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Sediaan Steril (Compatibility Mode) PDF
Sediaan Steril (Compatibility Mode) PDF
SEDIAAN STERIL
Dr.Heni Rachmawati
PENDAHULUAN
1
4/18/2010
2
4/18/2010
3
4/18/2010
A
Aseptic
ti Processing
P i
1
4/18/2010
Aseptic processing
• Objective
j is to maintain the sterility
y of a p
product,,
assembled from sterile components
• Operating conditions so as to prevent microbial
contamination
2
4/18/2010
Manufacturing Environment
Classification of Clean Areas
– Comparison of classifications
Table 1
Manufacturing Environment
Classification of Clean Areas
– Classified in terms of airborne particles (Table 2)
Grade At rest In operation
3
4/18/2010
Manufacturing Environment
Manufacturing Environment
• Grade A (equivalent to Class 100 (US Federal
Standard 209E), ISO 5 (ISO 14644-1):
– Local zone for high risk operations eg. product filling,
stopper
t bowls,
b l open vials,i l handling
h dli sterile
t il materials,
t i l
aseptic connections, transfer of partially stoppered
containers to be lyophilized.
– Conditions usually provided by laminar air flow
workstation.
• Each grade of cleanroom has specifications for
viable and non-viable particles
– Non-viable particles are defined by the air classification
(See Table 2)
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4/18/2010
Manufacturing Environment
• Limits for viable particles (microbiological
contamination)
G d
Grade Air sample
Ai l Settle
S ttl plates
l t (90mm
(90 Contact
C t t plates
l t Glove print
Gl i t
(CFU/m3) diameter) (55mm (5 fingers)
(CFU/4hours) diameter) (CFU/glove)
(CFU/plate)
A <3 <3 <3 <3
B 10 5 5 5
C 100 50 25 -
D 200 100 50 -
Table 3
– These are average values
– Individual settle plates may be exposed for less than 4 hours
• Values are for guidance only - not intended to represent specifications
• Levels (limits) of detection of microbiological contamination should be
established for alert and action purposes and for monitoring trends of air
quality in the facility
9 Manufacture of sterile medicines – Advanced workshop for SFDA GMP
inspectors - Nanjing, November 2009
Manufacturing Environment
Environmental Monitoring
• Physical
– Particulate matter
– Differential pressures
– Air changes, airflow patterns
– Clean up time/recovery
– Temperature and relative humidity
– Airflow velocity
5
4/18/2010
Manufacturing Environment
Environmental Monitoring - Physical
• Particulate matter
– Particles significant because they can contaminate and
also carry organisms
– Critical environment should be measured not more than
30cm from worksite, within airflow and during
filling/closing operations
– Preferably a remote probe that monitors continuously
– Difficulties when process itself generates particles (e.g.
powder filling)
– Appropriate alert and action limits should be set and
corrective actions defined if limits exceeded
Manufacturing Environment
Environmental Monitoring - Physical
• Differential pressures
– Positive pressure differential of 10-15 Pascals should be
maintained between adjacent rooms of different
classification (with door closed)
– Most critical area should have the highest pressure
– Pressures should be continuously monitored and
frequently recorded.
– Alarms should sound if pressures deviate
– Any deviations should be investigated and effect on
environmental quality determined
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4/18/2010
Manufacturing Environment
Environmental Monitoring - Physical
• Air Changes/Airflow patterns
– Ai
Air fl
flow over critical
iti l areas should
h ld beb uni-directional
i di ti l
(laminar flow) at a velocity sufficient to sweep particles
away from filling/closing area
– for B, C and D rooms at least 20 changes per hour are
ususally required
• Clean up time/recovery
– Particulate levels for the Grade A “at rest” state should
be achieved after a short “clean-up” period of 20
minutes after completion of operations (guidance value)
– Particle counts for Grade A “in operation” state should
be maintained whenever product or open container is
exposed
Manufacturing Environment
Environmental Monitoring - Physical
• Temperature and Relative Humidity
– Ambient temperature and humidity should not be
uncomfortably high (could cause operators to
generate particles) (18°C)
• Airflow velocity
– Laminar airflow workstation air speed of approx
0.45m/s ± 20% at working position (guidance value)
7
4/18/2010
Manufacturing Environment
Personnel
• Minimum number of personnel in clean areas
– especially
p y during
g aseptic
p processing
p g
• Inspections and controls from outside
• Training to all including cleaning and
maintenance staff
– initial and regular
– manufacturing, hygiene, microbiology
– should be formally validated and authorized to enter
aseptic area
• Special cases
– supervision in case of outside staff
– decontamination procedures (e.g. staff who worked
with animal tissue materials)
15 Manufacture of sterile medicines – Advanced workshop for SFDA GMP
inspectors - Nanjing, November 2009
Manufacturing Environment
Personnel (2)
• High standards of hygiene and cleanliness
– should not enter clean rooms if ill or with open
wounds
• Periodic health checks
• No shedding of particles, movement slow and
controlled
• No introduction of microbiological hazards
• No outdoor clothing brought into clean areas,
areas
should be clad in factory clothing
• Changing and washing procedure
• No watches, jewellery and cosmetics
• Eye checks if involved in visual inspection
16 Manufacture of sterile medicines – Advanced workshop for SFDA GMP
inspectors - Nanjing, November 2009
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Manufacturing Environment
Personnel (3)
• Clothing of appropriate quality:
– Grade D
• hair, beard, moustache covered
• protective clothing and shoes
– Grade C
• hair, beard, moustache covered
• single or 2-piece suit (covering wrists, high neck),
shoes/overshoes
• no fibres/particles to be shed
– Grade A and B
• headgear, beard and moustache covered, masks,
gloves
• not shedding fibres, and retain particles shed by
operators
Manufacturing Environment
Personnel (4)
• Outdoor clothing not in change rooms leading to
G d B and
Grade d C rooms
• Change at every working session, or once a day (if
supportive data)
• Change gloves and masks at every working session
• Frequent disinfection of gloves during operations
• Washing of garments – separate laundry facility
– No damage, and according to validated procedures
(
(washing
hi andd sterilization)
t ili ti )
• Regular microbiological monitoring of operators
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
• In aseptic processing, each component is
individually sterilised, or several components are
combined with the resulting mixture sterilized.
– Most common is preparation of a solution which is
filtered through a sterilizing filter then filled into sterile
containers (e.g active and excipients dissolved in Water
for Injection)
– May involve aseptic compounding of previously
sterilized components which is filled into sterile
containers
– May involve filling of previously sterilized powder
• sterilized by dry heat/irradiation
• produced from a sterile filtered solution which is then
aseptically crystallized and precipitated
– requires more handling and manipulation with higher
potential for contamination during processing
19 Manufacture of sterile medicines – Advanced workshop for SFDA GMP
inspectors - Nanjing, November 2009
Aseptic Processing
Preparation and Filtration of Solutions
• Solutions to be sterile filtered prepared in a Grade C
environment
• If not to be filtered, preparation should be prepared in
a Grade A environment with Grade B background (e.g.
ointments, creams, suspensions and emulsions)
• Prepared solutions filtered through a sterile 0.22µm
(or less) membrane filter into a previously sterilized
container
– filters remove bacteria and moulds
– do not remove all viruses or mycoplasmas
• filtration should be carried out under positive
pressure
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Preparation and Filtration of Solutions (2)
• consideration should be given to complementing
filtration process with some form of heat treatment
• Double filter or second filter at point of fill advisable
• Fitlers should not shed particles, asbestos containing
filters should not be used
• Same filter should not be used for more than one day
unless validated
• If bulk product is stored in sealed vessels,
vessels pressure
release outlets should have hydrophobic microbial
retentive air filters
Aseptic Processing
Preparation and Filtration of Solutions (3)
• Time limits should be established for each phase of
processing, e.g.
– maximum period between start of bulk product
compounding and sterilization (filtration)
– maximum permitted holding time of bulk if held after
filtration prior to filling
– product exposure on processing line
– storage of sterilized containers/components
– total
t t l time
ti for
f product
d t filtration
filt ti to
t preventt organisms
i
from penetrating filter
– maximum time for upstream filters used for clarification
or particle removal (can support microbial attachment)
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Preparation and Filtration of Solutions (4)
• Filling of solution may be followed by lyophilization
(freeze drying)
– stoppers partially seated, product transferred to
lyophilizer (Grade A/B conditions)
– Release of air/nitrogen into lyophilizer chamber at
completion of process should be through sterilizing
filter
Aseptic Processing
Prefiltration Bioburden (natural microbial load)
• Limits should be stated and testing should be carried
out on each batch
• Frequency may be reduced after satisfactory history
is established
– and biobuden testing performed on components
• Should include action and alert limits (usually differ
by a factor of 10) and action taken if limits are
exceeded
• Limits should reasonably reflect bioburden routinely
achieved
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Aseptic Processing
Filter integrity
• Filters of 0.22µm or less should be used for filtration
of liquids and gasses (if applicable)
– filters for gasses that may be used for purging or
overlaying of filled containers or to release vacuum in
lyphilization chamber
• filter intergrity shoud be verified before filtration and
confirmed after filtration
– bubble point
– pressure hold
– forward flow
• methods are defined by filter manufacturers and limits
determined during filter validation
13
4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Filter Validaton
• Filter must be validated to demonstrate ability to
remove bacteria
– most common method is to show that filter can retain a
microbiological challenge of 107 CFU of Brevundimonas
diminuta per cm2 of the filter surface
– a bioburden isolate may be more appropriate for filter
retention studies than Brevundimonas diminuta
– Challenge concentration is intended to provide a margin
off safety
f well beyond what would be expected in
production
– preferably the microbial challenge is added to the fully
formulated product which is then passed through the
filter
Aseptic Processing
Filter validation (2)
– if the product is bactericidal, product should be passed
through the filter first followed by modified product
containing the microbial challenge (after removing any
bactericidal activity remaining on the filter)
– filter validation should be carried out under worst case
conditions e.g. maximum allowed filtration time and
maximum pressure
– integrity testing specification for routine filtration
should correlate with that identified during g filter
validation
14
4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Equipment/container preparation and
sterilization
• All equipment
q p (including
( g lyophilizers)
y p ) and product
p
containers/closures should be sterilized using
validated cycles
– same requirements apply for equipment sterilization that
apply to terminally sterilized product
– particular attention to stoppers - should not be tightly
packed as may clump together and affect air removal
during vacuum stage of sterilization process
– equipment wrapped and loaded to facilitate air removal
– particular attention to filters, housings and tubing
Aseptic Processing
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Equipment/container preparation and
sterilization (2)
• equipment should be designed to be easily assembled and
disassembled, cleaned, sanitised and/or sterilized
– equipment should be appropriately cleaned - O-rings and
gaskets should be removed to prevent build up of dirt or
residues
• rinse water should be WFI grade
• equipment should be left dry unless sterilized immediately
after cleaning
g (to
( prevent
p build up
p of pyrogens)
py g )
• washing of glass containers and rubber stoppers should be
validated for endotoxin removal
• should be defined storage period between sterilization and
use (period should be justified)
Aseptic Processing
Process Validation
• Not possible to define a sterility assurance level
for aseptic processing
• Process is validated by simulating the
manufacturing process using microbiological
growth medium (media fill)
– Process simulation includes formulation
(compounding), filtration and filling with suitable media
using the same processes involved in manufacture of
the product
– modifications must be made for different dosage
formats e.g. lyophilized products, ointments, sterile
bulks, eye drops filled into semi-transparent/opaque
containers, biological products
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Process Validation (2)
• Media fill program should include worst case
activities
– Factors associated with longest permitted run (e.g.
operator fatigue)
– Representative number, type, and complexity of
normal interventions, non-routine interventions
and events (e.g. maintenance, stoppages, etc)
– Lyophilisation
yop sat o
– Aseptic equipment assembly
Aseptic Processing
Process Validation (3)
• Worst case activities (cont)
– No of personnel and their activities,
activities shift changes,
changes
breaks, gown changes
– Representative number of aseptic additions (e.g.
charging containers, closures, sterile ingredients)
or transfers
– Aseptic equipment connections/disconnections
– Aseptic sample collections
– Line speed and configuration
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Aseptic Processing
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Process Validation (6)
• Frequency and Number
– Three
Th iinitial,
iti l consecutive
ti per shift
hift
– Subsequently semi-annual per shift and process
– All personnel should participate at least annually,
consistent with routine duties
– Changes should be assessed and revalidation
carried out as required
• Line Speed
– Speed depends on type of process
Aseptic Processing
19
4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Process Validation (8)
• Incubation, Examination
– In the range 20-35
20-35ºC
C.
– If two temperatures are used, lower temperature first
– Inspection by qualified personnel.
– All integral units should be incubated. Should be
justification for any units not incubated.
– Units removed (and not incubated) should be
consistent with routine practices (although
incubation would give information regarding risk of
intervention)
– Batch reconciliation
39 Manufacture of sterile medicines – Advanced workshop for SFDA GMP
inspectors - Nanjing, November 2009
Aseptic Processing
Process Validation (9)
• Interpretation of Results
– When filling fewer than 5000 units:
• no contaminated units should be detected
• One (1) contaminated unit is considered cause for
revalidation, following an investigation
– When filling from 5000-10000 units
• One (1) contaminated unit should result in an
investigation, including consideration of a repeat media fill
• Two (2) contaminated units are considered cause for
revalidation,
lid ti following
f ll i investigation
i ti ti
– When filling more than 10000 units
• One (1) contaminated unit should result in an investigation
• Two (2) contaminated units are considered cause for
revalidation, following investigation
20
4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Aseptic Processing
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4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
Additional issues specific to Isolator and
BFS Technologies
• Isolators
– Decontamination process requires a 4-6 log
reduction of appropriate Biological Indicator (BI)
– Minimum 6 log reduction of BI if surface is to be
free of viable organisms
– Significant focus on glove integrity - daily checks,
second pair of gloves inside isolator glove
– Traditional aseptic vigilance should be maintained
Aseptic Processing
• Blow-Fill-Seal (BFS)
– Located in a Grade D environment
– Critial zone should meet Grade A (microbiological)
requirements (particle count requirements may be
difficult to meet in operation)
– Operators meet Grade C garment requirements
– Validation of extrusion process should
demonstrate destruction of endotoxin and spore
challenges in the polymeric material
– Final inspection should be capable of detecting
leakers
22
4/18/2010
Aseptic Processing
• Issues relating to Aseptic Bulk Processing
• Applies to products which can not be filtered at point of
fill and require aseptic processing throughout entire
manufacturing
f t i process.
• Entire aseptic process should be subject to process
simulation studies under worst case conditions
(maximum duration of "open" operations, maximum no
of operators)
• Process simulations should incorporate storage and
transport of bulk.
• Multiple uses of the same bulk with storage in between
should also be included in process simulations
• Assurance of bulk vessel integrity for specified holding
times.
Aseptic Processing
• Bulk Processing (2)
• Process simulation for formulation stage should be
performed at least twice per year.
– Cellular therapies, cell derived products etc
• products released before results of sterility tests
known (also TPNs, radioactive preps, cytotoxics)
• should be manufactured in a closed system
• Additional testing
– sterility testing of intermediates
– microscopic examination (e.g.
(e g gram stain)
– endotoxin testing
23
4/18/2010
Useful Publications
• PIC/S Recommendation on the Validation of Aseptic
Processes
• FDA Guidance for Industry- Sterile Drug Products Produced
by Aseptic Processing - Current Good Manufacturing
Process
• ISO 13408 Aseptic Processing of Health Care Products
– Part 1: General Requirements
– Part 2: Filtration
– Part 3: Lyophilization
– Part 4: Clean-In-Place Technologies
– P
Part 5: Sterilization-In-Place
S ili i I Pl
– Part 6: Isolator Systems
24
4/18/2010
1. Injeksi
9 Larutan obat dalam pembawa yang sesuai dengan
atau tanpa zat tambahan, dimaksudkan untuk
pemberian secara parenteral
9 Dapat sebagai single dose dan multiple dose
2. Infus
Cairan yang diberikan melalui intravena: nutrisi
(dekstrosa) menjaga keseimbangan elektrolit (larutan
(dekstrosa),
ringer), untuk cairan pengganti (kombinasi dekstrosa
dan NaCl), dan untuk tujuan khusus (hiperalimentasi
parenteral)
3. Solid
Misalnya sediaan parenteral rekonstitusi
4. Suspensi
Ob t tersuspensi
Obat t i dalam
d l pembawa
b yang sesuaii untuk
t k
parenteral .
4
4/18/2010
METODE STERILISASI
Dalam bidang farmasi sterilisasi berarti destruksi sempurna
organisme hidup dan sporanya atau pemusnahan
mikroorganisme secara sempurna dari suatu sediaan
5
4/18/2010
STERILISASI PANAS :
Î digunakan untuk membunuh mikroorganisme
UNTUK:
TIDAK UNTUK:
6
4/18/2010
9 Efektif
f f terhadap
p semua jjenis mikroorganisme
g
termasuk spora
9 Menguraikan asam nukleat, protein dan
membran
10 115.5 30
15 121.5 20
20 126.5 15
7
4/18/2010
8
4/18/2010
y
Minyak
Gliserin
Petrolatum
Parafin
Serbuk tahan panas (ZnO)
Alat-alat gelas
Perlengkapan operasi
STERILISASI FILTRASI
9
4/18/2010
JENIS-JENIS FILTER
Uk
Ukuran porii (paling
( li penting)
ti )
Muatan listrik filter dan mikroba
pH larutan
Suhu
Tekanan
10
4/18/2010
KEUNTUNGAN
Cepat (terutama untuk volum kecil)
Menjaga
M j stabilitas
t bilit produk/bahan
d k/b h
Relatif murah
Sifat penghilangan mikroba dan partikulat lainnya
sempurna
KERUGIAN
Sifat adsorpsi zat tertentu (zat aktif) yang tidak
diinginkan terutama yang jumlahnya kecil
Terbatas penggunaannya untuk larutan-larutan viskus
STERILISASI GAS
11
4/18/2010
ETILEN OKSIDA
12
4/18/2010
RADIASI UV
13
4/18/2010
Fenol
Alkohol
Formaldehid
14
4/18/2010
15
4/18/2010
NILAI F
Untuk mengkuantifikasi efektivitas proses sterilisasi
panas digunakan bilangan F (time of thermal death) Æ
yaitu waktu yang diperlukan untuk membunuh
organisme tertentu pada suatu kondisi
16
4/18/2010
PEMBEBASAN PIROGEN
DAN UJI PIROGEN
Suspensi
Emulsi
Larutan
- bebas partikulat
- isotonis, terutama untuk volume besar dan intravena
- isohidris, idem (kapasitas dapar rendah)
- Bebas pirogen (terutama iv volume > 10 ml)
17
4/18/2010
OBAT SUNTIK
Î Sediaan
S di b
berupa llarutan,
t emulsi
l i atau
t suspensii ddalam
l air
i
atau pembawa lain yang sesuai, steril dan digunakan
secara parenteral
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4/18/2010
1. Bentuk sediaan
2. Rute pemberian
19
4/18/2010
1. AIR
Air
Ai pro iinjeksi
j k i
9 Aquabidest dengan pH tertentu, tidak mengandung
logam berat, tidak mengandung ion Ca, Cl, NO3,
SO4, Nh4, NO2 dan CO3
9 Harus steril, penggunaan dalam jumlah besar harus
bebas pirogen
9 Nilai tahanan spesifik sebesar 500.000 ohm/cm,
jik nilainya
jika il i separuhnya
h maka
k tidak
tid k b
boleh
l h di
digunakan
k
9 Aqua demineralisata tidak boleh digunakan sebagai
pembawa obat suntik
20
4/18/2010
2. Non air
Digunakan jika:
9 Zat aktif tidak larut dalam pembawa air
9 Zat aktif
k f terurai d
dalam
l pembawa
b air
9 Diinginkan kerja depo dari sediaan
Minyak tumbuhan
9 Mudah tengik karena mengandung asam lemak
bebas (+ antioksidan)
9 Tidak boleh mengandung minyak mineral atau
parafin cair karena tidak bisa dimetabolisme
dalam tubuh, karsinogenik, dan memberikan
reaksi terhadap jaringan
9 Sering menimbulkan rasa nyeri sehingga perlu
penambahan benzil alkohol 5% untuk anestesi
lokal
21
4/18/2010
22
4/18/2010
TONISITAS LARUTAN
OBAT SUNTIK
ISOTONIS
Î Jika suatu larutan konsentrasinya sama dengan konsentrasi
dalam sel darah merah sehingga tidak terjadi pertukaran
cairan diantara keduanya
ISOOSMOTIK
Î Jika suatu larutan mempunyai tekanan osmotik yang sama
dengan tekanan osmotik serum
HIPOTONIS
Jika tekanan osmosis sediaan lebih rendah dari tekanan
osmosis serum darah, menyebabkan air akan melintasi
membran sel darah merah yang semipermeabel memperbesar
volume menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan dalam sel Î pecah
Î hemolisis
HIPERTONI
TONISITAS MODIFIER
9 NaCl
9 Glukosa
9 Sukrosa
9 KNO3
9 NaNO3
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4/18/2010
PERHITUNGAN ISOTONISITAS
24