Cryogenics Takes Center Stage for PIP-II ............... 8 World’s First Giga–Scale Cryogenic Battery ......

19
Using CERN Magnet Tech in Cancer Treatment .. 12 Improving Neutrino Detectors with Pixels ........... 34
Non-Invasive Cryoablation of Cancer Cells ........ 13 Young Professionals: Part 3 ................................. 38

SOFIA Soars to Observe the Universe | 30

Volume 35 Number 5 2019

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 Inside This Issue

15 30 32 42
FEATURES
8 Cryogenics Takes Center Stage for PIP–II at Fermi 38 Young Professionals: The Next Generation in
National Accelerator Laboratory Cryogenics and Superconductivity

11 Alternative Coating Material Investigated for 42 Hydrogen Transportation Systems See Incremental
Superconducting Radio–Frequency Cavity Resonators Adoption in France

12 New Gantry Design Uses CERN Magnet Technology in COLUMNS

Innovative Cancer Treatment
6 Executive Director’s Letter
13 Cryoablation of Breast Cancer Cells Offers
Non-Invasive Option 22 Cryo Bios: William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)

15 Cryo EM Enables Analysis of T Cell Receptor Complex 24 Space Cryogenics: SCW Recap

17 CRYO2019 Brings Together Industry Experts, Suppliers 28 Look Who’s New in the Cold Facts Buyer’s Guide
in San Diego
29 Cryo–Oops: The Snowball Effect
19 Highview Power Releases CRYOBattery, World’s First
Giga–Scale Cryogenic Battery SPOTLIGHTS
20 Leon Lederman: Trailblazer of Physics Tribute Held in
Chicago 18 SDL Provides High Performance Thermal Straps for
Cryogenic Applications
20 Reidar Hahn Shares 32 Years of Physics Photography
32 Niowave, Inc. Receives DOE Support for
30 SOFIA Soars to Observe the Universe Molybdenum–99 Production

34 Improving Neutrino Detectors with Pixel Technology 35 WEKA AG Recieves Highest Rating from Eco-Auditing
Company
36 In Memoriam: Donald M. Wolf Sr. and Dr. Ann Nelson
43 PRODUCT SHOWCASE
ON OUR COVER
Christophe Risacher (left) and Karl 44 PEOPLE & COMPANIES
Jacobs cool the GREAT spectrometer
with a liquid cryogen in preparation
for a flight of the SOFIA airborne ob- 45 CALENDAR
servatory from Christchurch, New Zea-
land, to study Southern Hemisphere
celestial objects. Image: NASA/Carla WEKA AG was CSA's newsletter
Thomas ■ sponsor for the month of
September 2019.

In all instances, “CSA CSM” indicates a Corporate Sustaining Member of CSA.

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 5 cryogenicsociety.org

 From the Executive Director
Cold Facts Magazine Welcome to We sent the question to members we knew ei-
Executive Editor the Fall 2019 Cold ther had the knowledge and expertise in that
LAURIE HUGET
Facts! We’re hav- area of science or who might know someone
Editor ing the last glow of who would. In that particular case Dr. Randall
TATE PAGLIA
summer here in the Barron of Louisiana Tech University provided
Advertising Coordinator Midwest and enjoy- a very detailed response.
LEA MARTINEZ
ing great outdoor
Online Marketing Manager weather. As time went on more and more re-
JO SNYDER
quests came in. The queries ranged all over
Graphic Designer This issue is filled with news and infor- the spectrum:
ISRAEL REZA
mation you can use and enjoy. We always — Seeking a manufacturer of a sealant ad-
CSA Board of Technical Directors learn many new things from our contribu- hesive KAE 89
Board Chairman tors, our columnists and the many sources we — Metallic salts normally used to produce
JOHN WEISEND II
European Spallation Source (ERIC) cover in order to bring you the best content ultralow temperatures
46 46-888 31 50 and we hope you will as well. — Investigating the use of hydrophobic sur-
President faces in cryogenics
PETER SHIRRON, NASA Goddard The two main topics this issue are — Searching for a manufacturer to make a
818-354-8751
Medical Applications and SRF Developments. specific kind of cryogenic chamber
Past President Luca Bottura from CERN alerted us to an in- — Looking to improve our solenoid valve
MELORA LARSON, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
321-867-7557 novative use of magnet technology for cancer sealing on cryogenic media
treatment. We also learned of progress in
President-Elect
JOHN PFOTENHAUER, University of Wisconsin– treating breast cancers using cryoablation. Some inquiries are fairly straightfor-
Madison| 301-286-7327 We report on the activity at Fermilab post de- ward, as when an individual is looking for a
Treasurer livery of the first SCRF cavities from Argonne manufacturer of a specific product. Others re-
RICH DAUSMAN, Cryomech, Inc.
315-455-2555 in an interview with Dr. Lia Merminga, PIP-II quire the knowledge of a researcher, engineer
project director, and a new SCRF coating from or physicist with expertise in a specific niche
Secretary
JONATHAN DEMKO Helmholtz Centrum that is quite promising. of cryogenic applications. It is always very
LeTourneau University satisfying to us when we can connect people.
Executive Director Mike Meyer, co-chair of the recent Space It reminds us that cryogenics is a market with
LAURIE HUGET Cryogenics Workshop, is our guest Space broad applications from aerospace to food
Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708-383-6220 x 302
Cryogenics columnist and he gives an invalu- processing and clean, renewable energy to
Registered Agent able, detailed report on the science presented advanced medical procedures and processes.
WERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.
at the workshop. Ask the Experts has responded to questions
Technical Directors from around the world.
PETER BRADLEY, NIST, Boulder
John Jurns is back with his “Cryo Ooops”
LANCE COOLEY, Center for Superconductivity, FSU column and John Weisend features Lord We encourage you to contact the
SCOTT COURTS, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. Kelvin in his “CryoBios.” Take a look at the Cryogenic Society of America when you are
EILEEN CUNNINGHAM, Meyer Tool & Mfg. table of contents on page 5 to see all this issue seeking expert advice or just another knowl-
has to offer. edgeable opinion. We don’t guarantee an an-
LUKAS GRABER, Georgia Institute of Technology
swer but we will do our very best to get you
CARL KIRKCONNELL, West Coast Solutions
Ask the Experts a response. Send your inquiries to: editor@
PETER KNUDSEN, MSU/FRIB It all started with a phone call many years cryogenicsociety.org or visit the CSA web-
MIKE MEYER, NASA Langley Research Center ago from an engineer working on a cryogenic site’s Ask the Experts to type in your question:
CHRIS REY, Energy to Power Solutions (E2P) system who asked for help in finding an alloy https://2csa.us/experts ■
MARK ZAGAROLA, Creare LLC that maintains its elastic property down to 10 K.

Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published six times per year by the
Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Editorial Board
Contents ©2019 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Randall Barron, John Pfotenhauer, University of
Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to keep the ret. Louisiana Tech University Wisconsin-Madison
information contained in this magazine accurate, the Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder
information is not guaranteed and no responsibility is Robert Fagaly, ret. Honeywell Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates,
assumed for errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant
the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or merchantabil- Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames ret. University of Southampton
ity or fitness for a particular purpose of the information Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab Nils Tellier, EPSIM Corporation
contained herein, nor does CSA in any way endorse the Glen McIntosh,
individuals and companies described in the magazine or
the products and services they may provide. Cryogenic Analysis and Design LLC

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 6 cryogenicsociety.org

Cryogenics Takes Center Stage for PIP-II at
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Construction of the Proton
Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) is under-
way at Fermi National Laboratory (CSA
CSM) in Batavia IL. Since the ground-
breaking ceremony on March 15, the
laboratory team has been preparing for
the beam that will contribute to inter-
national high energy physics research
experiments. The superconducting
radio-frequency (SRF)-powered linear
accelerator will also power the lab’s
flagship project, the Deep Underground
Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). It will
send trillions of neutrino particles 800
miles through the earth to the four-
story high detector that’s part of the
Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF)
currently being built a mile beneath the
surface at the Sanford Underground
Research Facility in Lead SD. The Mu2e
and Muon g-2 experiments, along with
DUNE/LBNF, will also rely on PIP-II as
the source for beam.
At the start of PIP-II, there is a source
of negative hydrogen ions (H-) that are
formed into a beam, which is sent down
a 700-foot long, superconducting linear
accelerator (linac) where it reaches an
energy level of 800 MeV, or 800 million
electron volts.
Once the H- beam exits the linac it
is steered toward the existing booster
accelerator, where the ions are stripped
of their two electrons leaving only their
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
protons to advance. The beam of pro-
tons is then accelerated to 8 GeV, or 8
billion electron volts. From there, the
protons will be sent toward various tar-
gets; striking them will initiate strings of
newly produced particles, some of which
will eventually decay into muons. These
short-lived particles will be captured by
a detector within the MC-1 building at
Fermilab.
Other protons exiting the booster
will be steered down a different path
in the accelerator chain to the existing
Main Injector-Recycler complex, a set
of rings two miles in circumference.
There, the protons will be accelerated to
an energy of 120 GeV before they strike
a target to produce neutrinos. The neu-
trinos will travel 800 miles at nearly
the speed of light to the Sanford LBNF
facility where scientists will study their
behavior.
With the completion of Phase 1, the
civil engineering preparation, Fermilab is
about to begin Phase 2, the civil construc-
tion. This phase includes the cryogenic
plant building.
Fermilab PIP-II Project Director Dr.
Lia Merminga recently spoke with CSA
about the project.
She notes that the first step is the con-
struction of the cryogenic building. “It is
8 cryogenicsociety.org
a crucial building. This building is going
to house the cold box, cold compressors
and facility utilities used for the entire
accelerator. The procurement of the cryo
plant is an in-kind contribution from our
colleagues at the India Department of
Atomic Energy. A bid to design, manu-
facture and install the cryogenic equip-
ment and components from Air Liquide
(CSA CSM) has been accepted by the
Indian government,” says Merminga.
“The building must be ready for the de-
livery of this in-kind contribution.” The
cryogenic building is scheduled for a re-
view with the US Department of Energy
in early 2020, which will mark the begin-
ning of building construction.
Meanwhile, the first cryomodule con-
taining the half wave resonators (HWR)
for PIP-II arrived from Argonne National
Laboratory (CSA CSM) in Lemont IL in
August. “It’s a very exciting time. Our
colleagues at Argonne did a fantastic job
and delivered an impressive cryomodule;
their team has the equivalent of three
generations of expertise behind it,” she
says. “It was delivered to the Industrial
Center Building because we needed to do
some alignment work, quality assurance
and some small repairs. We’re in the pro-
cess of doing this now. When we’re done,
that cryomodule will be transported to
the Cryomodule Test Facility Building
where the PIP-II injector test facility is
located.”
This new complex of buildings, located near Fermilab’s Wilson Hall, will host the 215-meter-long (700-foot-long) PIP-II particle accelerator, the new heart of the Fermilab
accelerator complex. Image: Fermilab
The PIP-II injector test facility, re-
ferred to as PIP2IT, comprises the warm
front end of PIP-II and a series of mag-
nets for the beam. It is being prepared
to receive the HWR from Argonne. The
stands are already put in place and cables
have been pulled. The wave guides for
the RF distribution system are being in-
stalled and the RF controls for the fields
inside the resonators of the cryomodule’s
half wave resonators are being prepared
as well. “There is a tremendous amount
of activity at the PIP2IT,” says Merminga.
The HWR cryomodule will move to
PIP2IT in the middle of October. “It won’t
go to its final location first; it will go a lit-
tle bit further out where the couplers will
be installed in each of the eight cavities,”
Merminga clarified. “The couplers are
the devices that transfer RF power from
the solid-state amplifier power sources,
one for each cavity, into the cavity to es-
tablish the electromagnetic fields inside
each resonator. They are very delicate, so
they will be installed last.”
At the same time, the cryogenic sys-
tem is being tied into the half-kilowatt
cryogenic box at PIP2IT for other tests.
The cold box operates at 2 K and half
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
a kilowatt. “After the connections are
made, we’ll start cooling down the cryo-
module for the first time. We’re very ex-
cited to see how it performs at 2 K,” notes
Merminga. “Once we test the heat load
of each cavity and debug any issues, the
next step is to turn on RF in the cavities
and establish the fields. We’ll test and
characterize any noise produced, then
we’ll be ready to turn on beam from the
gun through the warm front end into the
HWR. T¬0 for ‘beam on’ is April 2020.”
The beam will go into the cavity in
pulses. The cavity’s response to the beam
is being measured giving the scientists a
chance to compare these measurements
with calculations. The beam tests will run
for six months.
In parallel, the team at Fermilab
is working on the second cryomod-
ule, which consists of single-spoke
resonators. This device is being built
at Fermilab. It will be installed after
the HWR cryomodule sometime in
November to be ready for the April 2020
beam test. “We will only have these two
of the 23 planned cryomodules in the
beam test,” says Merminga. “The other
21 will only be cryogenically and RF,
but not beam, tested. The beam test is
9 cryogenicsociety.org
more of a proof of concept for the two
types of cryomodules.”
Genfa Wu is the Fermilab physicist
in charge of the SRF and cryogenics sys-
tems for PIP-II. The manager for the cryo-
genic systems is Ben Hansen. Merminga
notes, “Both Genfa and Ben are incred-
ibly knowledgeable, very collaborative
and level headed. It’s great to work with
them.”
With the 60% beam power increase
enabled by PIP-II, Merminga is excited
about the neutrino research the experi-
ment will make possible. “PIP-II epito-
mizes the state-of-the-art SRF technology
that will lead research in the future. This
will enable another 50 years of particle
research at Fermilab, which is very excit-
ing. Also, this is the accelerator that will
provide the protons that make the neutri-
nos that will be detected both at Fermilab
and Sanford. These experiments will
improve our understanding of the uni-
verse including why it’s made of mat-
ter, rather than antimatter. These are
questions that have yet to be answered.
To me, this experiment is investigating
the most fundamental question: ‘Why
are we here?’” ■
Alternative Coating Material Investigated for
Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavity
Resonators
Researchers at Helmholtz Zentrum free-electron lasers such By combining dif-
Berlin are testing a coating of niobium-tin as the XFEL and LCLS-II. ferent measurement
(Nb3Sn) that could lead to considerable methods, researchers
improvements in superconducting radio- Superconducting were able to confirm the
frequency cavity resonators. The team, led radio-frequency cavity theoretical prediction
by Professor Jens Knobloch, head of the resonators made of nio- that the critical mag-
SRF Institute at HZB, has tested super- bium must be operated at netic field of Nb 3Sn in
conducting samples coated with Nb3Sn by 2 K (-271 Celsius), which radio-frequency fields
Cornell University in an international col- requires expensive and is higher than that for
laboration between the US, Canada and complicated cryogenic static magnetic fields.
Switzerland. The experiments took place at engineering. In contrast, This photomontage shows a sample of solid, However, the coated
the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, at a coating of Nb3Sn may pure niobium before coating (left), and coated
with a thin layer of Nb3Sn (right). Image: HZB
material should display
TRIUMF in Canada, and HZB. enable resonator opera- a much higher critical
tion at 4 K with the capability to withstand magnetic field level in a radio-frequency
Currently, pure niobium is the material higher electromagnetic fields without the field. Thus, the tests have also shown that
of choice for constructing SRF cavity reso- superconductivity collapsing. This would the coating process used currently for the
nators. The coated SRF resonators will be save millions of dollars in construction and production of Nb3Sn might be improved
used in projects at HZB such as bERLinPro electricity costs for large accelerators, as the upon in order to more closely approach
and BESSY-VSR accelerators, but also for cost of cooling would be substantially lower. the theoretical values. ■

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 11 cryogenicsociety.org

 Medical Applications
New Gantry Design Uses CERN Magnet
Technology in Innovative Cancer Treatment
A team led by CERN scientist and
magnet expert Dr. Luca Bottura has devel-
oped a novel superconducting and light-
weight gantry that can surround a patient
and potentially revolutionize the delivery
of hadrons for therapies, including can-
cer treatment. The new gantry design,
GaToroid, is based on a toroidal magnet
concept and bends the treatment beam
without the need to rotate the structure.
Hadron therapy is an advanced ra-
diotherapy technique using proton or ion
beams to deliver precision treatment of
tumors, sparing the surrounding healthy
tissues from unwanted radiation. The in-
trinsic precision of this technique makes
it particularly suitable for treating tumors
in children or close to organs at risk.
Furthermore, using rotating gantries to
move the beam around the patient, medi-
cal doctors can irradiate the tumors from
different angles, sparing even more of the
surrounding tissue.
The idea came to Bottura after a re-
alization of sorts. “This is exactly the op-
posite of what is attempted in magnetic
shields for astronauts, where the idea is to
divert particles away from the astronauts
with a toroidal field,” Bottura explained
to Cold Facts. “In the case of GaToroid
the idea is to divert particles towards the
patient, using the same toroidal field, but
with reversed polarity.”
Gantries are complex pieces of engi-
neering, representing a considerable part
of the installation costs and size, or foot-
print, in hadron therapy. For carbon ions,
there are only two gantries in the world.
The first one is at the Heidelberg Ion-
Beam Therapy Center in Germany, mea-
suring 25 meters in length and weighing
more than 600 tons. The second, in Chiba,
Japan, is a superconducting gantry with
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
a reduced size and weight, but with the
added challenge of a rotating cryogenic
system. While the therapeutic interest for
carbon or other ions heavier than protons
is increasing, the enormous size of today’s
gantries, combined with the lack of viable
standard technological solutions, poses
relevant constraints on future hadron
therapy facilities.
The GaToroid gantry comprises a
set of fixed, discrete superconducting
coils constituting the toroidal magnet
and a bending device at the entrance of
the structure to direct the beam at the
correct angle. By using superconductors,
GaToroid will substantially reduce weight
and footprint compared to conventional
gantries, especially for ion beams. The
device also has the added benefit of not
exposing the patient to the effects of a
magnetic field.
Speaking at a CERN Knowledge
Transfer seminar, Bottura explained that
the GaToroid takes a hadron beam from
an accelerator and first passes it through a
vector magnet. This magnet adjusts the di-
rection of the beam in the X and Y planes.
The beam is then sent at the desired angle
to a torodial magnet that is made up of su-
perconducting toroidal coils, 16 of them,
where it is “bent” and directed to the spe-
cific inter-coil space. As GaTaroid only
relies on these magnets and not the act of
physically repositioning the gantry, it al-
lows doctors to change delivery direction
and speed extremely quickly, a feature
not possible with traditional gantries.
“The beam extracted from the ac-
celerator is directed by what we call a
vector magnet towards the toroid, with
an angle and direction that can be pre-
determined so that the beam is bent to-
wards the desired location—the organ to
12
be irradiated,” Bottura says. “With proper
design of the toroidal field, and changing
the entry point with the vector magnet,
it is possible to have a toroidal magnet
system that operates in steady state, ac-
cepting beams of largely different energy
and direction.”
Since this system works in steady
state with no rotation, it can fully exploit
the potential of superconductors, having
no limitations by current or the system’s
movement. By selecting the impinging
angle of beams with different momentum
values, it is possible to reach different
spots if beams have the same entry point,
or to get a focusing effect if beams enter
the magnet from different angles.
GaToroid is meant to be light-
weight: if used with proton beams, the
structure would have an outer diameter
of about 3.2 meters, for a total weight es-
timated around 12 tons. For carbon ion
beams, the outer diameter would be on
the order of 5 meters, for a total weight
of around 50 tons. This represents a
substantial weight reduction compared
to conventional gantries, which weigh
around 100 tons for protons and over
350 tons for carbon ions.
“The objective is to have a system
which is competitive in cost, has a reduced
footprint and a lighter weight. This is pos-
sible because there is no large rotating
structure. This reduces the time required
for irradiation because there is no need to
ramp the magnets and rotate them. It also
minimizes the need to move the patient
between dose deliveries thanks to irradia-
tion from multiple directions,” Bottura
said. “An ideal solution would be to have
an MRI-like situation, where the patient is
prepared, moved in position, treated and
then removed from the treatment area.” ■
cryogenicsociety.org
Cryoablation of Breast Cancer Cells
Offers Non-Invasive Option
Breast cancer patients at Cedars-Sinai
hospital in Los Angeles have a promising
cryogenic option to significant intrusive
surgeries thanks to cryoablation. Dr. Peter
Julien, chief of thoracic imaging and tumor
ablation at the S. Mark Taper Foundation
Imaging Center at Cedars-Sinai, has been
conducting a study using cryoablation to
treat low risk breast cancers, avoiding tradi-
tional surgical, radiation and chemotherapy
treatment.
Julien’s research builds on his past
success. He had conducted an earlier study
in which he performed cryoablation treat-
ment on 300 patients suffering from kidney
cancer. Of those 300, only five returned for
a second round of treatment—a 98% suc-
cess rate—demonstrating complete de-
struction of tumors after one application.
Of the five patients who required a second
round of cryoablation, none required a
third treatment.
Over the past year and a half, Julien
has turned his attention to low risk breast
cancer patients through his FROST clinical
trials, begun at the University of Michigan.
Focusing on single tumors that are less than
15 millimeters in size, he has begun a study
that will treat 25 patients. “The most com-
mon form that we treat is infiltrating ductile
breast cancer,” said Julien in an interview
with Cold Facts. “These are usually single
tumors that fit our sub-15 millimeter require-
ment.”
The process begins with an MR. “MR
imaging has really changed the way we fight
cancer,” he says. “We’re now able to clearly
identify all cancerous cells in a patient without
having to worry that we may have left some
behind—something that has limited use of
these techniques in the past. MR clearly details
the borders of a tumor. It has opened up a new
opportunity where we can treat patients with
novel techniques and make sure we’ve gotten
all the abnormal cells out without having to
perform invasive surgery.”
Once a tumor has been deemed a good
candidate for cryoablation, Julien is able to
perform the minimally invasive cryoblation
procedure. A thin cryoprobe is inserted into
the patient through a small incision and
guided to the tumor via a wand-like device.
Once properly positioned, cryogenic liquid,
usually nitrogen or argon, is circulated through
the wand to instantly ablate the cancerous cells.
The process works by breaking down intercel-
lular proteins within the cell membranes into
the surrounding area.
The procedure is done on an outpatient
basis and requires no sutures, so patients no
longer need long hospital stays and can re-
turn to daily life quickly. Two months after
the cryoablation, patients return for an MR to
detect any remaining cancer. If cancer were
found, the process would be repeated.
“The philosophy of today is surgery
first, then radiation. We’re looking at a
non-surgical therapy treating a traditional
surgery disease,” says Julien. “The mortality
data is the best measure of success and it’s
very positive. Just looking at breast cancer,
it’s all very positive.”
While there’s limited data on breast can-
cer treatment via cryoablation, Julien thinks it
will become a popular choice. “Percutaneous
cryoablation therapy is not appropriate in all
cases, but for small, low risk tumors, it can
sometimes replace tumor removal surgery.
Breast preservation and cosmetic appearance
are often important factors for women under-
going breast cancer treatment, and compared
to surgery, cryoablation preserves breast
volume, nipple position and sensation, while
avoiding prominent scarring,” he said.
Julien’s colleague Dr. Heather McArthur,
breast medical oncologist at Cedars-Sinai
Cancer Institute, is conducting clinical trials
to test the viability of cryoablation combined
with immunotherapy before and after the
procedure. Her research treats tumors larger
than 15 millimeters in size. Inclusion of immu-
notherapy seems to be significantly improving
patient outcomes. The two are planning a joint
clinical trial in the future. ■

JOBS IN CRYOGENICS
Job openings from CSA Sustaining Members and others in the cryogenic community are included online, with
recent submissions listed below. Visit http://2csa.us/jobs to browse all current openings or learn how to submit your
company’s cryogenic job to our list of open positions. Listings are free for Corporate Sustaining Members.

• .NET Software Development Engineer (Desktop)–Lake • Cryogenic Research Engineer–Massachusetts Institute of

Shore Cryotronics Technology

• Cryogenic Engineer–Commonwealth Fusion Systems • Sample Environment Experimental Physicist – Oak

Ridge National Laboratory
• Cryogenic Mechanical Engineer-National Resoure
Management, LLC • Staff Engineer FRIB/NSCL-Continuing – Facility for
Rare Isotope Beams
• Mechanical Design Engineer–Lake Shore Cryotronics
• Wafer Technician II – Lake Shore Cryotronics
• Mechanical Engineer–HPD

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 13 cryogenicsociety.org

Artist’s rendering of a T cell. Image: Image by allinonemovie
Cryo EM Enables Analysis of T Cell
Receptor Complex
A combined group of researchers
from Peking University and the Harbin
Institute of Technology in Harbin, China,
has observed T cell receptors using sin-
gle-particle cryogenic electron micros-
copy (EM). Their findings, published in
Nature, reinforce existing models of the
receptor structure and function—specifi-
cally the direction-selective mechanisms
used to identify and attack antigens.
T cells, the body’s mechanism used
to fight infections, are known to have re-
ceptors that detect the presence of pro-
teins produced by foreign or potentially
dangerous cells in the body known as
antigens. Activated by the detection of
these proteins, T cells start the immune
response processes responsible for the
protein solubilization, the process by
which proteins break down irregular
cells in a type of cellular digestion.
It is known that there are eight
proteins for each T cell receptor. Two
of these proteins are referred to TCR
proteins, while the other six are called
CD3 proteins. The two TCR proteins on
each T cell are located on the external
surface of the membrane and function
as the main detector of abnormal and
foreign proteins. The internally situated
CD3 proteins form the network that is
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
responsible for communicating detection
between the TCR receptors and the rest
of the cell.
Using a single-particle cryogenic EM
microscope operating at a resolution of
3.7 Angstroms, the researchers studied
the role of the two variations of TCR,
TCR and TCR proteins, and the four
variations of the CD3 proteins: CD3 ,
CD3 , CD3 and CD3 within this sys-
tem of communication. It is believed that
each of these protein structures serves a
unique role in the body’s immune re-
sponse process.
The researchers’ findings have, for
the first time, shown that this theory is
accurate. Specifically, they observed that
T cell receptors are direction-sensitive
and direction-selective; these receptors
are mechanosensors that identify anti-
gens at select angles and directions and
communicate the detection via the CD3
proteins. After recognition of an un-
healthy cell, the team observed single-
direction binding of ligands, the body’s
electron donors, during the solubiliza-
tion process.
The researchers also observed the
CD3 helices bundle in a transmembrane
position. These bundles exist in the
15
membrane in parallel to the membrane
material that replaces the lipids neces-
sary for protein solubilization.
This research enables more detailed
investigation into the immune system’s
response to the detection of antigens,
which the team hopes will lead to
breakthroughs in the treatment of auto-
immune disorders like rheumatoid ar-
thritis, lupus, Guillain-Barré Syndrome,
psoriasis and HIV/AIDS. ■
Generosity Spreads
CSA salutes
Kathi Bond, presi-
dent of CryoPlus,
Inc., for pledging
to cryotreat sup-
port stockings free
of charge for cancer patients in her
state of Ohio.
Bond saw our story on Circle
City Cryogenics providing treat-
ment donations to Indiana resi-
dents in the previous issue of Cold
Facts and decided to do the same.
Kudos to both companies for
their generosity.
cryogenicsociety.org
CRYO2019 Brings Together Industry Experts,
Suppliers in San Diego
CRYO2019, the 56th meeting of the
Society for Cryobiology, took place July
22-25 in San Diego. Each year, the society
hosts a diverse gathering of cryobiology
professionals that encompass theoretical
and practical aspects of low temperature
biology, biobanking and thermal medi-
cine.

CRYO2019 opened with a conserva-

tion session detailing current research
activities in preservation of genetic
material from wild animal and plant
species and agriculturally important
crops. Speakers included Oliver Ryder,
Kleberg Endowed director of conserva-
tion genetics at The Frozen Zoo ® at San
Diego Zoo’s Institute for Conservation Society for Cryobiology Board of Governors: Pictured from center clockwise, Greg Fahy, James Benson, Rob Ben, Ido
Braslavsky, David Rawson, Adam Higgins, Yuksel Agca, Dayong Gao, Nicole Evans, Erik Woods, Estefania Paredes,
Research, giving an overview on the
Tiantian Zhang, Andy Shu. Image: Society for Cryobiology
Frozen Zoo’s past, present and future
conservation research and activities.
Hugh Pritchard, senior research scientist
in comparative seed biology at the Royal
Botanic Gardens of Kew, UK, spoke on
the importance of cryobiotechnology for
conservation of wild plant species. Bart
Panis, senior scientist at KU Leuven,
Belgium, spoke on the realizations and
challenges of ensuring the world’s food
supply through cryopreservation of
vital crops. These topics were explored
in a number of sessions throughout the
meeting, including animal conservation,
germplasm preservation and plant cryo-
biotechnology.

The second day of the meeting fea-

tured a dedicated cell therapy track Society President Dayong Gao, inaugural Arthur W. Rowe Best Paper winner, James Benson, Cryobiology Editor-in-
with a number of academic and indus- Chief David Rawson, immediate Past-President Jason Acker. Image: Society for Cryobiology

try speakers, including plenary speak-

ers Robert Tressler, vice president of the
San Diego Blood Bank, and John Elliott,
principal investigator at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology.
Session themes throughout the day in-
cluded preservation of cellular therapies
and good manufacturing practice in cell
therapy manufacturing, development and
commercialization, with industry speak-
ers from Kite Pharma, GE Healthcare, Fate
Therapeutics, BioLife Solutions and Juno
Therapeutics, among others.
Multiple sessions in fundamental
cryobiology topics, cell and tissue pres-
ervation, tools and technologies, natural
adaptation and thermal medicine rounded
out the scientific program, alongside sev-
eral sessions organized in collaboration
with the Organ Preservation Alliance and
the International Society for Biological
and Environmental Repositories (ISBER).
Full program information can be viewed
at cryo2019.com/schedule.
CRYO 2020 will take place July 21-
24, 2020, in Chicago. To learn more
about the Society for Cryobiology’s
activities or to join as a member visit
www.societyforcryobiology.org. ■

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 17 cryogenicsociety.org

 SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)
SDL Provides High Performance Thermal Straps
for Cryogenic Applications
(left) A single thermal strap design with high purity aluminum foils, high purity copper foils and PGS in aluminum end blocks and (right) their respective measured thermal conductance. The
dashed lines connecting data points are based on material thermal conductivity curves. Image: Space Dynamics Laboratory
Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) at
Utah State University, North Logan UT,
has been designing, fabricating and test-
ing thermal straps for over 25 years and
is a leader in providing high purity me-
tallic foil straps for superior performance
at cryogenic temperatures. Recently, SDL
developed a new thermal strap which out-
performs traditional metallic foil and braid
thermal straps at temperatures above 80 K
by using Pyrolytic Graphite Sheets (PGS),
optimizing performance for a broad range
of applications and temperatures.
High purity metals have a thermal
conductivity that spikes at cryogenic tem-
peratures, yet the thermal conductivity of
PGS spikes at much higher temperatures.
This makes it possible to tune the perfor-
mance of any thermal strap to meet specific
needs, whether in space or on the ground.
A proprietary swaging process, proven
and refined through decades of thermal
strap experience, connects the foils to the
end blocks and eliminates the need for any
type of filler, flux or adhesive material.
This process greatly enhances the inter-
face conductance and overall performance
of the straps. It is used on thermal straps
with metallic foils, copper braids and PGS
to provide optimum thermal conductance.
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
SDL provides end-to-end solutions Curiosity rover, the Ionospheric
including design, fabrication and testing— Connection Explorer MIGHTI, Joint Polar
performed completely in-house. Their on Satellite Program VIIRS, Landsat 8 OLI
site, state-of-the-art machine shop can fab- and TIRS, Geostationary Operational
ricate custom and very intricate thermal Environmental Satellite GLM, ESA’s
strap end fittings to fit most envelopes. Copernicus Sentinel missions, the Mars
Conductance testing down to 4 K, thermal Reconnaissance Orbiter and numerous
cycling, flex and stiffness testing, fatigue commercial and defense applications,
testing and vibration testing are all done including for several national labs.
in-house. www.sdl.usu.edu ■
Multiple on-site precision cleaning fa-
cilities dedicated to spaceflight hardware
with particulate and NVR certification ca-
pabilities provide cleanliness verification
per IEST-STD-CC1246, outgassing testing
per ASTM E595, custom vacuum bakeout
and QCM-based outgassing measurements
and chemical analysis (FTIR and GCMS) of
NVR samples. SDL also tests to customer
specifications.
SDL is ISO 9001:2015 certified and
has been registered by DQS UL since 1999,
with a complete team of quality engineers
to verify that every requirement is met.
SDL has built straps for a wide range
of customers, programs and applica-
tions, including the James Webb Space
Telescope, the Wide-field Infrared Survey
Explorer, the Mars Science Laboratory’s
18 cryogenicsociety.org
Highview Power Releases CRYOBattery,
World’s First Giga-Scale Cryogenic Battery
Highview Power in London has devel-
oped a modular cryogenic energy storage
system, the CRYOBattery™, that is scalable
up to multiple gigawatts of energy storage
and can be located anywhere. This technol-
ogy sets a new standard for a levelized cost
of storage of $140/MWh for a 10-hour, 200
MW/2 GWh system. The system is equiva-
lent in performance to, and could poten-
tially replace, a fossil fuel power station and
enable renewable energy baseload power at
large scale, while also supporting electric-
ity and distribution systems and providing
energy security.
Highview Power’s proprietary cryo-
genic energy storage technology, which
uses liquid air as the storage medium,
provides essential services for a large
grid including time shifting, synchronous
voltage support, frequency regulation
and reserves, synchronous inertia and
black start capabilities. Unlike compet-
ing long-duration technologies, such as
pumped hydro power or compressed air,
the CRYOBattery can be sited anywhere,
has a small footprint and does not use
hazardous materials.
Alex Eller, senior research ana-
lyst with Navigant Research, said,
“Long-duration technologies such as
cryogenic energy storage will become in-
creasingly necessary for an electricity sys-
tem to transition from a primary reliance
on conventional fossil fuel generation to
a grid dominated by variable renewable
generation from solar and wind.”
“This is a pivotal moment for the re-
newable energy industry and for anyone
who wants to deploy large amounts of re-
newables,” said Javier Cavada, president
and CEO of Highview Power. “As more
renewables are added to the grid, long-
duration, gigascale energy storage is the
necessary foundation to make these inter-
mittent sources of power reliable enough
to become baseload. Not only does our
CRYOBattery deliver this reliability and
allow scalability, it is proven, cost-effec-
tive and available today.”
Cavada said the CRYOBattery can
enable grid operators to maximize re-
newable penetration without needing
fossil fuel generation to make up for
intermittency. “This makes replacing
gas peaker power plants with a combi-
nation of solar, wind and energy stor-
age a viable reality and sets the stage
for a future where 100% of the world’s
electricity comes from clean energy
sources,” he said.
Other locatable, long-duration energy
storage technologies, such as lithium-ion,
typically offer a range of four to eight hours
of storage, whereas Highview Power’s
CRYOBattery offers multiple gigawatt
hours of storage, representing weeks’ worth
of storage, not hours or days.
Through the 15 years of design, con-
struction and operation of CRYOBattery
technology, Highview Power has de-
veloped and optimized its proprietary
BLU™ core controller system. BLU is a
complete facility management system that
integrates the control of all CRYOBattery
components to provide optimal facility
performance by managing the balance be-
tween flexibility, efficiency and response.
Highview Power has begun a joint
venture with TSK, a global engineering,
procurement and construction company
to co-develop CRYOBattery projects in
Spain, the Middle East and South Africa.
CRYOBattery technology won
the 2019 Ashden Award for Energy
Innovation. ■

Thank You for Being a Valuable Part of CSA’s Growing Family of

Corporate Sustaining Members (CSMs) for 5-14 Years
Acme Cryogenics, Inc. CryoVac low temperature Kadel Engineering Redstone Aerospace
Advanced Research Systems, Inc. technologies Kelvin International Corp. RegO Products
CryoWorks Kelvin Technology RUAG Space GmbH
Aerospace Fabrication & Materials
CTD–Composite Technology Lydall Performance Materials SGD
Air Liquide advanced Technologies
Development
Magnatrol Valve Spaulding Composites
Amuneal Manufacturing Corp. Demaco Holland BV
Master Bond SPS Cryogenics BV
Cryo Industries of America Eden Cryogenics MMR Technologies Thomas Jefferson National
Cryoco LLC Essex Industries Accelerator Facility
Molecular Products
Cryogas Tech Fermilab TRIUMF
Niowave
Cryogenics Machinery Corp High Precision Devices TS Italia SRL
Oxford Insutruments Nano
Cryoguard Corp Hypres Science Valcor Enginnering Corp
Cryonova Instant Systems Ratermann Mfg WEKA AG

The Cryogenic Society of America has been the premier force in bringing cryogenics vendors, users, researchers
and students together for over 50 years.
This is part three of a series of periodic acknowledgements of long-time Corporate Sustaining Members.

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 19 cryogenicsociety.org

Leon Lederman: Trailblazer of Physics Tribute
Held in Chicago
A special trib-
ute to Dr. Leon
Lederman, who
passed away in
2018, was held at
the Chicago Public
Library, Harold
Washington Center,
on September 25,
Image: Reidar Hahn co-sponsored by the
Chicago Council on Science and Technology,
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA
CSM) and the library.
Lederman was a Nobel prize-winning
physicist with a passion for science educa-
tion. His academic career began at Columbia
University. He served as the director of
Fermilab from 1979 to 1989. In 1992, he
moved to the Illinois Institute of Technology,
where he chose to teach freshman physics.
He retired in 2011. A major figure in the his-
tory of particle physics, he was responsible
Reidar Hahn Shares 32 Years of Physics Photography
Reidar Hahn, principal photographer at
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA
CSM), has accumulated an impressive cata-
logue of high quality photo images capturing
the evolution of high tech physics. Having
started his career as a newspaper photogra-
pher, his love for science led him to regularly
visit Fermilab to shoot on his own and eventu-
ally apply when the lab posted a job for a new
official photographer in 1987.
At the time, the Tevatron particle accel-
erator had just been brought online. “It was a
four-mile circumference machine accelerating
protons and antiprotons to nearly the speed of
light at the highest energy in the world. It was
also the first large-scale use of superconducting
magnet technology,” Hahn told Cold Facts.
“Operating at 4 K, it was using liquid helium
from what was, at the time, the world’s larg-
est liquid helium plant. The very act of mak-
ing antimatter, in the form of antiprotons, and
accelerating it to the speed of light was mind
blowing to me.”
Over the next three decades, he had the
opportunity to capture some of the world’s
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
for several breakthrough discoveries, un-
covering new particles that elevated our un-
derstanding of the fundamental universe.
His Nobel Prize was awarded in 1988 for
the discovery of the muon neutrino, but
perhaps his most critical achievements were
his influence on the field of physics and his
efforts to improve science education. He
was a founder of the Illinois Mathematics
and Science Academy, an elite science-ori-
ented high school. He also founded Science
Saturdays at Fermilab, where students come
to learn from lab experts.
The audience was welcomed by
Fermilab director Dr. Nigel Lockyer and
Fermilab deputy director of research
Dr. Joseph Lykken. Further insights into
Lederman’s life and contributions to science
education were shared by Dr. Rocky Kolb,
professor of astronomy and astrophys-
ics and dean of the physical sciences at the
University of Chicago.
Night shots of Tevatron main ring from 16th floor of Wilson Hall with vehicle lights. Image: Reidar Hahn
most exciting scientific achievements includ-
ing the largest digital camera ever produced
for use at the Dark Energy Survey in Chile, the
early “farm” computing technology that now
powers the internet and the enormous neutrino
detectors that are on the cutting edge of today’s
research. “The amazing thing about each of
these projects is that they were never easy.
These are all one-of-a-kind experiments and
devices that had never been tried before, and
they had to work––and work well,” he said.
After 32 years, he has announced his
20
A physics slam, a fun competi-
tion pairing students from the Illinois
Mathematics and Science Academy with
Fermilab scientists to explain physics
phenomena, was a lively demonstration
of the brainpower of young people who
have benefitted from Lederman’s passion
for science education.
The evening closed with an Ask-
a-Physicist panel including Dr. Kirsty
Duffy, physicist and Lederman Fellow at
Fermilab; Dr. Jessica Esquivel, currently
working as a postdoctoral research associ-
ate at the lab and recently selected to be an
AAAS ambassador for girls in STEM; Dr.
Don Lincoln, senior scientist at Fermilab
and adjunct professor of physics at the
University of Notre Dame; and Dr. Michael
Turner, theoretical cosmologist and profes-
sor at the University of Chicago. The pan-
elists answered some very penetrating and
wide-ranging audience questions. ■
retirement. When asked about the most signifi-
cant shot he ever captured, he replied, “I think
the most significant shot is always the next one
I have to do. They were all important to me.”
His photos will be displayed at the
Fermilab gallery, open to the public, through-
out November and December. He has gra-
ciously allowed CSA to display some of his
best work in future issues of Cold Facts and
CSA online photo gallery. See his photos now
at https://vms.fnal.gov/asset/advanced-photo
by searching “Hahn”. ■
cryogenicsociety.org
 Cryo Bios
by Dr. John Weisend II, European Spallation Source ERIC, CSA chairman, john.weisend@esss.se
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
D
espite developing a temperature
scale that is known by one of his
names and helping to discover a
thermodynamic process that bears another
of his names, it’s possible that William
Thomson is better known for achieve-
ments outside of cryogenics. In fact,
Thomson was so prolific in the fields of
mathematics, electricity, hydrodynamics,
industry and thermodynamics that any
short biography will necessarily omit a
number of his accomplishments.
William Thomson was born in
Belfast in 1824. His father, James, was a
teacher of mathematics who also wrote
a series of well-regarded textbooks on
arithmetic and mathematics for both sec-
ondary school and university students.
In 1832 James Thomson became a pro-
fessor of mathematics at the University
of Glasgow. Raised in this environment,
it’s not surprising that William Thomson
demonstrated a talent for mathematics at
an early age. When he was 17, just prior
to entering the University of Cambridge,
Thomson published his first paper in
mathematics. This paper addressed criti-
cisms of Fourier’s theory of heat transfer
and showed that in fact Fourier’s analy-
sis was correct. In addition to being his
first publication, this paper also repre-
sented Thomson’s first efforts in heat
transfer.
Thomson studied mathematics and
mathematical physics at the University
of Cambridge, graduating in 1845. While
there, he won a number of academic
awards and published an additional three
papers. One of these papers described
a mathematical analogy between heat
transfer as described by Fourier and the
distribution of electric field between elec-
trically charged objects. The fundamental
nature of both heat and electricity was not
well understood at this time and Thomson
would go on to make major advances in
both fields.
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
After graduation, Thomson spent part
of 1845 in Paris. While there he wrote a
paper showing that the descriptions of
the forces between electrically charged
objects given by Michael Faraday and
Joseph Coulomb, while appearing to be
different, were actually consistent. He also
spent considerable time working in Victor
Regnault’s laboratory, where scientists
were studying the properties of steam and
developing practical application of steam
power. In this laboratory, Thomson not
only continued his studies of heat but also
developed practical engineering solutions.
Thus, from the beginning, he demon-
strated talent in both advanced analytical
William Thomson
work and hands-on engineering applica-
tions. Born June 26, 1824
Died December 17, 1907 (age 83)
In 1846, Thomson returned to Scotland
where he took the post of professor of Belfast, Ireland
natural philosophy at the University of
Glasgow. He would hold this position for
the rest of his career. rather on the observation that going lower
than that in temperature would require
The following year Thomson met an ideal Carnot cycle having an efficiency
James Joule. At the time, the concept of greater than 100%, which would in turn
heat, work, temperature and the physi- violate the first law of thermodynamics.
cal laws relating to them were not well
understood. Throughout the middle of Not all of Thomson’s work was theo-
the 19th century, researchers such as retical. Working together with Joule, he
Thomson, Joule, William Rankine and showed experimentally that air will cool
Rudolf Clausius, using earlier work by when expanded from high to low pres-
Sadi Carnot, Emile Clapeyron and others, sure through a valve. This phenomenon
developed what we now know as the field became known as the Joule-Thomson ef-
of thermodynamics and created versions fect and remains a major cooling technique
of the first and second laws of thermo- used in cryogenics.
dynamics. One of Thomson’s key contribu-
tions to these efforts was a series of papers William Thomson played a signifi-
on the “Dynamical Theory of Heat.” Here cant role in the laying of the first trans-
he brought together the thoughts of other atlantic telegraph cable between Ireland
researchers in a clear and rigorous way and Newfoundland. This work brought
as well as adding his own insights on the him into contact with another giant of
problem, including writing a version of Victorian engineering, Isambard Kingdom
the second law. During this time, Thomson Brunel. Brunel designed the steamship
also defined the absolute temperature Great Eastern which after several tries suc-
scale that we use today. Interestingly, cessfully laid the cable in 1865. Thomson
he did not base the need for an absolute sailed on the Great Eastern during these
zero temperature on the ideal gas law but efforts as a scientific advisor on all things
22 cryogenicsociety.org
electrical. However, Thomson’s greatest
contribution was likely the invention of
the mirror galvanometer (right). This in-
strument allowed accurate detection of the
very weak electrical signals that made it
through the cable. The mirror galvanom-
eter became the standard instrument for
undersea cables. Thomson set up two com-
panies to sell these devices and to provide
engineering consulting to submarine cable
companies. These endeavors made him a
wealthy man.

Thomson used some of his wealth

to take up yachting and became very in-
terested in maritime advancements; for
example, he designed a greatly improved
maritime compass.

In his later years, Thomson was in-

volved in a number of scientific controver-
sies. He didn’t agree with Darwin’s theory
of evolution—not on religious grounds,
but rather because he thought (incorrectly)
that thermodynamics showed the sun and
earth to be too young for evolution to have
taken place. He also cast doubt on heavier-
than-air transport. Thomson has fre-
quently been quoted as saying that there
were no new discoveries left to be made
in physics. In fact, no trace of such a quote
can be found. What Thomson did say in a
1900 speech to the Royal Institution was
that there were two problems that didn’t
appear to be explainable by current phys-
ics. These problems (or clouds as he called
them) were the results of the Michelson–
Morley experiment and the observation
that the equipartition theorem does not
predict the behavior of specific heat at low
Thomson’s mirror galvanometer. Image: Science Museum Group
temperatures. As it turns out, the explana-
tion of the first cloud was special relativ-
ity and the explanation of the second was
quantum mechanics. Thomson’s insight
was to identify the issues which would be
at the center of the soon-to-be-developed
modern physics.
William Thomson was appropriately
recognized as a polymath and genius and
awarded many honors. He was knighted
in 1865 in recognition of his work on the
transatlantic cable, made a Fellow of the
Royal Society and served as its president
from 1890-1895.
In 1892, he was made a life peer, offi-
cially becoming Baron Kelvin of Largs, more
familiarly Lord Kelvin. Thomson chose
the name Kelvin after a small stream that
flows along the border of the University of
Glasgow. It is by this name that the tempera-
ture scale Thomson devised is known.
A very detailed biography of Thomson
is Degrees Kelvin by David Lindley, Joseph
Henry Press (2004). The story of the first
transatlantic telegraph cable (which in-
volved a large cast of colorful characters)
is well told in A Thread Across the Ocean
by John Steele Gordon, Perennial (2003).
Additional Information on Joule-Thomson
expansion and the Kelvin temperature
scale may be found in He is for Helium
by J. G. Weisend II, Cryogenic Society of
America (2018).■

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 23 cryogenicsociety.org

 Space Cryogenics
by Mike Meyer, NASA Technical Fellow for Cryogenics, NASA Langley Research Center, michael.l.meyer@nasa.gov

28th Space Cryogenics Workshop Brings International

Community Together to Share Research

T
he Space Cryogenics Workshop
(SCW) began in 1980 as a one-day
topical event within the International
Cryogenic Engineering Conference. Based
on the initial success, it was broken out as a
separate, annual, two-day event beginning
the following year. In 2003, the workshop
transitioned to the biennial event it remains
today. The 28th installment of the SCW was
held July 17-19, 2019 in Southbury CT and
was again highly successful in bringing
engineers and scientists from around the
world together to discuss the latest appli-
cations, research and needs for cryogenics
advancements for space systems. The work-
shop, organized by Adam Swanger from
NASA’s Kennedy Space Center and me,
was held as a single track program, with
more than 60 oral and poster presentations
and with participation of more than 100
attendees representing nine countries and
52 different organizations. Congratulations
were extended to Hannah Rana from the
University of Oxford and Jordan Raymond Figure 1. The Origins Space Telescope concept includes a two-layer solar shield. Image: NASA Goddard SFC
of Washington State University’s HYPER
lab who were each awarded the Frederking — How does the universe work? (“the rise observations in the X-ray spectrum. Boyle
Student Scholarship for the Space Cryogenics of metals”) (NASA GSFC) shared results of the Robotic
Workshop. The workshop format also al- — How did conditions for life develop? Refueling Mission 3 which successfully
lowed ample opportunity for more informal (“follow the water”) demonstrated storage of a small dewar of
discussions that foster collaboration among — Are we alone? (biosignatures in transit- liquid methane at the International Space
the participants. Selected papers from the ing exoplanets) Station for four months without any boil-
workshop will be published in a special issue off losses. Finally, two presentations, by
of the journal Cryogenics, which is expected To enable maximum science output, Prouve and Andre, discussed aspects of
to be available by the end of 2019. the concept utilizes a cryogenic architec- the ATHENA X-ray observatory from ESA,
ture that leverages a sun shield, a deep which will survey phenomena including
Missions space radiator, three stages of cryocooling black holes and supernova explosions. The
The workshop opened with a session and continuous adiabatic demagnetization presentations discussed the cryogenic archi-
on developing and future missions, pro- refrigeration (Figure 1). Two presentations tecture of the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-
viding a broader perspective of cryogenic by Kimball and Ezoe discussed progress IFU) which cools the Transition Edge Sensor
applications in space and the exploration on the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy (TES) based detector array to 50 mK.
capabilities enabled with cryogenic tech- Mission (XRISM) (Figure 2). This mission
nology. Topics included a discussion by will gather data on the velocity and makeup Cryocooling and Other
DiPirro of the recently completed Origins of the plasma between stars to gain insight Refrigeration
Space Telescope study, as a proposed fu- into the formation of celestial objects. The A significant portion of the workshop
ture Flagship Astrophysics mission. The observatory’s cryogenic system brings to- focused on developments in cryogenic re-
telescope is targeted toward three inspi- gether elements from American, Japanese frigeration, ranging from improvements
rational astrophysics themes: and European partners to enable precise to existing products or components to

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 24 cryogenicsociety.org

alternate approaches for cooling. Vincente
(Air Liquide advanced Technologies) pre-
sented results of a study on applying laser
cooling to sensors for small earth observing
satellites. The potential advantages include
lack of vibrations and lower weight. Also
presented was progress on two separate
efforts toward continuous adiabatic de-
magnetization refrigeration (ADR). Kwon
(KAIST) presented an approach that com-
bines two ADRs with passive heat switches
and has reached 2 K in laboratory testing
and Tuttle (NASA GSFC) described work to
integrate multiple ADRs with heat switches
to obtain 6 mW of cooling at 50 mK. This ef-
fort is building on past work and is empha-
sizing redesign of the salt pill suspensions
to survive launch loads.

Duval (CEA) shared progress on apply-

ing YbGG material to adiabatic demagneti-
zation, and Kimball (NASA GSFC) shared
how the magnetic shielding on the XRISM/
Resolve ADR was redesigned to eliminate an
interference issue with the detector array at
full current. Ishikawa (ISAS/JAXA) showed
how a knife-edge device with atomic scale
sharp edges was developed to suppress film
flow of superfluid helium in the Resolve vent
system, and Nagata (U. of Tsukuba) numeri-
cally modeled a helium 3 circulation compres-
sor for a closed cycle dilution refrigerator used
in space applications. Bae (KAIST) presented
development work on a 5 K sorption Joule-
Thompson refrigerator.
Several authors addressed work re-
lated to more traditional cryocooling cy-
cles. Wiertz (ALAT) described moving iron
pressure wave generators, and Arts (Thales
Cryogenics) discussed trades to optimize se-
lection of cryocoolers in the 60-110 K range
with 1-3 W cooling capacity. Hiratsuka and
Otsuka (SHI) addressed improved cooling
capacity and efficiency for a single-stage
Stirling cryocooler and micro-vibration re-
duction for a two-stage Stirling cryocooler,
while numerical modeling by Rana (U. of
Oxford) showed that a coaxial Stirling cryo-
cooler could achieve higher cooling capacity
at similar efficiency to an in-line cryocooler.
Shinosazaki (JAXA) measured cooldown
capabilities of J-T coolers at 4 K and 1 K,
and Zagarola (Creare) illustrated potential
benefits of heat transport with gas-pumped
loops and progress on gas bearings at cryo-
genic temperatures.
Figure 2. The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) observatory. Image: JAXA
Fluid Management and
Propulsion
As industry and government agencies
focus on larger and longer duration mis-
sions for space exploration, technologies
for cryogenic fluid management and pro-
pulsion have received increased interest,
and the presentations at SCW reflected that
interest with topics ranging from under-
standing fundamental physical phenomena
to large-scale cryogenic capability demon-
strations. Presentations by Hartwig (NASA
GRC) and Darr (The Aerospace Corp.)
discussed two-phase heat transfer and line
chilldown with improved correlations for
cryogens. LeClair (NASA MSFC) illustrated
the challenges of modeling boiling of cryo-
gens in a heated tube with correlations from
the literature often developed with data
from water or other common fluids. Several
authors described vapor cooling results for
large cryogenic propellant storage improve-
ment. Balasubramaniam (Case Western
Reserve University) modeled vapor cooling
of a cylindrical liquid hydrogen tank skirt
and evaluated sensitivity to various param-
eters. One key result was a maximum boil-
off reduction capability of about 70% for
the configuration studied. Johnson (NASA
GRC) showed how the results from testing
two vapor cooling tube attachment concepts
at subscale led to an optimized design for
cooling a structural tank skirt at full scale,
and a novel concept, integrating vapor cool-
ing within an MLI, described by Kopelove
(Quest Thermal Group), could provide a
lightweight solution for future vehicles.
Johnson (NASA GRC) presented modeling
results for the Structural Heat Intercept,
Insulation and Vibration Evaluation Rig
(SHIIVER) test article. This is a 4 m diam-
eter liquid hydrogen testbed designed to
demonstrate application and performance
of a thick MLI on a large-scale flight tank
configuration, structural cooling using
tank boiloff vapor to intercept conductive
heat leak and MLI blanket durability under
launch acoustic vibration conditions.
Three authors focused on specific as-
pects of the RRM3 mission described above.
Krenn (NASA KSC) described the system
and processes for servicing the experiment
with liquid methane prior to launch. Hauser
(NASA GRC) presented results from a
thermal-fluid model of the liquid methane
transfer process, developed within Thermal
Desktop software, and compared results to
transfers attempted during ground test-
ing (unfortunately no transfers were able
to be attempted in flight). Finally, a novel
fluid mass gauging technique designed
for operation in microgravity was shown
by Zimmerli X continues on page 27

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 25 cryogenicsociety.org

Space Cryogenics SCW Recap... Continued from page 25
(NASA GRC) to successfully measure the
RRM3 supply dewar fluid level to within
2% uncertainty numerous times over a four-
month mission. Several presentations looked
at cryogenic challenges for using in situ re-
sources (at the destination body) as a means
to reduce mission mass. Feller (NASA ARC)
showed through analysis that addition of
passive precooling or addition of a small ac-
tive precooler for gaseous oxygen produced
from the Martian atmosphere can reduce the
overall power required to liquefy the oxygen.
Testing of liquefaction of nitrogen in a tank to
simulate oxygen liquefaction was described
by Stephens (NASA MSFC). Using a tube on
the tank heat exchanger fed by circulating
chilled neon, the nitrogen was both liquefied
and stored with zero losses.
A novel concept was shared by Hartwig
(NASA GRC) for a hopper vehicle on Triton,
the largest moon of Neptune. The concept
uses cryopumping to collect the moon’s at-
mosphere in a tank, seals the tank and then
warms the contents to a pressurized gas that
is used as propellant to hop to another loca-
tion 5 km away. A related presentation by
Hacker (U. of Idaho) described preliminary
results from indentation testing of solid ni-
trogen, data needed to understand landing
on and sampling Triton’s surface. Hartwig
(NASA GRC) also presented an update on
the concept for a submarine to explore the
ethane/methane seas of Titan, a moon of
Saturn. The recent work is developing mod-
els to predict the formation of bubbles on the
surface of the submarine in a sea that may
be a mixture of ethane and methane with
dissolved nitrogen. Imai (Muroran Institute
of Technology) discussed ground-based test-
ing and modeling of a thermodynamic vent
system for propellant tanks, and Lee (KARI)
described development and benefits of a cap-
illary tube orifice for controlling gas at high
pressure and low flow rates.
Ground operations were not neglected
by the attendees either. Seo (KARI) pre-
sented work on a liquid oxygen and pool
boiling nitrogen vertical helical coil heat
exchanger to support launch operations.
Sasson (Sierra Lobo Inc.) compared predic-
tions of a large-scale liquid oxygen densifi-
cation system developed to support ground
testing to performance observed during
system operations, and Swanger provided
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
Read these stories
and so much more in
CryoChronicle,
CSA’s monthly e-newsletter.
Subscribe today.
It’s FREE.
www.cryochronicle.com
A few samples of recent news items
Figure 3. Still image from video of the transparent
ZBOT tank showing the primary ullage (large sphere in
microgravity) and smaller bubbles forming on the tank
wall adjacent to a circumferential strip heater. Image: Case
Western Reserve University/NASA
an update on the new liquid hydrogen
storage sphere being installed at NASA
Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Complex
39B. This massive, 4732 m3 vessel will in- France Deploys Its First Hydrogen
corporate two new technologies to increase Powered Bus
storage efficiency. Glass bubble insulation
provides a 46% boiloff reduction over tra-
ditional perlite insulation and an internal
heat exchanger is being included to enable
integration with a cryogenic refrigeration
system in the future. Fesmire (NASA KSC)
also provided an update on the latest ther-
mal insulations for cryogenic fluid storage
and transfer, and Hartwig provided a sur- Innovative Accelerator Achieves
vey paper on over 40 cryogenic fluid man- Full Energy Recovery
agement test programs conducted at NASA
GRC’s Creek Road Complex since 2005.
Two presentations comparing computa-
tional fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation results
to experimental results were particularly
interesting as each included videos of trans-
parent experimental tanks with fascinating
fluid phenomena. Himeno (U. of Tokyo) ISRO’s Resilience is
used CFD to better understand the results Demonstrated by Development of
of experiments investigating the effect of the Its Cryogenic Engine
thermal stratification layer thickness above
the liquid nitrogen-vapor nitrogen interface
on the pressure collapse when sloshing was
initiated. Thicker stratification regions in the
ullage were shown to resist pressure collapse
under sloshing. Kassemi compared numeri-
cal predictions of boiling in microgravity dur-
ing pressure control and self-pressurization Neutrino Energy to Power
in the Zero Boil-Off Tank (ZBOT) experiment IoT Devices
on the International Space Station (Figure 3).
In the small-scale simulant fluid experiment,
boiling is seen to X continues on page 28
27 cryogenicsociety.org
Space Cryogenics SCW
Recap...Continued from page 25
occur even as the tank is mixed to reduce
temperature and pressure—presumably the
jet mixing is not adequately cooling some
“hot” spots in the tank that have good nucle-
ation sites.
Special Topics
Several other topics of broad potential
interest were covered as well. Li (NASA
GSFC) described results from tests of sev-
eral materials and components to obtain
precise thermal conductance values at
cryogenic temperatures. The samples, all
of potential interest to the WFIRST mission,
included bonded and welded joints with
Al 1100, annealed pyrolytic graphite, and
CuW among others. Courts (Lake Shore
Cryotronics) presented results that showed
excellent thermal stability of several tem-
perature sensors over a year’s operation at
77 K, while Swanger provided an update
on development of a highly reflective solar
coating to passively achieve cryogenic tem-
peratures in space.
Some Historical Perspective
I closed the workshop reminding
the participants that 50 years ago, to the
day, the Apollo 11 astronauts were pre-
paring to land on the moon for the first
time. Cryogenic propulsion played critical
roles to make that mission successful. The
mighty Saturn V booster included a first
stage (S-IC) that leveraged 1.2 million liters
of liquid oxygen, in combination with kero-
sene, and a second stage (S-II) with 984,000
liters of liquid hydrogen and 303,000 liters
of liquid oxygen, to boost the massive lunar
system and crew to Earth orbit. A few hours
later, the third stage (S-IVB), with 253,000 li-
ters of liquid hydrogen and 73,000 liters of
liquid oxygen fired a second time to send the
astronauts on a trajectory toward the moon.
Cryogens were also used in the life support
and power generation systems of the Apollo
lunar module that kept the astronauts alive for
the eight-day mission that brought the world
together. As the world again prepares to send
people to explore the moon and beyond and
to further open our eyes to the mysteries of
the universe through robotic spacecraft and
observatories, the developments presented at
this workshop highlighted how critical cryo-
genics is to enabling that vision of a future
filled with inspiring space missions and new
knowledge. ■
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
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28 cryogenicsociety.org
 Cryo-Oops
by John Jurns, senior cryogenic engineer , NIST Center for Neutron Research, john.jurns@nist.gov
The Snowball Effect
Y
ou may think by looking at the
title of this column that I am
going to talk about some cryo-
genic process. Nope. The title is to empha-
size how a small decision can snowball
into a serious event.
Recently, Laurie Huget shared an ar-
ticle with me from the gasworld website re-
garding an accident this past July in China.
You can find it at http://2csa.us/if
The gasworld article was very thor-
ough in describing the accident and events
leading up to it, and I thought I would take
the opportunity to see what lessons we can
learn by examining the events.
Background
The lead sentence of the article reads
“Human error is the main cause of a re-
cent explosion at an air separation plant
(ASU) in China, a primary investigation
has found.” I will quote directly from the
gasworld article:
“The primary investigation found the
operator spotted a rise in oxygen level in
the insulation of the cold box on 26th June,
indicating there was a leak. But the opera-
tor failed to disclose the issue and continued
production, thinking it would be alright if
the plant operated under monitoring.
“A crack on the surface of the cold
box was found on 12th July, but since the
standby ASU was not ready for startup, the
operator decided to take the risk and continue
to operate the plant.” (italics mine)
Oops
Continuing on with the article, we find
the following happened:
— On July 19, the cold box exploded due to
liquid oxygen that became trapped in the
perlite insulation. Evaporation of the liquid
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
caused a pressure rise to a level greater than
the cold box could withstand.
— The cold box collapsed and fell onto a
500 m3 LOX storage tank, causing the storage
tank to crack and leak oxygen.
— The resulting oxygen-rich atmosphere
led to subsequent explosions in the area.
Lessons Learned
We see from the sequence of events
that this whole scenario played out over
three weeks before the accident occurred. In
hindsight, we can see that there was plenty
of time to evaluate the situation and take
appropriate corrective action. So let’s look
at some of the possible issues that may have
contributed to the final accident.
We all make judgments every day in
our work and deciding to take a risk is not
inherently bad. However, risk assessment
requires the technical competence to under-
stand the potential consequences. Did this
operator have adequate training to under-
stand the risk associated with high oxygen
concentrations? Not disclosing an issue is
certainly bad practice, and operating pro-
cedures that included a second set of eyes
could also have prevented this issue from
escalating.
After two weeks of operation with a
known issue, a crack was discovered on the
surface of the cold box. You may recall from
my article in the last issue, that when we had
a hose open to atmosphere on one end and
connected to a cryogenic heat exchanger on
the other end, condensing air was sucked
in to our heat exchanger. I suspect the
same thing happened here—the cryogenic
temperature in the cold box sucked in am-
bient air through the crack, and as oxygen
condenses at a warmer temperature than
nitrogen, the result was a higher oxygen
concentration inside the cold box. The dis-
covery of the crack in the cold box was still
29
a week prior to the accident, and corrective
action could have been taken then.
After the crack was discovered, plant
operation continued because the standby ASU
was not ready for startup. It appears that the
decision may have been driven by a prior-
ity of production over safety. Of course, lost
production means lost revenue. However, I
am sure I am not the first person to say that
safety does not cost, safety pays. Making
safety a priority helps to ensure reliable op-
eration and minimum downtime. I hate to
think of the cost of this accident—not only
in lost revenue, but also in expensive equip-
ment that will have to be replaced.
The last thing we might ask is how
well was the facility prepared to cope
with potential accidents? A thorough
assessment of potential failure scenarios
and how to mitigate them is a critical
part of the design and operation of any
cryogenic system. Better addressing the
possible risk of large oxygen spills may
have mitigated some of the subsequent
explosions that occurred after the LOX
dewar was damaged.
Summary
We can see how what starts out as a
small issue (an instrument registering a rise
in oxygen level) can snowball into a real
catastrophe if not addressed early on. A
single decision can have very serious conse-
quences, so do your best to address an issue
as soon as it comes up, consult with others
to evaluate the issue, make thorough as-
sessments of potential failures and develop
mitigation strategies and make sure you
have the proper knowledge and training to
safely operate your system.
As always, we invite you to share any
of your “oops” stories with us. Feel free to
send them in to the Cold Facts editor at edi-
tor@cryogenicsociety.org and we’ll try and
include them in this column. ■
cryogenicsociety.org
SOFIA Soars to Observe the Universe
SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory
for Infrared Astronomy, is a unique plane-
based observatory housed inside a 747
aircraft. A joint project between NASA,
Universities Space Research Association,
and the German Aerospace Center-DLR
since 1997, it takes advantage of the strato-
sphere to eliminate the absorbing effect
atmospheric water has on infrared ob-
servations. Operated and maintained by
NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center
in Palmdale CA, its mission is to observe
the universe and understand the formation
and evolutionary mechanisms of stars, gal-
axies, planets and everything in between.
CSA recently spoke with Dejan
Stevanovic, lead systems engineer for
SOFIA, about the current experiments and
status of the flying observatory. Our ques-
tions are in italics.
What are the benefits of having a plane-based
reflecting telescope? What can SOFIA do that
other reflecting telescopes can’t?
Most of the radiation in the universe
is emitted at infrared wavelengths. Water
is very good at absorbing heat—infrared
radiation—so observing cosmic infrared
radiation from the ground is extremely dif-
ficult—nearly impossible. You have to get
above the water in the Earth’s atmosphere
by either going to space or the stratosphere.
Flying on a Boeing 747SP allows SOFIA to
reach the stratosphere and come home every
night, permitting continuous upgrades and
maintenance—something not possible on
space telescopes.
What challenges does SOFIA present that
are unique to a stratospheric observatory?
SOFIA is the only astronomical tele-
scope that has to accommodate turbulence
in-flight. It does so by balancing on an off-
axis spherical bearing, and using a suite
of gyros and accelerometers to correct for
essentially all the turbulent and vibrational
motions. The result is the ability to main-
tain stabilization that could keep a laser
pointer on a US quarter at roughly three
miles away. Additionally, a moving obser-
vatory has to keep updating its coordinate
reference frame in real time, something
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
SOFIA takes off from Hamburg, Germany, after finishing heavy maintenance at Lufthansa Technik. Image: Alexander Golz
that ground-based observatories don’t
have to do.
What role does cryogenics play in the SOFIA
observatory?
Infrared radiation is effectively heat.
The colder the detector—and the surround-
ing optics—the more sensitive that detector
is to the faint heat signal from these distance
cosmic sources. Most instruments on SOFIA
operate at or around 4 K, with detectors at
less than 1 K, by using a combination of
nitrogen and helium cryogens, closed-cycle
cryocoolers (mainly pulse tube coolers), He
sorption refrigerators and adiabatic demag-
netization refrigerators (ADRs). Our new-
1
est instrument, HIRMES (High-Resolution
Mid Infrared Spectrometer), is currently in
development and utilizes two PTC coolers
that provide a stable 4 K environment for the
optical elements. It includes an He4 sorption
cooler with the sole task of cooling a detector
baffle and an He3/He4 two-stage sorption
refrigerator coupled with an ADR to achieve
a stable detector temperature of 70mK for at
least 12 hours.
What are the special considerations and chal-
lenges of a plane-based cryogenic system?
While all infrared astronomical in-
strumentation, ground-based or airborne,
requires cryogenic cooling to some extent,
most of the ground-based telescopes are
30
focused on near-IR (0.8-1.2µm) observations,
so detectors generally do not need tempera-
tures lower than 60 K to achieve high sensi-
tivity and low noise. SOFIA is in a unique
position with its ability to capture mid-IR
and far-IR radiation by flying above 99% of
atmospheric water vapor.
However, the ability to capture far-IR ra-
diation comes with its own set of challenges
and a set of very specific detector technolo-
gies that require 0.1 K or lower operational
temperatures. These detectors and their cool-
ing systems are so sensitive that any vibra-
tion, even the smallest one, can be detected
as heat and adversely affect the science.
Vibration sources are very diverse,
coming from usual aspects of aircraft oper-
ation (engines, airborne turbulence, etc.) to
some that are very specific to SOFIA, like
wind buffeting and turbulence around and
inside the telescope cavity. The vibrational
environment on-board SOFIA B-747SP
drives a set of complex design limitations
and requirements that are imposed on
instrument cooling and vibration isola-
tion systems; requirements that are rarely
imposed on ground-based or even space-
borne instrumentation.
Who are the key cryogenic partners of SOFIA?
A list of collaborators and partners on
various SOFIA instrumentation projects is
cryogenicsociety.org
very long. Precision Cryogenics Systems of
Indianapolis successfully worked on and
delivered the HIRMES instrument cryo-
stat. This instrument also uses TransMIT
PTD406C PTC coolers. It is worth mention-
ing the unselfish and extremely generous
support that we, as a program, have had
from TransMIT, a cryogenic company in
Giessen, Germany. This includes almost
every aspect of operation and maintenance
and also assistance with certifying the cool-
ers to be installed on the aircraft—in terms of
safety and airworthiness—which is always
an added challenge for all OEMs that supply
equipment to SOFIA.
The same coolers are used on the up-
2
GREAT instrument with great success.
This trend of using closed-cycle coolers will
most likely continue with our future instru-
ments, moving the observatory away from
the liquid cryogen dewars. Chase Research
Cryogenics, of Sheffield, UK, developed var-
ious He sorption coolers on our instruments
3
including the HAWC+ . High Precision
Devices, Inc. (CSA CSM) developed the ADR
for the HIRMES instrument. The observatory
also uses Cryomech (CSA CSM) CP2870 He
compressors.
In a follow-up phone interview,
Stevanovic told Cold Facts more about cur-
rent cryogenic developments at SOFIA.
Specifically, the team’s cryogenic opera-
tions begin and are “80 to 90% finished” in
the lab. The cooling and recycling of the ADR
systems take significant time—something in
short supply during an observation flight.
“We are trying to optimize the instru-
ment, but we’re also trying to optimize oper-
ations of the instrument to actually increase
the usefulness of the whole instrument for
the in-flight science operations and to maxi-
mize the time it can produce useful data
for scientists,” he said. “The trick is, ‘How
do we keep the instrument cold during the
transportation from the lab to the plane?’ We
need about 45 minutes to an hour to transfer
the instrument and install it on the telescope
flange in the aircraft. Then we have to recon-
nect it to all of the aircraft systems—so we
are looking at a planned power loss. We also
have to look at some of the cryogens used
that must be refilled, the restarting and re-
cycling of the ADR and the preflight checks.
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
We look to achieve optimal temperature on
the ground and maintain it for 12 to 16 hours:
about eight hours of that time will be used
for science.”
“With HIRMES, this is becoming more
complicated,” he adds. “HAWC+ is less sen-
sitive to power loss—liquid cryogens mean
we only have to deal with boiloff of helium
and topping off the systems. With HIRMES,
we are looking at loss of power through
the cryocoolers, which means that we have
much more warming during the transit
operation. After it’s installed in the aircraft,
we have to restart the cryocoolers, drop the
temperature down and start recycling all
other coolers and refrigerators inside. While
it hasn’t been attempted, we’re looking at the
modeling aspects of the thermal system dur-
ing the assembly process. The instrument is
currently going through cooldown testing—
we’re planning three tests. We hope to have
good results by the end of October.”
“While this is becoming very compli-
cated, we have some of the best people in
the world on our team. Especially the people
at Goddard Space Center; they have some
of the latest technology when it comes to
ADRs. If I have any regrets about HIRMES,
it’s that Peter Shirron [CSA president] wasn’t
involved earlier. He’s helped us a lot and has
been a great source of knowledge transfer.”
What is a typical observation flight like on
SOFIA?
SOFIA typically performs a 10-hour
overnight flight with about eight hours
available for science—about two hours are
used for takeoff, landing, turns, etc.—with
takeoff and landing in the same location,
like Palmdale CA. On any given flight,
different science targets are observed, re-
sulting in somewhat of a polygon flight
pattern, with roughly one to two hours per
science target. Onboard there are pilots,
safety crew, mission directors, observatory
operators, instrument scientists, astrono-
mers and other guests, averaging roughly
15 people per flight.
What was the most valuable observation you’ve
made with SOFIA?
Two results come to mind. Primarily,
the first high-resolution image of the dust
31
and gas rings around the black hole in the
center of the Milky Way that provided
groundbreaking insights into the extreme
environments that surround black holes.
The other result is the first detection in space
of helium hydride—the first molecule to
form after the Big Bang—made by observ-
ing a nearby planetary nebula that provides
very similar conditions to that of an early
universe. SOFIA is also vastly expanding
the study of magnetic fields and their role
in astronomical processes, something that
has been neglected due to the complexity of
observations and theoretical modeling now
achievable by SOFIA.
To learn more about SOFIA, visit
www.sofia.usra.edu.
References
[1] Currently in development, HIRMES will cover the 25 –
122 µm wavelength region at high (R = 100,000 – 50,000),
medium (R ≈ 12,000) and low (R = 635 – 325) spectral
resolution. In addition, there is a Spectral Imaging mode
(R ≈ 2,000) that targets specific lines of interest at 51.8 µm,
88.3 µm [OIII], 57.3 µm [NIII] and 121.9 µm [NII]. The
instrument achieves these capabilities by utilizing direct-
detection Transition Edge Sensor (TES) bolometer arrays,
grating-dispersive spectroscopy and Fabry-Perot tunable
narrow-band filters. In spectroscopic mode, HIRMES takes
full advantage of SOFIA’s diffraction limited performance
by using a range of slit widths proportional to the observed
wavelength. The field-of-view for the Spectral Imaging
mode is ~113.0” x 106.8” covering 16 x 16 pixels. For more
information on HIRMES, visit www.sofia.usra.edu/sci-
ence/instruments/hirmes.
[2] GREAT is a dual channel heterodyne instrument that
will provide high resolution spectra (up to R=108) in sev-
eral frequency windows in the 0.490–4.747 THz range. The
front-end unit consists of two independent dewars, each
containing a set of mixers. Proposed is the seven-beam
array upGREAT in its Low Frequency Array configura-
tion for the [CII] line at 158 µm and High Frequency Array
configuration for the [OI] line. Also available for Cycle 8 are
all four 4GREAT bands at the following frequency ranges:
490–635 GHz (Herschel/HIFI band 1), 890–1100 GHz
(Herschel/HIFI band 4), 1200–1500 GHz (GREAT L1 chan-
nel) and 2490–2590 GHz (GREAT M channel). The backend
for each mixer is a Fast Fourier Transform spectrometer
(XFFTS). Each XFFTS has 2 GHz bandwidth and 64,000
channels providing a resolution of 44 kHz. The beam size
of GREAT is diffraction limited (14.1” at 158 µm). More in-
formation on GREAT and the upgraded upGREAT can be
found at www.sofia.usra.edu/science/instruments/great.
[3] HAWC+ is a far-infrared camera and imaging polar-
imeter. It is designed to allow total and polarized flux
imaging in five broad bands between wavelengths of 50
µm and 240 µm. Diffraction-limited imaging yields spa-
tial resolutions of ~5 – 20 arcseconds with fields of view
~2 – 10 arcminutes, respectively. HAWC+ utilizes three
31x40 pixel arrays: two for the reflective component and
one for the transmitted component of linear polarization.
The detectors are cooled by an adiabatic demagnetization
refrigerator to an operating temperature of about 0.1 – 0.2 K.
Commissioning observations started in late 2016, the in-
strument acceptance review was completed in late 2017,
and has been available for Cycle 7 observations beginning
in 2018. Information on the HAWC+ can be accessed at
www.sofia.usra.edu/science/instruments/hawc. ■
cryogenicsociety.org
 SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)

Niowave, Inc. Receives DOE Support for

Molybdenum-99 Production
In February 2019, the Department
of Energy’s National Nuclear Security
Administration selected Niowave and
three other companies to domestically
produce the most commonly used medi-
cal radioisotope, molybdenum-99. As
part of this new cooperative agreement,
Niowave will receive up to $15 million
in matching funding and assistance from
national laboratories. Currently, this
isotope is imported from international
sources for use in 40,000 medical proce-
dures every day. The DOE funding will
assure domestic sourcing for this critical
component.

Niowave, Inc. is using advances in

cryogenic technology and supercon-
ducting accelerators to commercially
produce these medical and industrial
radioisotopes. They’ve eliminated the
need for a nuclear reactor or highly en-
riched uranium by using a high power
superconducting accelerator. The accel-
erator produces high energy electrons
that strike a neutron production target
inside the subcritical uranium assembly.
The neutrons induce fission in uranium
atoms, creating more neutrons that fur-
ther enhance the rate of fission. The mul-
tiplication of neutrons never becomes
self-sustaining, and the radioactivity of
the system diminishes quickly when the
accelerator is switched off.
The Niowave system spreads the
cost evenly across the main subsystems:
the superconducting module, the he-
lium refrigerator, the microwave power
source and the isotope production target.
Controlling these cryogenic costs neces-
sitates operating at 4.5 K and slightly
above atmospheric pressure, so that con-
taminants do not leak into the system.
This operating temperature requires the
resonant frequency to stay significantly
under 1 GHz to control the cryogenic
losses from the microwaves. Niowave-
designed accelerating cavities are reso-
nant at 350 MHz and driven by tetrode
Dissolved uranium is processed to extract molybdenum-99 from other fission fragments at Niowave. Image: Niowave
amplifiers not unlike those developed
for analog television transmitters. While
existing refrigerators at Niowave have
cryogenic capacities of 40-115 W, the sys-
tem can operate at different duty cycles
to optimize the required refrigerator size.
Average electron beam currents of tens of
mA or more are needed for isotope pro-
duction. Operating the accelerator in a
multi-pass mode to reach beam energies
of 10-40 MeV further reduces costs.
The isotope production target has
been designed for small-batch operation
where a fraction of the irradiated target
material is removed daily. Throughout
molybdenum-99 production, Niowave
will produce other uranium fission
fragments that can be used for medical
therapy and diagnosis. Several of these
isotopes are extracted as gaseous fission
fragments through cryogenic pumping,
and the remainder are extracted and
purified using resins and liquid-liquid
separation techniques. The remaining
uranium is then converted back to power,
pressed into pellets and loaded for more
irradiation.
Niowave also irradiates radium
targets to produce actinium-225, a criti-
cal alpha-emitter used in clinical trials.
When attached to a cancer-targeting
molecule, this actinium isotope provides
intense and highly localized radioactivity
to kill cancer cells while limiting the ex-
posure of healthy tissue. As drugs make
it through clinical trials, the market de-
mand for this cancer fighter will increase
substantially. www.niowaveinc.com ■

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 32 cryogenicsociety.org

 McIntosh Shares
Useful Tips at CEC/ICMC
During his presentation at the special session honoring him during CEC/ICMC 2019 in Hartford, Dr. Glen McIntosh
presented a brief history of cryogenics along with the following tips for engineers and physicists.

— Aluminum to stainless steel transition joints usually fail.
— Indium sealed joints are reliable especially when fit with
Invar washers.
— Indium seals should never be augmented with vacuum
grease because the grease will freeze and crack.
— Barstock should not be machined to form a cold barrier
between atmospheric pressure or higher on one side and
vacuum on the other. These pieces can be absolutely tight
when warm and leak profusely when cold.
— 303 stainless steel is not suitable for cryogenics.
— Only oxygen-free copper tube or pipe should be welded.
Other copper welds crack immediately when cold
shocked.
— Piping runs from cold to warm must always slope
upward at least one diameter.
— Level or downward sloping runs must be treated as
thermal shorts.
— Pressure build-up calculations can be tricky.
Thermodynamics should be based on internal energy,
not increase in enthalpy. Think about P * dv with dv = 0.

With an extensive and illustrious career in cryogenics and the CEC/ICMC conference itself—including attending EVERY
CEC/ICMC conference to date—McIntosh continues to inform and inspire future generations. After the presentation, a young
attendee approached Glen and thanked him for one particular tip. McIntosh’s list included the answer to a tough problem this
researcher had been struggling to solve. Serendipity.

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 33 cryogenicsociety.org

Improving Neutrino Detectors with
Pixel Technology
by Lauren Biron, Fermilab Office of Communication senior writer, lbiron@fnal.gov. Published in Symmetry, used with permission.

ArgonCube, a prototype detector under

development at Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, uses pixel technology to improve
liquid-argon neutrino detectors.

Current state-of-the-art liquid-argon

neutrino detectors, like MicroBooNE,
ICARUS and ProtoDUNE, use wires to cap-
ture the electrons knocked loose by neutrino
interactions. Vast planes of thousands of
wires crisscross the detectors, each set col-
lecting coordinates that are combined by
algorithms into 3-D reconstructions of a neu-
trino’s interaction.

These setups are effective, well under-

stood and a great choice for big projects—
and you don’t get much bigger than the
international Deep Underground Neutrino
Experiment (DUNE) hosted by Fermi Scientists are testing the ArgonCube technology in a prototype constructed at the University of Bern in Switzerland.
Image: James Sinclair
National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA CSM).

DUNE will examine how the three
known types of neutrinos change as they
travel long distances, further exploring a
phenomenon called neutrino oscillations.
Scientists will send trillions of neutrinos
from Fermilab every second on a 1,300-kilo-
meter journey through the earth—no tunnel
needed—to Sanford Underground Research
Facility in South Dakota. DUNE will use wire
chambers in some of the four enormous far
detector modules, each one holding more
than 17,000 tons of liquid argon.
But scientists also need to measure the
beam of neutrinos as it leaves Fermilab,
where the DUNE near detector will be
close to the neutrino source and see more
interactions.
“We expect the beam to be so intense
that you will have a dozen neutrino interac-
tions per beam pulse, and these will all over-
lap within your detector,” says Dan Dwyer,
a scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory who works on ArgonCube.
Trying to disentangle a huge number of
events using the 2-D wire imaging is a chal-
lenge. “The near detector will be a new range
of complexity.” And new complexity, in this
case, means developing a new kind of liquid-
argon detector.
People had thought about making a pix-
elated detector before, but it never got off the
ground. “This was a dream,” says Antonio
Ereditato, father of the ArgonCube collabora-
tion and a scientist at the University of Bern
in Switzerland. “We developed this original
idea in Bern, and it was clear that it could fly
only with the proper electronics. Without it,
this would have been just wishful thinking.
Our colleagues from Berkeley had just what
was required.”
Pixels are small, and neutrino detectors
aren’t. You can fit roughly 100,000 pixels per
square meter. Each one is a unique channel
that, once it is outfitted with electronics, can
provide information about what’s happening
in the detector. To be sensitive enough, the
tiny electronics need to sit right next to the
pixels inside the liquid argon. But that poses
a challenge.
“If they used even the power from
your standard electronics, your detector
would just boil,” Dwyer says. And a liquid
argon detector only works when the argon
remains liquid. So Dwyer and ASIC engineer
Carl Grace at Berkeley Lab proposed a new
approach: what if they left each pixel dor-
mant? “When the signal arrives at the pixel,
it wakes up and says, ‘Hey, there’s a signal
here,’” Dwyer explains. “Then it records the
signal, sends it out and goes back to sleep. We
were able to drastically reduce the amount
of power.” At less than 100 microwatts per
pixel, this solution seemed like a promising
design that wouldn’t turn the detector into a
tower of gas. They pulled together a custom
prototype circuit and started testing. The new
electronics design worked.
The first test was a mere 128 pixels,
but things scaled quickly. The team started
working on the pixel challenge in December
2016. By January 2018 they had traveled
with their chips to Switzerland, installed
them in the liquid argon test detector built
by the Bern scientists and collected their
first 3-D images of cosmic rays. “It was
shock and joy,” Dwyer says.
While the pixel-centered electronics of
ArgonCube stand out, they aren’t the only
technological innovations that scientists are
planning to implement for the upcoming

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 34 cryogenicsociety.org

near detector of DUNE. There’s research and
development on a new kind of light detec-
tion system and new technology to shape the
electric field that draws the signal to the elec-
tronics. And, of course, there are the modules.
Most liquid argon detectors use a large
container filled with the argon and not
too much else. The signals drift long dis-
tances through the fluid to the long wires
strung across one side of the detector. But
ArgonCube is going for something much
more modular, breaking the detector up into
smaller units still contained within the sur-
rounding cryostat. This has certain perks: the
signal doesn’t have to travel as far, the argon
doesn’t have to be as pure for the signal to
reach its destination and scientists could po-
tentially retrieve and repair individual mod-
ules if required.
“It’s a little more complicated than
the typical, wire-based detector,” says
Min Jeong Kim, who leads the team at
Fermilab working on the cryogenics and
will be involved with the mechanical inte-
gration of the ArgonCube prototype test
stand. “We have to figure out how these
SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)
WEKA AG Receives Highest Rating from
Eco-Auditing Company
WEKA AG in Zurich was recognized by
the independent auditing company EcoVadis,
receiving a gold medal in an environmental
and corporate responsibility audit. The com-
pany is ranked in the highest category for its
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR
is the responsibility of companies regarding
their effect on society and includes social, eco-
logical and economic aspects.
WEKA received the award for improved
performance in the areas of sustainable pro-
curement, fair working practices and ethics.
“The award is a confirmation for our sustain-
ability management system, to which we
attach great importance,” explains Marcel
Fürst, head of sales and marketing at WEKA.
“Only an intact environment and high ethical
standards guarantee us as a company and a
successful future for society.”
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
Samuel Kohn, Gael Flores, and Dan Dwyer work on ArgonCube technology at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Image: Marilyn Chung, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
modules will interface with the cryogenic
system.”
That means figuring out everything
from filling the detector with liquid argon
and maintaining the right pressure during
operation to properly filtering impurities
from the argon and circulating the fluid
around, and through, the modules to main-
tain an even temperature distribution.
EcoVadis CSR rating certificate. Image: WEKA AG
The analysis system used for the review
comprises 21 criteria to measure environmen-
tal sustainability, fair labor practices, ethics
and sustainable procurement. “Sustainability
is one of the central values of WEKA. As an
active global supplier in the field of level mea-
surement and valve technology, as well as
the manufacturing of cryogenic components,
WEKA strives to assume responsibility in the
area of sustainability,” Fürst added.
35
The ArgonCube prototype under
assembly at the University of Bern will
run until the end of the year before
being shipped to Fermilab and installed
100 meters underground, making it the
first large prototype for DUNE sent to
Fermilab and tested with neutrinos.
After working out its kinks, researchers
can finalize the design and build the full
ArgonCube detector. ■
Among the global challenges the
company addresses are climate change,
scarcity of resources, health hazards, en-
dangerment of human rights and equal
opportunity. WEKA’s sustainability strat-
egy is designed for the long-term future
and focuses on the environment as well
as employees and relationships with busi-
ness partners.
EcoVadis is an online platform that
enables companies to measure their sustain-
ability performance. The audits also provide
companies with a point of reference for
continuous improvement. The methodol-
ogy is based on international sustainability
standards such as the global reporting ini-
tiative, the United Nations global compact
and the sustainability guideline ISO 26000.
www.weka-ag.ch/en ■
cryogenicsociety.org
 [In
In Memoriam [
Donald M. Wolf Sr.
1930-2019
Donald M. Wolf
Sr., founder of Don
Wolf & Associates,
Inc., died on July 10
following complica-
tions from a stroke.
He was 89.
Wolf started Don Wolf & Associates
in 1983 with the vision to create a com-
pany servicing the OEMs who used so-
lenoid valves and other components for
automation.
During the mid-1980s both his sons,
Mark and Don Jr., joined the growing orga-
nization with Don Sr.’s wife Joan. After both
Don Sr. and Joan retired in 2005, their two
sons took over and moved to new facilities
in Chatsworth CA.
In 2013, Wolf was honored by the
International Society of Automation - Los
CSA Course notes presented in recent years.
These course notes are available in various formats as noted. To order, contact Lea Martinez, Membership and
Advertising Coordinator, membership@cryogenicsociety.org.
2014
Foundations of Cryocoolers (CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at ICC18
Dr. Ray Radebaugh ret. NIST, and
Dr. Philip Spoor | $175.00
2015
Cryocooler Fundamentals and
Space Applications (CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at CEC/ICMC
Dr. Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder, and
Dr. Ron Ross, ret. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
| $175
Superconducting Radio Frequency Systems
(Spiral Bound & CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at CEC/ICMC
Dr. Rong-Li Geng, Thomas Jefferson
National Accelerator Facility | $175
For a full list of course notes going back to 2003, visit the CSA website https://cryogenicsociety.org/publications/
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
Angeles with the creation of the Donald
M. Wolf Industry Achievement Award, be-
coming its first recipient. Don Sr. had been
a member of ISA since the early 1960s. The
company was also a former CSA Corporate
Sustaining Member.
Dr. Ann Nelson
1958-2019
Dr. Ann Nelson,
a theoretical physi-
cist at the University
of Washington who
helped resolve the
Standard Model, died
in a hiking accident
on August 4 in the
Alpine Lakes Wilderness of Washington
State. She was 61.
Nelson, along with other scientists and
researchers, devised theoretical and math-
ematical models for the violation of the
symmetry rule for the early universe. Later,
she would go on to develop a concept of the
NOW AVAILABLE!
2016
Foundations of Cryocoolers (CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at ICC19
Dr. Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST, and Prof. Marcel ter
Brake | $175.00
2017
Cryocoolers (CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at CEC/ICMC
Dr. Philip Spoor | $175
Cryogenic Safety (CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course given at CEC/ICMC
T. Peterson, SLAC, J. Jurns and J. G. Weisend II,
European Spallation Source ERIC | $175
2018
Foundations of Cryocoolers (CD)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at ICC20
Dr. Ray Radebaugh ret. NIST, and
Dr. Peter Shirron, NASA GSFC | $175
36
Standard Model that accounted for bosons
and fermions like quarks and leptons.
Nelson jointly received the prestigious
J.J. Sakurai Prize in 2018 with Michael Dine
of the University of California, Santa Cruz.
She also received a Guggenheim Fellowship
in 2004 and was elected as a member of both
the National Academy of Sciences and the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Nelson was also a leader in the effort to
include underrepresented groups—includ-
ing women, African Americans, Latino/a
Americans, Native Americans and oth-
ers—within US physical sciences. She was
known to challenge her peers and commu-
nity to take steps to create a more inclusive
environment in the STEM field.
Howard Georgi, a Harvard professor
and doctoral adviser to Nelson, stated in a
Physics Today eulogy that, “Ann was the
only student I ever had who was better than
I am at what I do best, and I learned more
from her than she learned from me.” ■
2019
Cryocooler Fundamentals (CD & Digital)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at CEC/ICMC
Dr. Ray Radebaugh ret. NIST, and
Dr. Mark Zagarola, Creare | $175
Getting Started with Cryogenic Fuels
(CD & Digital)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at CEC/ICMC
J. Leachman, WA State University | $175
Property and Cooler Considerations for
Cryogenic Systems (CD & Digital)
CSA-Sponsored Short Course at CEC/ICMC
J.M. Pfotenhauer, F.K. Miller, R.C. Dhuley | $175
cryogenicsociety.org
 VACUUM VESSELS VALVES LNG FUEL SYSTEMS AIR SEPARATION/LIQUEFACTION BIOLOGICAL STORAGE
SYSTEMS DEWARS CHILLERS COLD BOXES CRYOSTATS FILTERS BELLOWS BULK TRAILERS AND
TANKS
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IRCU ATOORS C COLD
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OM ES ORS CONCONTROL
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SUPERCONDUCTING COMPONENTS SOLENOIDS BULK STORAGE TANKS SENSORS LABORATORY
SYSTEMS SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES AND CABLES PHASE SEPARATORS DETECTOR DEWARS GLOVES

The Next Generation in Cryogenics and Superconductivity

This feature introduces outstanding young professionals (under 40 years of age) who are doing interesting things in cryogenics and superconduc-
tivity and who show promise of making a difference in their fields. Debuted in the Summer 2006 issue, the feature has presented many young persons
whom we are proud to see have indeed lived up to that promise.

Tiina Salmi, 34
My educational
and professional
background: I have
an MSc in electrical
engineering from
Tampere University
of Technology,
now Tampere
University. I ma-
jored in biomedical physics, but as I did
my diploma thesis at CERN on quench
protection of a fast cycled superferric NbTi
magnet, I got hooked and have since con-
tinued with accelerator magnets. I had the
opportunity to work at Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory in the US for three
years, and do research on quench protec-
tion for the Nb3Sn quadrupole magnets
for the High-Luminosity LHC. After that,
I returned to Finland and finished my
PhD thesis on the topic of heater-based
protection of high field magnets. After the
PhD, I have continued as a post-doctoral
researcher at Tampere and participated in
the Future Circular Collider 16 T dipole
magnet design from the quench protec-
tion point of view.
How I got into cryogenics: I was fasci-
nated by modern physics and particle ac-
celerators so I applied to CERN, first for a
summer student internship and then for a
technical student internship. As a techni-
cal student, I got to work with a project
related to magnet quench protection. I got
quickly excited about superconductivity
and quench, and I still am—after more
than 10 years.
My mentor and my experiemce with
him/her: When I was at CERN during my
diploma thesis, my advisors were Dr. Ezio
Todesco and Dr. Luca Bottura. I have al-
ways admired their knowledge and abil-
ity to explain things in such a clear and
patient manner. At LBNL, I worked with
Dr. Helene Felice and Dr. Schlomo Caspi.
I learned a lot from their vast experience
with superconducting magnets and from
their high standards for the methodologi-
cal rigor and ambitiousness of results. In
Tampere my mentor and supervisor has
been Dr. Antti Stenvall. We have a great
team spirit within our small group in
Tampere, and I know that I can always
trust in Antti’s support in whatever tech-
nical, scientific, social or even philosophi-
cal problems I encounter at work.
My present company/position: I
work at Tampere University in the super-
conductivity and modeling group. I have
an Academy of Finland post-doctoral re-
searcher fellowship.
My contributions to the cryogenic
field: I have worked in the design of
quench protection for superconducting
accelerator magnets for 10 years. I have
developed software and methods for an-
alyzing the effectiveness of heater-based
protection and looked for different ways
to optimize it. The last three years I have
been supporting the design of the 16 T
dipole magnets for the Future Circular
Collider. During the initial magnet de-
sign phase, I developed methods and
tools to help ensure that the final mag-
nets will be protectable.
Together with a colleague at CERN,
Marco Prioli (now at INFN Milan), we de-
signed the conceptual protection schemes
for the magnets either using the heaters or
the new Coupling Loss Induced Quench
technology. It turns out that CLIQ is the
more promising alternative in protecting
these challenging high energy magnets.
Until now, the FCC magnets have only been
designed on paper. I am eagerly looking
forward to this demo magnet development
and experimental characterization and the
designed quench protection systems.
What are the most important develop-
ments in cryogenics? If we look at present
developments from an accelerator magnet
point of view, conductor development to-
wards HTS and Nb3Sn wires with higher Jc
and lower cost is important.
Also, I think that development of more
and more comprehensive computer simu-
lations is important. That will allow us to
reduce the cost of experiments, shorten the
design and fabrication time for large and chal-
lenging devices, and allow for cost optimiza-
tion in design. In my work, I have tried to
address magnet design optimization from a
quench protection point of view.
What advances do you hope to see
in the future? I have happily followed
the improvements in the computer mod-
eling methodology and software de-
velopments during recent years. This is
undoubtedly something that will continue
to advance every year. In particular, I look
forward to seeing the CERN-developed
STEAM (Simulation of Transient Effects in

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 38 cryogenicsociety.org

Accelerator Magnets) framework used at its
full potential.
I also hope to see artificial intelligence
in use for the design of accelerator mag-
nets and other devices. This is something I
would like to focus on myself in the next
years.
And finally, as do we all, I hope to see
a cost-reduction in HTS conductors, smaller
and portable cryostats and serious infusion
of superconducting applications to fields
such as electrical networks, wind turbines,
and transportation.
Where can readers find out more about
your projects? www.researchgate.net/pro-
file/Tiina_Salmi or go to the FCC website
for more news (fcc.web.cern.ch).
Seungwhan Baek, 34
My educa-
tional and profes-
sional background:
My undergraduate
major is mechani-
cal engineering.
(I didn’t like the
thermodynamics
course at that time,
but I enjoyed heat transfer.) During my
masters courses, I studied the high tem-
perature fuel cell system. My doctoral the-
sis describes heat exchanger performance
deviation in the cryogenic environment.
The target system was mixed refrigerant
JT cooling system.
How I got into cryogenics: I met cryo-
genics during my PhD. My first cryogenic
experiment was an investigation of a micro-
channel heat exchanger between 77 K and 300
K. I never knew or thought about tempera-
tures below -20° C, the operating temperature
of a commercial home refrigerator. It was
exciting to create a bridge between room and
cryogenic temperatures. The first experiment
was not easy, though; creating a leak-free
vacuum environment took me several weeks.
Attaching thermometers without breaking
lead wires and twisting was also a temper-
testing operation.
My mentor and my experiemce with
him/her: It was a great honor to work
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
with Peter Bradley and Ray Radebaugh at
NIST. I spent my post-doctoral life as a
guest researcher at NIST in Boulder. Peter
was my cryogenic professor, colleague,
and life mentor. Of course, he was also
my boss. Peter taught me the basics of
cryogenic measurements, from the prin-
ciples and history of thermometers to the
full calibration of thermometers before
every use. To this day, I always validate
thermometers before every use, as Peter
instructed me.
My present company/position: I am
a senior researcher at the Korea Aerospace
Research Institute (KARI). As a part of the
space launch vehicle research and develop-
ment office, we are constructing and testing
the “Made in Korea” space launch vehicle.
I am working on cryogenic heat transfer
analysis in a rocket, specifically the cryo-
genic helium heat exchanger, cryogenic
natural circulation, cryogenic propellant
management, etc.
Awards/honors:
—NIST Material Measurement
Laboratory Accolade 2015 (Measurement
Science Excellence) as a guest researcher
at NIST.
—KARI Best team of 2018: Our launcher
propulsion system team led the launch ve-
hicle complex ground hot-firing tests last
year, KARI acknowledged the achievement
of our team.
My contributions to the cryogenic
field: The application of the microchannel
to the cryogenic system is a trend these
days. Our group showed the feasibility of
fabricating a microchannel heat exchanger
using etching and diffusion bonding.
We discovered some odd features such
as axial conduction and two-phase heat
transfer phenomena were experimentally
validated, meaning it will be possible to
make cryogenics systems smaller and
smaller. For example, a lighter rocket heat
exchanger can be constructed with micro-
channel technology.
What are the most important devel-
opments in cryogenics? The JT expansion
system with a glass-etched microchannel.
This small and visible JT system enables
easy access to cryogenics.
39
What advances do you hope to see
in the future? As high performance smart
devices become popular, cryogenic cooling
devices with superinsulation may become
as small as smartphones. It will take about
10 years to achieve this advance.
In terms of rocket science as rocket
science, a zero-boiloff propellant system
should be developed to enable the inter-
planetary trips. I will work hard to help
achieve this!
Where can readers find out more about
your projects? https://www.research-
gate.net/profile/S_Baek or https://orcid.
org/0000-0002-6375-6767.
Christopher M. Anton, 37
My educational
and professional
background: I have
a BS and PhD in
mechanical engineer-
ing from Michigan
Technological
University. My grad-
uate research focused
on the growth, deposition and patterning of
a photosensitive biological membrane onto
semiconductor substrates in order to create
novel optical sensors.
I held a postdoctoral fellowship at the US
Army Research Laboratory in Aberdeen MD
from 2008-2010. I contributed to both the na-
noelectronics and biological inspired devices
groups, with a primary focus on the develop-
ment of chemical and biological sensors based
on carbon nanotube field effect transistors. I
worked as a research scientist at Episensors,
Inc. from 2010-2015, serving as the project
lead in the development of several short-
wave infrared camera systems with inte-
grated cryogenic cooling systems. Since 2015
I have worked as a Senior Project Manager
at Meyer Tool & Manufacturing (CSA CSM),
where I am responsible for quoting, design
and project management of a wide variety of
cryogenic related projects.
How I got into cryogenics: My earli-
est exposure to cryogenics was through the
study and use of scanning electron micros-
copy and focused ion beam machining dur-
ing my graduate X continues on page 40
cryogenicsociety.org
Young Professionals... Continued from page 39

studies and postdoctoral work. These sys-
tems rely on liquid nitrogen cooling as well
as high vacuum in order to operate. During
my time at Episensors, I was in charge of de-
signing and fabricating a modular dewar sys-
tem capable of cooling a short wave infrared
focal plane array to cryogenic temperatures
using a commercially available closed-cycle
cooler system. The experience gained in these
earlier projects led me to join Meyer Tool &
Manufacturing, where the majority of my
efforts focus on the design and management
of complex cryogenic and vacuum related
projects.
My mentor and my experiemce with
him/her: Prof. Craig Friedrich served as
my PhD advisor and provided excellent
support and encouragement while also al-
lowing me the freedom to overcome chal-
lenges and find solutions independently.
With regard to cryogenics, two people have
provided critical mentoring as my career
has progressed. I worked very closely with
Robert Crosby at Episensors, and learned a
great deal about dewar design and hands-on
fabrication. I also had the privilege to work
closely with Meyer Tool VP of engineering
Ed Bonnema and benefited from his decades
of experience in the design and fabrication of
cryogenic systems and subsystems.
My present company/position: I cur-
rently serve as a Senior Project Manager at
Meyer Tool & Manufacturing, where we
specialize in the design and fabrication of
customized cryogenic systems, vacuum
chambers, pressure vessels and complex
weldments and machined parts. I am the
technical lead on some of our more com-
plex and longer-term projects from initial
introduction to potential customers, to the
design and quote stage, through comple-
tion of fabrication and delivery of the
project to our customer. I have been iden-
tified as successor to Ed and I am a leader
of engineering improvement initiatives,
actively pursuing ideas to implement
positive company change. I mentor newer
and/or less experienced engineers as they
onboard and pursue personal growth and
career development.
My contributions to the cryogenic
field: I have been the project manager for
a wide variety of cryogenic-based proj-
ects during my time at Meyer Tool. I have
managed liquid helium cryostats, vacuum
jacketing of niobium superconducting
cavities, thermal shields, LN2 cooled dewar
systems, transfer lines, and a variety of
vacuum chambers for cryogenic applica-
tions. These projects were delivered to key
institutions in the cryogenics community,
including Fermilab, Argonne National Lab,
Jefferson Laboratory, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory.
What are the most important develop-
ments in cryogenics? From a manufactur-
ing perspective, the effective collaboration
between scientists, engineers and skilled
fabricators has been and will continue to
be crucial in moving the field of cryogenics
forward. Complex cryogenic systems often
make use of exotic materials, complex weld-
ments and tightly toleranced components in
order to achieve optimal operation. I strive
to understand the goals of every project we
are awarded, often pre-award, and work
with customers to optimize design and
manufacturing workflow for the desired
results in a cost-effected manner.
What advances do you hope to see in
the future? Future advances in cryocoolers
(improved cooling power, increased effi-
ciency, reduced size) could lead to exciting
new opportunities in the field of cryogenics.
As cryocoolers continue to improve, it will
be necessary to determine whether they or
conventional cryogenic cooling are the best
fit for a given application, and designing the
overall system appropriately.
Where can readers find out more about
your projects? While many of our projects
are covered by NDAs, those that can be
shown are often highlighted by the Meyer
Tool & Manufacturing sales department,
both via continual updates the company
website (https://www.mtm-inc.com/) and
through our monthly company newslet-
ter (sign up at https://www.mtm-inc.com/
newsletter-signup.html). Personally, I can
be followed at (www.linkedin.com/in/
christophermanton). ■

CRYOGENIC REFERENCES

CSA Updates List of Cryogenic References

With generous help from our board and members, CSA has updated its list of Cryogenic
References, including conference proceedings, journals, periodicals, books, websites and
more. The references are available online and as a PDF. Click through now to discover something
new and be sure to contact editor@cryogenicsociety.org with any additional resources.
www.cryogenicsociety.org/resources/cryogenic_references

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 40 cryogenicsociety.org

Hydrogen Transportation Systems See
Incremental Adoption in France
Two modes of transportation are and Dutch buses with its stations in Oslo the 1,000 Bus Plan that calls for deploying
being redesigned for the public by and Rotterdam. 1,000 hydrogen buses and 200 hydrogen
means of a hydrogen makeover. This powered heavy vehicles by 2023. ■
summer, hydrogen powered buses and These efforts are the first in France’s
bicycles were introduced in France in National Hydrogen Plan, which includes
conjunction with the country’s green
energy initiatives.

The bus is the first in the country’s

effort to move to a 100% clean bus fleet.
Deployed on the route between the cit-
ies of Versailles and Vélizy in the île-
de-France region of northern France, the
bus will serve roughly 1,000 passengers
a day. The number 264 bus holds 39 ki-
lograms of hydrogen and has a range
of 300 kilometers. To fuel and service
the bus, and the additional buses al-
ready commissioned for the region, Air
Liquide (CSA CSM) recently completed
The first French hydrogen powered bus introduced in Alpha model, the first commercially available electrically
its third hydrogen fueling station in the Yvelines. Image: RTL via FuelCellsworks.com assisted bike with a fuel cell. Image: Pragma Industries
Greater Paris Area. This station, loca-
tion in Lew Loges-en-Josas, is capable
of fully charging the hydrogen fuel cells
that power the bus in just 20 minutes.

Hydrogen powered bicycles were

introduced at the G7 summit held this
summer in Biarrtiz. World leaders and
media personnel had access to 200 hy-
drogen powered bicycles manufactured
by Pragma Industries. Each bicycle is
capable of 150 kilometers without any
pedal-power from the rider—three times
as far as lithium-ion powered electric bi-
cycles. Pragma claims that each fuel cell
has a life of 15-20 years and the hydro-
gen tanks are slated for indefinite use.
Even after a fuel cell has been “decom-
missioned” from a bicycle, it will still be
usable. The company plans on recycling
the cells in the small generators it sup-
plies to Bangladesh.

Both technologies are proving pop-

ular and other countries are joining the
push away from oil and gas with the
adoption of similar systems. The govern-
ment of Chile placed an order for 1,000
of Pragma’s bicycles after the G7 sum-
mit. Norway has introduced five hydro-
gen buses and the Netherlands has two.
Air Liquide fuels both the Norwegian

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 42 cryogenicsociety.org

Product Showcase
This Product Showcase is open to all companies and related manufacturers offering new or improved products for cryogenic applications.
We invite companies to send us short releases (75 words or fewer) with high resolution JPEGs of their products. editor@cryogenicsociety.org

Cryonova, LLC Master Bond

CC Series Helium Compressors EP21TDCSMed
The new CC series helium compres- EP21TDCSMed is a two component, silver
sors are ideally suited to refrigeration filled, electrically conductive epoxy. It is serviceable
and liquefaction systems in the 12-22 over the temperature range of 4 K to +250 °F. It
gram per second range with a suction can be used for bonding, sealing and coating ap-
pressure of 5 psig and a discharge pres- plications. This system has been tested for USP
sure of up to 270 psig. The company Class VI specifications for biocompatibility.
also offers rebuild services to improve EP21TDCSMed has a paste consistency and
the performance of compressors with a forgiving one-to-one mix ratio by weight. It
new instrumentation and controls in- is formulated to cure at room temperature or el-
cluding sensors, insulation and fly- evated temperatures with the optimum cure being
wheels with Cryonova controlled drives. overnight at room temperature followed by two to
cryonova.com ■ three hours at 150-200 °F. masterbond.com ■

Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc.

Snow River Cascade C80-6HP
The Snow River ® Cascade (C80-6HP)
Thermal System is the most flexible
closed-loop cooling and heating system
offered by Abbess. These systems elimi-
nate the high running cost of liquid ni-
trogen systems and offer precise control
across a wide range of temperatures from
-96 °C to +150 °C.
The C80-6HP can be configured to
incorporate most thermal loads or pro-
cesses, thermal plates, finned heat ex-
changers or recirculating thermal fluids.
abbess.com ■

Fives Cryo, Inc.

Cryomec LABS pump

The Cryomec® LABS pump is a centrifugal pump for air separation

units and industries that consume large quantities of liquefied gases.

A process pump designed for continuous duty and process

applications, it incorporates a barrel-type pump designed to fit onto
any cold box and optimize the equipment’s maintenance down time.

The single stage version has flow rates up to 8,000 liters a minute;
the multistage offers up to 5,000 liters a minute. The pump can be
extracted without dismantling the cold box, suction, bypass and dis-
charge lines and features a mechanical guarantee for 16,000 hours.
Slow-roll and cold standby features are available.
cryogenics-energy.fivesgroup.com ■

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 43 cryogenicsociety.org

 People, Companies in Cryogenics
Scientists at the Department of
Energy’s Fermi National Accelerator
Lab (CSA CSM) have achieved the high-
est magnetic field strength ever recorded
for an accelerator steering magnet, set-
Image: Fermilab
ting a world record of 14.1 teslas, with the
magnet cooled to 4.5 kelvin or minus 450
degrees Fahrenheit. Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory held the previous
official record of 13.8 teslas, achieved at
the same temperature, for 11 years. The
Fermilab magnet is more than a thousand
times stronger than the refrigerator mag-
net that’s holding your grocery list to your
refrigerator.
……………………………………
ISO 7010 provides stan-
dard graphical symbols
for use on safety sig-
nage internationally.
The standard provides
uniform shapes and
colors for specific cat-
egories—prohibition, warning, evacuation
route, mandatory action and fire equip-
ment. The yellow/black triangle is the stan-
dard format for warning symbols and the
snowflake is used to indicate low tempera-
ture or freezing conditions. This symbol is
used to denote cryogenic hazards.
……………………………………
The Government of Papua New
Guinea has approved a $20 billion LNG
project proposed by partners Total, Exxon
Mobil and Australia’s Oil Search. The proj-
ect will produce 5.4 million tons per annum
capacity, consisting of three LNG trains.
Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5
The resulting natural gas resources will be
the equivalent of over 1 billion barrels of oil.
……………………………………
Nhan Tran and Xingchen Xu,
two Fermilab scientists, have received
Department of Energy Early Career
Research Awards—an award designed to
“bolster the nation’s scientific workforce by
providing support to exceptional research-
ers during the crucial early years.” Tran will
be continuing his work with deep-learning
acceleration of the boosted Higgs program
and high energy physics computing while
Xu will continue to develop next-generation
niobium-tin superconductors for energy
frontier circular colliders. They join Pedro
Machado as the second and third Fermilab
scientists to receive the award and DOE
funding.
……………………………………
Philippe Lebrun, director of the Joint
Universities Accelerator School at the
European Scientific Institute in France,
has been named honorary president of the
International Institute of Refrigeration.
Lebrun spent 21 years at CERN as both
the head of the Accelerator Technology
department and the co-chair of the CERN-
ITER Collaboration Committee. ITER is a
coalition of 35 nations working to build the
world’s largest tokamak—a magnetic fusion
device for large-scale, carbon-free energy.
……………………………………
CryoSRV, LLC.
has been ISO cer-
tified. CryoSRV provides coldheads,
compressors, chillers and adsorbers—
all in stock.
……………………………………
After struggling to develop a cryogenic
engine, India’s Chandrayaan-2 attempted
to land its Vikram Lander on the south pole
of the moon on September 6. The lander
responded normally and showed nominal
flight statistics during its 35 km descent
until an altitude of 2.1 km. At that point,
the ground team lost contact and commu-
nication with the lander. The Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO) states that it
is still analyzing data from the event, but
44
Image: Indian Space Research Organization
claims there is a possibility the lander is in
one piece on the lunar surface—even if com-
munication attempts are met with silence.
Despite the Vikram uncertainty, ISRO is
reporting a 90-95% mission success for
Chandrayaan-2 as the lunar orbiter is cur-
rently in its intended position and the eight
scientific instruments it carries are operat-
ing normally. The orbiter will continue to
collect data on the surface and sub-surface
of the moon near its polar regions.
……………………………………
Correction: In our previous issue, we
misidentified the affiliation of Hannah
Rana, who received a CSA T.H.K.
Frederking Space Cryogenics Workshop
Student Scholarship. Rana is a researcher at
the University of Oxford’s Cryogenic Lab.
CSA regrets the error.
……………………………………
The American Association
for the Advancement of
Science has named Jessica
Esquivel, Fermi National
Laboratory scientist, an
AAAS IF/THEN ® am-
bassador. Ambassadors
Image: Fermilab
serve as high-profile
role models for middle
school girls. Esquivel, a Fermilab post-
doctoral research associate who works on
the Muon g-2 experiment, is one of 125
women selected from across the United
States by AAAS.
……………………………………
John Vandore has joined the develop-
ment team at the UK Harwell Campus, the
country’s largest science and innovation
cryogenicsociety.org
 Meetings
campus, comprising three prominent vehicles at once and can charge a car in 20
branches—space, energy and life sciences. to 30 minutes, thanks to its high power,

He will continue as coordinator of the
cryogenic cluster of the British Cryogenics
Council, facilitating connections between
the campus and the BCC. Vandore is also
secretary of the International Cryogenic
Engineering Council board.
……………………………………
& Events
200 kW power source. Maryland currently
has nearly 21,000 registered electric vehicles
that can also be fully serviced at the certified
repair facility attached to the station. Future
iterations of similar stations will likely sup- Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer
port hydrogen refueling as well. November 4-5
…………………………………… Enschede, The Netherlands
http://2csa.us/i9

The ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Cliff Fralick, sales National Conference on Cryogenics for
Large Hadron Collider is ready to begin engineer at Sunpower Space
another chapter in its search for new phys- Inc. (CSA CSM),and December 12-14
Thiruvananthapuram, India
ics. A significant upgrade to the experiment, winner of the LEGO®
http://2csa.us/ic
Saturn V rocket at the
2019 Space Cryogenics 7th International Conference on
Workshop, made Superconductivity and Magnetism-
quick work of the ICSM2020
project. After disas- April 19-25, 2020
sembly, he sent it to his Milas-Bodrum, Turkey
http://2csa.us/ih
nephew, Cameron, to
further the fun. Here’s Space Tech Expo & Conference
Image: Cliff Fralick May 18-20, 2020
Cameron proudly dis-
playing his creation. Long Beach
http://2csa.us/ij
……………………………………
8th European Space Cryogenics
Image: CERN
A $50 billion record investment has Workshop
made 2019 a landmark year for LNG April 15-17, 2020
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
called the ATLAS Phase I Upgrade, has re- with Canada and the US leading invest-
ceived Critical Decision-4 approval from the ment numbers and infrastructure devel- Neutrino 2020
US Department of Energy, signifying the opment, according to Fatih Birol, chief of June 21-27, 2020
completion of the US portion of the project the International Energy Agency. Chicago
http://2csa.us/ht
and a transition to operations. ……………………………………
…………………………………… ASC 2020
A SG Superconductors, Paramed June 28-July 3, 2020
Fermilab scientists and engineers, in- Medical Systems and Columbus Tampa FL
cluding CSA’s William E. Gifford Award Superconductors have recently merged. http://2csa.us/ig
winner Ram Dhuley, have achieved a The newly formed Magnets and Systems IIR Rankine 2020 Conference-Advances
landmark result in an ongoing effort to business unit of ASG supplies supercon- in Cooling, Heating and Power
design and build compact portable particle ducting components to global customers Generation
accelerators. For the first time, the team has including the field coils for the ITER nu- July 26-292020
cooled and operated a superconducting clear fusion experiment in Cadarache and Glasgow, Scotland
http://2csa.us/ik
radio frequency cavity with cryocoolers, the two 11.7 T HF-MRI magnets. Paramed
breaking the tradition of cooling cavities by and Columbus, the newer ASG business 29th International Conference on Low
immersing them in a bath of liquid helium. units, develop superconductors. Paramed Temperature Physics
It achieved an accelerating gradient of has produced the cryogen-free open sky August 15-22, 2020
6.6 million volts per meter. The successful MRI system and the high current density Sapporo, Japan
http://2csa.us/ha
demonstration will help reduce the size of power cables, both based on Columbus’
future cooling infrastructures. MgB 2 wire technology. ASG Power ICEC28-ICMC 2020
…………………………………… Systems, a UK subsidiary, and its induc- August 31-September 4
tive fault current limiters uses supercon- Hangzhou, China
http://2csa.us/ii
The first oil-free gas station in America ducting coils that are more compact and
has opened in Takoma Park MD. The sta- efficient than conventional solutions. ■
tion is capable of charging four electric

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 45 cryogenicsociety.org

 Index of Advertisers
Acme Cryogenics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Chart Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Cryo Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover Join CSA and start receiving Cold Facts!
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Cryofab, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover Corporate, in US, number of employees:
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Corporate, outside of US, number of employees:
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1-10, $525 • 11-25, $725 • 16-50, $940 • 51-100, $1,330
101-500, $2,455 • 501-1,000, $5,450 • 1,000+, $7,615
Cryomech, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover Government/Non-profit: $450.
Outside the US, please remit in US $ on US bank. No bank transfers.
CryoWorks, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Charge your membership
CSA Short Course Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 __Discovery __Visa __MasterCard __AmEx

gasworld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Account number Expiration Security code

He Is for Helium, a book by John Weisend . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Signature

HPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Please print

International Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Name Title

Janis Research Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Company

Address
Jobs in Cryogenics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
City State/Country Zip + 4
Lake Shore Cryotronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Email Website
Linde Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover
Phone Fax
Magnatrol Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Send to:
Master Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 New Memberships • Cryogenic Society of America
218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609
PHPK Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front Cover Fax: 708-383-9337

Rockwood Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Join CSA online!
SGD, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 http://2csa.us/join
Sumitomo SHI Cryo America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society
of America, Inc. 218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609
Phone: 708-383-6220 Ext. 302 • Fax: 708.383.9337
Tempshield Cryo-Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Email: csa@cryogenicsociety.org • Web: cryogenicsociety.org
A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase
of cryogenics
Vacuum Barrier Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 SSN 1085-5262 • CSA-C-3894 • October 2019
Printed in USA

Cold Facts | October 2019 | Volume 35 Number 5 46 cryogenicsociety.org