Althea Gem M.

Jacob
10. Dionysius

TOPIC: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ABOUT THE BYSTANDER EFFECT AMONG UST JUNIOR
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
LONG QUOTATIONS

Krzesni (2015) p. 26 REALITY

We all live in different versions of reality, a reality that is limited by our own thoughts and
experiences in fact - it is the only reality we would only truly know, but it is also crucial for
our personal development that we try and experience other people’s reality, and this could
only be done through empathy

Latane, Nida, and Wilson (1981) p. 309 LIKELIHOOD OF HELP DURING EMERGENCIES

There is little doubt that an individual’s likelihood of giving help decreases as the number of
other bystanders also witnessing and emergency increases. The evidence for this group
size effect is vast and remarkably consistent.

Latane and Darley (1970) p.86 DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILIY

When several bystanders are present, the pressure to intervene or help does not fall on
any one particular individual. Thus, the responsibility to help is shared by all bystanders,
and, as a result, each person may be less likely to intervene.
Hoffman (2000) p.587 INNOCENT BYSTANDER

The innocent bystander witnesses someone in distress or pain and is faced with the moral
question: Should I help, and how do I feel if I don’t help? Bystander situations arouse
empathic distress, which acts as a prosocial motive by being transformed into feelings such
as sympathu, compassion guilt, empathy-driven anger or feelings of injustice.

Rajasekar, Philominathon, and Chinnathambi (2013) p. 5 DATA GATHERING

Hume (1711) p. 12 EMPATHY

It is necessary for a researcher to design a methodology for the problem chosen. It is

important for the researcher to know not only the research methods required for the
” The essence of Empathy is comprehending or feeling what someone else is enduring by
research undertaken but also the methodology. Likewise, the research methodology is the
reliving or putting oneself in the same venerable and hardship as the other person.”
procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and
predicting phenomena.

SHORT QUOTATION

Hoffman (1981) p. 3 EVOLUTIONARY EXAMINATION OF EMPATHY

“Humans are thinking and feeling beings built in such a way that they can ivoluntarily and
forcefully experience another’s emotion-that their distress is often contingent not on their
own but someone else’s painful experience.”

Hoffman (1981) p. 3 MORAL DEVELOPMENT

 Zahn-Waxler, Hastings and McShane (2006) p. 12 EMPATHY

“Empathy is necessary for altruism and compassion, therefore the roots of human morality
can be traced through our biology to the evolution of our species- we are, by nature, moral
creatures.”

Uy, Cabauatan, de Castro, et al. (2016) p.11 RESEARCH DESIGN

“In doing a research project, it is important that the approach is used in the research be
properly identified”
 PARAPHRASE

 Latane and Darley(1970) p.347 NEGATIVE EFFECT OF GROUP SIZE

The Bystander effect, talks about the negative effect of group size on helping people in
distress, has achieved a level of acceptance and recognition accorded to few other
psychological constructs. The American Science Advancement Association acknowledged
the importance of the bystander effect to science in 1973 and praised the development of
new methodologies.

 Fischer (2006) p.13 NATURE OF SITUATION

A study conducted by Fischer (2006) tested the bystander effect in situations with low and
high potential danger- significantly more help was given when the person was alone than
when they were around another person during low potential danger. However, in situations
with high potential danger, participants confronted with an emergency alone or in the
presence of another person were less likely to help the victim. This suggests that in
situations of greater seriousness, it is less likely that people will interpret the situation.

Critelli and Keith (2003) p. 34 DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY

Joseph Critelli and Kathy Keith assumed that the bystander effect theory that because of
the numerous costs of helping and minimal likely rewards, most people do not look forward
to witnessing an emergency. Instead, such situations are approached out of a sense of
duty, as reflected in the costs of not helping.
Latane, Bibb and Darley (1968) p. 62-63 DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY

The knowledge that others are present and are available to help allows one to
diffuse the responsibility for helping among all members of the group, thus,
effectively shifting some of the responsibility of helping others- the presence of
others allow individuals to share the cost of not helping a person in distress and this
reduces individuals having the sense of responsibility for helping which results to
lessening the impulse to help.

Staub (1974) p.102 SOCIAL INFLUENCE

If bystanders remain passive and unconcerned, the theory of social influence assumes that
this would induce others not to help. But, by the same process of social influence, if a
bystander does initiate a helping response, one would expect this to increase the
probability of others helping.

SUMMARY

Rosenthal (1999) p.3 EXAMPLES OF BYSTANDER EFFECT IN SOCIETY

However, in 1964, the story of Kitty Genovese’s murder was shocking enough to be
broadcasted on national television. As Genovese returned to her apartment in New York,
she was followed by a stranger. In a stairwell visible to other apartments, the stranger
proceeded to attack her, thirty-eight of her neighbors heard her screams and witnessed her
murder- but none called the police.
Goleman (2008) p.43-44 COGNITIVE EMPATHY

Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand how other persons feel and what they might
be thinking. Cognitive empathy also creates better communicators, because it helps relay
information in the best way possible.

Ekman (2008) p.74, Goleman (2008) p. 44-45 EMOTIONAL EMPATHY

Emotional empathy, also known as Affective empathy, is the ability to share the feelings of
another person, Ekman described it as “your pain in my heart”(2008). This type of empathy
helps you build emotional connections with others.

Goleman (2008) p.45 COMPASSIONATE EMPATHY

Compassionate empathy, also known as empathic concern, goes beyond simply

understanding others and sharing their feelings: it actually moves us to take action, to help
however we can.
Maloney (1991) p.142, Lipps (1891) p. 96, Dilthey (1800) p.10, Hume (1711) p. 66
DEFINITION OF EMPATHY

According to Maloney (1991), Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another
person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place
oneself in another's position. However, the definition of empathy has evolved throughout
the years- according to psychologist Theodor Lipps (1891), “a feeling we experience when
we project ourselves into the kind of life objects have” and according to German
philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey (1800), “Empathy is more than just a feeling, but all of our
mental powers.” While its definition and reasoning have evolved, as explained by David
Hume (1711),” The essence of Empathy is comprehending or feeling what someone else is
enduring by reliving or putting oneself in the same venerable and hardship as the other
person.”