Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work

Leonardo Espinosa Bustos

Group: 203058_40
Cc:1104700745

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 marzo
 Introduction

Next, application exercises will be developed using mathematical methods to apply the concepts of physics

and electromagnetism in order to determine the behavior of electromagnetic waves when they propagate in

delimited open media.

 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

R: the electromagnetic wave, they have various propagation modes, such as propagation in line of sight,

propagation by terrestrial reflection, propagation by atmospheric reflection and propagation by multiple

reflection, these are normally radiated by terrestrial antennas or satellite antennas, which are repeaters of

signal. The atmosphere, mountains, buildings, etc. are used to reflect the signal in some propagation modes.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

R: This is a property that is applied to electromagnetic waves, to give them direction in a field.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

R: this is an incident ray that brings a defined angle and when hitting a medium it reflects at the same angle,

this is repeatedly used in fiber optics.

4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

R: refraction, in this case, when the wave collides with a medium (water), its initial angle is going to be

different from the final angle, and we call this a change of direction.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

R: Study and calculate the changes that a wave can experience when it crosses one medium to another.

Also measure or calculate angles that pass through certain means.

 Application exercises:

2
mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =¿ MHzand P+¿=120 1 , incident from the air (η1 =120 π Ω),
perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance η2=CCC Ω . Calculate the reflected
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
power P1 and the transmitted power P2 to the wall.

R: datos
f =40 MHz

mW
P+¿
1 =120 ¿
m2

η1=120 π Ω

η2=110Ω

η2−η1 110Ω−120 π Ω
Coeficiente de reflexión Γ = = =−0.55=0.55<180 °
η2 +η1 110 Ω+120 π Ω

2
Reflectance R=|Γ| =0.552=0.3025 x 100=30.25 %

T =1−R=69.75 %

Reflected power ¿

tranmitted power ¿
 2
mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =40 MHzand P+¿=120
1 , coming from a wave generator located
12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the air ( η1 =120 π Ω )perpendicularly on a wall with an
intrinsic impedance η2=110 Ω and 20 cm thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-
dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

.
a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.
R: calcule el coeficiente de reflexión y trasmisión visto por el generador.
f =40 MHz
ω=2 πf
η0 =120 π Ω

C 0=3 x 108 m/s

η2=110 Ω
2
mW /m ¿
P+¿=120
1

ω η0
constante de fase β=
c0 η

2 π∗40 x 10 6∗120 π
β=
3 x 10 8∗110
β=2.871 rad /m
Hallamos la impedancia de entrada:
η1∗η 2+ j η1 tan( βx)
η¿ =
η1+ j η2 tan( βx)

110∗120 π + j∗110 tan(2.871∗0.2)

η¿ =
110+ j∗120 π tan (2.871∗0.2)
η¿ =90.4−129.26 johm

Coeficiente de reflexión de la primera cara de la pared:

η¿ −η aire
Γ 1=
η¿ +ηaire
90.4−129.26 j−120 π
Γ 1=
90.4−129.26 j+ 120 π

Γ 1=−0.4986−0.4144 j=0.65 ←14 0 °> ¿

reflectacia en la primera pared:

2
T 1=1−|Γ 1|

T 1=1−0.6 52
T 1=0.5 8 x 100

T 1=5 8 %

Transmitancia en la primera pared:

R1=1−T 1

R1=1−58 %

R1=0. 4 2 x 100

R1=4 2 %

b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power that is transmitted to the receiver.
Coeficiente de reflexión de la segunda cara de la pared:
η aire−η pared
Γ2=
ηaire +η pared
120 π−110
Γ2=
120 π +110

Γ 2 =0.548

reflectacia en la segunda pared:

2
T 2=1−|Γ 2|

T 2=1−0.548 2
T 2=0. 70 x 100

T 2=70 %

Potencia transmitida al receptor:

T t=T 1∗T 2

T t=58 %∗70 %=0.406∗100

T t=40.6 %
+ ¿¿
yP
P−¿ ¿
Calculation of 2
3

mW
+¿=120 2
¿
m
P1
mW
+¿=40.6 %∗120 2
¿
m
P3
mW
+¿=0.406∗120 2
¿
m
P3
mW
+¿=4 8.72 2
¿
m
P3
 +¿ ¿
+ ¿−P3 ¿
−¿=P2 ¿
P2
P−¿=69.55−48.72¿
2
mW
−¿=2 0.83 2
¿
m
P2

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming an angle of θa =44,9 ° .

Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that

each layer is 110 mm thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify

which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

Solución:
Los datos que nos proporciona son:
θa =44.9 ° n1=1.31 n2=1.00029 n3 =¿ ¿ n 4=1.6 width=110 m

To start identifying the material in layer 3 we must calculate its refractive index.

For this we start by calculating:

θa −θ'a=90 °

θ'a =90 °−44.9°

θ'a =45.1 °

Refractive angle at point b

n1∗sen ( θ'a ) =n2∗sen ( θ b )

1.31∗sen ( 45.1 )=1.00029∗sen ( θb )

1.31∗0.7083=1.00029∗sen ( θ b )

0.9279252
sen ( θb ) =
1.00029

se n−1 ( 0.9279252
1.00029 )
=θ b

68.094 °=θ b

Knowing already the value of the angle b. We find the distance between point A and B

x
tanθ=
110 mm
 x=110 mm∗tanθ
dAB=110 mm∗tan ( 68.094 ° )
dAB=273.55 mm
θc=90 °−θb=90 °−68.094 °
θc=21.906 °
Calculate the refractive index of n3
n 2∗sinθb
n3 =
sin θc
1.00029∗sin ( 68.094 )
n3 =
sin ( 21.906 ° )
n3 =2.4875

Taking into account the refractive index we can say that the material is the day
x=110 mm∗tanθc

We calculate the distance from point b and c

dBC =110 mm∗tan ( 21.906 ° )

dBC =44.23

We calculate the reflective material in the point C material

n3
θd=sin
−1
( n4
sin θC )
θd=sin −1 ( 2.4875
1.6
sin ( 21.906° ) )

θd=35.45 °
Distance between point C and D
 dCD=110 mm∗tan ( 35.453° )

dCD=78.33 mm

Distance between point A and D

dt=dAB+ dBC +dCD

dt=273.55+ 44.23 mm+78.33 mm

dt=396.11 mm
 Conclusions

Conclusión 1: We conclude that an electromagnetic wave can pass through different types of materials,
the more power is applied the further it reaches.

Conclusion 2:
electromagnetic waves travel through the air that opposes resistance, when it reaches places, we can play
with the reflection to get to other places.
 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524).

Obtenido de http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law . Obtenido de http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140

Ltd, W. J. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp. 31-51).

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