Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Individual work

Francisco Javier Aristizabal Cuadrado

203058_40

Identification number

14796448

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 16-01
 Introduction

With the completion of this work, it is possible to know and understand concepts of
physics and electromagnetism such as: Lines of transmission, Electrical parameters in
transmission lines, Propagation in delimited transmission lines, Smith's letter. In the
same way, practical theoretical exercises are carried out using mathematical methods
to achieve the development of the proposed exercises.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

Transmission lines are systems formed by two conductors separated by

insulation, through which an electromagnetic signal, represented in a potential
difference and a current, is sent from one emitting point to another receiver.
They are classified according to the geometric configuration of the conductors,
the type of insulation, the types of connectors used to start and end the line etc.

Types of transmission lines:

Balanced lines: When the transmission is made by two wires, in which one acts
as the main conductor and the other one returns the electromagnetic signal is
transmitted as a potential difference between both conductors and both carry the
same current.
Bipolar lines: they consist of two parallel conductors with or without external
insulation and with or without external insulation.
Local power distribution or power distribution lines and data transmission cables
belong to this group.
 Parallel plate lines: they consist of parallel flat conductors with or without
external insulation and with or without external insulation.
Some windings of rotating electric machines belong to this group.

Coaxial lines: they are constituted by an insulated inner conductor, covered by

an external conductor that acts as a Faraday cage, the assembly is plated in an
external insulator.

2. What is a bounded transmission line?

It is a closed or limited means of propagation of electromagnetic waves, that is,

as a finite guided medium that guides the waves along a defined path, terminated
in a load or a load impedance.

3. Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

The input impedance of the line is understood as the ratio between the total voltage
and the total current

b. Stationary wave ratio VSWR .

It is the relationship between the maximum voltage and the minimum voltage
within the line called the voltage standing wave relationship.

When total reflection occurs, the standing wave relationship becomes infinite.
 c. Physical length L and electrical length 𝓁.

Physical length L: The physical length L corresponds to the distance traveled by a

periodic disturbance that propagates through a medium during one cycle and is
found using the formula described below.

Electrical length 𝓁: The electric length 𝓁 corresponds to a unit of measurement

that is commonly used in the study of electric power transmission lines, which
expresses the distance to the load as a function of the wavelength is determined by
the formula thus.

The electrical length is a unit of measurement used in the study of transmission

lines.

4. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of waves?

The Smith chart is the graphical representation, in the Gaussian plane, of the
reflection coefficient of normalized resistance and reactance.
It allows obtaining parameters of transmission lines and solving impedance
adaptation problems, avoiding operations with complex numbers
 Application exercises:

1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric parameters: a=0.2 mm b=20 mm t=( ¿+10) μm
8
Conductor properties: (conductivity) σ c =4.3 x 10 Sm/m
Properties of the insulator: σ d=1 x 10 Sm/m ϵ r=2.1 μr =1
−13

Applied signal frequency: f =CCC KHz.

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the attenuation

α dB / Km.
¿=40

CCC=147.000 Hz

a=0.2 mm=0.0002m

b=20 mm=0.02m

t=( 40+ 10 ) μm=50 μm=0.00005 m

Electric vacuum permittivity (∈¿¿ 0)=8,854∗10−12 C2 / N m2 ¿

Magnetic vacuum permeability (μ¿¿ 0)=1.257−6 Tm / A ¿

a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.

Depth of wave penetration into the conductor δp

1
δp=
√ π f σc μ0
1
δp=
√ π∗147000∗4.3 x 10 8∗1.257 x 10−6
δp=6,329∗1 0−5 m=63.29 μm

Now we find the medium frequency considering that a=2∗10−4 m b=2∗10−2 m t=5∗10−5 m

Medium frecuency

Solve R:

1 1 R 1
R=
π∗σ c (( ) ( ) ( ))
a 2
∗ AC +
R DC 2 bt

For this we must take into account that

R AC 2 2
= =¿ =¿
R DC −a −4

[ ] [ ]
−2∗10
a2 δp −5 2 2∗10−4
2δ −1+ e
−5

p 2 ( 6,329∗10 ) −1+e 6,329∗10

δp 6,329∗1 0−5

R AC
=2,26688433595649
R DC

1 1
R=
π∗4.3 x 108 (( ( 2∗10 ) −4 2 )
∗( 2,26688433595649) +
( 2∗2∗10 1∗50∗10 ))
−2 −6
R=4,23219705054538∗1 0−2 ohm/m
Solve G:

2 π∗σ d 2 π∗10−13 −13

G= =¿ G= =1,364∗10 Sm/m
b 2∗10 −2
ln
a() ln
(
2∗10−4 )
G=1,36437635384184∗1 0−13 Sm/ m

Solve using the formula for medium frequency L:

μ0
L=
4π [ ( )]
1+2 ln
b
a
=¿ L=
[ (
1.257 x 10−6
4π
1+2 ln
2∗10−2
2∗10
−4 )]
[ ( )]
L=1.000288817∗10−7∗ 1+2 ln
2∗10−2
2∗10
−4

L=9,87245491390593∗1 0−7 H /m
For this we must take into account that ε = Electrical permissibility =Relative
electrical permittivity ( ε ¿¿ r) ¿ * Electric vacuum permittivity
( ε 0 )=¿ 2.1∗8,854∗10−12=1.85934∗10−11

2 π∗ε 2 π∗2.1∗1.85934∗10−11
C= =¿ C= =2,53∗10−11
b 2∗10−2
ln ( )
a ln(2∗10−4 )
C=2,53683952975229∗1 0−11 F /m
b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters α , β , γ ∧Z 0 .
Using the formula of the propagation constant:

y=± √ ( R+ jwL )( G+ jwC )=a+ jβ

With the values of the R, L, G and C, solve:

jwL= j 2 π∗147∗103∗9,872∗10−7 = j 0.911847815814445

 jwC = j 2 π∗147∗103∗2.537∗10−11 = j 0.0000234324485

y=± √ ( 4,23∗10−2+ j0.911847815814445 )∗( 1.364∗1 0−13+ j0.0000234324485 ) =a+ jβ

y=± √ −0.000021366827+ j0.0000009911927=a+ jβ

γ =0,000107239062125239+0,00462352415994487 j=a+ jβ

Then we find the values of alpha (Attenuation constant) and beta (Phase
constant):

α =0,000107239062125239 Np/m

β=0,00462352415994487 Rad /m

And the formula of the Characteristic impedance:

dV R+ jwL
Z 0=
dl
=
√
G+ jwC

( 4,232∗10−2+ j0.911847815814445 )
Z 0=
dV
dl

dV
=
√ ( 1,364∗10−13+ j 0.0000234324485 )

Z 0= =197,30275754198− j 3,46735713230828
dl

Z o=197,325372779742−4,57680805009431 j Ohm

c. Calculate the propagation velocity V p, the wavelength λ and the attenuation

α dB / Km.

With the formula of the propagation velocity V p, solve:

w 2∗π∗f 2∗π∗147∗103
V p= = =¿ V p=
β β 0,00462352415994487
 V p=1.998 x 108 m/ s

The wavelength λ :

2π 2π
λ= =¿ λ=
β 0,00462352415994487

λ=1,359∗1 03 m

The attenuation α dB / Km:

db dB
a [ ]
m
=1,07239062125239∗1 0−4 −8.68
m
=−9,308∗1 0−4

2. A Z o=75 Ω lossless transmission line has a Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is ¿=40 m long and
the wavelength is CCC=147 mm , Calculate:
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).
c. VSWR.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

a. Input impedance Z¿ .

L 40
l= = =272.1088435
λ 0.147
 Z l + j Z 0 tang (2 π∗l)
Z¿ =Z 0
Z 0 + j Z l tang (2 π∗l)

35− j75+ j75 tang(2 π∗272.1088435)

Z¿ =75
75+ j 35− j75 tang(2 π∗272.1088435)

35− j75+ j75 tang (1709.710287)

Z¿ =75
75+ j 35− j75 tang (1709.710287)

35− j75+ j14832.42671

Z¿ =75
75+ j 35− j14832.42671

Z¿ =35.519436927994− j 1.4907557367001

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

Zl−Zo
r=
Zl +Zo

35− j 75−75 −40− j75

r= =
35− j 75+75 110− j 75
r =0.0691114245416− j 0,6346967559944

|r|=√ x 2+ y 2 =√ 0.06911142454162 +0,6346967559944 2=0,6384484012604

tan−1 ( xy )=¿ tan ( 0,6346967559944

−1
0.0691114245416 )
=¿ tan −1
=83.78560995864510

r= 0.0691114245416− j 0,6346967559944 = 0,6384484012604(83.78560995864510 )

c. VSWR.

V MAX 1+|r| 1+ 0,6384484012604

VSWR= = =¿ =4.5317138880651
V MIN 1−|r| 1−0,6384484012604

3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the

transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software found in the Practical Learning
Environment to check the results obtained in point 2.
a. Input impedance Z¿ .
b. Reflection coefficient Γ .
c. VSWR.
d. Find an electrical length 𝓁 where the input impedance Z¿ is real.

Figure 3: Letter of Smith.

As can be seen, the values observed in the graph coincide with the data detected in
the mathematical calculations found in point 2 of the activity guide and evaluation
rubric.

Conclusions

Conclusion 1: la velocidad de las ondas electromagneticas no depente de la frecuencia

su velocidad depende del medio, por lo tanto la velocidad más alta de , si el índice de
refracción aumenta para un medio indica que estas viajan más lento por lo tanto tiene
un comportamiento inversamente proporcional a mayor índice de refracci[on menor
es la velocidad de la onda electromagnética.

Conclusion 2: segun el Angulo de refraccion esto puede indicar cuál es el medio por el
cual se propaga teniendo en cuanta que si el medio lento

Una onda electromagnética puede cambiar la dirección en el aire siempre y cuando las
condiciones admosfericas cambien durante el camino de la onda cambios como su
composición química y física,
Todos los angulos se miden con respecto a la línea imaginaria (punteada) normal

The conclusions should be written with their own words and should focus on the
concepts explored, learned, discovered and practiced in the development of the
activity, it is suggested to present a conclusion by topic, the result of learning
obtained as evidence of conceptual assimilation.

To obtain a good writing it is suggested to read the written several times, correcting
and adjusting the text until obtaining a clear and coherent postulate. Avoid
superficiality and simplicity.

Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.

(pp. 525-537). Recovered from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line

Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-45). Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics. [Video]. Recovered

from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141.

Boglione, L., & Webster, R. (2011). Unifying interpretation of reflection coefficient

and Smith chart definitions. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 5(12), 1479-
1487. Recovered from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=525504787&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site.