An Introduction to

Programming with C++

Fifth Edition

Chapter 1
An Introduction to Programming
 Objectives

• Explain the history of programming languages

• Explain the sequence, selection, and repetition
structures
• Write simple algorithms using the sequence,
selection, and repetition structures

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 Concept Lesson

• Programmers
• A Brief History of Programming Languages
• Control Structures
• Summary

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 Programmers

• Programs are the directions given to computers

• Programmers are the people who write computer
programs
– Applications programmers write, maintain, and/or
customize programs that handle a specific task
– Systems programmers write and maintain
programs that help the computer carry out its basic
operating functions

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 A Brief History of Programming
Languages
• Programming languages are the languages used
to communicate with a computer
– E.g., C++, C#, Java, Visual Basic, Perl, C, COBOL
– Types
• Machine languages
• Assembly languages
• High-level languages

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 Machine Languages

• The first programmers had to write the program

instructions using only combinations of 0s and 1s
– E.g., 00101 10001 10000
• Instructions written in 0s and 1s are called
machine language or machine code
• Each type of machine has its own language
• Machine languages are the only way to
communicate directly with the computer
• Programming in machine language is tedious and
error-prone; requires highly trained programmers
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 Assembly Languages

• Assembly languages simplify programmer’s job

• Can use mnemonics instead of 0s and 1s
– E.g., ADD bx, ax
• Assembly programs require an assembler to
convert instructions into machine code
• Easier to write programs in assembly language
– But still tedious and requires highly trained
programmers

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 High-Level Languages

• High-level languages allow programmer to use

English-like instructions
– E.g., grossPay = hours * rate
– High-level languages are more machine-independent
• Programs written in a high-level language can be used
on many different types of computers
• Compilers convert the instructions into 0s and 1s
• Interpreters translate the program line by line as
the program is running

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 High-Level Languages (continued)

• When writing a procedure-oriented program, the

programmer concentrates on the major tasks that
the program needs to perform
– Examples: COBOL, BASIC, C
• An object-oriented program requires programmer
to focus on the objects that the program can use to
accomplish its goal
– Examples: C++, Visual Basic, Java, C#

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 Control Structures

• Programs are written using three basic structures

– Sequence
• Used in every program you write
– Repetition
• Used in most programs you write
– Selection
• Used in most programs you write
• Called control structures or logic structures

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 The Sequence Structure

• The sequence structure directs the computer to

process the program instructions, one after
another, in the order listed in the program

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 The Sequence Structure (continued)

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 The Repetition Structure

• Repetition structure: directs computer to repeat

one or more instructions until some condition is met
– Also called a loop or iteration

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 The Repetition Structure (continued)

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 The Repetition Structure (continued)

• What could you do if you don’t know precisely how

many steps separate Rob from the chair?

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 The Repetition Structure (continued)

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 The Selection Structure

• Selection structure: makes a decision and then

takes an appropriate action based on that decision
– Also called the decision structure

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 The Selection Structure (continued)

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 The Selection Structure (continued)

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 Summary
• Programs: step-by-step instructions that tell a
computer how to perform a task
• Programmers use programming languages to
communicate with the computer
– First programming languages were machine languages
– High-level languages can be used to create procedure-
oriented programs or object-oriented programs
• Algorithm: step-by-step instructions that accomplish a
task (not written in a programming language)
– Algorithms contain one or more of the following control
structures: sequence, selection, and repetition
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 Summary (continued)
• Sequence structure: process the instructions, one
after another, in the order listed
• Repetition structure: repeat one or more
instructions until some condition is met
• Selection structure: directs the computer to make a
decision, and then to select an appropriate action
based on that decision

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 Application Lesson: Using the Control
Structures
• Lab 1.1: Stop and Analyze

• Lab 1.2: salespeople selling more than $2,000

receive 3.5% bonus; all others receive 3% bonus
• Lab 1.3:

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