may theo yéu cau vé kha nang ky thuat va vén thoi gian lam vide cla may. 3 quy m6 san xuat nhodoat nhd, don chige) can tap tung qué (rink gia cOng tren mot vai may dé giam chi phi van chuyén va cde chi phi khae trong san xudt. -Can cha y diéu kién san xudt thye té dé chon may cho phi hgp. hl Xde dink heong di gifte cde nguyén cong va dung sai nguvén céng, tit dé xae dink kich thudc can thiét cia phéi. i! Chon dung cu edt va dung cy do tueng. Thiet ké nhiing dung cu déc biét, chuyén ding. ki Chon d6 ga, néu cdn, thiét ke clic dé gd chuyén ding. ii Xde dink ché'ds edt. mt Dinh cdp bée céng nhan. wW Dink mite thot gian va nang sudt, tinh todn kinh t&, so sinh pliuong du vé mat kink té. . of Lap phiéit cong nghé, vé cdc so dé nguyen cong Noi dung cdc bude wen déu can thigi, khong thé thigu bude nado duge nhung mac dé thi khdc nhau, tuy thee dang san xudt va Gah hinh cu thé ma tinh tu cé thé thay déi doi chit. IL Thiet ké tu dong cdc qua trinh cong nghé trong ché tao may. 1,.Khai ni¢ém chung. bé ddp img nhu cdu ngay cang cao cia con ngudi, hién nay céc mat hang céng nghiép yeu cdu thay d6j hode cai tiGn lien tuc vé ky thuat vi my thuat, Diéu dé dan dén can thigt phai rit ngain giai doan chudn bi sain xudt, dace bigt 1a chudn bi cong nghé cho sin xudt co khi. Trong nhing nam gin day ngudi ta di su dung cde he thong tu déng vide chudn bi cong nghé tong san xudt. D6 la mot hé théng ma trong dé hon 60% khéi long cong viée kf thudt duoc hodn thanh mot cach ty dong trén may tinh. Dau vao cha hé thong 1a céc ti ligu ket edu, cdn ddu ra lA ede sé ligu diing cho sy hoat d6ng binh thuémg cia hé théng tu dong diéu khién 10qué trinh va chia nhd san xuat dé tién t6i sin xuat cdc san pham mdi trong mot théi han da cho véi mot sé lugng nhat dinh. Téng hé thong tur donghod viée chuan bi céng nghé trong san xudt bao gém nhiéu hé thong nho nhu so dé hinh 1-1. : He théng didu khién phan tich He thong tinh toan i cae chi : cho may didu khién chuemg trinh sé i Téng hé thong tu Lo dong hoa viée Heé thong thiet ke chuan bi pnghé 5 {te thong thier ke ta tu dong cdc qua trong San xuat 4 dong cic khudn cdi tinh cong nghé 5 7 _* F . t : \ N iv : La ON 1 He thang dink mite [ He thong tinh toan \)) He théng thiet ke nu cong nghé ti trong cdc thiet bi dong eae dung cu Hink T-1, Tong hé thong te déng hod vies chadn bj cdg nghé trong sin wut Trong phan nay ching ta di sau vao hé thdng thiét ké tu dong cae qué tinh cong nghé ° Dé IA mét hé théng duce ding dé thiét lap ty dong cdc hanh trink va nguyén cong cong nghé khi ché tao cdc loai chi tiét khdc nhau. Khai niém vé chi tiét gia cong, vé thanh phan cla nhiing chi tiét cin ché tao. viéc gia céng chting cén duoc thiét ké theo phuong an gia cong nhém hay dién hinh, cling nhu viéc chia chi tiét theo cdc pham vi hep hon dugc mé ta trén ngon ngit cong nghé tao hinh duoc ding am tai liéu ban dau dé thiét ké ty dong. Nhfing nhiém vu chinh ma hé thong thyc hién 1a xic dinh cic phuong phap gia cong hop Ly céc bé mai cha ton b6 chi tiét, d&c biet 1A cae mat chinh xac. Xdc dinh hinh dang va kich thude hop ly nhat cia phdi, hinh thanh cic nguyén cong cong nghé, chon chuan cong nghé va so dé gia cong, xéc dinh kich thuéc nguyén céng, va Juong du gia cong, x4c dinh su lién tuc cla cdc nguyén cong, chon thiét bi, trang bi, dung cu, xc dinh ché do cat ti¢u chudn, xée dinh thoi gian may va thdi gian phu...kh thao trudge nhd vide tap hop cdc hanh trinh gia cOng céc chi tist dun gitn vA céc chi tit nhém. Khi dé cho phép hing chi dan cong nghé vé vie chon (thi dy nhur chon phuong phdp gia céng hoe 1 chudn dinh vi 4% cho trong giai doan thu iuym va tap hop cde théng tin ban du) hodc én cor sé suv dung nhig chi dan cong ughe duge dva ra boi nha fio céng nghé tride khi bat du hike ké& nguyén cong. He thong nay c6 thé lim vide ché dé ty dong va & ché do ngudi - may, véi phép bidn didn cae kSt gud trung gian cilia vige thiét ké tren man hinb. Troug thinh phan cua ngan bang dit li¢u cia hé thong, ngudi ta dua vao cde sé ligu: -HAnh trinh gia cong chi tet nguyén ban. -Danh mue va dc tinh k¥ thuat cha ce phuong dn gia cong cic bé mat cha ton bd chi tict. -Danh muc va dac tink kf thual cha thiet bi, cia dd gd va cdc dung cu van nang cing niu chuyén ding -Bang lugng du va dun: . -Bang rad ta va neu cach diéu chinh cde dae trung k¥ thudt cha dao cat. cha dung cu do va dung cy phu. Céc tdi lieu dua ia trong qué trinh thiét ké IA cdc ban vé phdi, bang thd ty hanh trinh cong nghé, bang so dé nguyén cong. Khi thigt ké mot qué trinh cong nghé thi cong vite ddu tign va quan trong 18 dua (én viée phan tich vé chon chudn, cfn thiét ké ra mot tinh (y gia cong, thuéng goi 1a hanh tinh cong nghé, réi sau dé tuy theo yeu cdu sin xudt(sin lugng, kha nang thict bi, uinh dO wy dong wong san xudt...)ngudi lim cong nghé mdi tigp tuc di sau hon vao vide tinh toén va lap nén cdc thong sé thudc vé cong aghé. 2. Dac diém va nhimg nguyén tac chinh cia viée thiét lap céc hé théng thict ké tu dong cac qua trinh cong nghé. Khi thidt lap cde hg thong thiét ke tw dong trong dé c6 hé thong thiét ké cdc quy trinh cong nghé, cfn phai luu ¥ téi mot loat cdc van dd sau: -Hé thong thiét ké ty dong 18 mot hé théng lam vige c6 su hd try cla may vi tinh, d6 1a mgt hé thOng mé, ludn luon phat ign va ngay cang duge khai thé tng dung trong vige chudn bi san xudt; cde he thong chudn mau da cé ngdy cang duge mg rong, cdc hd thong mdi dug x4c lap, déng thai véi viéc hoda thién cdc chuong tinh va mé hinh todn. -Hé thong thiét ké ty dng cdc qué trinh cong nghé thudng bao 26m nhiéu hé théng nhd, cdc ham légic va cdc ham khéc (vide thist ké cdc so dé nguyén ly cia qué trinh cong nghé , thiét ké cdc hanh trinh cong nghé, thiét ké nguyén cong, lap nén cdc quy trinh diéu khién cho cac may CNC). Mite do ty dong cia he théng phy thudc vao trinh do 12vhuyén nganh cing nhu 1a cdc phuong uén k# thuat (trung tam tah todn, khu vue lam vige ty dong). ~ Hé thing thiet ké ty dng td td NG phuc vu cho tat cd hodc da s6 cde rt c4c chuong trinh da cho. Hé thong th tia khong 16t s8 din ti ahing sai l@ch cho ca chuong tinh ty dong i doan sau. ~ Hé théng thiét ké ty dong cfin phai 1a he thong khéng thay déi, tu: Ta hé thong van nang hode 1 hé thing kidu mau. Né duge cau tao tr ah hé théng nhé hon, dé 1a nhing phan nhé cia hé thong chung ma nk~ né cé thé nhan duge cdc két qua cla vige thiét ké theo quy luat mio de cdc hé thong thong tiv 1 vy odin duge gidi quyét thew MGi hé thong nhé gém nhidu phan tir dit ligu (ngan hing di Lieu), Teeny ban gdm cde dit liu sau: liéu phuong phap: la t6..¢ hyp phan va quy tae chon, khai thae céic phy vide thiet k& ty dong. -Di ligu théng tin: bao g6m cdc kid? ni¢m, cdc dinh nghia oda thiét dé hon thanh viée thiet ké. -Dé lidu vé todn: bao gém cdc phuong phap va céc m6 hinh ton, cc thuat todn cn thiét. -Dé ligu ngon ngir: 14 téng hyp céc ng6n ngif thidt ké bao g6m cdc khai niém, dinh nghia, c4c quy tac dé hinh thanh cdc ng6n nett tu nhién vA cée phuong phap sip dat ching dé cé thé thyc hign duge cong viée thiét ké cén lam. -Di ligu chuong trinh: bao gém cdc chuong trinh cha méy can thigt cho vige thigt ke cdc hink dang da cho. N6 duge chia ra lam hai loaiz + Dé ligu chuong trinh chung. + Dé ligu chuong trinh chuyén ding. -Dit ligu ky thuat: bao gém cac phuong tién ky thuat cé lign quan 1G) nhau, duge dang khi thiét ké. -Dii ligu t6 chic: 18 cdc taj ligu lign quan dén cdc thanh phan cia té chiéc thigt ké khi chia nhé ra va su tién quan giifa cdc bé phan dd. Khuynh huGng hign nay cila vide thiét ké cOng nghé ty dong 1a tao nén céc hé théng téng thé dé x4c lap ké1 cdu san phém, thiét ké cong nghg, chuan bi chuong trinh digu khign cila thiét bi, ché tao chi tiét, ip rp san phdm, bao g6i, van chuyén san phim voi mot dac ‘diém quan trong 14 mém déo va linh boat. 3. Tong thé edu trie khi thiét ké cdc qua trinh cong nghé. Téng thé cau tric Kkhi thiét ké ur dong cdc qué trinh céng nghé hoan to&n phy thudc vao mite dé phitc tap cha san phim. +D6 phic tap bac nh4t (mic ¢$ don gian) thi qué trinh cong nghé chi 18 cdc nguyén cong hoe c&c bude c6ng nghé, khi d6 ngudi ta ding cdc bang cé sin. vac tai litu xdc dinh thanh én cdn thiét dé hoan thanh+D6 phic tap bc hai (qua trinh c6ng aghé 6 dang c&c hanh tinh céng nghé¢ nhém). Khi dé dé cho ting nhém chi tigt ngudi ta lap mot quy tinh cong aghé chung, bao 6m tit ca céc nguyén céng dac trung cho nhém chi tict a6. Bang ligt ké & day duge Jap theo mot trinh tr nhal dink, trong bang cd chita t41 ca cée hanh tinh cong nghé ca big, cs day di cde tinh tien tide: va nhing kink nghiém sin xuat cia xi nghiép hay cia nganh dé. Diéu ki¢n can dé c6 thé dua mot qué winh céng nghé cd bist vao trong quy trinh céng nghé téng hop 1A phai tén tai céc vitig ruc giao cia cdc nguyén cong cOng nghe. Vi dy: hai qué trinh cong nghé cé biét M, vA M, tong tip hyp qué winh hitu han 6 dac tinh cAt nhau va khong tréng vang Mj) M,z & Dac diém quan trong(chi tiéu ti wu) cha vide Hink thanh quy tinh cong nghg téng hgp IA céng sudt truc giao cia tap hep hitu han cdc nguyén céng cia cdc qué trinh cong nghé riéng Ie [s6 nguyén cong giénge nhau , tham gia vao ving trye giao nay kh6ng tinh t6i quan hé vé trink ur cba ede thanh phan (nguyén cong) tham gia trong tap hep] [Mgyeriao P= T | Mi(12,..-.--02) vl Lic nay céng suat cila quy tinh téng hyp phai cé gid tri nhd nhat. im. UM = = 1,2,.....22) max min GO day: Tl U -ky higu tryc giao va két hgp cila cdc tap hep. Che voi mai nguyéa cong cia quy. tinh tng hgp tén tai mot ham légic. Ham Logic nay phy thudc vio didu kign od tinh dén céc dae diém hinh hoc cia bé mat dang phoi figu, d@ chinh x4c gia cong yeu ‘cau, be mat.s6 Luong va kich thude cia loat chi tét. Tém lai him logic oda vide chon nguyén céng thif k: h=ViAa) yell O day; A,. diéu kign theo bang tra cho timg nhém chi tit i= 1,2......n,- 86 tang budc cha phép hdi. J=1.2......ny- 86 diéu kién rang buéc:ctla phép déi hdi- Lic nay ham logic x4¢ dinh guy trinh téng hgp sé 6 dang: o= PV (NA, Me Bet on VGik = 7, iy‘lasoma C, cha cde nguyén cOng trong quy trinh téng hop. M& cia nguyen céng dic tung cho kiéu nguyén cOng(tign, phay v...v.) va dic diém riéng cia nguyén cong ( vi du: gia 14cong trén hai mili tam, trong chu kep, gid dd luynet v...v.). A-K¥ higu* VA * - tich logic. - ky higu “HOAC * - t6ng logic. - Ky higu “HAY, HOAC “ - téng logic. Thiét lip c&c qué trinh cong nghé riéng lé cé thé thue hign bing cach t4ch ching ra tir quy trinh cong nghé téng hop. Céc sé ligu ban dau cia qué trink vita neu chinh IA cde didu kién ef dae trumg cho chi tict cy thé. Doi v4i mot 36 nguyén cong khi chting la cdc nguyén cong chung cho tat ca c&e chi ti€t gia cOng(ca nhom) thi ham logic vang mat, nghia 1a f, = 0. Mdi mot tap hop-didu kian ; (AA) sé duge so sanh voi digu kién ri cla chi tiét cu thé. Déi vi mét 56 aguyén eéng C, tham gia vao qué iioh ring Ié M, va c6 ham ldgie f, # 0 thea man’ yeu du 16n tai ft nba mor bo diéu kign ¢, =(A4 ) , itn két v6i nhau bét tinh lagic tao nén tit tap hgp cdc him Idgic f cia ma nay, nghia La: vc,€m,| 4 (deh) |. Khi dé digu kin dé nguyén cong k cda quy trinh téng hgp c6 thé tham gia vao qué tinh rigng lé sé Be: dys ds. G day: dé- 1 bO diéu kign dic trung cho chi tiét cu thé. So dé khéi cla thuat todn nay cho trén hinh 1-2. +D6 phiic tap bac ba. Bai toén chon phan dn cau tric 66 thé gidi duge vdi mot sé hitu han ket qua ti chinh cdc phuong dn da biét-Dé giai bai todn ny ngudi ta thuting su dung gid thuat chon c6 dinh hudng (vi du, lap trink tuyén tinh gidin doan), gia thual tudn ty v...v, dé dua tdi vige chon lua trigt dé bing cach han ché ving tim kidm ngay & giai doan thist Jap cdc dit ligu ban dau. Vi du nhu vic (61 vu hod ké hoach gia cong bé mat chinh 1A mot dang bai todin cé cu tric téng hyp khi chon phugng an (theo k& hoach) duye thuc hién vi mot sé lugng 16n (Chita han) cdc phuong an da cd. DE 6 duge phuong An t6i uu ngudi ta st dung thuat todn lap trinh gitin doan, tim ra céc didu kién ma theo dé thod min qué tinh t0i uu nhiéu bude, Qua tinh phan tich nhu wen cOn duge goi 14 lap trinh dong. Chién luge téi uu cé tinh chat 14 dé dat duge mét trang thé ndo dé (mot bude cng nghé) ngudi ta c6 thé di theo nhiéu con dutmg khac nhau nhung céc Idi giai tiép theo van luén luén tha6c vé chién luge ti uu cha ving ké hoach gia cong bat dau tit trang thai dé. dé c6 thé mo 1a cde 1516 Goi th uinh téng hyp cing sdi time nguyen Ong va diéu kien logic 2 ¥ Goi cde didu kien logich d ac tnmg cho chi tigt cu thé ——$—>| 3 y 9 Gor nguyen cng thr k cia Herr trink tSng hy In - t Lap mi nguyén cong cho qué trinh c4 biet ding Neuyta cong cudi cimg cia tin win t6ng, Kat thic Hinh 1-2. So dé khéi cla thudt todn thiét ké tién trink cong nghé cd biét.nguyen tae t6i wu chiing ta c6 thé sit dung mdt s6 kf higu sau day: Ff P;) - Gia thanh cong nghé d4p ting chién luge gid thanh tet thigu cila ké hoach gia cong tir bude cong nghé p, tdi bude cuéi cing (néu 16i né cdn tén tai # bude). Jil B; ) ~ LB gidi cho phép dat duce F4( p;). Dac diém chung cha tit ca céc m6 hinh lap tinh dong 1a dua cdc bai todn can tim 131 gidi vd cdc bidu thifc tueng téc cd dang sau: Fil Pid = min (C,, + Fail Pi) J. Gad G day C,, -Gié thanh céng nghé khi thyc hién bude, cong nghé p,. Céc phuong fn c6 thé eta vide gia cOng bé mat tao nén mot lu6i d6 hode mot dé hoa tin hidu. Bigu thiic tuong téc (1-1) & wén cho phép chon mot hay mot sO phuong dn tt nhat trong v6 sé céc phucng An cé thé, Cic phuong an duge chon cho biét chiéu sau cat, lugng chay dao va van tc cat cho tat cd cdc bude cOng righé va phoi ligu ban dau. Cac bai todn lap trinh c6 muc dich cing thude mic do phiic tap thi ba cla bai ton téng hop cau tnée. Trong qué trinh lap trinh céc bai todn dang nay ngoai yéu cdu tuyén tinh va han ché bat budge cla céc théng s6 dn bé sung thém yéu cdu dinh hudng cia .cde bign sO. Vf du: cn chia m6t tap hop c6 san cfc bude theo cdc vj tri cla may (may tign ding, ngang ahiéu truc ban ty dong, may ty dong ding phdi thanh v...v.).Dé thyc hién qué trinh phan chia nay ngudi ta dua vao mot sé tham bién sau: x ‘ Neu bude thit] thyc hign trén vi tri thit j i= Néu nguye tai G day i= 1.2, je 12, Hay C4c nhém diéu kién han ché co ban 1a: . al Mét s& biéc céng nghé xdc dinh cdit phdi duge bé tri irén cde vi tri nhat dinh ctia may. 2X, =1 day A, - Tap hop cde chi s6 vi tri ma tren dé 06 thé thuc hién duge bude thi i. DI Viée thuc hién cdc bude phdi tudn theo mot trinh te nhdt dink Jy X)< DX véimgi i €B; j © A, (1-2) va Trong dé B; - Tap hgp céc bude ma néu chiding chua duye thuc hién duge bude thir i. 7of Mét 86 budbc c6-thé két hop duge trén cing mét vi tré z X,, © &+khid6 qua trinh két hop thue hign theo chi s6 cla cde bude dang xét. S6 nguyén & mo t4 sé bude c6 thé két hop duoc trén mat vi tri, Néu can tim cuc tiéu cha ham muc dich véi céc diéu kién han ché & én tacé: Z= 3d) C.K, (1-3) 6 day C,, - Gia thanh buée thit i tren vi tri j. Bai toan lap trinh cé muc dich véi cac bién cua dang ham Bun nay 6 thé gidi duge bang phuong phap chon ting phan (giai thuat phdi hop). +D6 phitc tap thit tu (chon céc phuong an trong mot tap hop cé sé phan tit khong biét trudc hodc chon cac phuong an trong mét tap hop cé s6 phuong dn khong gidi han). Céc bai todn téng hgp 6 cdu tric & miic dO nay duge gidi vi su tham gia tich cuc cia nha céng nghé va thuc hién 6 ché d6 giao tiép cing may tinh dién tit. Vi du, khi thiét ké nguyén cong tién trén may tu dong ding phdi thanh,bang ché do giao tip vGi may tinh sé lap duoc trinh ty téc déng nhét dinh gitta nha cong nghé voi may (hinh 1-3). Nha cong nghé khi lam viée ¢ ché dO giao tiép véi may tinh sé chon phuong An sao cho cé thé dung hoa giiia nang suat' cla may va xde sudt bao dam chit long cia chi tiét gia cong theo yéu cau. May tinh gitp nha cong nghé quyét dinh phuong én thay ddi cdu tric, tinh todn theo chuong trinh ché décat va nang suat cla may tu déng. Khéi lugng lao dong khi thiét ké nguyén cong cé thé gidm bét mho chuyén tit ché do giao tiép sang ché do “ tron gdi”. Cac bai todn tuong tu duoc giai nho sit dung phuong phap"dayhoc” (phuong phap hinh thanh cac khai nigm). Phuong phap"day hoc” 6 day cé thé 14 chuong trinh cé dang MAPK (chuong trinh phan loai va nhan biét tu dong - thudc Vién han lam khoa hoc Lién-x6 truéc day). Cac chuong trinh trén cho phép phan bé cdc céng viée cé dién va cong viéc sing tao & ché do “tron géi” véi trinh dé cao hon. Nhi cong nghe chi viée nhap dit Tiéu vao va kiém tra két qua cudi cing. Ché dé giao tiép nay cfing duoc sit dung khi chudn bi ca chuong trinh diéu khién. 18NHA CONG NGHE - THIET KE MAY TINH DIEN TU Gia cong xg If thong tin bude 1 Mi hoa thong tin ban dau Dinh gid quyét dinh Idi giai. Thiet ké nguyen cong, t6i uu hod Higu chinh két cau nguyée § #———}—Y che’ do cit, tfnh cam va chu ky va ché 46 cat got cong tic Ty cla may ty dong Tinh ché do cat got, cam didu Khién va thoi gian Ty, L_ Oe Két qua 6 dap ting theo Ty khong cs Dinh mec nguyén cong, quyét t—»| dink trang bj phy thu dmg do va dung cy phu han duge phiéu nguyén cong Hinh 1-3. So d6 giao tiés cha ngudi thiét ké- cong nghé vdi mdy tinh dién tu khi thiét ke nguyén céng cho mdy tu déng Mot wong cdc chi tiéu dinh gid qué trinh xay dimg cdc chuong trinh diéu khién 1 kha nang khong cé sai sét trong cdc chuong trinh diéu khién. Dé loai bé cac sai sét trong chuong tinh diéu khién nho cdc hé thong lap trinh ty dong da biét, thuéng cén khoang thdi gian tir 8 + 12 gib. Viée giao tiép cho phép giam thdi gian chi con 1,2 =1,8 gid. Tuy nhién giao tiép khong phai bao gid cing cho hiéu qua kinh t& cao, dé vay nhu cdu chuyén tik ché do giao tiép sang ché d6 tu dong tinh 26 cao hon nh phuomg phap “day hoc “ ngay cing ep bich. Thi du: ché do “day hoc “ Khi chon chudn céng nghé khi gia cong tién bang chau clip dugc dac tung bai trinh ty sau: af Trén min hinh cia hé théng lap trinh te déng, cdc truong trinh diéu khién sé dua ra: ~ Ky higu chi tiét dang s6. - Dang chuan. - S6 thif tu cia chudn. - Ma tim kiém (vi du: dang chun 1a C1511, 11, 012; trong dé [1 - M& dang chudn; Ii -Phuong phdp tinh dung kinh chudn; If2- Phuong 19phap tinh khoang cach tir chuan ti mat ddu tht hai cha chi tiét). bi Thé hin day dti cae chi tiét a€ the hién the déng(Tao thadt chon chudn). of Bang cach dua ra lda hiot cdc cau héi, hé thong Jap trinh tw dong cac chuong trinh diéu khién sé thiét lap thuat giai so b6. Nha cong nghé sé thiét 14p thuat gidi chon chudn ni cde chi dan co sé cé sn. Cfc chi din co so(vé dang ga dit vA phdi, cae dic diém két cau chinh cha chi tiét v...v.) vA mét sé chi din cy thé c6 thé dua vio ban phim sé duoc nha cong nghé lan Iuot nhap vao. Sau khi xi ly timg chi din, chuong trinh sé dura ra cu hoi cé tiép tuc cong viéc hay khong. Hé théng cdc chi dn cd sd tao ra mét dang biéu mau so b6 va sé duge b6 sung bing cdc tinh todn vé cdc thong sé chudn. Chuong trinh con vé chon chuan va cdc tinh todn cba chudn vita thu duge sé dugc hé thong tw déng nhp vao thu vién céc chyong trinh con chon chun véi ma khoa phi hop véi ma mo ta tim kiém ban dau. Phuong phap tiép c4n qua trinh xay dung chuong trimh diéu khién vita trinh bay (ding cho céc may tién diéu khién theo chuong trinh sé) cho phép gidm téi 40-50% khdi lugng cong viée so véi phuong phap giao tiép ma chat luong chuong trinh van dude nang cao. +D6 phiic tap tht nam. Day 14 muc d6 téng hop cau tric phic tap nhdt, cé muc dich thiét lap ra cdc qua trinh céng n,; é nguyén tic 1a hoan toin mdi. Viéc téng hop cau tric duoc thuc hién bang phuong phép thiét ké-tim kiém. Mot huéng cua Phuong phdp thiét ké - tim kiém 14 phuong phap so sinh, phuong phap nay bao gém: al Gidi thich, lam sang té va hinh thanh bdi todn céng nghé. bi Chon m6t vai qué trinh cong nghé tuong duong. cf Phan tich cde qué trinh vita chon, tim ra cde nlutoe diém cita nd, xdy dung bai todn d dang trd loi cdc cdu hdi sau: Cc chi tiu chat luong ndo tong qué tinh cong nghe tény hop can duge cai tién nang cao va mic dO ning cao trinh d6 cia ching. Cac thong s6 chat luong mdi nao cia chi tiét cén ctuge qué win cong nghé mdi bao dam va cdc thong sé chat Iuong nao cin Joai bd. dl Quyét dinh loi gidi cndi cing. 4. Mé hinh todn hoc khi thiét ké' tu déng cdc qué trinh cong gi nghé. Mo hinh todn hoc cla qué trinh cong nghé va cdc thanh phdn cla né 14 mét tap hop cac biéu thc quan hé mé ta d6i tuong va trang thdi cia né trong diéu kién san xuat voi dé chinh xdc yéu cdu. Khi xay dung cdc m6 hinh todn hoc, ngwdi ta sit dung mot loat cic phuong tién todn hoc dé m6 ta d6i tuong nhu ly thuyét cdc tap hop, ly thuyét dé hoa, ly thuyét xac suat, légic hoc, 14p tinh todn hoc, cé4c phuomg trinh vi phan, tich phan WY. 20Viee mo 14 bing cde bidu thitc toan hoe & mite dé ctia cdc tinh chat c&u tric, ldgic vA sé lugng sé cd nhiing dang cu thé Gng véi timg ddi tugng xc dinh. ‘Vi du, tap hop cac théng sé anh hudng téi qua trinh chon van téc cat khi gia céng bang c4c phuung phdp khdc nhau cé thé biéu dign nhu sau; = {Tits dB. CuK X. Fy Zin Trong d6: T, - Tuéi bén dung cy , phit. m- Hé sé tdi bén tuong déi cha dung cu, phat. 2- Chigu sfu cat, mm. s- Luong chay dao, mm/vong d - Dudng kinh bé mat hode dudng kinh dung cy, mm. B- Chiéu rong cia bé mt gia cOng, mm. C, - H¢ sé dae trmg cho bé mat gia cong. K, - Hé so diéu chinh cia van téc cat. X..¥,, 2,.F, He s6 mi. Cac bigu thie logic m6 td quan hé gitla cdc thong s6 ké trén voi van. te cit V c6 dang: V=T,AmAC, AK,[rAXiV (sd WIV AZ) BAT) | trong dé: T,, m, C,, va K, lu6n 1a céc s6 thuc, cdn gid tri cua cdc bién sé khdc phy thuGc vao phuong phép gia cOng bang cat got. Cac cong thie quan he vé so lugng gidia cdc théng sé c6 tinh dén mite dQ tén tai thuc su cdc gid tri logic cba ching cd dang: Khi tign ngoai: V= oer (a-4). Khi khoan: . V= oe (1-5). C6 nhidu dang khdc nifa. Do vay cdc cong thie (1-4), (1-5) chinh 1a mé hinh todn hoc dé tinh van tée cat & cdc mite dé du tinh khde nhau. C4 m6 hinh toén hge doi hdi dé chinh xée rat cao, phai cé tinh kinh va van nang khi sit dung. Tinh kinh té ca céc m6 hinl todn hoe duge danh gid bing chi phi thai gian may (thdi gian lam viée cia may tinh). Mic d6 van nang cia m6 hinh todn duge xdc dinh béi kha nang stt dung cia né dé phan tich mot sé 1én cdc quy trinh cong nghé va thanh phan cha cde quy tinh céng nghé dé. 21Yéu cdu vé d6 chinh xéc véi tinh kinh 8 va tinh van ning cua m6 hinh todn hoc rat mau thudm nhau, do vay cin xéc dinh mot Ii gidi phir hop cho phép hoa giai cAc yéu cdu tren. Khi thiét ké céng nghé & cdc trinh do khdc mhau ede nha céng nghé sir dung céc mé hinh cdu tri du trie - ISgic, hodc mé hinh ly thuy¢t. C4c m6 hinh cau tric va cau tic - logic chia thanh cdc loai sau: m6 hinh bang, m6 hinh lui, m6 hinh chuyén déi, Cc mo hinh ké trén duoc xéc dinh béi c4c dong ngang cia ma tran trong ham Bun (1 -6). G ee) [ ses) f eococoeoo- F, Fi 1 -oo- S, | (1-6) | 7 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Corners G day: 8, - Céc tinh chat chia mé hinh 6 anh hurting téi n6i dung cia qué trinh thiét ké, F(s)- Tap hop cde tinh chat. Fg Tap hep cae tinh chai, néu 121 4 cde €6 hoa tia 22 d6i tuong A, duge thidt ké theo mé hinh da chon di theo céc duéng dn hodc cdc mach lién két don gidn thi F,=1, cdn wong trudng hop nguge lai f'g=0; F, - Tap hp cdc tinh chat c6 tinh dén s6 cdc phan ti trong tit ca cdc phuong én cila cdc déi wrong A,F,=/ - 36 phan tt a, bang nhau, con F,=0 néu nguoc lai). Fa- Tap hop cdc tfah chat 6 tinh dén quan hé gitta cdc phan tir bat ky cla d6i tugng aa, € A, trong tat cé cdc phuong 4n cla cée Adi tuong A, (Fa=1, quan hg khéng bi thay aéi, va. Fa=0 trong trudng hop nguyc Iai). F, > Tap hgp cc tinh chat 6 tinh dén thanh phan ca cdc phan tira,trong a, (F,=/ -néu thanh phén gi6ng nhav, F,=0 néu ngugc lai).Trong bang ma tran (1-6) & tren mé hinh dang S, goi la m6 hinh dang bang. Trong m6 hinh dang bang Ung v6i m6t t4p tink chat F(A,) sé 6 mot phuong dn thiét ké cita déi tuong A, duy nhat. Do dé cdc mo hinh dang bang duge si dung dé tim kiém cdc Idi giai tigu chudn dién hinh hode c6 sin. C&c mé hinh cla cdc dang con lai dang dé nhan biét cdc Idi gidi cd biét hoac cdc 1éi gidi chuyén ding khi tén tai nhiéu phuong dn va qué tinh gidi phai tién hanh theo ché dd ti wu. Céc mé hinh dang S,, S;. S;, Sy va S,, duge goi 4 m6 hinh ludi, Cau tric ca cdc mé hinh luéi duoc md ta bang mét dé hoa dinh huéng khong 6 cde chuong rink dy dodn trudc. Trong m6 hinh loai nay cé thé tén tai nhiév phuung an cia déi tugng thidt ké A,, tuy nhign trong tat cd cfc Phuong dn, ty Ig tuong tac giita c4e phan tiv cfu thanh luén khong déi. Cac mo hinh dang S,, S,. 8, S. Sio va S,, goi 1A mé hinh chuyén déi. Quan hé tuung, lac pitta cdc phan ti cha d6i tugng thiét ké A, trong céc déi tugng chuyén déi thuéng duge biéu dign thong qua mot dé hoa cd chtfa cae chu trinh dinh truéc. C4c phuomg 4n khdc nhau cia déi tugng A, thiét lap theo m6 hinh chuyén déi dic tng bdi mite dé tuung tac giita cde phan ti céu thanh ching. DSi tugng thiet ké A, c6 thé 14 qué inh cong nghé, nguyen cong, - bude cdng. nebg. Néu qua trinh cong nghg duge xem nhu d6i tugng thiét ké thi cdc nguyén cong st 1a cdc phan tir cha di tuone. Con khi thiét ké cdc nguyén cong, cdc bude c6ng nghé sé 1A cdc phan ti tuong ting. Néu A, phdi chifa mot bo phan tit dinh trade a, € A this a Ag = GAGzA,... AGA, AA, = AG, Néu A, cé thé chita mét phan tif a, bit kya, © A thi: A, = a,VawV..,... Vav,....Va, = Con néu mot phan ti duy nhat bat ky nao dé a, € A thi: A= 4) VQ2V..,... VaiV,..., Van = Va, el Dudi day 1A cdc m6 hinh dang bing, dang lui vA dang chuyén déi. Khi gia céng nhém chi tiét (hinh 1 - 4a) én may tién tu dong ding phoi thanh nhd m6 hinh dang bang, ngudi ta x4c lap duge winh ty gia cong cdc bé mat, MOi chi tidt c6 cdc bé mat Fy, Fp...Fy voi cdc tinh chat xdc dinh, do vay tap hyp cdc tinh chat bé mat dae trung cho mot nhém chi tiét sé 1a: F(A) =( FA Fy AFA Fy) VF VF VF VF, (1-7) Néu ta dua thém vio tap cdc tinh chat & mute d6 cao hon: Pyle {Fi Fy FyFy} Thitacd: 23F(A) =F, VE WP SVESVF;. (1-8) Con néa tap hop céc tinh chat cho cdc chi it nhém 1, 2 va 3 (ting v6i cde phan tia, a. a, cha nhém chi tiét A nghia 1a a,,a,, a, € A) 4) c} Hinh 1 - 4. Cac ma hinh dang béng thiét ké qué trinh gia cong chi tiét trén may tu déng dung phéi thanh o Nhom chi tiét. b/ ud cf Cac ma tran. 1,- Todn tt (ede bude céng nghé) 1, - Xén mat déu 2, ty t% - Tién ngodt.z,.Khoan 16. “t.Khoét 16.1,-Vdi mép. tg - Celt ditt. FL ska) = Fy, PFE Fe FB, Fob g) PY = Flay) = (FFE, Fe Fo P3 = fajj= [FFP Tanhan duve: F’(A)=F, VF, UF, Céc m6 hinh bang chinh 1a cdc ma tran (hinh 1-4b va c).Trong cdc ma tran nay %),2),%...... 1 14 cdc tod tir (cdc bude céng nghé). 24M6 binh ludi bao gém: ma tran cdc tinh chat cia chi tit, mé ta quan hé ldgie gitia cde tinh chat va. dé hoa G = (7,C). Quan hé cila céc todn tit (T= {t,, t..1,)1 C= IC, Cu. C,} oie cumg eta dé hoa) theo tink tu su dung cé6 the eda chit mo. hinh logic dang Ludi lout $,(7T) ché tio banh ring (hinh 1-5). quan he va trinh tu cia todn tt (nguyen cong) duge mo ta bang dé hoa. Qué irinh thist ké quy trinh cong nghé ché tao sin phim duge dac trung bai nhiéu trinh dé khdc nhau. Trinh d@ cao nhai 1a thiét lap so dé nguyén tac cia qué tinh cong ngh@ cé chtta cdc giai doan ca bidt, mdi giai doan c6 thé bao gém mot hoac nhiéu nguyén cong. Trong trudng hop nay méi mot giai doan chinh 13 mot todn tu cla qué trinh céng nghé. Viée mé hinh hdéa c4e qué inh céng ngh¢ 6 cde qué trinh khdc nhau thye hign nhd cdc mé hinh (1). Cac giai doan cua qué trinh céng nghé lic nay déng vai cdc todn 1 cha m6 hinh S(T) bac cao va chinh 1a cdc nguyén cdng, hode bude cong nghe cau thanh cia qué winh duge thiét k& theo m6 hinh S(T) 6 trinh do thap. D6 hoa cia mé hinh chuyén déi dang $,(T) t&ch xudng khi ché tao san phim m6 ta én hinh 1-6. Hinh 1 - 5. Mé hinh logic dang héi cla cdc todn ti (nguyén céng) ctia tién trinh céng nghé ché tao banh rang. a/banh rang; b/ma tran toan tet 7/nguyén cong); 6/46 hoa quan hé cua dc todn tit. t- dap ngudi; 7;- chuét 16 va ranh then; 7,-tién ngoai thd; 7,- tién tinh ngoai, 7, cSt rang; 7,- ca rang: 7, nhiét luyét rang; ty gia cdng tinh 16 chun; 7,- mai prophin rang; tye nghién prophin rang; 1,,- rita sach; z,- kiém tra. 25Hinh1-6. Dé hog mé hinh chuyén déi tach xudng khi ché tgo sdn phd. Todn ttt {6 cdc xudng khdc nhau P, - Kudng duc; P,,- Kuéng rén; P3- Xuding gia céng co; P,~ Xudng nhiét luyén; P5- Xudng lép r P,- Xuéng son phi; P,- Xuéng thet va déng géi; C&c mo hinh ly thuyét duoc xay dung trén co so nghién citu cdc quy luat, khdc vdi céc mé hinh binh thitc, cdc m6 hinh ly thuyét c6 tinh yan nang cao hon, chting 6 thé ding cho mot khoang rong cdc thay di cia nhiéu thong sé cong nghé. M6 hinh ly thuyét cd hai dang: tuyén tinh va phi tuyén tinh. Cén néu dya yao cong sudt cilia tap gid tri cla cdc bién trong mo hinh thi mo hinh ly thuyét duoc phan thanh lien tuc va gidn doan. Khi thiét ké cong nghé cdc mé hinh Iy thuyét gidn doan cé cdc bién MA cde dai Juong gidn doan, con tap hop léi giai hitu han 1a thong dung nhit. Ngoai ra ngudi ta cbn phan thanh cdc mo hinh tinh va dong.Trong hau hét cdc trudng hop khi thiét ké cong nghé ngudi ta sit dung cac mé hinh tinh, phuong trinh cia céc mé hinh tinh khéng tinh dén quan tinh cha cdc qua trinh xay ra trong cdc doi tuong. Viec chon lua céc mo hinh héa bing todn hoc c6 hiéu qua cao trong thue té, cé thé danh gid bang ban chat cong nghé, hinh thitc biéu dién thong tin cong nghé ban dau, muc dich nghién cuu téng thé v...¥..Mo hinh todn cia qué tinh cé dang téng quat nhu sau: F= f(xy). @ day: x - Bién duge diéu khién. y - Bién khong bi diéu khién. F - Hiéu qua du tinh. Céc han ché tham gia vao m6 hinh cé dang: gixy)=0 Cac Ii gidi cha mé hinh c6 thé thu duoc nh& xd dinh gid trix (nhu mét ham phu thudc vao y) cia gid tri F duge cue dai hod (hoae cuc tiéu hod). Tuy theo mic dé phttc tap ca bai todn, ngudi ta sir dung nhiéu nguyén tac xay dung mo hinh khdc nhau.Thong thudng chi cin Jap mét mé hinh cé d6 chinh xac kh6ng qua cao nhung tién loi hon cho qua trinh sit dung. trong qua trinh x4y dung mo hinh xudt hign hai bai todn 1a: af Xay dung mot mé hinh sao cho dé dang st dung, dé nhan duoc cdc 18i giai bang sd. 26bf Bao dam dé chinh xde ctia mé hinh cao nhdi. Dé don gidn hod cdc mé hinh, céc nha cong nghé cing cd thé sit dung cac thd phdp nhu loai bd mot sé bién, thay déi cae dac tinh cha bién, thay déi quan he ham (vi du, tuyén tinh hod quan hé), thay a6i cdc han ché (bign 46) hodc dua dén din vao cdc dién kign cha bai toan). Céc mé hinh vita JA mot cong cu nghién ctu edu wc bai todn hiu higu, vita cho phép phat hien ra cdc chién Iuoc moi cé tinh nguyen tac. 5. Téi wu hod thong sé. Qué trinh tdi uu hod théng s6 1a tinh toda céc thong s6 t6i ue (ché do cit, cic thong s6 chét long v...v.) cha qué tinh céng nghé, hay nguyén céng véi c&u tric cho truéc dua trén mot chi tigu cho truée nao d6.Téi uu hod thong s6 cé chttc nang xée dinh céc gid tri cla cdc thong s6 x sao cho cdc ham F (+) duge goi 1A him muc tiéu hodc him higu qua (vi du: chi phf tong thé, gid thanh cong nghé, thoi pian ting chic, nang sudt timg chiéc, nang sudt cong nghé, thdi gian phy.v...v..) dat gid wi cue tri. Hé gidi bai todn ti uu trong thist ké cong nghé ngudi ta sir dung cdc m6 hinh todén hoe va céc phvong phdp lap tinh Khdc nhau, nbu 1ap winh tuyén tinh, lap trinh dong, lap trinh hinh hoe. Trong thiét ké cOng nghé, cdc m6 hinh nguyén cong duge md ta bang phuong phap lap trinh todn hoc c6 thé bién dién dudi dang: F(x, ,€3)00-%,) > min(max) C1 - 10) 8X25 Wk, ) Sb, j=1m a, e-y¢ (1-13). io & day: C.- Chi phi cho thuc hién buée, p- S6 bude. Bang céch logarit héa cdc han ché trong bidu thite (1-11) va ham muc tiéu (1-13) cba mét budc ta sé nhan duge bai todn tuyén tinh dang: Zak, + kx, + Vi cdc han ché y+ kav, > min. & day: X, = lat; x, = 2,5 : ty -Chiéu sau cat va lugng chay dao tuong ting cla bude dang nghién ctu. dy ~ H@ sd phu thuée vao chi sé mi cia chiéu sau cit, lugng, chay dao va van téc cat trong cdng thite luc va vin téc cit cing nhu hé sé cia cdc cap hinh hoc ctia lugng chay dao va tn sé quay cia truc chinh; Ko «Ku 8; - H@ s6 va cdc gid tri cla han ché, phy thudc vao céc didéu kign gia cong cu thé. Mét trong s6 cdc phuong phdp cho phép giai nhiéu bai todn phi tuy€n 14 quy hoach hinh hgc, phuong phdp nay cho phép xét cdc bai todn c6 tinh dn céc dic trumg riéng biét cla nhiém vy thiét ke. Yeu cdu co ban cha phuong ph4p quy hoach hih hoc 18 tat cd ede dic tinh ky thuat déu duge m6 ta & dang chudi sé duong cla cdc thong s6 diéu, chinh, nghia 1a & dang cdc ham sau: 28ao) = PCTs ; iat 6 day: C, va, 14 hang 86; C20, 1,20; Trong nhiéu bai todn céng nghé, quan hé pita cdc thong s6 cé thé dua vé dang cdc ham dang chuéi nhu vita néu trén. Vidu, khi thiét ké nguyén cong mai theo-phuong phdp chay hudéng dao kinh trén céc mdy mai tu déng mét hodc nhiéu truc, phai giai quyét bai toiin chon'ché dé gia cong sao cho thdi gian gia cong 1a nhé nhat nhung van dat d6 chinh xdc yéu cau. Néu tinh dén cdc han ché vé luc huong kinh téng céng, cong suat tong cong cén thiét ké dé thuc hién qua trinh cat va cic han ché vé tudi bén kich thudc cha dung cu khi ai cong thd, ngudi ta cé thé hinh thinh bai todn auy hoach hinh hoc nhu sau: golxdoxy' xy! 403%, x)" * + ¢4x;! xj' > min £) =e, xPx8* <1 2,(x) =, %; SI (1-14) 23x) 4X, +€,x; $1 x,0@ =13,¢,)0(7 = 1,7) 6 day: x, = 5 - Luong chay dao. 4, =n, - S6 vong quay cia phoi. x, = Bign dac trung cho tinh chat phu. Phuong phaép quy hoach hinh hoc phi hop voi ding may tinh dién ti hon 14 cde phuong phdép quy hoach phi tuyén khac. Khi giai bai toan, xudt hién kha nang phan tich dién bién cla ban than ham muc tiéu of x} khi cdc thong sé tham gia vao bai todn thay doi. Khi téi uu hod todn hoc ta cé thé sit dung phutong phap quy hoach dong. phuong ph4p nay sé dua bai todn vé dang céc biéu thiic quan hé hai chiéu (vi du, phan bé luong du cdc budc cong nghé - xem cong thic (1-1)). Quy hoach d6ng 14 mé phuong phap tinh todn cho phép thuc hién qué trinh t6i uu wiet dé. Ngoai ra ngudi ta cén sit dung mét s6 phuong phdp tim kiém khac, cho phép Joai bé hoan toan viéc thay déi chon Iya. Vi du, phirong phap tim kiém thuéng xuyén dé xdc ding ché do cat téi wu khi gia cong cae truc bac trén may ban ty dong chép hinh thay luc. “Ngudéi ta cho truéc céc théng sé nhu: kich thuéc va vat liéu chi tiét, dung cu cat, chiéu sau cat, do cting vig cia u miy, cdc tén hao cé chu ky va khong c6é chu ky cia thiét bi. Yéu cdu tim ché dé gia cong S,7, thoa man d6 chinh xéc gia cong, dO bong bé mat, cong suat tiéu ton khi cat, déng hoc ctta may va lam cho ham muc tiéu dat gid tri cuc dai: 29Ve S53 WWrmex SHO Atlnes STR, S Ry ‘he a Doig Nth, , (1-15). Dear SN yt Spin SSS Say Fain SV, EV gay k (1-16). Heth oth)tl 6 day: 5,~ Dung sai cho tute cha duéng kinh bac. fr AY, - Sai s6 tng cong c6 thé, Y.. ¥,~ Cac thanh phan cia sai sé téng cong. ‘ky ~ Hé sO thuc nghigm. N, - Céng suat dong cu. &,- Hé sé qua tai dong co. 77 - HG sd sit dung thie bi. att vag - SO tht ur cia dung cu cat trén dai ga dao cha co edu chép hinh thuy lye va bin dao ngang. &- Nang suat k¥ thuai. 4, - Thdi gian hanh trinh chay khong cia dao. © C,- Tidu hao thai gian do thay va mai dao. f - Tidu hao thé gian ngoai chu kj, in ché (1 - 15 ) s8 xdc dinh cde phuong 4n gia c6ng chi tet c6 thé cd. DS moi bé ma gia cOng cila chi tigt cé mot tap kha nang 5; va n, duge xde dinh tit chinh céc han ché trén. Tap hop céc cdp (5.0) cho phép cdc bé mat thitf cita chi tig dugc ky higu bang : Re = € Gyr) 5 trong do f= 1A. Phuong &n gia cOng cde chi tiét c6 thé thuc hign véi cdc thong 80 Sn; huge tit cA cdc tap hop & nghia la ving R cla cdc gia tn Spf..gia0 nhau: é Spr, € []R, (hink 1-7, ). ri 30Hinh I - 7. So 44 hinh thanh ché d6 cit cho phép fa} va mé t& hinh hoc qué trinh tim kiém ché dé ct téi vu ting vdi cdc mite dinh truéc cia ham myc tiéu (b). pé bat dau lua chon phuong dn, ngudi ta pha xde dinh mot ché d6 cho phép spy%p va dich chuyén tir nd dye theo bien cia ving trie giao (hinh 1-7b) sé xdc dinh ché d6 t0i uu (Sem Mor) cho phép ham muc tiéu cé gid tri In nhat (1-16 ). Anh hutng huéng cia c4c han ché téi gid tri cha ham _ myc tigu trong ving céc 1&i giai cho phép cita bai ton 14 khong giéng nhau. Vi dy, viéc nghién city két qua m6 hinh hod nguyén cong gia cong én may tign b4n tu dong chép hinh thiy luc cho thay sé thay déi dung sai dudng kinh 6, cdc bac clia chi tiét gia cong 6 anh hud ti ham muc téuQ (inh 1- 8a) vi sé phuong an gia cong 6 thé (hinh 1 - 8b). Khi tdi uu hod thong sé, m6 hinh toén duge danh pid tren quan diém (ign dyng khi giai cdc bai toan cong nghé trong diéu_ kién san xudt.Cac mo hinh todn duge dinh gid nhd cc phan tich thong ke: af So s4nh hai phutong phdp gidi bai toan cong nghé cu thé. Mé hinh todn va phuong phap ding cde sé tigu dinh mic. Theo c4ch danh gié nay, ngudi ta kiém tra cdc gid thict pha hop ca gid tri trong hai phuong phép. b/ Kiém tra theo chi tisu d6 nhay cam cia mé hinh todn voi c4c anh huGng cia cdc yeu 16 ngdu nhién. cf Kiém tra sy tuong hop mé hinh todn véi qué wink cong nghé thuc. 6.Chon trang bi ky thudt khi thiét ké cdc qué tinh cong nghé bang phuong phdp giao tiép. T6 hgp cdc trang bi k¥ thuat cé tinh quyét dinh tdi hi¢u qua cha hé théng thiét ké ty dOng. Khi thiét ké céng nghé, ngoai c4c trang bi ky thuat truyén thong, hé thong thiét ké cong nghé ty dong cdn duge trang bi cdc thiét bi diéu khién qué trinh céng nghé theo chuong trinh (nhu diéu khién theo chuong tinh 3132 s6, cdc r6bdt) cling nhu cdc wang bi diéu chinh, kiém wa chuong trinh, theo di két qua van hanh cia toan bé hé théng 2, Ch/oh 40 ast—. O05 Os aNs ae a dl Hinh 1-8. Quan hé Q=¢() (a) Bién déi cla ving ché do edt cho phép do § thay éi (hinh 5). 1.5,=0,.2mm; 2.8=0,15 mm;3. §,=0,1mm ( d6i vdi cdc duémg kinh D,-60mm )._ Toan bé hé thong thict ké qué trinh cong nghé ty dong chi c6 thé hoat déng hiéu qua va khéng bi gién doan néu cdc trang bi cong nghé va cdc chuong trinh diéu khién 18 hop lam viéc binh thudng. Hién nay tén tai mOt s6 quan diém va phuong 4n khdc nhau khi chon cdc trang bj ky thuat cia hé théng thiét ké quy inh cong nghé tu dong. + Phuong 4n dau tién 14 hé théng thiét ké cOng nghé truyén thong duge trang bi them cdc thiét bi dd hoa, thiet ke giao dién dé hoa (man hinh d6 hoa) co cdu nhap thong tin dé hoa. v.v. - Phuong 4n thit hai 14 dua thém vao trung tam thict ké tinh to4n cdc vi trf cong tdc tu dong hoa, Cac vi trf nay duge hinh thinh nha duge trang bj cfc méy vi tinh, céc co cau tiép nhan chuong tinh hode mét hé théng méy tinh tong thé.- Phuong 4n thif ba 1a thiét lap mot bé thdng tinh to4n ty dongdiéu khié nh ky thuat r6 bot. Hé théng nay sé bao gdm méy tinh dién tu cOng suat In hod mét loat méy tinh dign tir lign két thanh mang (hoac c6 thé ding cdc hé thong da chic nang). Trong thanh phdn cdc hé thOng da chife nang nay, cdc vi tri cOng tac ty dong hode céc méy vi tinh duge trang bi them c&e thiét bi dé hoa, Céc may vi tinh ¢6 thé tdch xa khéi cic may chit va tro: gitp cho ngudi thiét ké, nhung duge ndi véi che my ch bing céc kénh dit li¢u co sé. Dé gidi cdc bai todn cOng nghé cA biét (vi du, tinh ché 46 cat, tinh Luong du gia céng v.v...) ta cé thé sir dung cdc may ting c6 dung higng bQ nhé th 64 = 256 kilobai, véi cde he thong thiét ké quy trinh céng nghé ty déng thi dung lugng cla b6 nhé cn Khoang 256 + 1024 kilébai, cdn d6i vdi cdc cong nghé phy trg cla hé thong thiét ké quy trinh cong nghé tu dong Ke ca cdc qué trinh chun bi cong nghé va thiét ké thi dung luong bO nbé phai én hon 1024 kildbai.. Théng thuing tai trung tam mdy tinh ngudi te thye hién cfc nhiém vu sau: * - Thiét lap cdc tai ligu cong nghé bang méy in. ~ Thiét lap cdc ban vé nguyén cOng cita qué trinh cong nghé trén may vé. Vide thiét lap cdc tai ligu cong nghé va ban vé nguyen céng phat duge thyc hién déng thdi, edn ban vé cdc trang bi cOng nghé (dé g4) thi duge vé riéng . V6i kinh nghiém ngay cing nhiéu, yéu c4u phat trién kha nang cia cdc trung tam méy tinh ngay cng cao. Véi cdc ci 86, méi chi bat ddu sir dung phuong phdp thiét ké giao tiép thi nén sit dung 16 hgp cdc trang bi ky thudt bao gdm méy vi tinh, co cau ghép noi may tinh, c4c my ma hod théng tin hinh hoc ban ny déng, co céu chuyén déi thong tin dé hoa, m4y vé, man hinh giao tiép, mAy in, méy dém xung, dia ti, bang i, dau tir va c4c phuong tién thong tin tdm xa. Tuy theo didu kién cu thé ma chon va sir dung cdc phuong tién va thiét bj phu tg ké tren cho phi hop. 33CHUONG IT DUNG SAI VA LAP GHEP, L Cac khai niém va dinh nghia co ban. 1, Kich thuéc danh nghia (dy,Dy)" Kich thude danh nghia 1 kich thudc duge ding dé xdc dinh céc kich thuéc gidi han va tinh cdc sai léch. N6 duge xdc dinh dua vao chite nang clia chi tiét, chang han, tinh todn xuat phét tir d6 bén, d6 cing viingy...v, hoc gia dugc chon dua vao yéu cdu két cu va cong nghé. Gid tri tinh todn cha kich thudc danh nghia duge lam tron dén cdc gid tri cha - day kich thudc thing ti¢u chudn (bang? - 1). 2. Kich thuée thuc (d,,D,) Kich thuéc thuc 14 kich thuéc duge x4c dinh bang céch do kich thudc chi ti¢t véi sai sé cho phép. 3.Kich thude gidi han. Kich thudc gidi han 1a kich thudéc cho phép giita ching chita kich thuée thye hodc bang kich thuéc thyc (hinh 2 - 1). Kich thuée 16a hon trong hai kich thuée gidi han goi Ia kich thuéc g6i han Ién nhat (dag Daas). Kich thudc nhé hon goi la kich thuée giéi han nhé nhat (dinin» Dexia) Chi tiét dat yeu.cdu khi kfch thuéc thyc cia né nam trong khoing gidi han ain SES dae? Dray SD, S Dynex IST Hinh 2 - LKich thudc, sat léch gidi han vd dung sal. 4. Sai lech. Sai Iéch 1a higu s6 gitta cc kich thuée (thuc, giéi han) va kich thuéc danh nghia.Ung véi cdc kich thuéc gidi han ta c6 cdc sai Ich gidi han (hinh 2 - 1): ¥ Che ky higu thude vé chi tit 16 tht ding cht in hoa, cn thude vé chi tiét truc thi ding chitin thrdng 44€8 = yy Ay ES = Day - Dy - Sai léch gidi han nhé nha, sai léch duéi (ci,Fi): = dyin ~ dy = Dain = Dry 5.Dung sai (T). Dung sai 1a hiéu giifa kich thude giéi han ldn nhat va nhé nhat hod hiéu dai s6 gitta sai Itch wén va sai léch duéi (hinh 2 - 1): Ty = ax ~ Gyn Ty = Dac ~ Din T, = es-ei Ty = ES si 6.Ldp ghép. Lap ghép duge tao thanh do di ghép gitra hai chi tiét va duge xéc dinh béi hiéu cdc kich thudéc cha chting truéc khi lap (hinh 2-2; 2-3). Bé mat ma dua theo né chi tigt lap ghép véi nhau 1a bé mat lap ghép. Bé mat lap ghép thutng 1a bé mat bao (bé mat 16 hoac rfnh trugt, hinh 2-2;2-3)va bé mat bi bao (bé mat truc hode con truot(hinh2-2;2-3) Hiéu kich thuée cia bé mat lap ghép (bé mat bao va bj bao)xéc dinh dac tinh cia lip ghép.Higu kich thudéc dé duong thi lap ghép c6 46 hé (S), néu higu dé 4m thi lap ghép ¢6 d9 doi (N). D6 hé biéu thi kha nang tu do dich chuyén tuong d6i giita hai chi tiét lap ghép. Hinh 2 - 2. - Chi tiét 16 2-Truc Hinh 2-3 1- Ranh truot 2-Con truot 6 doi bigu thi mite 46 can lai su dich chuyén tuong d6i. Tuy theo su phan bé mién dung sai cia bé mat bao (18) va bi bao (truc) ma (a phan ra: -LAp ghép c6 46 hé (hinh 2 - 4): Sinas= Dyas ~ dain Swin = Doin ~ Emax D6 hd tung binh: 5, = Se 35Omar Dmin Hinh 2- 4.Ldp ghép cé dé hé. - Lap ghép cé d6 doi (hinh 2 - 5): Nwvax = Fnac” Prin Nain = Faia ~ Omar 6 déi trung binh: nv, = Naw 5 Nein _ Nau Soa Hinh 2 - §.Lap ghép c6 do dét Lap ghép trung gian, lap ghép cé thé c6 do hé hodc dO d6i(hinh 2 - 6) max — Cmax ~ Dain Sex = Danax ~ Grain Now * Nain _ N, na ~ Sinve 2 2 7. Day kich thutéc thang tiéu chudn. Day kich thuéc thang tiéu chudn 1a 1a cac gid tri cha 4 day sé va tien ky hidu 1: R,3; R,10; R,20; R,40 (bang 2 - 1).D6 chinh Ia cde day gid tri cla 4 c&p 96 nhan c6 cong bdi (~) nhu sau: R35: p=¥10 =16 R,10: p= YO ~ 1,25 R,20: o = W10 ~ 1.2 R40: o= Y10 ~ 1,06 DO doi trung gian: = N,, = —™ 36e i é OG Hinh2-6.Ldp ghép trung gian Khi st? dung phai uu tién chon gia tri trong day cé dé chia lon trudc nhat. TI. Dung sai lap ghép bé mat tron 1.Cap chinh xdc, sai léch co ban va dung sai. D6i véi kich thuéc cac bé mt tron dén 3150 mm thi TCVN 2244 - 91, quy dinh 19 cap chinh xac va duge ky hiéu theo mic chinh xéc gidm dan 1a: 01, 0, 1, 2, ..., 17 Dung sai kich thuéc duge x4¢ dinh phu thude vao céip chfnh x4¢ va kich thude danh nghia. Vi du: d6i véi kich therdc dén S00 mm va & cap chinh xdc tit S + 17 thi gid tri dung sai duge x4c dinh theo c6ng thiic: T=ai v6ii=045VD +0,001D i+ Don vi dung sai phy thuéc vao kich thuée D (gid tri trung binh nhan cia 2 kich thudc bién cha khoang kich thuée danh nghia). a ~- Hé 86 phu thudec vaio cap chinh xéc, & m4i cap chinh x4cq, ob 1 gid tei cha hé sO @ tuong img (bang 2 - 2). Vi tf cua méi mién dung sai so véi kich thuéc danh nghia duge xde dinh tuy thudéc vao dang sai léch co ban. TCVN 2244 - 91 quy dinh day cdc sai léch co ban va ky higu 1a: a, b, Cy...) 3,3a,3b, % d6i véi kich thudée tryc. A.B, C....., 3.3A,3B,3C 6i véi kich thuée 18, Nhing mién dung sai phan bé & phia wén kich thude danh nghia thi sai lech co ban IA sai léch gidi han duéi. Cdn nhting mién dung sai & phia duéi kich thuée danh nghia thi sai I¢ch co ban Ia sai 1éch gidi han trén (hinh 2 - 7). Tuong tmg vi cdc sai léch co ban va 6 cfc cap chinh xdc khéc nhau, TCVN 2244 - 91 quy dinh day cdc mién dung sai kich thuéc truce va ld, bang 2-3 va bang 2 - 4 déi véi kich thuée dén 500 mm,bang 2-5 va bang 2-6 ddi v6i kich thudc > 500 + 3150._ Sai Iéch gidi han ting v6i cdc mién dung sai duge chi dan trong céc bang 2-7 va bang 2-8 d6i véi kich thudéc tir 1 dén 500 mm va cdc bang 2-9 va bang 2-10 d6i véi kich thuéc In hon 500 dén 3150 mm. 37Bang 2+ 1. Day hich thilde thang tiéu chudn RIG RAG HR) aR L0) 38(Tiép bang 2 - 1). Bang 2 - 2. Gia tri ciia hé 86a ting vdi cdip chinh xéc tit 5 dén 17 Cap chink xc 5) 6] 7] 8] 9 | lO} 1 12 13 14 | 15 16 7 He soa 7] 10] 16 | 25 | 40 |) 64 | 100 160 | 250 400 | 640 1000 | 1600 39fate ici tilde dam nha! Kich thd danh aghit a Kich thetle dan’ npbia 1] «Sov /éch Mién dung sat irye mién dung soi ie” y y d Hinh 2 - 7.Vj tri cdc mién dung sai clia tryc ud 13. 2. Lap ghép. Lap ghép duoc tao thinh bang cdch phi hop hai mién dung sai ctta kich thudéc truc va 16 theo hai hé thong sau: ~Hé thong 16 tap hop cc lip ghép, trong dé do hé va d6 doi khac nhau ¢6 duge bang cach lap cdc truc khdc nhau v6i 16 co sé (hinh 2-8). Mién dung sai 16 co sé c6 sai léch co ban 14 H tic 1A sai Jéch duéi bang’O (EI=0), con sai lech ten 18 dutong va bing gid tri dung sai (ES=4+T). 40- H@ thOng uc tap hop céc lip ghép, trong dé do ha va dé dé khdc nhau cé duge bang cdéch Lip efc 16 khéc nhau voi truc co sé, 66 sai lech co bein 18 h v6i sai Igch trén bang 0 (es=0), sai lech duéi bang gid tri dung sai va mang ddu am (ei=-T)(hinh2-9). Xust phat ti thue t€ sir dung m& TCVN 2245-91 quy dinh hang loat kiéu Lp theo hai hé théng 16 va trgc (bing2-11;2-12; 2-13 vi 2-14): bé dim bao tinh kinh t€ ky thuat thi thudng si dung cac kidu lap trong hé thong 18. Chi trong trdng hop do yéu cau vé ket edu vd cong aghé khéng cho phép chon kiéu Lip wong he thng I6 thi ta phai st dung kigu lip tong hé théng tryc. Viée chon kiéu lap khi thiét ké c6 thé tin hanh bang cach: dua vio chite nang sit dung cia méi ghép, tinh todn dae tinh yéu cdu cha an lap ghép (Spas Smns hodc N, 7 Nains P6i sau dé ta chon mét kiéu lap tiéu chugn 6 dac tinh ly | phi hop. Trong thuc t€ thudng ngudi ta chon theo kinh nghiém, tie 1A tham khdo cdc tai ligu kinh nghiém [2] hoac z %y thita ké cc thiét ké da cd. ” 3.Ghi ky higu sai lech va ldp ghép trén ban vé. Trén ban vé chi tiét sai Hinh 2-8 Lap ghép theo he 14. Jéch cla kich thuéc duge ghi’ ky higu bang chir hode bang s& sau kich thuéc danh nghia nhu trén hinh 2-10a; b; d; e. Trén ban vé lap thi ky higu lp ghép duge ghi duéi dang phan sO sau kich thudée 1, danh nghia. Ti sO ky hiéu sai Itch kfch thudc 16 cén mau sé ky higu kich thuée tye (hinh % 2-10c va f). Tayh 4.Dung sai va idp ghép 7 yn é lan. oy a a- Cap chink xdc ché tao 6 lin. 6 tan 1a bo phan may da duoc ché tao hodn chinh Hinh.2-9, Lap ghép theo hé truc. theo 5 cap chinh x4c, ky higu 1a: PO, P6, P5, P4, P2 (cho 41phép di:a ky hia 0,6,5,4,2). Mite chinh xéc tang dan tir 0 dén 2, tay theo yéu cdu vé d6 chinh xdc, dac biét 1a d6 chinh xéc quay va téc do vong cla bo phan m4y cé lip 6 lan ma ngudi thiét ké sit dung céc 6 lan cép chinh xd khae nhau. Trong ché tao may thutmg ding 6 lan cflp chinh x4c 0- 6.6 lan cap chinh xdc 5 va 4 diing cho nhimg bé phan méy yéu cau d6 chinh x4c quay cao va t6c d6 vong lén, vi dy, 6 truc chinh cha méy mai. Tigu chuén TCVN 1484 - 85 quy dinh dung sai cia cdc thong sO kich thudc va d6 chinh xéc quay cia 6 lin tuong ting véi cdc cfip chinh xée cia 6. f) Hinh 2-10.Ghi ky hiéu vd lép ghép. b -Ldp ghép 6 lan véi truc va 16 trén than bé phan mdy (hinh2-11) TCVN1482-85 quy dinh day cdc mién dung sai kich thudéc truc va 16 wén than b6 phan may (bang 2-15). Gid tri sai Iéch giéi han ting voi céc mién dung sai d6 tuén theo TCVN 2245-91. Chon kiéu lip cho cdc méi ghép 6 lan véi uc va 15 ten than duge gidi thi¢u theo TCVN1482-85 (bang 2-16 va 2-17). Theo tiéu chudn thi chon kiéu lip phai dua vao: + Kiéu, kfch thuée va cip chinh xdc ché tao 6 lan. + Trj 86, hudng va dic tinh tai trong téc dung lén 6. + Dang tai trong tac dung lén cdc vong 6]an (dang cuc bd, chu ky hoiic dao déng). : Sai I&ch hinh dang, vi tri va nhdm bé mat truc va 16 trén than lap vi 6 tan (2): + D6 6 van cla bé mat truc vA 16 trén than khi lap vdi 6 lan cp chinh x4c 0 va 6 khong duge vuot qua 1/2 dung sai dudng kinh & bat ky ligt dién nao cha bé mat lip ghép, con khi lap véi 6 1an cap chinh xéc S VA 4 thi khéng duge vuct qué 1/4 dung sai dudng kinh lip ghép. 2+ Dé con cla bé mit truc va 16 trén than kbi Lip véi 6 Jan edp chink xée O va 6 khéng dues viet qué 1/2 dung sai dung kinh lip ghép, con khi lip v6i 6 cfip chinh xdc 5 va 4 thi khong duge vuot qué 1/4 dung sai dudng kinh. + DO dio vai true va vanh ty trong 16 trén than bé phan may ¢6 lap 6 Jan duoe chi dan trong bang 2-18. + Nhdm bé mat true va Id trén than lip voi 6 Lin due chi din trong bing 2-19. 5.Dung sai va lap ghép then. Véi chic ning truyén mé men xoin, kip ghép then duoe thuc hién theo bé mat bén (mat phing) cia then va theo kich thuée chiéu réng b cia then, (hinh2-12). Then duoc lip véi rinh truc va ranh trong moay o. Then duoc ding phé bien Hi then bing, then bin nguyét. TCVN 4216-86 va 4218-86 quy dinh kich thuée, dung sai vA Kip ghép cba chiing(bing 2-10). Khi chon kiéu lap tiéu chudin cho mdi ghép then cho phép phdi hop mién dung sai kich thude (b) then -hO véi bat ky mién dung sai nao cla kich thuéc rinh truc va moay 9, tuy theo dic tinh yéu cdu cia mdi ghép. Chang han véi méi ghép then bing, binh thudng thi then lap voi ranh truc theo kiéu N9/h9 cdn lap véi rnb trong moay ¢ theo ki€u J,9/h9. V6i then din huGng c6é chiéu dai Ién thi then lap v6i ranh trac theo kiéu H9/h9, véi rinh trong moay theo kigu D109 (do hé cia lip ghép dé bdi thug cho sai sé cilia kich thuée ranh va do nghiéng cha né so voi dudng tam truc va 16 moay 9). Sai léch gidi han cia nhing kich thuéc khong tham gia lip ghép cita m6i ghép then bing duge chi dan trong bang 2-21. Hinh 2-11. Lap ghép 6 lan Hinh 2-12, Lép ghép then. L.than; 2.véng ngoai & 3.vdng trong 6; 4.truc 43ugh nn res Bunp uty LC] doy8 dy] oyo Sunp Sugyy res 3unp vary, :YOR NUD Ueq £9 Yost eS &@ NADL “URuOOS Uap T 27 apeYT YoTY 9B 190 Ip orig OND IDs Sump ug “g-g BUeg 4445 gil nn tes 3unp uty Cc] days dey oyo Sugp sugyy res 3unp ua « WSN HYD 16 > GhGE NADL Ulu OO Yap I 23 ITY) YA! 7P9 219A IOP OF DN ths Funp Uo "h-B suegdoy3 dg] oyo Sunp Sugyy ts Sunp ugIW » “yor NY te 2] Jedeafrpn Os a1OT, au | 4 sf SB a® Eg OD WOO IS OSTE “EP 00S 4247 2ONY} YO!y 202 loa 19p afu7 ond jos Bunp ugiy g°z Burg 46Bang 2-6. 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thuéc mm Sai léch gi6i han pm. — “19 6 ° +] +10 +4] ee Tir | dén 3 224 16 -10 “3 o 4 +14 16 0 ws [tis [+16 | 420) +8 pao 22, <1 6 +1 +4 +8 +19 “3 0 +7 | +6 | ver] 25 | 438 a6 10 228, 215 Z +1 +6. +10 423 ; “16 0 ww | ti | vas | +0 | He > lo- 1s 50 34 “18 9 vi | a7 | 2 |e > IK 24 40 -20 9 41D | 423 | 29 | 436 +56 6 Al “21 se | 42) ae | His | 43s 485 25 ° +120) 427 | ea | a2 | 08 +60 5G -25 2 | 42 | vo | ai | sas wai 495 > 40-50 3 - +83 +17 > 30 65 -60 “30 oe +15 | 432 | ar | 80 | +53 +87 -90 60 30 1s | 42 | au | 420 +89 +132 459 #102 a “36 0 +17 | 438 | sus | 458 “107 a 35 AT} os3 )ovia | 423 85 oi 9 +20 | sua | ass | +07 “128 83 40 so | 48 | 4S | 427 > 180"- 200 +100 “50 9 423 | 450) 463 | 477 > 200 + 225 “6 96 46 23) ore | 7 | 33h > 225 - 250 >250 - 280 > 280 - M5 > 345 - 400 “aoa 450 +135 68 0 +31 | +68 | 486 { +103 +215 [7 4603 > 450 -500 4252 | 4540 52Cép chink xde 8 Khoang kich 8 thuée mm Sai léch gidi han pp m “HF 6 | 0 | + 28 -20 14 7 20 “10 0 +9 ax_| as | 9 “25 “13 oO ) at Et 235 22 | -1 Vir i dan 3 > 3déno Po = 10 Pio Te “16 0 HB a3 “13 wi = 18 PIs 24 so = 100 y100 +120 > 160 +180 7180 ~200 3.200 225 7225-250 250 - 280 280-315 DAIS 6355 R55 2400 4100 +450 450500Cap chink xde 9 va 10 theo bang 2 - 7) 160" 180 Khoang kich o | 9 hig [_jaoe thuéc mm viet den 8 -20 “40 20 “AG o +24 FI-6 os 4 40 -25 -12 o +29 45 710 76 58 -29 ear wo [oo 235 vite 1s 93 “75 59 a3 21 -120 0 S veo 6s o 12 -liy 80 Sard 80 a 750 “40 50 -180 -100, 50 "50 © 65 -100 c +50 -220 -120 0 am | ¢ +70 “1007 120 207 159 “123 87 AR -250 140 -70 120° 140 “145 85 2B oO +56 -145 u +80. "240" 160, -245 185 “143 -100 -30 3305 +160 80 200 225 "225" 250 ** 180" 200 “170, -100 -50 o “2 280" 315 50 * 280 “110 56 ° “3 4 15° 355, 55" 400 54 24900" 450 450" 500Céip chinh xde 11 vd 12 Khoang Mién Kich thudc kich cll hit | jst” thé, mm Sai léch gidi han, jp mm - ~60 2» | 0 | +0 0 +50) Tul dén3 -120 30 60) 30 =100 “70 30 | 8 | 337 0 e368 -los_| 75 37 -120 80 407 oO | +45 o 26 10 -130_|_-90 | 45 -150 > i0- 14 OS 50 0 455 0 “16 -55 -180 a 18S 0 +105 65 20 | 105 -80 4 +125 240 -280 “135 0 +150 300 -150 ° +175 -350 175 0 +200 400 -200 o 460 0 +260 50 -260 ° 4285 “870 285 0 4315 -630 “35 55Cap chinh xdc tie 13 dén 17 (Tiép theo bang 2-7) Khoing Mién dung sai kich tude | 13 | js13* | hi4* | js14* |) HIS* | jsi5* f hi6* | jsto* | hI7 | jst7* =m Sai léch gidi han, um Tit dnd 0 +10 o +125 0 +200 oO +300 a +500 “140 10 250 2125 400 -200 0 -300 |} -1000 | -500 Terme pe 330 a |e ef se ao | 0 soo | aso} aso | 20 |) aso | oars | am | ooo cen a =O o rr) 7 T3501 7 TD a =a se | ta |) ze seo ff sew | 250 900 | aso asco | 750 ary a aE a a sivas | a0 fas Paso fF zis ff seo | ase tio] sso | tan | 500 Tao Sa a 24" 30. 330 -165, 500 26) . 840, A206, 1300 650 2106 1050 S040 os a a0 s4orso | a0 | 9s foo | a0 an } 500 |] sean | -s00 as | ras “IOS oa asso | aH | 20} ru0 J aro |] ism | 400 | too | 950 J son | son wm |e a eae ~sooriz | san fam ff aro Fass Pas | 100 cam | rien [sso | 1950 120" 140 o 4315 0 +50) o +800 o +1250, o +2000, “140 160 veo~ iso | 630 | ats |] sam | sof} ison | 00 osm | tsa | 000 | 2000 “180% 200 o +360 a +575 0 +995 0 +1450 Oo 92300 ~ 200-295 sasease | m0 | sea aise | sts | asso | 928 aias0 |) 2600 | 2300 Te | 0 Pee a [3859 mf wasorsis | tio | acs i300 | 630) 2100 | -taso |} 3200 | 24007 | 3200 | 2000 TRE Soa esss~an0 | a0 | sats tao | 200] 200 | riso P -aeen | 1800 s700 | 2850 aT as sam=soo | asm | ass |} asso | 7s | 2s | 120 | oon | 2000 | «300 ae eee eee 56 Chi thich: *Mién dung sai khong ding cho cdc lap ghép. 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"180 “200 * 2007225 “225 “250 250 F280 "355 “400 0 450°" 500, 6bCap chinh xée 8 Khoang kich thuée mm Tu 1 dén3 ‘Tren 3° 6 “10 “10 718 “24°30 “30 “40 “40 “50 50 “65. * 6580 ~ 80 “100 ** 100 ""120 “120 “140. “140 "160 4 “160180 “ L80 "200, * 200 “225 “225 "250 "250° 280 | "280 “SES “450 “500, 62Cap chinh xde 9 va 10 (tiép thea bang 2 - 8) Khoang Mién kich thudc kich = [_po Jeo J ro | thud mm. _ < 445 +39 +31 +25 +12 eT +40" +20 Meters yo | sa | 4s ee se Tren 3° 6 +60 +50 +40 +30 +15 +78 +48 +24 +30, +20 +10 0 -15 +30 a -24 “6710 +76 +61 +49 +36 +18 +98 +58 +29 +40 +25 +13 GO -18 +40 Q 29 sions | 493 | 47s | 59 | eas [aan Psi20 | 70 5 +50 +32 +16 0 -21 +50 0 35 “1B De +117 492 +72, +52 426 +149 +84 +42 +65 +40, +20 oO -26 +65 0 2 24 “30 30 “40 +142 +112 +87 +62 +3) +180 +100 +50 +80 | 450 | 425°] 0 | 31 | #0] 0 | -30 40 “50 +174 +134 +104 474 +37 +220 | +120 +60 +100 +60 +30 9 37 +100 9 60 +207 +159 +123 +87 +43 +260 | +140 +70 +120 +72 +36 0 $B +120 0 -70 = 100"120 | = 120 “140 ” 140°160 “| 4245 +185 +143 | +100 | +50 | +305 | +160 | +80 | +145 | +85 +43 0 50 | +145) 0 -80 “160 7180. “480 "200 sqoovgs | +285 | +215 ] hos | rls | +57 | 4355 | 4185 | 492 _| +170 +100 +50 0 37 +170 0 -92 * 225 “250 { “280 "280 +320 +240 +186 +130 +65 +400 | +210 | +103 — +190 +110 +56 oO 65 +190 0 -105 “280 "315 315 9355 +350 +265 +202 +140 +70 +440 | +230 | +115 ~ my +210 +125 +62 oO 70 +210 a Ws “355 “400. . 6, +385 +290 +223 +155 +77 +480 | +250 | +125 400 "450. +230 +135 +68 0 “77 +230 9 “125 = 450 “500. 63Khoang kfch huge mm Cép chinh xdcll va 12 x tiép theo bang 2-8) oF an +330] 4200 | 4120 | 48D) +60 | 430] +240 | 41m | +0 Tiel dén3 | 4270 {| +140 | +60 | 420 9 230 +140 a -30 +345 4215 +145 +105 475 +37 +260 +120 +60 Trén 3 +270_| +140 | +70 _| +30 0 -37_| +140 0 60 a 4370 [#240 [4170 [4130 | 490] 4s [#300] +150] +75 6" 10 +280 | +150 | +80 | 40 0 -45_| +150 0 “7h wie +407 [#260 [4205 [+160 ) +110 | +55 | +320 | si80 | +90 10 "18 4200 | +150 | +95 | +50 6 -55 +150 O 90 TH “24 [4430 [4290 4240 [F195 | a130 | 40s] +370] 4210] F105 “ag 0 48x) | loo | 4110 [465 0 “68 | +160 a “408 TG [4330] F280 20 “30 40. 4310 +170 | +120 | +240 | +100 | +K0 +170 +250 | +125 +80 0 “80 0 +125 “40"50 +480 | 4340 | +290 +420 - +320 +180, +130 +180 +530, +380, +330 +490, “50 “65 +340] 4190 | +140 | 4290 | +190 | 295 | +190 | 4300 | +isc +100 oO 95, 0 -150 «65°80 +550 | 4390 | +240 +500 +300 | +200 | +150 +200 . “O00 +440 | +390 $70 “BO “HOO | 4380 | 4220 | 4170 | 4340 | +220 | +110 | 4220 | 4350 | 4i7s +120 0 -110 oO VS . +630, +400, 4400 +590 room#20 | aio | 4240 | 180 +240 a . +710 {4510 | +430 +660 120° "140 | 4460 | 4260 | 4200 +260 “taot6o | +770 [| 4330 | +460 | 439s | 4250 | +125 [+680 | +400 | 4200 +520 | +280 | 4210 | +185 | 6 | -125 | +280 0 -200 “10 "18G | +830 | 4560 | +480 +710 +580 | +310 | +230 4310 4950 | +630 | +530 +800 * 180 °"200 | +600 | 4340 | +240 +340 200 "225 +1030, +670 +550, +460, +290. +14S +840 +460 4230 “} +740 | 4380 | 4260] 4170 | 0] -145 | 4380 0 “230 225 "250 +110 +710 +570 +880, +820 +420 +280, +420, +1290_| +800 17-620 +1000 “250 "280 | +920 4480 | +300 | +510 | 4320 | +160 +480 +520 | +260 +190 0 -160 -——_—_. oO 200 Rg +1370 | 4860 | +650 £1060 280315 | Froso_| 4540 | 3330 +540 41560 +900 +720 +1T76 “31S “355 | +1200 | +600 | +360 | +570 | +300 | +i8a | +000 | +570 | 42x5 +210 | 0 | -180 }—_] 9 “285 agg | +1710 | +1030 | +760 +1250 +1350_| +680 | +400 | +080 +1900 | +1160 | +850 +1390 “400 "450 | +1500 | +760 | +440 | +630 | +400 | +4200 +760 +630 | 4315 4230 | 68 | -200 L-—_} ‘0 5 450" +2080 | +1240 | +880 +1470 450500 | i650] +840 | +480, 4840ich thuée Khoang sun Tir dén3 Tren 3 dén6| varie +180 ff +580 [+250 f +900 | +450 [+1500 | +750 a “110 o -180 6 -290 0 -450 0 -150 “ovis [+270 +335 ff +430 | 5213 || +700. 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T7Bang 2-11. Hé théng 16 .Lép ghép di wdi cdc kich thudc danh nghia tit I dén’500 mm. TCVN 2245-91 Lé Sai léch co ban cha truc ct [a [bl eld] e¢ fife ih Js ban Lap ghép Hs HS. dh db : t| at ns Test H6 a To Tie, “is . to 2 ay 15 17 AD] oo | ee pe pam pra cry i ee | as [7 Pe 7 6 16 Js6 H8 dis | Ha. Tg | Le Hs] He [as 8_| “ag Ey 7 |e | “ns 357 is i ta fe “9 8 0 ho H9 -He | Ho | 9 | Ho | Ho He wo | es | co ts | hB He HHO ue Ls wu [am [au HOU] Go [our (a a | Ae fii H12 O12 m2, L6 Sai léch co ban cla truc co k m, a P i 8 tt} u iy x | z ban Lap ghép Hs | #8 | HF HS | ome | H6 | [ie | we] eT is He aw [a7 | Hz 7 || u7 Hg | #& | #2] & pi ie He | He Ky mF 07 7 us x8 H9 H1O H11 Hi2 Chi thieh: | Lap ghép uu tign 78Bang 2-12. Hé théng true .Lép ghép d6i vdi cdc kich thudc danh nghia tir 1 dén 500 mm. TCVN 2245-91 Truc Sai léch co ban cia 16 ce [AT BIC DJ E bin Lip ghé h4 7 hd os hé us hi oe nT bo | ER hs B ve ie ps | Dio hg hy_| “hs DIO h10 at auf au airy pm Md | ay tan | on Ist Biz hl2 hag Truc Sai l8ch eo ban cia 16 ct Js K M N P R s T U ban Lap ghép RZ SL WG he | Chi thich: LC] Lap ghép uu tign 719LH tH ‘gui f ia | | wl a | me | oe | a iH Taye Tey T T 7 4 DAA ens URq 09 TA; T6-9bee NADL OSTE YP 00g Yes v1ydu yuDp 2enyr Yor 299 19a lop days dyy 9] Sueur 9H Eb's Bueg 80!81 zi za “TH A ua ay Uh) A) TH TH ta | Wao | 5 Ol ow O14 OLH oid cam ot | oh | od ow 6H 64 6a 6d Su aa | su) 6H 6i | 6d | 6d au si) gh | 3a a Ht si | 34 | 3a a an] aa | ge 3H 84 8a 8d m)lalarpea pe mya pay a] iM is | ia | ia | in | w]e | ae | te | | | wp on] ot [ow ou] ou Toa] ou) oa | ou | a is | dv | id | in | ON | ot | oe | ca | O | aa | sy | om f oP om] ou oT a on | SW] ox | ose | 9H _| 99 ase eT A a L Ss a 4 N WwW y sf Ht Dd d ES a do o weg pa ORes weg OWA eS ai T6-Shee NADL OSTE ¥2P 00g 42-7 DIyBu yuop ognyL Yor Ip2 10a top day dp} - fz Buoy) 3H HLz% Bueg() wep og08u Buoz 148 1es Sup ugie oo Zunp ns gy UbY -YyOry NYD : : SA] oo : sx | SH : : x : sa | su | sa | GO | ssf | sa | cf : s : : 2 2 rst | PH pu_| pm | ot 4— psf | ra | 8 : r : : : 2 : : : = : : - : : - Let | ou |: : t fes Bunp wpe . RX d N wl} ax] @] sr H Da a i d u w Hy) ] os q 3 3 | ayy ugg 02 499) IES dr OT ony 9 190 dp} wpys RD OF vA ony DN. days dpp Wut ag op2 MnO Ins Bunp uey SZ Bueg 82.Bang 2-16. Mién dung sai Idp ghép 6 ian trén truc 5 TCUN 148: ___] Mign dung sal phy Diéu kign chon Loai ket cau 6 lan $c va0 cp chinh mién dung sai Shi 6 dia Vidu vé may |_xde cha 6 Dang | Chedo | De {DS [Dua [Dua] Dia] vabe phan chiu | lam viée chan } tru, | con | cdu lap dian | PO va | Ps va | P2 tai kim P6 | Pa niemg kink 16 6 Tin, min i Vong | Nhe va trong | binh chiu | thudng Con lan cila thi cdn 6 bing tai * 6 | (g5) trong | sudich duong day (h6) | h5, cue | chuyén treo, tang cia ed b6 cua Moi pham vi dudng kinh may tu ghi, 6 (than | vong tua cla may quay) | trong chuyén dong trén true séng PeB0IE Nang va Banh trugc va 26 binh bain sau cia 16 ene 610, may kéo, | js6 hang, : ; yéub efia toa xe, may Go oS sit bay, trucctia “| h6 Gich may cdn nh chayén ita oie Puly hoae vong rong roc cilia 0,07C

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Lda - Chiéu cao 16n nhat map mé préphin Rya.: 1 khoang c4ch gta dudng dinh va dudng déy cia prophin trong khoang chiéu dai chudn: Reax = Ypmsa + Y oman Diy gid tri cita cdc thong 36 danh gid nhém: R,, R. dan trong c4c bang 2-39 va 2-40. " Théng sé R , duge wu tién sir dung va thudng ding déi vdi do nham trung binh, cén d6i v6i nham thé va rat tinh thi dénh gid theo R,. Yéu cau nham bé mat duge ghi ky hiéu trén ban vé nhu hinh 2-17 déi véi thong sé R, va hinh 2-18 d6i voi R,. duge chi max p20, 8 3 = Hinh 2-17. Hinh 2-18 Ky hiéu nhdm theo R, Ky hiéu nhdm theo R, IV. Dung sai calip tron Trong san xuat ngudi ta cé thé kiém tra kich thude chi tiét gia cong nhé dung cu kiém tra “ Calip”. Két cau dua theo nguyén tac 1a xe. dinh xem kich thuée chi tiét da gia céng cé nam trong pham vi dung sai hay khong, nghia 1A né cé thod man bat ding thitc: d,, ‘Sd, < d,,, hay khong. Theo nguyén tae nay thi calip kiém tra kich thude 18 duge tao duéi dang mit bao gém mit “qua” ky hiéu la q viemit “khong qua” ky hidu Kq, hinh 2-19. Kich thuéc danh nghia cua calip dau qua va khong qua 1a: a = Darin =D... Nhu vay kich thude 16 gia cong dat yéu cdu khi ta dua nut qua (q) lot qua duoc 18, cdn mit khong qua (Kq) khong lot qua 16. Cong viéc kiém tra vi thé sé nhanh chéng va ddp tng véi yeu cdu san xuat hang loat. 98Ciing tong tu, dé kiém tra kich thuée trac, ngudi ta tao calip duéi dang ham, dau qua ky hiéu 1a Q va dau khong qua ky higu 8 KQ, hin 2-20. Kich thude danh nghia cia calip ham dau qua va khong qua: Q, = daw KQ, = dain Calip ding cho nguéi tha kiém tra khi gia cong trén may goi la calip tho. Dung sai ché tao va cdc sai léch gidi han kich thuée Hinh 2-19. calip dugc quy dinh theo tigu § Calip dang nit chudn TCVN 2810-78,chi din trong bang 2-42 va duoc bidu “| thi wén so dé phan bé mién ~ dung sai kich thuéc calip (hinh 2-21). 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OL Ugp ¢ WAL soo | os OC 0c cl g £ z Tl 80 go £0 wrt Te TeTutolTs>PstTej>oTsT+T Bugtpy nau “eyBu yuEp 9pnyy YODI eI ap eno ergs yuwp rep marge oeoy Upngo UpUd MNO EIGdu Yep Tep NetyD BuarysU dp “997 BuONA Op 'Suos uos gp Hes Sump quip Anb Nyy : yy DYD, ¢ ooe | 00c [oct [os [ os [ o¢ T ot 00001 _- 009" < 9 ose [ost | oor | 09 | or | sc [of ‘009 = 0007 < § z ooz [uci fos [| os [oc | oc [cr oop = Onsz < 9 ¥ oT [ooo | 009 | dor | osc [oot | oor [09 | or | sc | or i QOSz = 0091 < $ € zi} 008 | oos | oot | oor | ocr | og | os | oc | oc | [sz [oT =O < so | so | eo | 7p [ocr f os [ os | oc | oc | cr | 8 s € <1 et Op - st < go | FO | szo [oro | oor [ 09 | oF sz_ J ot OL 9 ¥ so To 1 So - OL < oc | oc | at 8 $ Z| el 91 UeP OF UHL, or ¥ Lo OL ea (anu) enysu quep sony ox yuryo dey yor] SugoUyE €6-P8E NADL upyd uno] jiu yD pa pniu Wp opp Op “SugiySu Op ‘oof Suona Op ‘Buos Suos op ms Sung ‘ge-% Bueg 2of) sw 9q ogo eis eayBu yep yury Bugnp 28ou ws opty Aunb seu 9q eno YUP Suonp ofiu ov!¥ gp “Funx top op ‘atu Bugp op tes Sunp quip Anb nT eydu yuep aonys yop ure Ap] 26np wes otpy JeUr 9q UNO eIEBU YUCP YUTY SuoNp ‘uRYd uRO YUFY SupNY OEP OP Es YUL Buoy ovp Op res Zunp quip Anb 1yy : YOU DY 0 ¥ O91 | 0001 | O09 | OOF | OSe OL 09 OF st 00st - 0091 < 0 Ocl | 008 | OOS OOE | 007 os os of ot 0091 - OOO! < 0 OO! | 009 | OOF | Ost 09 or st oog | oos | o0¢ | 002 os | o¢ ooo | oor oF eos _{ voc | voz oor _|_osz ooe | O0t ooo! - 0f9 < Oc9 - OOF < OOr - Ost < ose - OCI < acl - os < os - 08 < of - 81 < gl -or< OL Yap ¢ uaHL PG (tow) erysu quep opmip yory Bugouy I> Jen ea ar fn [ro Joo apx yuyyo de> : €6-688 NADL yay Sugnp oay) yin ony oni Op ‘Supe top Op ‘oh.2 Sugp Op pos Sung, ‘upyd upoz yury Bugny opp Op va yury Sugny opp op ws Sune 1g-% BuaBang 2-38 Sai léch hinh dang, uj tri bé mat ua ky hiéu tren ban vé - TCVN 5906-95 Dang sai léch Sai lech do tru Tru dp Sai léch d6 tron vang tron ép Dinh nghia La khodng cach lén nhat A tercéc diém cita bé mat thuc 161 try 4p trong gidi’ han eda phdn chudn LA khodng cach ton nhat 4 ttrcde diém ciia prophin thyc t6i vong tron ap Ky hieu tren ban ve Dung sai dé tru eta bé mat A1a0.0Imm Na Dung sai dé tru cita bé mat A 14 0,01mm va dung sai d6 tron cia bé mat A 1A 0,004mm Sai léch prophin theo mat edit doc truc Prophin dp Profin thue La khoang cach lén nhat A tircdc diém trén prophin thu dén phia wong ting cita prophin 4p A Dung sai prophin theo mit ct doc cia bé mat A la 0,004 mm. Sai lech 49 phiing Mat phéng dp La khong céch lon nhat A tircac diém cla bé mat thuc tdi mat phdng 4p wong gidi han cita phn chudn Dung sai do phang cita bé mat A 1 0,01 mmDang sai léch Sai lech dé thing 4uing thiag dp Praahin the Dinh oghia J La khoang eéch lin nhat A tit cdc diém cta prophin thuc téi dudng thing dp trong gidi han clia phan chuan (tiép béng 2-38) Ky higu trén bin vé =|824) Dung sai 46 thing cita bé mat A 13.0,.01mm Sai léch d6 song song cia mat phang MGi phing dp La higu A khoang céch én nhat va nhé nhit gitta cdc mit phang dp trong gidi han cia phan chun Dung sai 46 song song ciia bé mit B so véi bé mat A Ia Sai 'éch tong cla dO song song Mar phéng shyt La higu A cita khoding cach Jon nbat va nhd nbat tir ede diém bé mat thu t6i mat phang chudn trong gidi han ita phiin chun 0.01mi 8 [7 |G.0MA) A Dung sai téng 46 song song va 46 phing cita mat B so vdi mat A 13 0,004mm Sai Ich d6 song song cua dudng tam va mat phing La higu A khoang cach lin nhat va nhe nhat gitra dutng tam va mat phing tren chiéu dai cla phan chudn Dung sai dé song song cila dung tam 16 so véi bé mat A12.0,01 mm 105Dang sai lech, Dinh nghia (tiép béng 2-38) Ky higu trén ban ve Sai léch do song song cia civ duong tam(hodc dutng thing)trong khéng gian Téng hinh hoe A cée sai lech vé dO song song cdc hinh chiéu cia duémg tam (duémg thang) lén hai mat phang vung géc; mor trong hai mat phang nay [a mit phdng chung cia dutmg tam bey g b 4 Dung sai do song song ciia dutng tam 16 B so vai tam 16 A 2.0,1mm.Dung sai do nghiéng cha dung tam 1a 0,25 mm. Sai lech dé vudng géc cla cde mat phing mat chudh La sai léch cba géc gia cdc mat phang so vdi goc vudng (90°) bigu thj bang don vi dai A trén chiéu dai cita phan chudn i Tera Dung sai d6 vuong géc cia mit B so véi mat A 0.Jmm Sai lech do vung géc cua duéng tim (hoac dutng thang)déi véi mit phiing Mat chvtn La sai léch cla géc giita duéng 14m cia bé mat quay (dutmg thing) va mat phang chuin so véi gée vuong (90°), biéu thi bang don vi dai A trén chiéu dai cha phén chudn —{i]bGo7TA\ Dung sai d6 vudng géc cita duéng tam bé mat B so vai mit A 140,01 mm Sai lech d6 dong tam dor véi dug tam bé énat chudo ving fem _bé mit chugn va dutng tim bé mat chudin trén chiéu dai cba phan chudin Dung sai d6 déng tam cita 16 B so véi durtng tam 16 A. 14.0, LmmDang sai éch DS dao hing kinh Dinh nghia La higu A cua khodng cach Jon nhat va nho nhat te ac diém cia prophin thuc cla bé mat quay téi dudmg tam chuan trong mat cit vuéng g6¢ voi dudng tam chudn {tiép bang 2-38) Ky higu ten ban ve facile Dung sai 6 dio buéng kinh cia bé mat C so véi dung tam chung cia bé mat_A va Bla 0,[mm. DO dao mit mit 6 Bing tim chan La hiéu A cia khong cach Ign nhat va nhé nhat tit cao diém cila prophin thyc cia mat mit téi mat phang vuong géc v6i dudng tam chudin Dung sai do dio mat mut ciia bé mat B so véi dung tam mat A [a 0.1mm theo duimg kinh @50mm Sai léch &6 déi xing voi phan ti chudn Mat phing dif xing chuén ot La khodng c:tch lon phat A gitta mat phing (dutng tam) déi xung cia phan tir duoc khdo sat (cde phan tit) va mat phing déi xtmg cia phan tu chudn trong-gidi han cla phén chudn — ia] Dung sai 46 déi xing cita bé mat B so voi tam 16. A 1a 0,04 mm Sai léch do gino nhau cua cdc dutmg tam AA ip RyS “ys 7 . /ddtitng tie chudn La khoding cach nhé nbat A gitta cdc dung tam giao nhau danh nghia Ghi chit: Dung sai biéu thi theo dudng kinh ghi chit T wude gid tri bin, +o [A] Dung sai dé giao nhau cila ofc dung tim 16 a 0, 06 mm 36 107Bang 2-39 Sai féch sé hoc trung binh prophin R, (um) uu tién ding tri Bang 2-40 Chiéu cao map mé préphin theo mudi diém R, ud chiéu cao lén nhdt map mé cia préphin R,,.. (4m) Chu thich: vu tién din Dén 0,025 , Lén hon 0,025 dén 0.4 Lon hon 0,1 dén 1,6 > 04+ 3,2 > 16+ 125 > 3,24 12,5 oe > 12.5 +50 > 12.5 + 100 > 50+ 400 108floor moe SAS olraneeeoperargseloanges Im ot QoaQan|SootQan wan teZaalion mean ho wr on 00 0 00 St20 foo rn at E00 IT ae SIS 00 00 | ow ML co oo post omine So rem 2on Heer Steer lforS tan rm ornanBlor wont 1oftumlec +o Minn om ineser One wotloc e8aalte Ser ia, mm, ie Lip ich thude danh nj Fel tmememctiten same einin come | + rome sai cai J °. Om Bey Ss See O48 an g ‘ Qe La MED nn) a = mt al TS afer i) a om 2) 4% Mermertl euetea amTH RTS OAT pana Tose weyaipen an wpa dye ob pgp dune a Sg-AA. nyo taptya op Tew go d yo es Fung SH ‘D duo eno yury Funn dayd oys Dita en iat Ete OFF gS tes Bunge H ugtt Op yMip oBx ‘ofuy BA g) Ruy WARY dries tn uBLY Ap ut 4-'7°Z, Of en uigiy dipeo of yo tes Zung-H YON AGO Wa} 92 ai EA GL EEL LUBE DY Op OS (Rs OF ofuy ea g] nay HipLy dye ee ata enb agen Zz al x e wt 6 er ws zs st st 06. LemmnlZe saanalsc Yeoman D Sorts Lorne ole Seman fyes (abe Bung de)V.Dung sai kich thuéc géc va lip ghép con tron I. Dung sai kich thitée gée Kich thudée géc danh nghia duge quy dinh theo tiéu chudn Viet nam (TCVN 259-86), bang 2-43 va 2-44. Cing tong ty nh kich thuée thang dung sai kich thuée géc dugc ky hiéu 1a AT va duve toh bang hiéu git géc giéi han lén nhét va nhé nhat, hinh 2-22. ATa = Onsae” Ornin Dung sai kich thudc géc 6 thé bigu thi bang don vi g6c (radian hoac dé, phiit, day), ky higu 1A ATa, hoac biéu thi thea don vj dai ( jis: ) ky higu 1 AT, (inh 2-22) AT, = ATo.Ly.10° (AT,- um); ATe-prad; L,- mm). ~~ At, Dung sai géc cOn: AT, bigu thi . bang dung sai hiéu dudng kinh cia hai y ‘Alec mat cit vuéng géc véi truc cén. a, \X maw Khi géc con c6 dO con: At C<1:3 thi AT,=AT,, hinh 2-23, a Khi g6e con c6 48 con: Him 2-220 C<1:3 thi AT, = AT /cosoy2 Dung sai kich thude géc_ (hinh 2-24) véi a-géc c6n danh nghia. TCVN 260-86 quy dinh 17 cap chinh xdc ché tao duvc ky hiéu theo mitc di inh xac giam dan 1a: 1, 2, 3, 17. s6 dung sai kich thuée géc ting v6i cdc cMp chinh x4c duge chi dan trong bang 2-45. Sit dung — , Fink 2B cép chinh xdc kich thudc géc theo bang 2-46, [2] . 2. Ldp ghép con tron . Lap ghép cdn duge sir dung phé bién [a nhé tinh chat wu viét cha né nhu: dé kin, dé bén cao cia m6i ghép, dé dang diéu chinh do ho va d6 d6i ohé sit thay d6i vi tri doc truc cia chi tit lip ghép, ty dinh tam tét, théo lap nhanh ma& khéng Jam hu héng bé mat lap ghép cia chi tiét. Lap ghép cOn tron cing duge phan thanh 3 nhém: - Lap ghép c6 d6 d6i. - Lap ghép cé dO hd (dp . d6ng). } Himh 2-24 Ing sai géc con C > 1: x Wy-Lap ghép trung gian DO hd va do doi cha lap ghép xdc dinh tay thae vao vi trf hudng truc ctla cde chi tiét lap ghép. Mat phang chudn: mat phang chudn cla cén 1 mat phang :vudng gée vi truc cén va ding dé xe dinh vi ti huéng truc cia 15 cén tuong di véi truc cOn lap ghép. Mat phang chudn cé thé chon 1A mat mit cla chi ti8t cén hoac mat vai cla truc On, hinh 2-25. Khoang c4ch chugn cha mdi ghép-Z» 1A khoang céch chun giita cde mat chudn cia cén lap ghép do theo huéng truc cla con, hinh 2-25. Vi tri ban dau-P, Ia vi tri wuc tuong d6i véi mhau cia c6n | trong (18) vA cén ngoai (truc) tuong img voi su tigp xvic cua ching ma khOng cé ngoai lye tée dung vao, hinh 2-26. Vi tri cuéi cing-Pz 1a vi tri truc tuong d6i vGi nhau cla cén trong (18) vA cén ngoai (truc) ma né cd sau khi dat duge d6 dich chuyén truc d& cho twong d6i véi vi trf ban ddu hoge sau khi chiu thém mét lye &p cho truée, hinh 2-26 Tuong dng véi con gidi han ta c6 vj Uf ban dau va vi tri cudi gidi han. Ung véi cdc vi trf gidi han dé,ta ¢6 Khoding céch chudn ban dau gidi han vA dung sai tuong ting Z Psmox 7 Psinia Tz Psy Dinh 2-27. Ciing tuong tu nhu vay , ta cé Khoang c&éch chuii cuéi cing gidi han: Zine» Zien Va dung sai khoang cach chudn cudi cing Typ. Khoang cach chudn gidi han va dung sai khoang céch chudn due tinh todn xudt phat tit sai Iéch va dung sat cic thong s6 kich thudc con (dutdmg kinh , chiéu dai vA géc c6n). 12 ‘Hinh 2.25 Mat phaéng chudn con Vi iri’bon du 1 Cin trong Hinh 2-26 Vi tri lép ghép con 2 psmox vj tri” bon ed Wy tri” ban déw gidt Aan inh 2-27 _Vi tri c6n gidi han