Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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DRIs is a general term for a set of reference values used to asses and plan nutrient
intakes of normal, healthy individuals.
EAR ‐ The daily intake of a specific nutrient estimated to meet the requirement in 50% of
healthy people in an age‐ and gender‐specific group. The EAR is used to calculate the
recommended dietary allowance.
RDA – average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of
nearly all the people (97‐98%)
AI – established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level
assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy
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Stored in fats
excreted WI mine
B a
13 7
B 5
1 2 3 5 6 7 9 1
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, , , , , ,
,
Water soluble vitamins:
More prone to deficiency
Excreted in the urine – therefore they are rarely toxic.
Typically involved as enzyme cofactors or prosthetic groups
Fat soluble vitamins:
Stored in adipose tissue and liver
Can be transported with fat (chylomicrons)
Can be toxic because they are not readily excreted.
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Choline: Can be synthesized by the body, so is not strictly required. But an adequate
dietary intake is necessary for good health.
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deficiency =
Sonny
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Impairment of collagen synthesis accounts for the prominent connective tissue
abnormalities of scurvy
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Why are sailor’s called “a scurvy crew”
Why were British sailors called “limeys”
The saturable vitamin C‐transporter in the intestine can only absorb 1 to 2 g of ascorbate
per day. Thus, megadoses are incompletely absorbed.
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Wernicke‐Korsakoff patients show a degeneration of an area of the brain known as the
mammillary bodies
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cofactor
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Note – about 60mg of tryptophan are needed to make 1 mg of niacin
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Note – absorption is improved by slaking corn with lye, the process is called
nixtamalization and used to make masa flour for tortillas.
Note ‐ Niacin inhibits hepatocyte synthesis of triacylglycerols, which results in a
decreased secretion of VLDL and LDL particles. Niacin increases HDL, which augment
reverse cholesterol transport.
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→
must be oupwsphmyated
to
transport across membrane
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( ALA -
synthase )
be mobilized )
Note ‐ Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation
of glutamate to the neurotransmitter GABA and CO2
Note – Cofactor of the ALA‐synthase for heme synthesis
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desensitization @ nerve end
↳ should supplement
pt
Note ‐ Vitamin B6 is used to prevent isoniazid‐induced B6 deficiency and neuropathy in
people with a risk factor, such as pregnancy, lactation, HIV infection, alcoholism,
diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition.
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£
eunyntyygupyjihgairaduepitnvium
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Note ‐ Neural tube defects are among the most serious birth defects (1:400 births). They
include anencephaly (absence of the brain) and spina bifida (incomplete closure of the
lumbar spine). Current recommendation is that all women who might become pregnant
should consume at least 400 μg of folic acid per day.
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methyl folate trap
MCM resides in the mitochondria and catalyzes the isomerization of methylmalonyl‐CoA
to succinyl‐CoA. MCM is involved in the metabolism of branched‐chain amino acids
isoleucine and valine, as well as methionine, threonine, thymine and odd‐chain fatty
acids.
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Some AAS are essential some conditional ( make but not
maybe
we
,
,
enough of
them )
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.
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real vitamin blc We can make it
not a ,
g.
In the USA, only 2% of postmenopausal women consume the recommended intake for
choline (2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).
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.
Why do eskimos not eat polar bear liver?
100g of the liver contain 2000x the upper daily limit
Upon vitamin A deficiency , columnar epithelia are transformed into heavily keratinized
squamous epithelia, a process known as squamous metaplasia. Worldwide, 3 to 10
million children become xerophthalmic every year, and between 250,000 and 500,000 of
these children go blind. Another one million die of infections that they would have
survived had they not had vitamin A deficiency.
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.
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problem wl ohybmiwon synthesis usually def
→
see .
in Vit . At E !
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derivative 't
Coumadin
of n K
=
.
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