A SPECIALIZED MAGAZINE FOR MEDICAL ENTRANCE & 10+2 EXAMS. JULY 2009 PRICE Rs. 35/- Typical Model Papers Semicircular canals Malleus —ingus Vestibular nerve Stapes in oval window Cochlear nerve _—_— Auditory tube Tympanic nen membrane canal Pinna | ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN EAR i —-Yoar—12 Issue—137 Editor MAHENDRA JAIN ‘Advertsement ATUL KAPOOR (Sosrees tage) ‘Danese en Dent 082 Prone aastous Ezitor/Publisher is not rosponsblo for Views, data, igutes otc expressed in the aicleaby the authors. Editor No pat of this publicaton can be reproduced or transitied In ary form wihoutthe rior written permission from, the pubishers, alte, printed andpublshedby Mehencra ‘Jan for Mis, Pratyogta Darpan, 2/118, ‘Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA-2 and pnted by im at Prativogta Darpan Printing Unit & 6, Byepass oad, Agra, Phone : 4053398, 2531101, 2530986 Fax (0882) 401570, 4059330 E-mail = pubisher@pdgroupin Website wuu-pderoupin CS. /July/2009/ 533 Eaitorial Science and Technology Latest General Krowledge: Science Tips ‘Thermal Physics-! ‘Atomic Physics-Vil ‘Typical Node! Paper ‘Typical Mode! Paper Electrochemistry ‘Aromatic Compounds “A General Survey Typical Node! Paper Typical Mode! Paper Chromosomal Aberrations. ‘TheEar Human Respratory System Typical Node! Paper Typical Node! Paper Beverages : Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Cyanobacteria, Genetic Code anc Protein Synthesis, ‘Typical Node! Paper ‘Typical Mode! Paper ‘Typical Node! Paper Crean) ‘Assertion and leason Type Questions True or False Do You Know ? General Awareness Mental Abilty Test Correct Solution and Prize Winners of GSV Quiz No. 131 CSV Quiz Contest No. 134To Our Readers Dear Readers, It gives us great pleasure and a sense of safsfaction in presenting to you the July issue of your favourite and trontine magazine ‘Competition Science Vision’ By this time almost all PMTs are over and their resulls are declared. Those of you who have not been successtul and the freshers are now planning for the next pre- ‘medical examinations. If somehow aot, start soon with al serousness. CSV has also started giving textand other reading material rom the begiming of the sylabus, We again assure you that CSV is a unique magazine that meets al your requirements. tis second to none in this Feld. It purposely avoids giving all unnecessary material which is time-consuming and energy-wasting. Our vast ‘experience ofpre-medical ecamnations has made his magazine totaly examination driented and covers aimos! all he majorpre-medical tests held in the count. This s our sincere advice that you must develop the habit of doing hardwork because there is no alematve 1. Guidance of OSV wl prove immensely use Read CSV regularly and intelligently. N gives you the power to master your career and shape your destiny. With best wishes for your all-round success. Sincerely yours, Mahendra Jain (Editor) FORTHCOMING COMPETITIVE EXAMS. 2008 ieee ee a eee eas es eine en ae Ui aera ca capone eon oe i _ Cokcumee a) Se tae ‘Bihar IT! Combined Entrance Test, 2909 (June 7) United Bank ct india Probationary Cash-cum-General Re oe fe cues ioe Delhi Folice Sub-Inspector Examination (Jung 7) Federal Bank Probetionary Otficars Exam. {dune 28) are mameny omens on ewes! eaten ea an ‘Rewa Sidhi Gramean Bank Cletk-cum-Cashier Exam. (June 14) MP. Pre-Medical Test (duly 5) ‘8.5.6. Section Oftizers (Comercial Audit) Exarn,, 2008 (dune 14) Chhattisgarh Sashatra Bal/Bharat Rokshit Vahini Consiablo ‘Andra Bank Clerical Cadre Exam. (dune 14) Recruitment Test (General Duty) (July 10) Delhi Subordinate Service Selection Board Fire Operaton ‘Gurgaon Granin Bank Officers (Scale-1) Exam. (duly 12) G.S.LR-UGC NET Exam, (dune 21) S.C. Data Entry Operator Exam., 2009 (Aug. 2) BSNL Junior Telecom Oficers (Telecom, Civil & Electrical) ‘UPSC National Defence Academy and Naval Academy soe ec ae United Bank of India Probationary Officers Exam. (dune 21) Combined Delence Services Examination (I), 2009 (Sept. 13) ane rol epee Ga CY. [July 2009 / 534Editorial For welfare and progress, a life of discipline is very essential whether it be an individual, a group, a society ora nation. For that matter it may be a case of the world It may be mentioned that for want of a discipline, most of our country men appear dejected, pulled down or without any enthusiasm. They seem to be having no goal of life. It is a well known fact the three factors—Family, atmosphere, edu- cational system and political thinking go to form the personality of persons. In the family the individual learns to live in discipline, to obey elders and to lead a cooperative and tolerant life. These things go a long way in making the individual useful to the society and the nation. Aristotle has rightly said that “State is an enlarged form of the family.” The present deve- lopment of civilization owes much to the good traditions and development of the families from generation to generation, To draw out the best, specially the latent powers of the child ought to be the main function of an edu- cational system. To make a perfect ‘man of an individual has also always, been considered the chief aim of education. The aim of the education is the all round development of the individual. This, like the family, goes a Jong way in making the individual an useful instrument in giving proper and designed shape to the nation. The present system of education, which is the legacy of the British rule has been only partially useful in this respect. Although many people find faults in the present system of education yet we will say that the present system has is own merits. In case otherwise it should not have produced big persons like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekanand, Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi and others. Looking at different aspects of the role in the development of the person and the state it may be very easily said that discipline in family and education life has a great role to play in the formation of the person, society and the nation. C.S.V./ July /2009/535/1A ZS (Observe D In the present set up of the society, politics and political thinking have acquired top priority. From the personal life the national interests all depend on politics. We can easily say that the life of the nation has become politically biased Herbert Spencer had forseen the present conditions when he wrote, “You may leave politics, the politics will not leave you.” Family, education and politics play a crucial role in the formation of a person. To play their full role all these three must have a discipline. Discipline is the only one thing that makes one’s life worth-living. In both, peace and war, discipline is neces- sary. What is true of the individual is equally true of the society in which we live, move and have our being. No society can progress without discipline on the part of its members. History bears eloquent testimony to the fact that societies which became subject to indisci- pline went ultimately to ruins. The multi party system in our country has made contusion worse confounded. The main reason is that the party leaders have very little sense of discipline, they have little respect for the declared objects of the party and are only running after seeking pelf and power. The result is that they are hardly making any social or national progress and are fast loosing values of life. People are often heard to say that the present politics has no place for the intelligent or the intellectual. They often are unpalatable meta- phors for the political system. Be as it may, the political life of the country has failed to make any contribution for discipline of the people at large. iscipline, the Path of Progress We should pause a little to think how far our family life, educational system and political system have been successful in disciplining people and develop in them the human quality. The answer may be dis- appointing but we need not be dejected. History tells us that there were times when things had gone worse—But people of firm det mination led a life of strict discipline and thus impacted their neighbour- hood. In the modern times Mahatma Gandhi has been a glaring example ofsuch people. He by his personal example made many persons to lead a disciplined lite which ultimately formed a big discipline party. Education means drawing out of all latent powers and all round deve- lopment of faculties of the human being. It means that certain rules and regulations are to be followed where proper education is concerned. This is nothing but observing a certain discipline. On the path of meditation or spirituality, some discipline, namely Raj Yoga, Dhyana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga or Hath Yoga is to be followed. Where development is concerned, discipline plays a very important role. They say that humanity has become civilized through discipline. We forget that the persons whom we call natives or man of jungle also follow certain ules of conduct and are in a way leading a disciplined life. In the community of abonimals, certain rules of discipline and conduct are followed. In short, where there is human society, there is discipline, because without it, no life is possible. When there is no discipline, there is confusion, disorder and ultimately war, but in war also certain rules are to be followed, the soldiers lead a life of ‘do or die’ discipline and then fight the war. In short, in both, ais- order and peace, discipline is indis- pensable. Therefore, let us remember that discipline is the life blood of the human society, without it, no life is possible.Everything appears coloured to the jaundiced eye. However clever you are, there is someone cleverer than you. I¥you don't crack the shell, you can't eat the nut Using threets of suspension as a major strategy for maintaining discipline does not go a long way. ‘Sooner or later the man who wins's the man who thinks he can Prafor a loss to a dishonest gain; the one brings pain at the mo: ‘ment, the other forall ima, ‘The humblest ctizen of all land, when clad in the armour of righ- teous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error ‘Tobe vanquished and yet not surrender, that is victory What you cannet say before your enemy, do not say before your fiend, CCticiom breeds erticism Is not country more important than community 7 ‘There are some students who are playing the fool at the back of the class but such are surely the boys who roam the streets in the end, Be neither saint, nor sophistled, but aman. Praise is a debt, flattery isa present. ‘Success is never ending, failure is never final Be the best you can be. Memory Retention Contest Opportunity to Win Attractive Prizes I you are appearing at any examination for admission to MBBS course of AFMC, AIIMS, CPMT, CBSE (Medical) and any other Medical College/Institute you have a chance to win an attractive prize. All that you are to do is to send us the list of multiple choice objective questions which were asked inthatexamination ‘on the basis of your memory. The questions should be complete with all the alternatives for answering them. We shall incude all the entriesin the contest. Participants with maximum number of correct questions will be awarded. PRIZES (i) Firstthree participants sending maximum number of correct questions will receive Rs. 200, 100 and 60 as prize. (ii) No prize is admissible for less than 75% questions. Please send your Member~ ship fee by M.O. or Bank Draft. Cheques will not be accepted, Please inform your Correct Address together with the period, the month from which’ you are becoming a member. MO. or Bank Draft will be accepted only in the name of M/s. Pratiyogita Darpan, Agra, subscriber for Competition ‘Science Vision. Kindly send my copy on the following ‘address Name. Address. Pin Tam sending the M.O/Bank. Draft for Rs Dated ... Signature COMPETITION SCIENCE VISION M&s. Pratiyogita Darpan ILIA, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, ‘Aga-282 002 4053333, 2530966, 2531101 (0562) 4031570, 4053330 Re CS. /July 2009536oS Science and Technology =, “Ye. Rebirth of Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble space telescope, the object of NASA's fifth and the last servicing mission, is a veritable time machine that has revolutionalised humankind’s vision and comprehen- sion of the universe. Put into orbit at an altitude of 600 km by the shuttle Discovery on April 25, 1990, Hubble has transmitted more than 7,50,000 spectacular images and streams of data from the ends of the Universe, opening a new era. But the Hubbie telescope, the fruit of a collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency, had a troubled start and did not become operational until three years after its deployment Its lense in elfect had to be fixed because of a flaw in its shape, 2 sen- sitive operation that was not carried out until 1993 in the first shuttle-borne service mission, which installed cotrective lenses. From that time on Hubble space telescope transmitted stupefying images of supernovas, gigantic explosions that marked the death of a star and revealed mysterious black holes in the centre of virtually all galaxies. Helping Hand : In this image taken trom NASA video, Hubble is captured by the ‘space shuttle Atlantis’ robotic arm as it begins its mission to service the space telescope. Thanks to these observations, delivered with 10 times clarty of the most powerful telescopes on the Earth, the astronomers have been able to confirm that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate and to calculate its age with greater C.S.V./ July /2009/537 precision as an estimated 13-7 billion years. The universe's acceleration is the result of an unknown force dubbed dark energy that consti- tutes three-quarters of the Universe and counterbalances the force of gravity. The rest of the cosmos is composed of five per cent visible matter and about 20% shadow matter or anti-matter. Among the other discoveries, credited to Hubble, figures the detec- tion of the first organic molecule in the atmosphere of a planet orbiting another star and the fact that the Process of formation of planets and solar systems is relatively common in our galaxy, the Milky Way. Hubble also has observed small proto- galaxies that were emitting rays of light when the Universe was less than abbillion years old, the farthest back in time that a telescope has been able to peer so far. Eye in the sky : A few of the stunning images taken by the Hubble space tele- scope over the years. In space, Hubble was captured by the space shuttle Atlantis’ robotic arm as it began its mission to service the space telescope. Two astronauts Mike Massimino and Mike Good emerged from the airlock of the shuttle Atlantis and began work on ‘Space Telescope. In addition to the pattial revival of the Advanced Camera for surveys. they installed two new scientific instru- ments and a crucial science computer as well as replaced gyroscopes and batteries to sustain the Observatory’s pointing and power systems. The overhauling prepared Hubble to search for the oldest and the most distant galaxies, map the large scale structure of the Universe and study the planet forming processes around other stars. The two new installed instruments will enable Hubble to look out in time as far as 500 to 600 million years after the Universe's birth with the big bang. Closer to home, Hubble has observed radical changes in the direction of Satum's winds and revealed that Neptune has seasons. Hubble has also examined mysterious lightning flashes on Jupiter and taken astonishing pictures of Mars. New York-Sized Ice Shelf Collapses in Antarctic An area of ice shelf, almost the size of New York City, broke into ice- bergs in April 2009 after the collapse of an ice-bridge widely blamed on global warming Warming Disaster (Top) A satellite image of the Wilkins Ice Shelf, taken on April 27, shows icebergs covering an area of 700 sq km that have broken off. Professor Angelika Humbert, a glaciologist of the University of Muenster (Germany) analysed the European Space Agency Satellite images of the Shelf of Antarctic andcame to this conclusion. She (Prof. Humbert) said about 700 sq km of ice-bigger than Singapore or Bahrain and almost of the size of New York City-broke off the Wilkins and shattered into a mass of icebergs. She said 370 sq km of the ice had cracked in recent days from the Shelf, the latest of about 10 shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula to retreat in a trend linked by the U.N. Climate Panel to global warming The new icebergs added to 330 sq km of ice that broke up earlier in April 2009with the shattering of an ice bridge apparently pinning the Wilkins in place between Charkot island and the Antarctic Peninsula. Nine other ice shelves have receded or collapsed around the Antarctic Peninsula during the past 50 years, often abruptly like the Larsen A in 1995 or the Larsen B in 2002. The trend is widely blamed on climate change caused by heat-trapping gases from burning fossil fuels Most Distant Object in the Universe Spotted Astronomers have spotted the most fant object in the universe, which is self-destructing star that exploded 13-1 billion light years from Earth. It detonated just 640 million years after the big bang, around the end of the cosmic ‘dark ages’, when the first stars and galaxies were lighting up space. The object is a gamma-ray burst—the brightest type of stellar explosion. Gamma-rays bursts occur when massive spinning stars collapse to form black holes and ‘spew out jets of gas at nearly the speed of light Stars ‘Eat Up’ Planets Cannibalism is rampant in our universe. Stars ‘eat’ the exoplanets that venture near them. The new study has revealed that the exoplanets are doomed to premature deaths even before they could get close to be ripped apart by the host star's gravity, a finding that may help explain why few exoplanets are found ext to host siars. The research team C.S.V./ July /2009/538 is lead by Professor Brian Jackson of the University of Arizona (U.S.A) In accordance with this research, a star's gravity can put a nearby planet on a ‘ast track’ to spiralling into the star and may also cause the planet to lose much of its atmosphere. More than 300 exoplanets have been catalogued to date. Many are situated close to the host stars, But the closestin ones are commonly found some 005 astronomical units (AU) from their host stars. But, no one is sure why the planets seem to pile up there. Very close to a star, at a boundary called the Roche limit, planets are dismembered by the star's gravity. But the migration of planets seems to stop there ? Some models suggest gas and dust in the disc around a star could drag the planets inward. Forthcoming Space Telescopes to Peek into Future A couple of space telescopes, that are going to be launched very shortly, will answer some of the biggest questions of the universe Scientists hope that the probes will answer questions such as how did we get to, where we are now, and where are we likely to end up. Each telescope is designed to probe the deepest reaches of space to unravel the origins of matter, from the earliest beginnings of the universe, some 13-7 billion years ago to the creation of the stars, galaxies and planets. One of the telescopes called, ‘Planck’, will study in unprecedented detail of the ancient ‘fossilized’ radiation left over as a relic of the big bang. The analysis could help to explain how the universe formed through a process of rapid expansion in the first fractions of a second after the big bang itself The other space telescope to be launched is ‘Herschel’. It will concen- trate on the invisible, infrared radiation emitted by the star-forming regions of the galaxies on the hope of explaining how stellar objects from stars like the Sun to planets such as Earth, can form from clouds of cosmic gas, dust and debris. Scientists involved in the twin missions hope that the data gleaned from instruments on board each space telescope will enable them to fill in the remaining mysteries of how the universe came into exis- tence, how it evolved and how it is likely to end—if indeed it ever will, Flowers May Bloom on Jupiter’s Icy Moon Scientists have suggested that spacecraft should hunt for signs of lite on Jupiter's ice-covered moon, Europa, since it would be detectable there in the form of blooming flowers. Life could be visible from orbiting spacecraft, however, if it made a hole in cracks in Europa's shell that con- nect the surface to the interior, physicist and futurist, Professor Freeman Dyson reported. Such life might take the form of flowers that focus sunlight on the interior of the plant. Europa flowers could be detect- able through retro-retlection, an optical effect that is seen in light reflected from animals’ eyes (@upkar's - COMPUTER GENERAL AWARENESS (Useful for Various Competitive Exams.) UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGR: mai: pubisher@upkacin Website wwwaparinal ‘AWARDS/HONOURS) Whitley Award—vilidite bio- logist M.D. Madhusudan has been awarded the Whitley Award in recog- nition of his work to reduce human: wildife confit, He is the Director of the Mysore-based Nature Conser- vaton Foundation. The award carties a cash of £ 30,000. Nikkei Asia Prize—Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Chairman and Managing Director of ‘Biocon’ has been awarded the Nikkei Asia Prize, 2009 for promoting regional growth in Asia. Former winners of this award are the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and Bangladesh's Nobel Laureate, Mohammad Yunus. Elected FRCP—Nouropeychia- trist E. 8. Krishnamoorthy Professor of the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Chennai, has been elected a Fellow Of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP) for his contributions to the advancement of neurology. This is ‘one of the most prestigious inter- national honour for a physician. BOOKS Payment for Ecosystem Ser- vices —Pushpam Kumar and Roldan ‘Muradian (The book consis's of a variety of issues dealing with the evaluation of ecosystems and chal lenges to PES (Payment for Eco- system Senices} Ancient to Modern—isnita Banerjee Dube and Saurabh Dube (This enthology exolores different aspects of religion in the contoxt of identity and articulation of power). Money, Finance and Political Economy Deena Khakhato (The book is a collection of selected writ- ings. The essays dealing directly with the Indian experience in economic and social development are largely polemics justifying and defending the reform process started in 1991. One of them also deals with the decline CS.V. | July] 2009/539/2 Latest Generall Knowledge {and fall of the Indian intellectuals in postindependent India). Democracy and Human Deve- lopment in India— Naresh Gupta (The author has touched upon the Constitutional setting. demographic Droile end diferent aspects of human development and wel-being). June 4—International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggres- dune 5—World Environment Day June 25—U. N. Charter Signing Day June 26—International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Traf- ficking ‘June 27—World Diabetes Day June 28—Poor's Day DEATHS Prabhakaran—The curtain ‘came down on the 33-month-old-long Eelam War as the Sri Lankan military succeeded in decimating the military Capabilities of the LTTE resulting in death of its all top brass including its Roaring Tiger Silenced Chief Velupiliai Prabhakaran. He had successfully transformed the Tigers from an archetypal querila outfit into ‘a conventional army. This ultimately proved to be his downfall. He was a dogged fighter for a separate home- land for Tamils in Sri Lanka. ‘The 54-year-old son of a govern- ment officer, and a schoo! dropout, Prebhakaran pioneered suicide bom- bing and cynide death for cadres under attack in war for Tamil Eelam thal consumed mote than 70,000 lives, including those of a score of Sinhalese and Tamit leaders apart from former Prime Minister of Incia, Rajv Gandhi Boin on November 26, 194 in the rorthem coastal town of \Velettihurai on the Jaffna peninsula, Prabhakaran, the youngest of four children, began attending political meetings and practising marial ants and soon became involved in the ‘Tamil protest movement. Ho got married on Octobor 1, 1984 in Tirupporur near Chennai and hhag a daughter name Duwaraka and two sons—Charles Anthony and Balachandran. While Charles was killed in battlefront, the whereabouts of others are not known, but it is widely speculated that they are not in Sri Lanka Prakash Mehra—Noted film producer- cutive term. Twenty othe: legislators ( APPOINTMENTS } were also sworn-in as the Ministers. — Panalks Party won 103 seats in Me Ashok Chawla (New Finance 147 member Assembly. Secretary)—Economic Alfaits Secre- Pawan Chamling (CM, Sikkim) — tary, Ashok Chawla, took over as the Pawan Chamling was eworn-in as Union nance Seceary,sucreeang Ohst Ministr of Stim fr fouth Arun Ramanathan who retired. Mr. Successive term, making him the Chawla fran IAS oticor ct 1973, loNgeRt serving Chie! Minter in he Cas ie an iS state. Eleven oiher Minsters were wi ” also sworn-in. Chamling's Sikkim P. K. Barbora (New Vice Chief Democratic Front created history by of Air Staf—Air Marshal P. K, winning in al 32 Assembly seats. Batbora has been aopointed as the D.D. Lapang (CM, Meghalaya)— new Vice Chief of Air Stat. He wil A seven member Congress and ‘assume the chaige on June 1, 2009, Unted Democratic Party coalition Currenty, he has been serving as the Ministry, headed by D. D. Lapang, Air Offeor Commandingin-chet of Waa swornin at the Fal Bhavan Western Air Command. Shilong, Zuma (New President, S.A.)— Deepak Verma (New Judge, Jacob Zuma, the indefatigable fighter Supreme Court—Justice Deepak against apartheid was sworn-in 23 Verma (61), Chief Justice of Rajas- liberated South Africa's fourth Presi- than, has been appoirted as the dentDr. Manmohan Singh—Presi- ent Pratibha Patil administered the oath of office and sectecy to Dr. Manmohan Singh as the Prime Minister of India alongwith his cabinet colleagues in Rashtrapati Bhavan on May 22, 2009. This is Or. Singh's second successive term, President Pratibha Patil Is adminisier- Ing the oath of Oftice ang Secrecy 10 r- Singh Prime Minister Manmohan Singh ‘was bom on Soptombor 26, 1932, in a village in the Punjab province of Undivided India. Dr. Singh completed his Matriculation examinations from the Punjab University in 1948. His ‘acedmic career took him irom Punjab to the University of Cambridge, UK, where he eamed a First Class Honours degree in Economics in 1957. Dr. Singh followes this with a D. Phil in Economics from Nuffiatd College at Oxford University in 1982. His book, “India's Export Trends and Prospects for Selt-Sust [Clarendon Press, Orford, 1964] was an early crtique of India’s inward- oriented trade palicy. In 1971, Dr. Singh joined the Government’ of India as Economic Advisor in the Commerce Minisiry. This was soon followed by his appoiniment as Chief Economic ‘Advisor in the Ninistry of Finance in 1972, Among the many Governmental positions that Dr. Singh has occupied are Secretary in the Ministry of Finance; Depuly Chairman of the Planning Commission; Governor of the Reserve Bank of India; Advisor of the Prime Minister: and Chairman of the University Grants Commission. In what was 10 become ine turning point in the economic history of independent India, Dr. Singh spent five years between 1991 and 1996 as India’s Finance Minister. His role in ushering in a comprehensive policy of CS. | July 2009 /541 ‘eccnomic reforms is now recognized worldwide. In the popular view of those years in Indi that period is inextricably associated with Or. Singh ‘Arrong tho many awards ond honours conferred upon Or. Singh in his pubic career, the most prominant are India's second highest civilan ‘honour, the Padma Vibhushan (1987); the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary ‘Award ofthe Indian Science Congress (1995); the Asia Money Award for Finance Minister of the Year (1993 ‘and 1984); the Euro Money Award for Finance Minister of the Year (1983), the Adam Smith Prize of the Univer- sity of Cambridge (1958), and the Wright's Prize for Distinguished Performance at St. John’s Callege in Cambridge (1958). Dr. Singh has also been honoured by a numer of other associations incuding the Japanese Nihon Keiza: Shimbun Dr. Singh and his wife Mrs. Gussharan Kaur have three daugh- tore (PLACE IN THE NEWS During the last 26 years, LTTE rewrote many of the standards of terrorism. The Sri Lankan armed forces won a comprehensive victory ‘over the LTTE in a military campaign that began in the eastern province in August 2006. With its entire top leadership and thousands of fighting cadres are killed in action, its military structure, assets and capabillies are destroyed, its political organization decimated, the LTTE no longer exists. Bolying conventional wisdom, Sri Lanka has found a military solution to what used to be regarded as an intractable armed secessionist and terrorist challenge. Over a quarter of ccontury, thie war waged and claimed tens of thousands of lives. ‘The images of terrified children, women and men fleeing the tiny sliver Of coastal land in which they were confined by the Tigers for use as human shieled, Senior LTTE leaders ‘made a final hopeless stand for a lost cause will continue to haunt the memories of journalists and others who witnessed these scenes, ‘As the years went by and numerous proposals for a negotiated poltical solution fell by wayside, the fone thing that remained constant was the LTTE’s uncompromising seces- ioniam and militariam, and the rising graph of its terrorist crimes, which included the assassination of the former Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, Sri Lankan President Premdasa, a Sri Lankan Defence Minister, a Foreign Minister and countless others. Now, in the post Prabhakaran era, the Sri Lankan Government needs to address two big tasks— rehabilitation of hundreds of thou- sands of Tamils who have been through a prolonged nightmare and cratting an enduring politcal solution based on far-going devolution of power to the Tamils in their aroas of historical habitation. india, which has excellent relations with is southern neighbour, can make a constructive difference by coming up with a massive rehabilitation package for the North and encouraging Colombo to fast-track the poltical solution. SPORTS Cricket IPL2—The final of Indian Premier League cricket match was played in Johannesburg between Deccan Chargers and Royal Challen- gers, Bangslore on May 24, 2009 at the Wanderers. Anil Kumble was the “Captain of Royal Challengers, Bangalore’ while Adam Gilchrist was the Captain of Deccan Chargers. A fighting unbeaten half century by Herschelle Gibbs (53 runs not out) took Deccan Chargers 143 for six wicket But then it appeared iitially to be an innings dominated by a bowler, leg spinner AnilKumble, who finished four wicket for sixteen runs. Three of his scalps were—Adam Gilchiist, A, Symonds and Rohit Sharma. In a briliant play, Kumble picked himself to bow! the first over alter inviting Chargers to bat. twas Captain versus Captain when Kumble operated to the in-form, Finally, the Royal Challengers, Bangalore could score only 197 runs for 9 wickets and lost to Deccan (Chargers by six runs, ooo| Now, only limited copies are left. Rush your order today Canes VAS I< HIGHLIGHTS OF PREVIOUS ISSUES Y__ i [uty 2008 or Mecano: Vector Ans Jesu Men ie tomes Gua calhand Ves Plast Membane © fecal Mode [= Geet Lt sey ! 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(about major axis) How many protons and neutrons does an «particle possess ? “Two protons and two neutrons What is tracive force ? = Fz) What is conserved in the case of a freely falling body 2 "= sum of kinetic and potential energi What isthe pressuretemperature law ? = (PT) = (PT) ‘An astronomical telescope is made of two lenses of powers 5 D and 20 0. Its magnifying pawer for nor- mal vison is = What is Poynting vector 7 2 eg( Ex B) eee tes » S2Ex ts 1 (Ex He To which region does the eleciromagnetic radiation of wavelength of the order of 1 A beleng ? + Xray radiation flected intensity and incident hy a A4 uF condenser is charged to 400 volt and then its plates are joined through @ resistance. Heat procuced What is ratio of the intensity ? Inthe reoitanostia ~092joule Wat is polarization vector ? np ot a = 0 1P |=, GIP Leen How will you connect three capacitors of 3 uF each 0 that he capacitance of the combination is 4:5 uF? Two in series and then one in their parallet What is the trajectory of @ charged panicle when it is projected perpendicular to a magnetic field 7 * Circle in a plane perpendicular to the field CS.V.{July{ 2009 [543 16. w 18, at Wher @ radioactive nucleus emits a f-particle, the neutron fo proton ratio. decreases \Whatis the dimensional formula of Hubble's constant = (MOLT) In nuclear reactor what isthe luretion of moderators ? **To slow down fast fission neutrons ‘Wat wil be the force when dipoles are aiong the ine Joining their centres ? om, fo? (along 4 What provides the cantipetal force to enasle an earth satelite to move ina circular orbial ? “= The gravitational force of attraction between the ‘earth and the satelite GGremisty> Soe ‘The esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain alcohols are commercially known as = Waxes ‘The fines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom in the visible region are termed as = Balmer series Both mass and volume are extensive properties but, the ratio of mass of a sample to iis volume Is an intensive property, known as Density ‘The idea of elliptical orbits was propounded by Sommerfeld The scientist who first pointed out that an element is any subsiance that cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance “ Robert Boyle's Certain materials lise potassium emit electrons when itradiated with visible light. This is known as “Photoelectric effect ‘Tho torm igotepe was introduced by "= Frederick Soddy High lattice energy of an ionic compound is favoured by “* Small inter-ionic distance and high charge on ions 1 mol of 0 is equalto 16.0 gm and 1 mol of O; will be equal to * 32-0 gm |. The chemical compounds which exist over a range of ‘chemical composition are known as ™Berthollide compoundsat 92, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37. 38. 39. 40, an 42, 43, 4a, 45, 46, 47, When neutron is outside the nucleus. it is unstable and it changes into a proton, and electron and ano- ther element particle, known as = Neutrino The product of the net positive or negative charge and distance between the two charged ends Is known as ‘= Dipole-moment Wnen a neutron collices with a proton, a nucleus of Deuterium is tormed Who discovered chlorine ? =€. W. Scheele (174) A cold glow given out by some substances is called =» Phosphorescence Entire mountain ranges in ltaly consist of mineral dolomite, Chemically dolomite is = MgCOyCaCOy ‘The crystals thai can detect ultrasouns and produce ultrasound are known as Piezoelectric crystals Fiuoroapatie is commercially important as a source of phosphate, The composition of fuoreapalite is *[3{Cag(PO,).}-CaF,) The SI unit of pressure is “* Pascal (Pa) [1 alm = 101,325 Pa = 101-225 kPa} Aluminium articles are often given decorative finish by electrolysing dil, H_SO, with the aluminium anode. This precoss is known as © Zoology > Zoology What is the name of the hormone that causes deposi- tion of fat in breset and hips in ferale humans during puberty ? ‘= Anodising = Estrogen A group of coclomate metazoans in which the first temibsryonic opening is associated with the mouth is ‘= Protostome Which fon must be present for binding of the cross, bridges in muscles ? “* Calcium ‘Most of he carbon dioxide is transported in the blood stream of humars is, = Bicarbonate ion ‘What is called the form of enzymes that are encoded by different allelic genes ? ‘= Allozymes ‘A small calearecus granules found in the inner ear of many marnmals, is = Otolith (Over production of which neurotransmitter has been associated with the montal disordor, callod schizophrenia ? = Dopamine CSV. | July] 2009 /544 49, 5 Ridges or folds found in the lining of vertebrate stomach is called =Rugae Whore each restriction anzyme cleaves a molacuila ? ™ Ata particular nucleotide sequence A rod of bone or cartiage thal forms the only ear ‘cseicle in amphibians, birde and reptiles ie called *Collumelar auris ‘Where the spermatogenesis occurs ? “= Seminiferous tubules In cerebrum, the roof of each paracoel is called Pal 53. Which hormore prevents dehydration of human 87. body? ADH Fart of coelom in mammals containing lungs and: lined by preurais, ‘*Viscera Which area of human brain is responsible for arousal end wakeluiness ? * Reticular formation Large marine mammals well adapted for aquatic ite are collectively known es *Cetacea Which ion is most concentrated outside a resting potential ? Sodium 58. The endocrine partof pancreas consists of ‘= Islets of Langerhans 59. Which kind of cells transmit the sensory impulses in et human eye te opticnerve ? ‘= Ganglion cells: ‘The cells ‘rom Graatian follicle that surround the ovu- lated mammalian egg are known as = Cumulus cells © Botany Who propared an infectious extract from tobacco: Plants thai wore suffering from mosaic disease ? *D. Livanovsky ‘When doce chromosome number becomes halved ? In meiosis during anaphase-| ‘What type of lysine, an amino acd, is ? Basic amino acid ‘What food is used by fungal partner made by algal partner ina lichen ? ‘Mannitol ‘What refars to the number of desth per urit time 7 = Mortality What is the major role of phosphorus in plant metabolism ? To generate metabolic energy (Continued 00 Page 612)on Physics THERMAL PHYSICS-! (Thermodynamics and Heat Engines) ‘Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is that oranch of physics in which heat is converted inio other forms of energy and other forms of energy are converted into heat. Ths branch deals the transformation of heat into mechanical work and the inte-relationship between them ‘Thermodynamical Variables Thermedynamical variables are those parameters which define the thermodynamical system completely ‘These are pressure (P}, volume (V), temperature (T), internal ene-ay (U) and entropy (S). These are also called thermodynamical coordinates, ‘Thermodynamical Equilibrium A system is sat to be in thermodynamical equi: brium if the temperature of its various pants is the same ‘and equal to that of surroundings. External Work done (W) When a body is heated, it expands. This is opposed by extemal atmesphoric prassure, The work dono against ‘extomal atmospheric pressure during expansion of a body is called extemal work, |» Workdone = Force «displacement Pressure x area displacement = Pressure x change in volume on aW=Pay AW =P (V)~V4) where, V, = Inti volume of gas, Va = Final volume of gas (IVa > Vy, then AW = 4v0, then work is dane by the systom (i) IV2.< Vy, then AW = —ve, then work is done on the system (il) IV, = Vp 0 V = constant, then AW © I pressure is constant, then work cone W=PV;-V. © It pressure and volume voth are variable then the work dene -Sirav Area between P -V curve and veluma axis © If the system expands into vacuum (Iree expansion), then aw = 0 CS.V.{July{ 2009 [545 P-V diagram or indicator diagram—A graoh bat- ween pressure (P) and volume (V) is known as P-V agram or indicator diagram, roa under P-Y diagram = Work done, ‘ea = Work done by the ‘98s in path AB Cyclic Process (or Closed Path) Cyclic process is that process in which the system returns to its original state (P, ¥, 1) after doing work or alter work being dane on it The work done on the system or work done by the sysiom depends uson tho area of yc, Ilthe oyelo traced In clockwise direction then the network is done by the gas ‘and ifthe cycie Is traced in anticockwise direction the net work is dene on the gas. Conversion of units—Work is measured in joule or ‘erg and heat is measured in kilo calorie or calorie. In the relation W = JH, is conversion lactox InCGS. system J = 42x10" eraical In MKS. system J = 4:2 103 joule/k cal 4-2 jouleical InFP-S. system J = 778 toorpoundie.Tm.u, Example 1. When a body falle from a great height (e.g., water in a waterfall, potential energy is finally converted into heat eneigy. Here the temperature increases slightly. Jxmsat gh Js Example 2. Whan a bullet is fired at a targot, Kinetic ‘energy is converted into heat energy and the temperature Increases too much, Here Lmvesins ay Wout oes not mt and g mad (ms At+ mL)Example 3. When a piece of i great height, if a part of it mets, then mgh = J (mL) m+ Mass ol ice mets e (hail) falls from a m= Total mass of ice whole of ice malts, then mgh = Jxmi. Jk ~ n= 34k 9 Internal Energy (U) Every substance is made of tiny particles, known as molecules. The molecules of a substance possess kinetic ‘energy due to the translatory motion or temperature. ‘Translational K.E. of molecules is proportional to absolute temperature. The molecules also possess potential energy (E,) due to their position, or inler-rolecular force of attraction The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of all molecules of a system is called internal energy or intinsi¢ eneray ot the system. © Ina perfect gas or ideal gas, there is no force between its molecules, hence their potential energy is zero, they have only kinetic eneray. Therefore, internal energy of a perfect gas is entirely inthe form of kinetic enargy of ite molecules. © Since kinetic eneray of molecules is proportional to temperature, therefore, internal energy of a perfect gas doponds only on tomporaturo and rot on ite pressure and volume. It is called Joule’s law. Thus, fora pertect gas (w).-° (=), (w)-* Ga)-* © For isothermal change temperature T remains constant. Hence, U remains constant, ie., AU = 0. © In real gases, since there is a force of attraction between molecules of the gas, hence thelr potential energy is not zero. Therefore, internal energy of @ real gas is in the form of kinebe energy and potential energy ofits molecules. Hence, internal energy of real gas depends upon all pressure (P), volume (V) and tempersture (7) =0 CS.V.{July{ 2009 /546 Inthe figure U, = internal energy of the gas in initia state (/) Uys Internal energy of the gas in final state (f) Then change in internal energy aU =U/-U, AU does not depend upon the path chosen. Hence, internal energy is called unique function (but work done by a gas deponds upon the path chosen) For a closed path—Chango in internal energy 4U-=0. Hence, U-= Constant AW 2 0 ae 0 and First Law of Thermodynamics According to Clausius, “When some amount of heat is given to a systom, then a pai of itis used to do work. ‘and remaining part is used to change internal energy of the system.” Lot Qbe the amount of heat given to a system. ‘Then AU = Uy~ U;-> Change in internal energy of the system, Weer P avy Then ° Work done by the system auew AUsP av) Applications of first law of thermodynamics (a) For isothermal change (in case of perfect gas)— Since, temperature T = Constant So, AU = 0 In this case a-=w (0) For adiabatic change—In this process heat is either given to the system nor taken trom It, ‘e., ‘exchange of heat Qo In this case AU = -W $0 in adabatic compression in the system since W.=-ve hence, AU = 4ve ‘, there will be rise in internal energy of the system or adiabatic compression always. ‘causes healing. Similarly i! there is expansion In the system (adiabatic expansion) since W = +ve, so AU =—ve. Hence, internal energy or temperature of the gas falls or adiabatic ‘expansion causes cooling, (6) For isochoric change—Sinc> volume Constant Hence, Q = aU=mG, ar ‘Therefore, in isochorie change the heat supplied to the system is used up in increasing internal energy of the system,(@) For isobaric change —In this process P = Constant Q = mG, at AU = moat Hor, Cy is specific hoatof gas atconstantprossuro. ‘Therefere, in isobaric change the heat supplied to the system is used partly in changing the volume and party in changing temperature. (e) For isolated system—An isolated system is one which Is completely cut off from tne surroundings, therefore, Q= 0, and there is no change in internal energy ie, AU = 0 and hence, AW = 0, So system does not porform any work (9 For cyclic process —For this process change in internal energy AU = 0. Hence, Q=w i.e., whole of the heat supplied to the eystom is used in doing work against external pressure. Specific Heat of Gases Specific heat of a gas depends on the condition of pressure and volume of the gas during is heating, Accordinaly specific heat of a gas may be anything from zero to infinity. In general wo modes of heating a gas nas been selected. They are (a) Al constant pressure (b) At cons: tant volume. Accordingly there aro two specitic heats In case of gases. (0 Specific heat at constant pressure (C,) (i) Speeiic heat at constant volume (C,) Cp> Cy, = avo Incase of C,, volume V = Constant Hence. work done by gas W =P AV = Obutin case of C,, pressure P = constant. Therefore, when gas is healed Its volume increases and some work (W = P AV) Is done by the gas. Hence extra amount of heat should be given to the gas lo do this work. SoC, > Cy, = Extra work cone Pav PV>= PV, RT, - RT, A(T + RT R G.-C) = {Wis known as Mayer's formula For one gm mole gas, C,— Cy = 2 calimolo-K Molar Specific Hoat I is equal to specific heat mutiplied by the molecular weight M. Thus, Gp = MxCy Gy = MxG, CSV. July /2009/547/3 and Values of Specific Heats C, and C, for Gases (a) For monostomie gases (o.9. He, Ne Ar etc) cy = 2h =3calimole-k 5 2R =Sealimole-K C= 5R Cp = ZR 7 calmoleK G, ye hata (¢) Polyatomic gases 3 =6 calimole-K 4B =8 celimole-K © For moles of gas AU = ny aT and AQ = nG,aT AW = s0-AU=nRaT Nature of Intornal Enorgy Every thermodynamic system has some internal energy which is characteristic ofits state. It consists of kinetic energy due to molecular motion and potential ‘enercy due to molecular attraction. We know that monoatomic molecules undergo only tianslational motion, ie. the ceatre of mass of the mele- cule moves {tig.(a)]. Hence, these molecules have kinetic energy due to translational motion FH LQ ee ‘Tranaational Motion Rotational Motion @ (0) Vibrational Motion () Diatomic and polyatomic molecules undergo not only the tanstational motion inside the substance; but also rotate about the axis passing through the centre of mass cf the molecule fig. (b}] and alzo vibrate relative to each ther fig. (). Thus, in Giatomic and polyatomic molecules, in addition to Kanstational motion, there is also internalrotational motion and vibrational motion. Hence, these molecules in adgition to translational kinetic energy, have rotaljonal kinetic energy and vibrational kinetc energy also, Thus, the internel energy of a substance consists of (i) The translational kinetic energy of molecules. (i) The interne! rotational and vibrational Kinetic energies of molecules (if they are polyatomic) Tho potential energy of the molecules duo to Inter-atomic forces. i) Important Points to Note 1, ideal gases—In case of ideal gases there is no molecular atraction between the molecules. Hence, they have no potential energy. Thus, the internal energy of an ideal gas is only he kinetic energy ofits molecuies, 2. Real gases—In racl comprassed gases the molecules come closer and so exert appreciable force on fone another. Hence, potential energy also adds to ther internal eneray. Since, potential energy is negative, it {ollows that intemal energy o! a compressed gas is less than ils internai enorgy in rarofiod state at tho same temperature. 3. Liquids—Molecules in liquids are very close to ‘one another exert stronger forces and possess sufficiont potential energy. But their translation motion is very limited in comparison to gas moiecules. Since potential eneray is negative, the internal energy of the liquids is ‘very small compared to the internal energy of the gas at the same tomporaturs. 4, Solids—in solids molecules ate fixed in detinite positions in a lattice. These molecules vibrate to and fro about those positions but can noi leave these posttions permanently. These vibrations are called latice vibrations In solids the potertial energy of molecules is very large. Since this is negative, the internal eneray of sols is less than that of quis. 5. Translational K. E. of molecules—According to the kinetic theory, the translational kinetic energy of the molecules (and not the whole internal energy of the substance) is ditectly proportional to the absolute ‘temperature of the substance. Hence the temperature of the substance rises on increasing the transitional kinetic ‘eneray ofits molecules. ‘Second Law of Thermodynamics Tho first law of thermodynamics states the equi valence heat and mechanical work when one Is completely converted into the other. it simply tells thal when ever work is obtained an equivalent amount of heal je used up, or vise-verea. It does not say enything either about the limitation in the conversion of heat into work or about the condition necessaty for such a conversion, The quest for deciding these poinis led to the formulation of Second Law of Thermodynamics. This law Is generalisation of certain experiences and ‘observations and is concerned with the direction in which ‘energy transfers take place. This law has been stated in various forme but all the statements are equivalent. Below are given two simple forms of this law. According to one statement CS.V.{July/ 2009 /548. ‘tis impossible to convert ‘all the heat extracted froma het body into work ‘ccoiding to a second statement “ia impossible to tranater hest from 9 cold body to a hot body without expenditure of work by an external agency’. 4s an illustration we take the case ofa heat engine Here the working substance takes hea! Q; Irom the not ody (source), converts a pat oft inte work W and gives the rest Qz ‘toa cold body (sink) No engine has ever been signed vehich may convert ‘ll tho heat Q taken fom the sourea sw into work W without giving any eat to the sink. For obtaining 1, continuous work a sink is i rrecessary. In other words, al the heat takon from a body camat be [7 Cold Bos converted into work. @ A refrigerator is a heat enghe running in the reverse iroction. In it, the working substance (a gas) takes in heat from a cold body and gives out to the hotter body (external atmosphere). For doing this it uses. electrical eneray. No reftigerator has yet been signed which may transfer heat from a cold body to @ hot body without using an external source of ‘energy. Itimples that itis impossible for a sel-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to transfer heat from a cold bady to a hat body Efficiency of Heat Engi ‘Amount of heal converted into mechanical work ‘Amount of heat taken from the source Carnot engine (Reversible cycle) For a reversibie cycle a Qe a Refrigerator The efficiency of rever- sible thermodynamic cycle He 800777 (Camot cycle)depands not on TK ‘he nature of fie gas, but only ‘on the temperature range 4, Dotwoon which it cporatos. Carnot’s theorem—No Mechanical engine can be more efficient work” than a reversible engine 7 working detween the same W=0;-C2 lompmrstures poe W = Amount of mechani- 5 cal work given from outside oe which changes into amount Zt Z (Q; ~Q3) of heat.‘Ata Glance Efficiency of Engines Steam engine, = 17% (Max) Petrol engine, = 44% (Max. Diesel engine—y = 55% (Max) and Thus, a> np > me Electric engine ‘e = 90% (Max.) The coefficient of periormance of the religaraton gy a B= w=a,-a Fora reversble cycle @ 1 @ ~ Te bea OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1, The volume of a gas expands by 0-25 m® at constant pressure of 10° Nnv?, The work done is equal to— (A) 25erg (8) 250 joule (C) 250 watt (D) 250 newton 2. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram. The work dane during the cycle is— 1 Py) P20) P| A » B a y D c ey) Py) T= (A) PV (8) 2PV (FV ©) Ze 3. 1 om water at 100°C becomes: 1671 cx. steam at 100°C and at 1 atmosphere pressure when 540 cal heat is supplied, The external work done is nearly — (A) 2208. ®) Zero (©) 169) ©) 21005 4. If 10 moles of oxygen gas is heated at constant volume from 20°C to 40°C. The change in internal energy of the gasis— (A) 1400 cal (B) 1000 cal (©) 400cal_(O) 1000 Kilocal CS.V.{July{ 2009 /549 5. A bullet moving with a uniform velocity v stops suddenly atter hiting the target and the whole mass melts. If the mass of the bullet be mn, specitic heat S, intial temperature 25°C, melting point 475°C and latent heat L. Then— (A) mL = mS (475 - 25) + 1/2 meld (8) mS (475 ~25) + mL = 1/2 mvs (©) mS (475 — 25) + mL = 2Nme (D) mS(475~25) = mL + 2sim2 6. A waterfall is 84 m high. Assum- ing that halt of the kinetic energy of the faling water gots converted into heat, the rise in iemperature of water is— (A) 0-098°C @) 098°C (©) 98C 0) O00s'C 7. 1 gm coal gives 2 kilo cal of heat effectively on burning. The coal ‘costs 14 paise per kg, The cost 10 produce 1 kWh electical energy Is (A) 60 paise (©) 1 paisa @) 6paise (©) 100 prise 8. During the adiabatic expansion of 2 mole of 2 gas, the intemal energy of the gas is found to decrease by 2 joule. Tho work done during the process on the {928 willbe equal lo— (A) 1 Joule @) -1 joule (©) 2joule ©) ~2joule Relation between f and n, 6 10. W 12, 13. It the amount of heat given to a system be 35 joule and the amount of work done by tho system be - 15 joule, then the Change in the invernal energy of the system is— (A) ~50 joule (B) 20 joule (©) 30j0ule (2) 50 joule A gas expands from 50 liv volume to 250 lie at 10° Nim? atm pressure. Calculate the work done by the gas— (A) 2107) @) 2x 104 (©) 2cal_— (0) Zero The kinetic energy of gas mole- culos will be half the value at room temperature (27°C), when tomporaturo becomes (A) 327°C @) 128°C (©) - 123° (@) -27°C ‘The average enoray associated por molecule for a gas whose molecules have n degrees of {reecom is— 1 aT prt) mT gy? (3° @)5aT ‘The efficiency of Carnot engine working between the source at absolute tomperature T, and sink lat absolute temperature T. is— r, Wr Te (1-714, A Carnot engine is working bet- ween temperature 527°C and 27°C. Ils efficiency will be— (A) 625% — B) 75% (©) 60% D) 26% 15, Theoretically the aificiency of Carnot engine is 100%, when the temperature of the sink is— woe ) ok OF oR 18. By opening the door of a rolrigo- rator which is inside the room— (A) The room can be coded to a contain degree (8) Room can be cooled to the temperature of the refrige- ator (C) Ultimately room is slightly warmed (©) The room is nether cooled or warmed 17. One gram of ice, when melts, requires 336 joule of heat. The increase in internal energy will be (A) Equal to 336 J (8) Moro than 336 J (©) Less than 336 J (0) Equal to zero 48. A perfect gas is contained in a oylinder kept in vacuum. The cylinder suddenly bursts. The temperature of the gas— (A) Becomes 0K (®) Romains uncharged (C) Becomes more than before (D) Becomes less than bafore 19. A perfect gas is heated in an Isothermal way. The heat wil be used to— (A) Do external work (8) Increase temperature (©) Increase internal energy (D) Decrease intemal eneray 20. In which process will the change in internal energy be equal to the work done ? (A) Isothermal process (8) Adiabatic process (C) Isochorie process (0) Isovarie provess CSV. | July] 2009 /550 24 22, 28. 24, 28. Werk done in an adiabatic change for a perfect gas depends ‘only on— (A) Chango in volume (B) Change in pressure (©) Change in temperature (D) Change in heat content ‘An ideal Carnal engine whese fefficioney is 40% receives hea! at 500 K, If the efficiency is to be 50%, the iniake temperature for the same exhaust temperature is— (A) 900K —@) 800K (©) 700K — ©) 0K ‘A given mass of a gas expands from the state A to the state B by three paths 1, 2 and 3 as shown in figue. Ws, Wp and Ws respectively be the work done by the gas alang the three paths then— or 7 (A) W,>We> Wy (8) Wi Wa The specific heat of hydrogen {gas al constant pressure is Gy = 3:4 « 103 caloreikg’C and al constant volume is y= 2-4 x 410° ealoriong’C. I eno iklogram hydrogen gas 's heated from 10°C to 20°C at constant pres- ure the extemal work done on the gas to maintain it at constant pressure is— (A) 10° calorie (8) 5 «10° aloo (C) 10° calorie (0) 10° calorie The differential form of ist aw of thermodynamics is— (A) da au-aw (8) da+au=0w (©) dO=au+0w (0) da+ du+dw=0 26. 27. 28. 29, 30. 31 82, 33, Which of the following is not thermodynamic function ? (A) Enhalpy (©) Work done (©) Gibbs eneray (0) Internal energy ‘An ideal heat engine exhausting heat at 77°C is to have a 30% cofficioncy. It must take heat at— (a) rc @) @e7"C (©) 227°C @) 673°C ‘A Carot’s engine first works between 200°C and O°G and then between O°C and ~ 200°C. The raifo of its efficiencies in these two cases s— (A) 000 @) 0722 (©) 0577 (0) 0340 In a Camot’s engine, the tempe- ralure of the source Is found to bbe 727°C and thal of sink to be 27°C. The approximate effi- Clency of the engine is— 07 @) 09 (0) 04 1 A Carnot's engine takes 300 calorie of neat at 500 K and rejects 150 calorie of heat to the sink. The temperature of the sink (A) 1000 — (8) 750K (©) 250K — Q) 125K ‘A lead bullet of mass 21 gm hits ‘a hard target with a volocity 200 mis. The total amount of heat produced would be— (A) 100cal_(B) 1000¢al (©) 500cal (0) 2000cal A gas is compressed at a cons- tant pressure of 80 Nim? from volume af 10m? toa volume of 4 m9. Energy of 100 J is then ‘added 10 the gas by healing. its internal energy is— (A) Increased by 400 J (8) Increased by 200 J (©) Increased by 100 J (0) Decreased by 200 J In a thermodynamic process the pressure of a fixed mass of the {gas is changed in such a manner that the gas releases 20 Jof heat ‘ang 8 J of work is done on the34, 36. 36. 97, 38, 39, gas. Ifthe inital enoray of the gas wes 90 J, then the final internal energy wil be— 2s Baad (©) 185) Bd Find the change in internal energy af the system when system absorbs 2 kio-calore of heat ard at the same time does 500 joule of work— (A) 7900) (B) E2004 (©) 56005) 6400 The officiency of a Carnet’s engine working between steam point and ice point is— (A) 168% — @) 26.81% (©) 368% — ©) 45.8% The coeticient of performance of a refrigerator working between 10°C and 20°C is Wav e677 (777 @) 1097 From what minimum height a block of ice has to be dropped in order that it ay melt completely on hitting the ground ? (Lis the latent heat of ice and J fs joules corstant) (A) moh @) mghid (©) Jug) tg A Camot's engine takes in 3000 I cal of heat from a reservoir at 627°C and i gives itto a sink at 27°C. The work done by the engine ie— (A) 42% 108) (8) B44 108) (©) 168 108, (0) Zero An ideal neat engine working between temperature T; and T> has efficiency 1. If both the tem- peratures are raised by 100 K each, the new efficiency of the heat engine wil be— (4) Equal ton (8) Greater than 9 (©) Lees than » (0) Greater oF less than 1) de- pending upon the nature of working substances CSV.| July] 2009 /551 40, 4 (108 Nim?) 42, A Carnot’s engine operates with a source at 500k and sink at 1975 k. The engine takes in 600 k cal of heat in one cyce. The heat ejected to the sink per cycle is— (A) 250 kcal ©) 950 kal (C) 480 kcal ©) 550 kcal ‘The P-V diagram shows the thermodynamic behaviour of an ideal gas. Tho work done in the complete cycle ABCDA is ~ A 8 12346 ¥ live) > (A) 80004 (®) 5000 J, dane by the gas (©) 5000 J, done on the gas (D) 6 x 10° J done by the gas The figure shows the changes in a thermodynamical system as it goes from A+ B—=C A is given that Un=0, Us =30J and heat given to the system in the process BCs S0u. Pressure P (Nim?) > Volume ¥ im) —+ Which of the following inference from itis nol correct 7 (A) Internal energy of the system in state C is 80 J (8) Heat given 10 the system in process A > Bis 90.1 (©) Heat taken out from the system in process C > Ais ~ 2005 (D) Werk done in complete cycle ABCA is 120d PeesTopic on Physics ATOMIC PHYSICS-VII (Black Body Radiation Laws) == ‘Thormal Radiation Heat traveling by the process af radiation is callad raciant heat or thermal radiation, When heat is propagated by radiation, no material medium is necessary for the transmission an if there is any medium itis not necessary that it should first get itsell heated (as in case of conduc tion ané convection) bafore it coulé assist the propagation Cf thermal radiation, Thermal radiation has following pro- peries (1) Thermal radation travels through emoty space with the velocity of ight (2) Thermal radiaiton exhibits properties of light. The only ditference is that its average wavelength 's greater than that of visible light. Therefore, the thermal radia tion ig called infrared radiation. ‘Ata Glance Some Definitions Total energy density ~The total energy density of radia- tions al any pot ie the taal radire anergy par une vourne ‘around that point forall he wavelengths taken togethor. tis (generaly expressed by us unitis joule m3 Spectral energy density—The spectral energy density for a particular wavelsngth Is the erorgy por unit velume por Urit ate of wavelongih. This is donated by 1, Total emissive power—The ioial emissive power of a bedy isthe radiant aneroy emites per unit tine pee unt surface farea_ of the bouy for all waveungte taken logetner. Iris ‘denoted by E. ‘Spectral emissive power— The spectral enissive power of a body ata parteular wavelengh Is the vadiant energy feited per unt ime per urit surface area ofthe body within Unt wavelength range. I is denoted by ,, Absorptive power—Tne absorpive power of a body at a particular temperature and tor a panicular wavelongth 's Uefined as the Talo of the raclant energy absorbed per uit Sirface area per unittima 10 the ttl antegy incident or the same area of the body in uniliime within a unt wavelength range is denoted by 2 From these dofintions v= fi wda one = fee Black Body and Black Body Radiation A porfectly black-body Ie ona which absorbe all the heat radiations, of whatever wavelength, incident on it. It ether rellects’ nor transmits any of the indent radiation and, therefore, appears black whatever be the colour of incident radiation. Letablack-body be placed in an isothermal enclesure. ‘The body wil emit the full radiation of the enclosure after it is in thermal equiliium with the enclosure, These racia: tions ate independent of the nature of the substance. Glearly the radiation from an isothermal enclosure is ientical with that from a black-body at the same tem- CS.V.{ July{ 2009 [554 perature. Hence, the hest-raciations in an isothormal ‘enclosure are termed as bleck-body radiation In practice no substance possesses strictly the pro- sorties of a black-body. Lamp-black and the platinum black ‘are the nearest approach to a black-body. However, the bodies showing close approximation to a perfectly black- body have beenconstrusted e.g. Forry’e black bedy and Wien's black-body. Kirchhoff's Law It states that the ratio of the emissive power to the: absorptive power for a given wavelength at a given tem- perature is the same for all bodies and is equal to the emissive power of a perfectly black-body at that tempera- ture, Expressed in symbols, it is a ayo Pressure of Radiation The radiation possesses the properties of light. Lke light it exerts a small but definite pressure on the surface ‘on which tis incident For normal incidence on the surface, the pressure of radiation is equal to the energy censiy, ie. l The density of radiation u is simply the amount of radiation contained in unit volume ard is, therefore, equal to Ve whore | io the intensity of radiaton and cia tho vyolocty of light For diffuse radation peu Pressure = 3 x Enorgydonsty tot! Row grey. Stefan-Boltzmann Law Sif’ aw sas tatho ao of ericson of raat encrpy oy unt ava ea pect Haronny eae) frontal te th forth power ateolde tow tiem ob eso whore constant andi ea Stan constrt. The unit of o is Um-® s~*K~# or War? K-4. The lain th above om rst tho onieson ony sngrate hones af eat yh ts ater encarge wih ‘he cureundnge, The law canbe encase ope dort te et fetf hel and maybe oui ag ‘awe A black-body at absolute temperature T surrounded by another black-body at absolute temperature To nol onlyloses an amount of eneray oT but also gains «Tot. thus, the amount of heat ost by the former per unt tine is given by £ =o (tT) The law is known as Stefan-Boltzmann's law as Botmann deduced it ermodynamally in 1884 and showed that the law stitly applies to emission ftom a perfectly black-body. Newton's Law of Cooling It states that the rate of loss of heat trom a body is proportional to the mean excess. tomperature oF the boxy ‘over the temperature of its surroundings provided thatthe temperature excess is small ie Rao of oss heat from the body « Mean temp. difference Gonsider hot body of mass m, specific heats end al temperature G;. ts temperature falls trom Gy 10> ina time-interval when the temperature of surroundings ist Then 1-09) mse During coding, average temperature of the body 0, 40 3°°, so the average temporature-citlerence bet ween the body and is surroundings is (8 8). According to Newton's law, we have Rate of loss of heat from the body ma) 5 (09 @.-6) ms whore kis a proportionality constant or = (oy) Derivation of Newton's Law from Stefan’s Low Consider that a hot body at temperature Tis surrounded by 2 medium at temperature T. According to Stetan’s law the net rate of loss of heat by the bedy is ee TT) where e is emissive power of the body. Further suppose thet temperature T of the body is ‘only slighty higher than the temperature T’ of tts surroundings both at TAT =aT +n, fy aT) eo[t: (1431)'-15] Since AT is very small compared to T’, hence (TY sat vr T or T 0 the rate of loss of heat is. eo [7 +AT*-T4] by the binomial theorem neglecting higher powers of T/T Rate of loss of heat reef (vet) ] CSV. | July] 2009 /535 = eo (Ar) aT «aT The rate of cooling of a body depends upon the energy radiated by il. Hence, rate of cooling of a body is propertional to the moan temperature difference botween the body and its surroundings, ‘Thus, Newton's law is only a special case of Stefan’s law for serail temperature diferences. ‘Spectral Distribution of Black Body Radiation A pottecty black-body ie a fullradiator, ie. it emits radian of all possible wavelengths, Lummer end Pringshoim studied the spectral Gstrbution of energy (ie. energy | 84°C. The tale at which the metal radiates energy nearly increases to (A) Two times (8) Four times (©) Eight times (D) Sixteen times Which of the following is roughly the rate of solar energy (in Ki) white one falling per m? surface area of the (©) A glass suiface coated with © one (@) Rough surlace is a beter earth? (0) A hollow enclosure black- radator tran a smooth = (A) 1 8) 100 surface (O04 ©) 0.0001 ened inside and having & small hole 8. The colour of a star indicates lts— (C) Highly polished surface isa 10. ‘very good radiator (D) Black surface is a bottor radiator than a white one Sun and moon emt maximum radiation tor wavelengths 5000 A _and {5p respectively. Taking tem- (A) Weight @) Size perature of he sun tobe 6000 K. (©) Distance (0) Temperature 7, A polished plae wth « rough ‘ME, th_mparatue of the 4, Thwe slars A, B and Cappear black spot is heated to a hgh A Beak (Back geen, red and tuo reopecvely. _tempersure an takon in ack {OSM EY The ster having minimum tem- room. Thon— perature is— Wa the plate 5 moc the plate (O) Allare atthe same tempera: (C) Both will, ture bright 5. Two sphere A and B of the same ‘material having radii 1m and 4m CS.V.{July{ 2009 /556 (A) Spot wil appear brighier than (@) Spot will appear darker than (D) Nether the spot, plaie wil be visitie 11. A solid sphere and a holiow sphere of same material and ‘same external radii are heated to the same temperature and lef to cool_in the same environment. Which statement about their ccol- ings correct ? (A) Solid sphere coos faster (B) Hollow sphere cools faster appear equally nor the(©) Both spheres cool at the same rate (©) Nothing can be said as more Information is required 12. The temperature of an incandes- evo cent bodly is increased anc a graph between temperature T and og» Wavelength corresponding to maximum emission ie drawn, Which of the following is the correct graph ? wl x ® IN 7 TI HA ©). @ W \ T= 13. A body cools in 7 minute from 80°C to.40°C. What wil be the tomporature atter next 7 minute ? The temperature of surround- ings is 10°C. Assume that the Newton's law of cooling holds throughout the process: were) 38°C (©) 28D) 42°C 14, A steel block heated to 100°C is leftto cool. The curve showing the correct cooling behaviour is— (@upkar's InteLuicence Bureau Tire — AA OB Assistant femperature {C) C(O) Noneof these Central °8, Tm nay atom omit Intelligence a wavelength ‘S10. nn and that Officer emitied by the Northstar has the maximum’ value at 350 nm. If Ee) these tars behave Tike black | __ENAMINATION boies, the ratio of the surface By: Dr Lal& dain ferent ie Sar an ihe Code No. 1512 Prive: 155/- 18 ©) 009 121) 083 % General Knowledge © Physics/Electronics EOS era ty © Mathematica COED Cote 1206 Rs. 100 CS.V.{ July{ 2009 /857‘Model Paper for Various Medical Entrance Examinations PHYSICS 1. A radioactive particle has a proper haitsite 2 « 19-8 seo. If it is traveling with a speed of 0-9 C, then the lab distance covered by the boam of such particies 3 belore Sth of them decay is about— (A) 11< 10m (B) 25» 10%m (©) 45x 102m (0) 52x 10%m 2. Along straight conductor, carry- Ing a currert I, is; bent to form an almost complete circular loop of radius r-Themag- nnotic field at tha centre of the loop hhas magnitude— aw? ( @ "4a Hol ¥ © % (1-}) vol (41 oS (1) 3. A particle is moving with uniterm ‘acceleration along a straight tne ABC, where AB = BC. The average velocity of the particle from Ato Bis 10 mis and trom B to © is 15 mis. The average velocity for the whole journey from Ato Cis— (A) 125s @) 2m (©) 13m 0) 135m 4. The penetrating powers of «, and radiations in decreasing order, are— Ayah Brie Cady — O) Brym 5. Choose the incorrect statement— (A) Forces always exist in pais (8) Gases have only two speci- fic heats CSV. | July] 2009 /558 8. (©) Potential diference can be expressed i watle por amore (2) None of these “The count rete rom 100 am? of a radioactive liquid is C. Some of this liquid Is now discarded. The ‘count rato ofthe romaining liquid found to bo after three hat is found to be (after three halt lives. The volume of the remain- ing liquid, inom? is— (a) 20 (8) 40 (©) 60 (0) 80 ‘A tock solified sometime in he past contained no lead (PO) but did contain some U28. Tho halite of US is 45 x 10° yoars and other decays in the Series have much lower halt lives. Al present the ratio of Po aioms 0 U atoms is 7: 1. the age ofthe rock roughly is— (A) 7 «45% 10! years (8) log7 x 45 x10? years (©) 135 x 10 years (0) 9 «10? years Assuming that 200 MeV of energy is released per fission of Uranium atom, find the number of figsion per second required to release 1 kilowatt power— (A) 8x10 @) 10x10 (©) 18x 10 () 3125 x 10° ‘An inclined plane 5 m long has fone end on the ground and the other end on a piatfom 3m high ‘A man weighing 650 N wishes to push @ 900 N object up tis plane. The force of friction is 100 N. Which of the following conclusions trom itis wrong ? (A) The minimum force he must exert is 640 N (©) The minimum force required to hold the object on the plane without letting it side is 440 N 10. 4 12. 14. (C) The potential eneray gained by the object when it is on the top of the plane is 2700 joule (0) None of these Crystalline stato of matter means the following — (A) A representative unit is peri- odically repeated in all dimensions in the mattor (8) A large number of cifferent representative units are sproad out in all directions in the mater (©) An array of basis. points spread out inside the mate- rial (0) Smatiest size grains, each having a single represen- tative unit, are arranged periodically in the crystal 20 joule of heat flows into a system. The system in tumn does 50 joule of work. The internal energy of the system has— (A) Remained constant (8) Increased by 80 joule (©) Decreased by 80 joule (©) Docroasod by 20 joula The focal longths of the odjectvo ‘and the eyepiece of a telescope ‘are 50 om ang § om respectively, It the telescope is focussed for distinct vision on a scale distant 2 m from its objective, then its magnifying power will be— (a -2 @)-4 (+8 ()-8 . Symbols having their usual meaning, which of the following does not represent energy ? (A) msit (8) Ort (©) 5 mst? (0) mon Velocity of electromagnetic waves in a medium depends upon— (A) Thermal properties of the medirn (B) Mechanical and electrical properties ol the medium (©) Electrical and magnetic properties of the medum (0) Mechanical and magnetic properties of the medium15. A tuning fork vibrating gently pro- duces a note C. Another tuning fork produces he note C’, an ‘octave higher in pitch than C and slightly louder than C. The speed of the wave produced by the second fork, as compared with that produced by the first fork (A) 8 times as great (8) 4 times.as great (C) 2 times as great (D) The same 16. The distance between the first and the sixth minima in the diffraction pattern of a single slit is 0:5 mm. The screen is 0-5 m away trom the slit, If the wavelength of light used is 5000 A, then the slit wiath will be— (A) 5 mim (®) 25mm (©) 125mm (0) -Omm 17m sourd fequeney determines pte ight foqvncy Go fae (A) Speed (B) Amplitude (C) State of polarisation (D) Colour 48, Suppose jou are ting in aun for 25 hous. The ae of your body erooied noma wun rays is 1-3 m2. The intensity of sun rays is 1-1 kWim?. If your bony carey aber te sun rays then the momentum transferred to your body will be— (in kg-m/e) ) 0-043, (B) 0-037 (©) ot (0) ot 18. Consider the following figure. When swiich § Is closed, ihe ourrent through Rp is— me Ry 8 ‘ew (A) 145A B) SA (C)45A EA CSV. | July] 2009 /559 20, a1 22, 23, 2A 25, 26. The ratio of frequencies of two forks is 1 : 2. The phase difference between two per endicular sound waves emitted by thom is zero, The shape of Lissajous figure obtained wil bea— (A) Circle (©) Ellipse (©) Straigh! ine (0) Figure of 8 Two parallel sits 20 « 10-4 m apart ave illuminated by paraliel rays of monochromatic light of wavelength 6:0 x 10-7 m. The interference pattern is formed on a screen 2.0 mette trom the sis. Distance on the screen from central maximum to first bright fringe te (A) 60x 10m (8) 60x 10% m (C) 60x 10-'m (D) None of these I the velocity of sound in hydrogen is 1500 m, then its velocity in @ mixture of three parts of oxygen and two parts of hydrogen by volume wil bo— (A) 3857 m/s (B) 474-4 mis (©) 5363s (0) 67E9.mIs Meniscus of pure water when & clean capillary tube of silver is dipped in water, will be— (A) Concave with ascent of waier (8) Convex with depression of waier (©) Plane with neither ascent nor depression of water (0) None of these 56 tuning forks are arranged such that each fork produces 4 beats per second with its preceding fork. The frequency of the last forkis three tmes that of first. The frequency of the first fork will be— (a) 220Hz (8) 110Hz (©) 90H (0) 440 He Pressure = area ~ distance ¢e- presents— (A) Energy (8) Power (©) Momentum (D) Impulse The rms. value of an A.C. of 60 Hzis 10 amp. The lime taken by the alternating curreat in reach- a7. 28, 29, 30. ing from zero to maximum value and the peak value will be— (A) 2 +10" sec, 14:14 amp (8) 1x 10% sec, 7:07 amo (©) 5 «10° sec, 7-07 amp (0) 5» 10" sec, 14414 amp For crown glass-alr the extical angle is 41°30’ what is the limiting angle of tho prism of ‘crown glass efter which no trangmission of ight through i is possible? (A) 41°30" (8) 89" (©) 80° (D) None ol these A gas undergoes a process in which its pressure and volume V fare related as VP” = constant. ‘The buk modulus for the gas in this process is — (A) ne (ee (©) Pin (0) P° A certain capacitor consists of two plates in air placed parallel to each other but not touching, The capacitor Is connected brietly to @ D.C. generator so that the difference in potential botwoen the two platos becomes: 12000 V. The capacitance of the capacitor is 1 uF Which statement about the capa- itor is incorrect ? (A) The charge on. its ether plate is 1-2 » 10° couloms (B) The energy stored on its plates is 7-2 x 10° joules (©) Whon athin uncharged glass plate is slipped between the two-metal plales without touching them the charge on plates coes not change but the potential difference bet- ‘ween the plates decreases somewhat (0) None of these ‘A capacitor of capacitance C is connected to two voltmeters A and B. A is ideal, having infirite resistance, while B has resis-tance A. The capacitor is charged and then the switch $ is closed. The readings of A and B willbe equal— (A) Atalltimes (B) Aftor time AC (©) After time RC log 2 (D) Only after a very lang time 31. A point source of lght is placed at the focus of a concave lens. Which will be the correct state- mont for tho rotractod light ? (A) It wil become parallel to the principal axis B) Iwwil converge to a pointon 35. the principal axis (©) It ill dverge and appear to come from a point on the principal axis (0) None of these: 82. A U-tube containing a liquid moves with a horizontal accele- ration a along a direction joining the two vertical Imbs, The sepa- ration between these limos is d. The diference in thee liquid (A) @ ar 8 oaun(2) 83. When water cools from 7°C to 1°C— (A) Iteontracts only 36. (8) Ioxpands only (©) It first contracts and then expands (©) It first oxpands and then contracts, 94. P is a point at a distance + from the centre of a solid sphere of radius a. The gravitatonal poten- tial at P is V. IV is plotted as a function of « which is the corract cure? oe «“ at \/ ° i 97. CS.V.{ July{ 2009 /560 os o at f ‘Three wires of same length and ‘cross-sectional erea are connec- ted in series to @ battery. The wires are made of copper, silver and nichrome respecively. Pick oul the correct siaternent, ‘The potential difference across the copper wire is— (A) The seme as across the silver and tne nichrome wires (®) Greater than across the silver or the nichrome wire (©) Greater than across the silver wire but less than that across the nichrome wire (D) Loss than that across the silvar or the nichrome wire, One end of a long metalic wire of length L Is ted to the ceiling ‘The other end is tled to a mass- less spring of spring constant k. ‘A-mass m hangs frooly from tho {ree end of the spring. The aea 6 cross-section and the Young's modulus of the wire are A and Y respectively. the mass is slightly pulled down and reloa: se¢, it will oscillate with a time period T equal to— waxyt co oun [YR (oy anv MA © et A batiery of emi, 250 V end Internal resistance 2:00 © causes a steady current of 0-4 Ato flow for 15 minutes through an 38, 29, 40, a electric bulb. Which of the following statement is wrong ? (A) Total energy provides by the battery is 900 J (G) Energy dissipated in the battery io 208 J (©) Energy dissipated in the bulb is 612 J (0) None of these A simple pendulum of length F has a bob of mass m and swings with an angular amplitude @. The tension in the thread is T. Ata certan time, the string makes an angle 0 with the vert cai (o < 4)— (8) T = mgcos 0 for all valves oe (8) T=mg20s 0, ony for (0) T=2 mg, for cr [heeae es] (0) T will be smaller for smaller ‘The rate of decay of atoms in a radioactive sample is. propor- tional to— (A) The hattlife period (6) The number of undecayed atoms (©) The number of decayed atoms (0) The mass (nucleon) aumber of atoms ‘A smal) bosy of mass m slices without fricton from the top of a hemisphere of radius R as shown in the figure. At what height will the body be detached from the surface of the hemisphere ? (a) noe BA 4 oR (r= oyna If Land R represent inductarce and resistance respectively, then the dimensions of Fw be— (A) (aSLOT- (@) [NLT] (©) IMYLET] (0) None of these42, A planet of mass mis moving in an ellipical orbit with the sun at its focus. The perihelion and the aphelion distances and r and R tespectively. Find the period of revolution of the planet consi doting Kepler's laws of planetary moton— Wy Toon Bat @ TE Oe giMs (0) Te20n/ G0 ore BE 43. On investigation of light from three different stars A, Band C it was found that inthe spectrum of A, the intensity of red colour is maximum, in B the intensity of blue colour is maximum, and in the intensity of yellow colour is maximum. From this observa- tion— (A) The temperature of A is maximum, of B is minimum ‘and of Cis intormodiato (B) The temperatue of A is maximum, of C is minimum and of 8 is intermediate CS.V.{ July! 2009 /561 (©) The temperatue of B is maximum, of A is minimum and of Cis intermediate (0) The temperature of C is maximum, of 8 is minimum and of Ais intermediate 44, The escape velocity on the surface of the earth is 11:2 kms. ‘A small body Is projected out with thrice this speed. What will be the speed of the body far away from the earth ? Radiue of ‘earth = 6400 km, g =9:8 mis? (A) 6683 kis (B) 31-66 kms (©) 9661 m/s (D) 91.63 krv's 45, When arsonio is added a8 an impurity to germanium crystal, the resulting material is— (A) Neype semiconductor (8) Paype semiconductor (©) Anordinary conductor (0) None of these 48, Find out the dimensions of ther- mai resstance— A) MPL TS 64 MT o © mete (D) MILE TB Ot 47. Maximum kinetic energy (Ex) of photoelectrons varies with the OS ed 48, 40, 50, {frequency (v) of incident racia- ion as shown in the iC «“ 4X wl | / vo ey ov ow ‘A block of weight W = 4 kgf les ‘on & plane of length / = 50 em inclined at an angle c= 30° with the horzontal. With what force should the block be pressed against the surface in order to keep it in equiliorium. The coefficient of friction \ between the biock and the plane Is 0% (A) 54xgf —(B) 0-54 kgt (C) 45kat (0) 0-054 kot Two waves having a phaee difference of 60° will have a path difference of— Ws @3 Od il 5 Oa ‘The gravitational potential energy of @ 2 kg body on earth's surface will be— (A) 128 joule (8) ~125 « 108 joule (C) 0:25 joule (0) 125 JouleModel Paper for Various Medical Entrance Examinations: PHYSICS 1. Two blocks of mass 6 kg and 4 kg are placed in contact with a fic ness herizontal surface as shown in figure. fa push of SN is applied on the heavier mass, the foree on the lightar mass will bo— big Aho sn] (SN (BAN (©) 2N —— (D) None ot nese 2. A 130 m long train is moving towards west wiih a speed of 10 mis. A bird flying towards east with a epeod of Sve croesas the train. The time taken by the bird to cross the train will be— (A) 1620 @) 12600 (©) 10sec ©) Bsee 3. A solid ball of density half that of water falls from a heght of 20 m and then enters water. To what depth will it go in the water ? (Take g = 10 ms-®) (a) 5m) 10m (©) 20m) 40m 4. The mass of ship is 2 x 107 kg On applying a force of 25 x 10° N, itis displaced through 25 m. Ata the displacemert, the speed acquired by the ship will be— (A) 125m B) Sms (©) 37 mis) 25mvs 5. A ball collides elastically with another ball of the. same mass, The collision is oblique and initally one of the balls was at rest. After the collision the wo balis move with same speeds. What will be the angle between the velocities of the bals ater colision ? (A) 30° @) 45° (©) 60° (D) 20° 6. If the coefficient of triction of a plane inclined at 45° is 0-5. Then CS.V.{July{ 2009 [565 10. " acceleration of a body sliding freely on it wil be— 88 ge 98 ge vs? mvs? ayams® ©) yams (©) 98mis* (0) 48 mis? ‘The racius of gyration of a body is indoponcent of — (A) Mass of the body (©) Nauure of distribution of mass (C) Axis of otation (D) None of the above ‘A moving body of mass m and velocity 3 knvhr collides with a body al rest and of mass 2m and then sticks to it, Now the combined mass starts to move, then the combined velocity wil be— (A) 44nhr— @) Skmhr (©) 2kmhe (0) kmh Which of the following & inde- Pendent of the mass of the earth ? (A) Orbital velocity (B) Escape velocity (C) Gravitational intensity (D) None of the above A stone tied to one end of a spting 50 cm long is whirled in a horizonial circle with @ constant speed. If the sione makes 10 revolutions in 20 second. The magnitude of acceleration of stone wil be— (A) 990 cmis? (@) 860 cnvs? (C) 720.cmis* (0) 493 cms? Out of the following the only correct statement about satelires is— (A) A satelite can not move in a stable orbit in a plane pase ing through the earth’s centre (8) Geo-stationary satelites are launched in the equatorial plane (©) We can use Just one geo- stationary satelite for global communication (D) The speed of satelite increases with an increase in the radius of ts orbit @ 12. 13. 14. 16. 17. ‘The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is 1:2 kg m®. To produce rolational KE. of 1500 J an anguler acceleration of 25 radisec* must be applied ‘about that axis for— (A) 10sec @) sec (©) 2500 (0) sec Identity the pair which has ditfe- rent dimensions 7 (A) Planck's constant and angu- lar momentum (8) Impulse and linear momen- tum (©) Angular momentum and fre- ‘quency (0) Angular velocity and tre- ‘quency 1 Mass of the moon is g; times that of oath and its ads is! the radua of earh aad he toour ie 2kmoe What Ihe cout vou om Wes aacee? (s) 254m @) Skms (C) 1:25 km/s (D) 0:25 kmis ‘The ratio of the relative rise in pressure for adiabatic compr ‘sion to that for isothermal com- pression is— «a! @y 1 or oO In a thermodynamics process pressure of a fixed mass of a cas is changed in such a manner that the gas molecule give out 30 oul of heat and 10 joule of work is done on the gas. If the intial intemal eneray of the gas was 40 joule, then the final internal ‘energy will bo— (A) =20) B20 (2) 80) = ad Most probable velocity (Ving) of the molecules of a gas Is the velocity with which maximum number of molecules of the gas move. Which of the following relations is correct ? (A) Ving18. A black body is hoated from 27°C t0 927°C the ratio of radia- tions enitted will be— (A) 1:258 8) 1:64 (116 O14 19. Two blocks of ice when pressed together join to form one block of ice because— (A) Of the heat produced during pressing (8) Matting point of ice decreases wilh increase in pressure (C) Mettingpoint ot ice increases with increase in pressure (©) Of 039 of heat during press ing 20. If the equalion of motion of a simple haimonic progressive wave is y = 03 sin (tat ~ 1-57), where t,x and y are in second, metro and om respec tively. Then the velocity of the wave will be— (A) 400 mis (@) 300 mis (©) 200m ©) 100 ms 21. Which of the folowing does not affect the reverberation time ? (A) Size of the auditorium (8) Frequency of sound (©) Nature of walls (0) Area of walls, ceiling end ttoor 22. A priam hae a refracting angle 60°. A ray of given monochroma- tic light suffers minimum devia tion of 90° in passing through prism. The refractive index of the material of prism is— (A) 141d B) 19086 (©) 07849 (D) 2425 23. When a polaroid is rotated the Intensity of ight varies but never reduces to zero. It shows thal the incident light is— (A) Unpolatised (8) Completely plane polarised (C) Pattialy plane polarised (D) None of the above 24. From a point charge, thore is a fixed point A. At A, there is an electric tleld of 500 volimetre CS.V.{July{ 2009 /566 25. 28. 27. 28, 29, and potential diference of 3000 30. V. Distance between the paint ‘charge and A is— (A) 24m @) 16m (©) 12m =O) Em Determine the velocity of the source (¥) when the frequency appears to be double the actual gy frequency 19 stationary observer ? A) vs (C) ve Sy where vis the velocity of sound. In the gven network capacitance Co= 10 uF, Cy =5 nF and Cy = 4 KF. Tho rooultent capacitance between P and Q will be— 92. po rt, (i al ao T (A) 47uF @) 12uF 33. (©) 92uF 0) 22 uF A light source is located at P, as shown in the figure. All sides of ‘the polygon are equal. The illumi- nance at P> is Eq, Whal willbe the illuminance at P ? 34. aya « we @ © 3c. © FE A galvanometer can be changed into ammeter by conrecting— (A) High resistance hn parallel (8) High resistance in series (C) Low resistance in parallel (D) Low resistance in series Dimensions of salf inductance are— (a) [Mur 2a?) ® META 26. (©) [MLeT-2a-q (D) [META Two copper wires ae of same length but one of them is twice as thick as the olher. Then the resstance of the two wires are in the ratio of — (1516 1:6 (4:4 Dy a2 Consider the various combina- tions of resistance A, inductance Land capacitance C as () Re @ ce Le R Oa Oy Of these combinatons, those having dimensions of time are— (A) 1,2and4 (8) 1, 2and 3 (C) 1,2 @) 1,2.3anc4 ‘A particle having charge 100 times that of an electron is revolving in a circular path of radius 0'8 m with one rotalon per second. Magnetic field pro- ‘duced st contre of patcieis— (A) 10°'7 wy (8) 10° pp (©) 10-7 to ©) 10-8 Hp “Two independentLASER sources have the came wavelength but diferent intensities. Inthe region Of overap of these two veamns, {he interterenco— {A) Will notoccur as LASERS do nothave spatial spreas (B) Will not occur as two sources are independent (C) Will not occur as their inten- sites ae diferent (D) Will occur {A straight conductor of length sm moves at 0 speed of 10 mi. When the conductor makes an angle of 20° withthe direction of magnete fold of induction of 0-1 Wb per m?, then induced emf is- (A) BV 8) av {C) 1V (0) av 15. In Rutherford's c-scattering experiment, the ratio of the number of «particles scattered through 60° and 120°is— wd ea (9 (9) 16 Two coils have mutual induc- tance 0-005 H The current changes in the fist coil acsordingto equation |= Ip sin wt where Ly = 10 amp and w = 100 = radisec. The maximum value of emt in the second coil is— (A) 125 8) & (©) 8x (0) 2 87. Below are given the lists of imou- rites that may be adéed to obtain prype crystal 4, Antimony, Bismuth 2. Boron, Aluminium 3. Indum, Gatinium 4. Nitrogen, Phosphorus Which of tem can be used in actual practice ? (A) 1and2 —®) 2and3 (©) 3and4 —) 4anct 98. In the inductive circuit given in the figure, the currents rises alter the switch is closed, AL the instant when the current is 15 mA, then potential difference ‘across the inductor wil be— 002 semi nov Lge (A) Zero {B) 240 (©) tov ©) ov 39. A pn junction diode when for- ward biased has a d:op of 0-5 V which is assumed fo be Indepen- dent of current. The current in excess of 10 mA through the diode damages it due to Joule heating. If we went touse a 1:5 V battery to forward bias the dioge, what should be the value of the resstor used in senes with the diode so that the maximum current does not exceed § mA? (a) 20 @) 2x10 (©) 2x10 @ (0) Noneotthese CS.V.{July{ 2009 /567 40, Wrat wil be. the. ameunt of energy absorved when an oe tron imps from Tat orbit 10 second orbits 7 (The value of enery in th cbt ef H-atom i exprontod at E,2— BP ev) (A) S40V @) ~680V (©) -B1ev ©) 1020 41. Wie a wrongstatement about the proporia of photon ? (a) s'est mass i zo (B) It travels everywhere with speed ¢ (©) Ithas non-zero KE. (D) None of these 42, A radioactive element has halt life of 36 days. In what time will itbe let 1/32nd undecayed ? (A) 4days— @) 12 deys (C) 18 days ©) 24 days 43. The equivalent resistance bet ween AandB is— (aR @) Re (© 5R ©) eR 44, A chain reaction in) tsi Uranium is possible, because — (A) Two intermediate sized nuelear fragmonts ato for med (®) Three neutrons are given ut in each fission (©) Fragments in fission are radioacive (D) Large amount of energy is released EST a TU ay 45, 46, a7. 48, 49, A coll of resistances 200 and inductance 0-5 H is applied to a D.C. vottage of 200 V. The rate L of change of cunent at ater the ewitsh ie closed ie— (A) 400 Ast (8) 1476As~ (©) 200As~! (0) None ofthese Penetrating power is minimum for— (A) Xrays—(@) yrays (©) prays ©) e-rays Two bubbles are blown into spherical shape of unequal sizes and are connected through a narrow lube as shown in figure — a OO (A) The smaller bubble becomes nose {B) The bigger buebe becomes ele (©) Thee 16 no changein tor (D) The smaller bubble becomes ance wa he bape evares boas ince pypeconicurhecor oer eg ae (A) Gallium — (8) Aluminium (C) Boron (0) All ofthese A tyaregen atom goos fom the rou sate te tre cto Ste. such a cs (1) Boh KE anc PE ncrease (B) Both KE and PE decrease (C) KE increases and PE (0) KE dovteases and PE ‘The volocity of all radiowaves in free space is 3 « 10° m’s. The frequency of a radiowave of ‘wavelength 150 m io— (A) 20kHz —@) 2kHz (©) 2WHz (0) 1MHeIntroduction © Electrochemistry is the chemistry of electrochemical reactions. © Eleciochemical reactions are of wo types—ene in which electricity is produced 2s a result of chemical reaction. For examples cells and batteries and the ‘other in which chemical change takes place due to the passage of vleciricity. For example electrolysis. of salts. © Electrochemical reaction in which current is produced as a result o' chemical reaction is spontaneous and the system can do work. For example it can un a moter. Chemical change, which is caused as a result of passage of electrical current, has to be forced to ‘occur and work is done on therm Conductance and Conductivity © Electroiylic solutions as well as metalic conductors show resistance to the passage of current. Both of thoss obey Ohm's law. According to this law, the current ‘I flowing through a solution of resistance R, is related to the potential iference V by ne © he reco of rsane feed eectes con ducanen Tne tet cf ects condean she Siemens, 810,18 Cu (Reduction) Fig. : A simple voltaic call (Oaniell cel)© Standard electrode potential—We cannot measure singe electrode potential, nstead this can be done by mensuring electrode potential with respect to rele rence electrode. For this purpose hydrogen electrode Js selocted as reference electrode and is assigned an abitary value of zero at all emp. 2H carmaity +26” > Hagyi tat, E* 00 v Key Points © Standard electrode potentials of elecrodes are always associated with reduction process ocouring at elctrades. “Thus iti the tendency for reduction to occur. Thus, they are actually reduction potentials. © ‘The elecrodes wih positive reduction potential show greeter tendenay for recucon than thai of ycrogen mole Cula. Negative reduction potentials indicate lessor ton- denty tor reduction. {© The most positive eiecrode potential Is that of funsine, whi i, therefore, easy reduced Fagg #20 = 2g er se207v (© For expressing tendoncs for oxidation, wo write reverse of the equation representing recuetion and change the sign of standard olockode potential For example Ping > Fry 420°; Egg = 287 V (© Fucride in (> is most fic to oxidise of al the species listed in electrochemical sri, © ‘The most negative potenti is that of lithium jon (Lt), which, therefore, the least easily reduced in whole of lctrockamical sons, @ All the ionic species participating n electrode reaction are resent in aquoous soluion at the unit molar concentraion, © Thecellpoteta cay = Elocvodes potential at iat oletrode Electrode potential cf eft electode Eat ~ Bat Nernst Equation for Electrode and Cell Poten- tials © Eloctrode potontil for tho electrode reaction Misa) + M€~ —> May relative to hydrogen electrode is given by simple form of the Nernst equation as ‘ BT ayy Exosany, = arent + ein IN] Here Ejiosny is the standard electrode potential for a 1M solution of metal ion (M®™) et 298 K, which is is cel potential ia standard stato, ie. 1M solution at 298 K) RT, (cue) Foot = Eon + oF IM pane eee, 400882. (Cu) Ecan = Esai tp (08 panto, Above equation may also be written as = 00582 (an?) Eco = Etat ~~ 3 9 (6u2%) Eq © When there is 0 longer any potential diflerence bet Ween two electrodes, the reaction attains equilibrium. mm Constant from Nernst Equat n 2) + Coda) ‘Since the conc. of Zn?* and Cu** wil be equilibrium cincaion and oti airs it be ted and EME ofthc il be ze @ The Nernst equation at equiliorium can be represented as 2nigq) + Cup) Ow Ey 2ST jg EL = AEF gk, cig = HER ook, Beey = ON? Y tag Ke (at 298 K) (Eee) (0) * 'e9 Ke = 9.0592 V @ Example—Calculate the equilibrium constant (K.) tor the rection Cuja) + 2AR* ag) Solution : = Cubly +2 Agyy i Ear = 0-46 V Eig = 9822 og, Ecol XM o-os2 = (O-48.V) (2) ~ 00592 V [ou ag" log Ke = 58 4x10"Electrochemical Cell and Free Eneray @ For a ceaction occuring In an electrochemica cot whose electrodes difernpotentia by Ecya, Ine work done when amount of charge nF is ratorad is given by-nFE, 90 AG = ~nF Eo and AG =—nF Ea © ‘te know the value of standard roo energy (AG), we can saleulato the equilbrium constant by eauation as AG" =-ATink, © In case of Daniell cell Ke = 2 1037 which shows that very Ile of Cu2* will be in soluton at equilibrium. Electrolysis @ The proves of decomposition of an electrolyte by passage of electricity through its aquecue solution o- moltan ({used) slate. The apparatus used is called electrolytic cell @ Tho electrode which is connected to positive terminal of battery is called anode and the negative ions of elecrrolyie which move towards it are called anions. ‘The electrode which is comected to negative terminal cf battery s called cathode ane the positive ions which ‘move towarde it a0 called cations © Faraday's first law of electrolysis—It states that the weight of ions deposited on an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electrisity passed Wx QorW=ZQ=ZyIxt Here Q is quanity of electristy in coulombs, | is current in amperes, 1 is time In seconds for which current is passed and Z is electrochemical equiva- lent of material deposited on the electrode: 1 coulomb = | ampere current passed for 1 sec. When Q = 1 coulomb then W=Z Hence electrochemical equivalent of a substance is the amount of substance deposited by 1 coulom of olecricity, Key Points © One Faraday is tho quantly of charge ceried by one mele ot electrons and hence AF = (16023 x 107 coulomb) » (6028 « 10%) = 965006 (© The cherge on males of eaetrons (0) le given by Q = nF © Inthe reaction M4 ne~ > M, n faradays of electri- Cty wit depesit 1 mol ot M © One taraday of clocticity always doposits one gram ‘equivalent othe substance and one coulom wll dopo- SIl= Eg, /96500 gram of me substance, © Electrochemical equivalont of 2 substance Eq, wt. of substance '36,600 © Faraday’s cecond law of electrolysis —Whon camo ‘quantity of electricity is passed through the solutions of different electrolytes, the weights of ions deposited are CS.V. July] 2009 574 directly proportional to their chemical equivalents. For example WI. o1Gu deposited _ Eq, wt. o! Cu Wt. of Ag deposited = Eq, wt. of Ag Electrolysis and Criteria for Product Form © Incase there is possibiity of formation of more than ‘one products at the electrodes or there is a compat tien between liseration of iono at electrodes, then the product formed depends upon their respective elec- trode potertias © Atthe cathode Reduction aceurs at cathode. For the ditferent competing reduction processes, the one with higher reduction potential will preferably take place For example, during the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution, there is possibilty of following reduction processes at cathode Reduction of Na* ions Nag + e+ Nao Elgg. =—271V Reduction of HO molecules n oa Hey +e" > }Hag + OMGa: Eee The reduction of #0 wil preferably take place at the cathode because F,3, of H.O is higher. Hence pro- duct at cathode is H; gas instead of Naja, Now let as compare, the Eiag of copper and HO Cufgy + 20° + Cure); jeg, = 0°34 V Eloy, = 0-41 V Thus curing electroysis of aqueous CuSO, solution, reduction of GuP* wil take piace at cathode in prete- rence of H.O molecules and Cura will be deposited at cathode instead ot ineraion of H © Al the anode—Oxdation oscurs at the anode. For diferent competing oxidation processes, the one with higher oxidation potential (or lower recuction potential) with prolerably occur. For electrolysis of aqueous CuSO, solution, the competing oxidaton processes at anode are as Oxidation of S0% fone HiOp + 0° = 1 Hag) + OF agi 280ljay = 8,042" +26 Eig, = = 201 Ver Ely «201 Oxidation of H.0 molecules HQ) 30219 # BHiag)4 22° Ba = -128Vor Ens =123V As the oxidation potential of HzO is higher (or reduc tion potental is lower), the product formed at anode wil Be O, gas instead of 8.042" ions. WV the electrolysis of CuSOsjay) 8 carried out using copper electrodes, then the process occurring at anode will be oxidation of couper atoms of electrode to Cu ions, instead of oxidation of HO because oxida~ tion potential of Cus higher than that of HOCuig + Cubhy +207 Ea, = 0-84 V or HO) + 3 O2 + 2Hfag)+ 20- Eg, = — 1-23 V OF Bigg, = 123.V Thus, in this case copper from anode will go on cis- solving a8 C12" ions, while Gu" ions from sclution wil <0 01 deposiing at cathode as Cu atoms. aay Key Points © Insome cases unexpected results are obtainod due to ‘overvoltage. For example, let us consider oxidation potentials OFC fons and HO 1 oe WiOq > 20 cq) + Hag + 26°: Boy 123 Oey + Lely +07: Caan 196 V Atthough the oxidation potontal of H,0 lo more than that (f1,0, yot curing electrolysis of concentrated solution ‘of NAC, Cl, gas if Iborated at anode ana My gas at cathode. © Overvoltage—Cxidation of HO Is relatively Siow pro- cess and hence extra potential le required. This extra votage required for oxidation of H,0 Is called over voltage. Due to this overvoltage, the oxidation of Cl~ Jone occurs at anada i proforence to H-0, © Electrolysis of CuSO, at platinum electrode Reaction atanode Wy ~ JOev at 20 Reaction atcathode : Cuy +20° > Cui ‘Thus 2s Iberated at anace and Cu is depesited at cathode. Difference between Galvanic and Electrolytic Celis Galvanic Catt Electrolytic Gel! 1. fr galvanic cel, eleotical 1 nergy is produced. In electoytic cl, elec trical energy is consu- med, 2. In galvanie coll aaction 2 taking place is sponta- 8, The Wo half cole are eat. Up in diferent containers In obetraytic et, reas tion ‘aking place is non: sportaneous. oth the slactioder aro placed in the solution or and are connected molten elecrolte In the through set bridge or same containes. porous patton 4. In gavanic colt, anode is 4 negative and cathode is positive, 5. The electrons move from 5. In @ecteaiytic cel, the anode is postive and cathode is negative. ‘The elections are supp anods to cathode in| iad by the extoral ‘xterra cult sauce. They enter though cathode and come out though anode. Sw. | July] 2009 375 Corrosion © The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds (usually oxides) by reaction of moisture and other gases prosent in atmosphere. In aso of iron, the rust is iron) oxide (hydrated), fe, Fez03.xH.0. itis caused by moisture, CO, and O, of the air. © Electrochemical theory of rusting—Impure ron sur- face behaves as small elsctrocremical cell in pre- sence of moisture containing dissolved O; oF CO>. In these miniature corrosion cells, pute lon acts as anode and impure surface as cathode. Moisture hav ing dissolved ©, or CO, s electroytic solution © Following electrochemical changes take place At anode—Oxidalion of Fe etoms take placee to Fe?*, leaving betind electrons which are pushed to cathosic arva Fe — Foizy +20"; Boy = 04a Al cathode—The electrons are picked up by Ht ione Which are produced either from H,0 or from HzCOs, 2Hlyqy+ 2” > 2H The net cecueticn process at cathode areas 28g + Jz 420° > HO, Ey 2123 ‘The net reaction of tne corrosion cell can be expressed as Fou ]0p 42H? > Fo% + H.0; Ely = 167 2Fe? 4.0) + (2+ HO —~ FesOs xHh0 + 4H" Fst vost wosTune (resdyath) & 2 i USTED AREA LTA cover S te [ANODE AREA Foret ize Fig, :Rusting of Irn. antezes Lo, Ho Prevention of Corrosion © Barrier protection—A barrier film is introduced bet- ween metal and atmosphere by () Painting the surface (i) Coating the surtace with a thin film of oil or grease (li) Electroplating with non- corrosive metals such as Ni, Cr, Cu ete © Galvanization—In this process the surface of Fe is covered wih Zn, This active metal loses electrons in proference to iron. However, the covering layer gets Consumed in due time, but co long it is present oven the nearby uncovered surface of Fe dees not get rusted. Scratches in protective layer are not much hharmiul Galvanized iron sheets maintain thelr shine due to the formation of protective layer of basic zine carbonate[ZnCO,,2n(OH},) due to the acton of moisture, O, ang CO; of aimosphere, © Cathodic protection—This is a secrficial protection. Exposed surface of iron is protected by connecting to some more active metal such as magnesium, alumi: lum, zine ete. The more active metal sete ae anode and lases electrons in preference 10 ron. The iron surface then acts as cathode. Undarground water pipes or tanks made of iron are protected by connecting them to more easily oxidis able metals. a ron tank ronter Cotnode Ma Avede 0, + 2H:0+ 4e- 4 OH” Nga) > Mat +20 Some Commercial Cells or Batteries © Primary cells—They become dead over a period of time ané chemical reaction stops. They cannot be recharged or used again. The most familiar primary cells are as Dry cell— Anode is of Zn coniainer while cathode is graphite rod surrounded by MnOp and carson. The space between electrodes is filed with a paste of NH,Cl and ZnCls. The reactions at electtodes are as Cathode: WnO:+ NHy’ +e- > MnO{OH) + NHg Anode Zn = Zn +26 Dry cell does not have tong lite es NH«Cl which is acide, corredes the zine contaner even if coll is notin use. The potential of cal ies in the range 125 V to15V. Mercury cell—It is a miniature cell which finds use these days lo supply energy for watches, movie cameras, hearing aids and other compact devices ‘Anode is Zn-Hg amalgam and cathode is paste of Hgll) oxide and carbon. Electroyte is moist paste of KOH—Zn0. The cell reaction is Anode Zn+2OH + ZnO) + Hoy) +20- Amalgam Cathode HO) + Hy +207 > Hgyj+ 20H Net reaction Ha(Zn) #HgQ\e, ZnO) + Hayy Operating votage is = 1-3V. Such coll keops cone. taney in ts potential throughout the i. © Secondary cell—This type of cell can be recharged bby passing current and can be used again and again. Examples are Lead storage battery, nickel-cad- lum storage cal ete Lead storage battery—Ii consists of a number of Voitsc cells connected in series. In each cell anede is spongy lead and eathode a grid of leed packed with POO,, The electrolyte is H.S0, (93% by mass). The cell reaction is as CSV. | July] 2009 /576 Anode Cathode PbO, + SO, 44H" +20" + PLSO, +2H,0 Pb4S02- + PeSO,+ 20° Net reaction Pb + PLO:+ 4H" +280, > 2PvSO, +2 H:0 Recharging —During recharging the cell behaves as electrolytic cell Cathode : PSO yy + 20° + Phy +SOF tay Anode PSO) +2 Hoy) + PLOas) + SOs inc 4 dN gg) + 20" Net reaction BPDSOais) +2 HzO; > Pha) + POO + 4H'aq) ++ 280%oq) Such an operaton is possible because PbSO, formed during discharge is solic, sticks to electrodes. There- fore itis in postion o gan orlose electrons. In 12 volt battery there ae six cols NickekCacmium storage battery—Cacmum is anode and a qt containing Ni(WY) oxide is cathode Electrodes are immerse in KOH soluton Anode Coy + 20H ag) > Cathode Oz) #2H,Op +26” + Ni(OHye) +2 OH ing Cd (Ohi + 26° Net reaction Gig) + Nay) + 2 HO p> Cd (OH) +Ni (OHoe) This callie alvo called nitad coll and hav voltage 4-4V. This cell involves no gaseous products, the pro- dvots formed achere 10 electiades and can be recove- ret by charging process. Ths eal is becoming moro popular these days and finds use in electronic watches end calculators Fuel Cells © In recent years, scientists have designed the cells which convert chemical energy of a ‘uel directly into electrical energy. Such cells are called fuel cells. ‘Those are volta calls in which, the fuel such as He, CO, CH,, CaHe ete. are used to generate electricity without involving thermal device like boilers, turbine et. (@ The conventional method to convert chemical energy to electrical energy involves combustion of a fuel 10 liberate heat, The heat energy is used 1o generate steam for spinning the turbines which are coupled to clectrical generators. This process is nearly only 40% efficient (© Fucl calls are designed in such a way that the mate- rials to be oxidised and reduced at electrodes are stored out side the cell and are constantly supplied to electrodes. © One of the most successful fuel celle whioh uses the reaction of Hy and Q, is Known as He—O- fuel cal This cell consists of porous carbon electrodes whichare impregnated with catalyst (Pt, Ag or CoO). Hp and Op are bubbled through electrades into electrolyte which is the aqueous solution of NaOH or KOH. The electrode reactions are as © The cell runs continvousty as long as the gases Hp and ©; are supolied at the temperature 525 K and 50 atm. pressure. = 4p @ Some advantages of fuel cells ¢) Pollution tree Anode: (Hoig)#2OH yay > 2H;0y) +20] x2 Gane Mato i) ye Ea Working (i) High efficiency (70-75% efficient) (ii) Con- - 7 tinuous source of energy etc. Ong) +2HDy +427 4 OW jog HyOp cell has been used for generating olecircal Net reaction: 2Hai)+ Og) > 2H: power in the Appollo space programme. Points to Remember © Salt bridge —U-shaped tube containing concentated solu tion of an inert slactolye ka KC, KNO, oF K,SO, af soli fied solution of such elestrolves In agar-agar and gelatin, Salt bridge compleies the inner ercutt by Tow cf fons and ‘mainains eloctcal noutalty in tho souton of the half cols, © EMF of coll t has positive value for a cel, the redox eacton in the cel fs spontaneous, otherise not. @ Standard tree eneray change (AG")—The relation is = AG" = nFE2y, where ‘nis number of electrons involves land Fis Faraday. © Calomel electrode—Electroce of HasCl, paste is used as referance electode in place o! hycroger electrode. Standard reduction potential of this eleciode depends on cone. of KC! used © Coneentration cell—The most common coneentration cells the one in which both the electrodes the concaatration offone is citerent, 2.9 HeIHT(Gy) Il RYO) IH of the sere type but or Ralen®* (Oy) th 2a? (C120 ‘The EMF of concentration coll at 266 K Is given by 0.0592 | Ce E 2 0582 og fe © Edison storage cell is rickebiron accumulator ard cel reacton eas Fe4Ni,0, = FeO +2NO © Standard cell—One whose EMF does not change with tom peraiuro. The most common standard cal is Weston stan dard coll © Factors which enhance corrosion (Presence of impurity in metal (Pure metals do net comrade) (i) Presence of maistue (ii) Presence of ekctroytes (saline water) © Discnarge potwntial—For 2 particular ton to be deposits on the electode, it requites minimum voltage thet_must be applied acres the eloctredes. This minimum voltage Is known as discharge potential o thation Gal constant esletancs all constant x Concuctares x x 1000 N © Equivaient conductivity (Reg) = x 1000 M (N= Nermaity) (© Molar conductivity (Aya) = (i= Molar @ Anode In a cel is sectrele at which oxsiation takes place ard it © negative electrode in electrochemical cell and positive electrode in electrolytic cell. © atmos Place. is positive electrode in electrochemical cell nd negative in electrolytic cel. © Electrochemice! series — Arrangement of all electrodes (elo- ments) in the desreasing order of their siandard recucton potentials is also known es activity series of wlements (© Nernst equation th a cell ite an electrode et which reduction takes Sine 3 Cae, OE ag = By E0% gM Flay = 298°? fog, (Ke= Eaulibrum constant) AG = 1 F Ey, (AG? = Standard free energy change) '© The ravo of spectie conducity to observed conductance Is caled cell constant © Tho weight of @ substance deposited by one coulomb of lectrory 8 knows as electrochemical equivalent © Theol rochemical equivalent of an eloment is 2qus to omic woight of element Vasency of eloment » 98.500 (© 00, used in a diy col acte as depolarizer © Tho numboro! covlomas = No. &! amperes x Tine In seconds No.of coulomins No.of amperes = N0-otcoulomes OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Which is wrong statement regarding a electrochemical (gal- (©) Electrons flow around exter- nal circu trom cathode to tively. Which corect ? statement is eee erode (A) Zn can reduse both Ag* and (A) Oxidation takes place at (0) fons carry the current inside ch anode the cell (®) Whon EMF of coll is posi tive, call reaction is sponta: neous CS.V.| July] 2009 377 2. The standard olectiods poten- tials of Ag, Zn and Cu are + 0-8, = 076 and 0-34 volt respec: (8) Cu** can oxdise Ag and Zn (©) Ag’ can oxidise Zn and Cu (©) Cu** can oxaise Ag’ andzn3. The unit of specific conductivity 42, is (A) mnoom —(B) ohm om (©) mmo (D) mhoom-t 4, The minimum equivalent con- dluctance in fused stat is shown Be (A) MgCl, (B) BeCl, 13 (C) CaCl, (D) SrCly 5, The unt of call constant ie— (A) obit om! (8) ohm om {C) cm (©) om 6. Zn can displace tellowng ion 14 from aqueous sclution— (A) Cut (B) Ag* (©) Fe (0) Allofthoee 7. Which ofthe following metals will effect the concentration ef ZnClp olution if olution is in contact with metal? (A) Au {B) Pb 15. (©) Ag 1D) Al 8, In the cal reaction Cu) +2 Agta) > Cui) +2 Als) The reduetion hel reaction is— (A) Ag- or = Agt {B) Cu+2e> > Cu? (0) Agi +e = Ag {D) Cu-2e- — CuP* 8. In which of the following coli, the chemical energy is directly converted into electricity 7 (A) Dry call (8) Concentration cell (©) Fuel col {0) Lead storage batery 10, Electrolytic conductance & direct measure of— (A) Potential (B) Resistance 47. (©) Concentration (0) Dissociation 11. When 001 IM solution of an elec: trolyte has a resistance of 40 ohm in a cal having a col cons- tant 0-4 cm-!, the molar con: ductance in onm-* em? m is— (A) 10 (B) 10? (0) 10 (0) 10 CSW. | July] 2009 /578 * 48, E* for electiode reactions Zn= Zn%* + 2e~ and Ag= Agr + ate +076 V and 0-77 V respectively. The EMF of the ccellis— (A) +153¥ @) -183V (©) -001V ©) +001V The resistance of a 0-1 N solu- tion of acetic acid is 250 ohm, whan measured in call of cal constant 1:15 cmt. The equiva- tent conductanes in oh? em? ‘equiv of acetic acid is — 23 8) 46 (92 0) 164 The standard reduction poton tials at 298 K of Li*ii, Bae*/Ba, Na'/Na and Mg*/Mg are ~ 305, 273, ~271 and -237 voll respectively. The strongest oxdi- sing agent is— (A) B®) Mg (o) ur (0) Nat Tho term condustivty stands for~ (A) Conductance (8) Speotte conductance (©) Moiar conductance () Equivalent conductarce The standard reduction poten- tials at 208 K of half reactions areas Znkiy +20" > ZN: 0-782 ¥ CR 43ers B= 0740 2H +22° > Hag) E* =0:000V Felten > Fefy: f° =07700 ‘The strongest reducing agent (A) Zn) {B) Crys) (©) Ho) (0) Fees The noial Al electrode coupled with normal hydrogen electrode gives an EMF of 1:68V. The standard electrode potental of Al (A) +166V (8) -1-66V (C)-O83V (0) +083V The reference calomel electrade is made trom— (A) ZnCl, (@) CuSO, (6) Hg,Clp (D) HgCly 19. From the given halt reactions, solect the strongest reducing agent Clay) #207 > 2h jag © =+136V Brag) +2E- Brag B=+109v Sné 420" + Shig E=-01v (a) or ®) Be (©) Sn (0) sn 20. The standard reduction poten- tials for Fe®/Fe and. Sn'Sn electives are 0-44 end = 014 V respectively. Forthe cell reaction Fe* + Sn — Fe + Sn? the standard EMF of the coll is~ (&) +030V @) -o53v (C) +058 (D) -0:30V. 21. In the call Zn | Zn?* i Cut | Cu, the negative tenminal of the cel is— (A) Cu (8) Cuz+ {(C) Zn (D) 2n?* 22. Stendard reduction potentials of four elements A, 8, C and D are same ~0-22, 000, same respec: tively, The decreasing order of thor reactivy is a3— (A) A>D>B>C (8) C>B>D>A {C) B>D>C>A (0) C>A>D>8 2. Wich ofthe following wil form a coll with highost votago ? (A) 1MAg*. 1M Co?" (8) 2MAg* 2M Co” (©) 1M Ag", 2M Co®* (D) 2M Ag*, 0-1 M Co2 24. E° forthe cal Zn Zn?* Cu? | Cu is 110 V at 298 K. The equil brium constant for the reaction is~ (A) 10°87 (B) 1097 (C) 10°27 (D) 1077 25. The equiorum constant (K.) for the reaction Cui) #ZAB" a) > CUP +2 AQ.) willbe— Given E2,y = 0-46 v)(A) Antilog of 1222 (8) Aniilog of 156 (C) Antilog of 15 (D) Antilog of 29 26. Standard EMF of Daniell cel is 1-1 V. The maximum electrical work obtained from the cell is— (A) 2123K) (B) 2129 Ks (©) 1754 1d (D) 175-40 ks 27, The standard EMF of the cell Zo Zn? Cu | Cuist4¥ at 298 K. The EMF of the cell reaction, when 0-1 M Gu2* and 0-1 M Zn2* solutions are used at 298 K is— ory By ity ()-14Vv )-o1v 28, What is the potential of hall coll consisting of Zn slecrode in 001 M2nS0, solution at 208 K ? (Eos, = 0-763 V) (A) 8221 (8) O8221V (©) 05262 (0) 9282 29, The hail cal reactions ofthe cel ued in heaving aids are 02 In Zn'* +26: =4076V Ag,0 + H,0 + 20- = 2Ag+20H-E E? for the cell wit be— (oav tv (©) 08v (D)22v 30. The EMF ofthe coll NiINP*IL Gu2* Gu is 0:59 V. The standard reduce tion potential of Cu slectrode is 0-94 V. The stardard potential of Ni electiode would be— (A) -025¥ (B) 025 ()osV (0) -093V 31. By passing 0-1 faraday of elec- tricity through fused NaCl, the ‘amount of chlorine literated is— () 35499 (8) 7099 (©) 35159 (0) 17779 32. The charge required tor reduc- tion of one mole of Cre0 t0 Or, will be— (A) 96500 ¢ (®) 2 «965000 (©) 6 «98500 C (0) 3 «98500 6 CS.V. | July /2009/879/5 ost 33. 36. 35, 96. 37. 38. 39, What amount of Clp evolves, when two amperes of current is passed for 39 minuies in aqueous solution of NaCl? (A) 33g) 689 (©) 99g (D) 132g In a solution of GuSOs, 0% ampere of current is passed. How jong wilt take fo depost 2 ‘gmof copper ? (A) 102 sec (8) 1020 sec (©) 12157-4 see (0) 1218-74 sec The charge required to liberate 115g of sodium from fused NaCl is— (A) 10taraday (@) 1-5taraday (©) OS taraday (0) 96506 3:6 faraday electricity is passed through a solution of AgNOs, ‘The number of gram equivalents ot silver deposited on the elac- trode will be— (195) 35 © % ©) 25 ‘The electrochemical equivalent of silver is ©.001118 g. When an celoctric current of 0-5 ampere is, passed through and aquecus solution of AgNO; for 200 seconds, the amount of Ag deposited ia— (@) 011189 @) 11180 (©) 055909 (0) $5909 ‘On passing one faraday of elec- ‘ticity through the electrolytic ‘cols containing Aa’, Ne* and Cr ions solutions, the depo- sited Ag, Niand Cr ero— Ao Nr (A) 1089 2959 1739 (B) 1089 108g 108g (©) 2959 2959 2959 (0) 1739 1739 17390 What weight of Cu will be depo- sited by passing two faradays of ‘elecricty through Cv ion solu- tion ? () 209° B) 81-759 (©) 6309 (0) 12709 40, a1 42, 43, 44, 4, 46, 47. 48, ‘The charge reauired to deposit 9:09 of Al from Al ion soluton is— (A) 96,5006) 96506 (©) 321636 (0) sa1690 ‘The number of coulombs requ: ires to produce 20-0 9 of calcium metal from molten CaCl, is— (A) 1:93 x 10° @) 1:95 « 10° (©) 48x10" (0) 965 10° ‘A copper cup is deposited with silvar by passing an electricity of 965 coulomb. The amount of Ag deposited is— (A) 1002g @) 107870 (©) 1.07879 (0) 9654 When @ lead storage battery is discharged— (A) SO» gas evolves (B) PbSO, is consumed (©) HySO, is consumed (0) Load (Po) is formed On electrolysing a citite solution of H2S0,, between Pl electrodes, the gas evolved at anode is— (A) SO, @) SO (©) Op ©) Hy ‘The electrolysis of a solution results in formation of He at cathode and Cl, at anode. The solution is— (A) Dil. H.80, (B) Aqueous NaCl (G) Aqueous CuCl (©) Liquid of fused NaCl When a strip of copper is placed in an aqueous solution of ferrous ‘sulphate (A) Copper willbe preciptated (8) Iron willbe precipitated (©) Both Quand Fe will dissolve (0) Noreaction will take place In the process of electrolysis, the Curent through tne electrolyte is cartied by— (A) Electrons (8) Cations (©) Anions (D) Anions and cations, ‘The standard reduction potential (Elgg) for the half reactions aro as Zn > Zn 420° ;£°=0-76V Fo — Fo +20; °=0-41V49, 50. 51 62, 53. 54, 86. The ENF of cell reaction Fot+2n » Zn*4+Fe is~ (A) ~095¥ (B) 095 (a7Vv (Dy -447 Given standard electrode poten- tials (E)— Foi +2e- > Fe:E’=-0-44V Fe% + 3e+ Fe; E” =- 00086 The standard electrode potential (©) for Fel 40> + Fee willbe — (A) +0772V (B) +0-404V (©) -0404V (0) -0-476V The number of faradays required to deposit one mole aloms of a ‘metal, when a solution ofits ions Méis electrolysod, is— wt (2 ©! atso In order to produce 180 g of oxy- gen, the number of moles of water requited to be vlecrolysed is (A) 25 B) 5 (©) 10 (0) 20 IVa saltbridge is removed from a electrochemical cell, the vol tago {A) Increases rapidly (8) Drops to zero {©) Increases stowly (D) Does not change One faraday of electricity may liverate one gram ator of metal from the solition of — (A) AlCl; (B) CuSO, (©) Bacl, —{D) Nac When electic curtert is passed through acidulated water, 112.mi of Hg at STP is collected at cathode in 965 sec. The current passedin ampere i5— (A) 04 8) 05 (C) 10 (0) 20 The decreasing orver ot stan- dard electrode potentials of K Gaandtiisas— (A) Ca>K> Li (B) Li > Pb (©) Po +50,* — POSO, (D) Pp8O, + H:0 PbO; 4 dHt 4 SOE + 20- ‘The specific conductance of 0-1 MHNO; is 63 x 10°? ohm-* cem-!, The molar conductance of this solution is— (A) 6300 ohm cm? (8) 630 onm=! em? (©) 818 ohm em? (0) 100 ohm om? The overall chemical reaction that occurs in a Daniell col is— (A) Oxdation (@) Reduction (©) Redox (©) Precipitation ‘The electrachemical equivalent of a material (element) Is equal to Atomic wt, « Valoney 96,500 Atomic wt. + 96,500 Valency ‘omic weight Valency x 98,500 Valeney * 98,500 ‘Aomic weight @ e o o The volume of oxygen st STP, obtained by electrolysis of 18 g (of H20 will bo— (A) 224 lire) 11-2 ttre (©) live (0) Aire 64. The number of moles of Als* reduced to Al by pascage o! 1 faraday of electricity is— a @2 (3 ©) 08a 65. If 2903 RTIF = 0-0592 and acti vily of solids is constant, the Wagyu 0:0592 og (8) E=€ 00592 og (0) exer 20882 gg 2 oose2 |, Co 2 9G, Oech us (0) E=&AROMATIC COMPOUNDS (A General Survey) Introduction @ The word ‘aromatic’ is derived from Greek word ‘aroma’ means fragrant odour. They are supposed to be darived fram fragrant natural compounds. © There are four main kinds of aromate compounds (0 Benzenoids containing one benzene ring (@)Polynuciear benzenoids containing two or more fused benzene rings. (ii) Non-bonzonsids containing planar eycic cerbon rings other than benzene. (iv). Those heterocycle compounds whose properties resemble benzene, ‘Aromatic Hydrocarbons @ Benzene is the typical compound of this dass, The other derivatives of benzene having hycrogen and carton only are also known as aromatic hydrocarbons. or arenes. © Several aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene, naph thalene, joluene, styrene, biphenyl and anthracene. © Aromatic hydrocarbons may be represented by 2 general formula, C)Han- on where y is the number of fings. When y= 1 and n=6, the formula is GpHe, Le. benzene. Benzene © Benzene (phone) was discovered by Faraday in 1825 and its ring structure was establisted by Kekule in 1865. © Cyclic structure—In presence of Ni catalyst and at 200°C, hydrogenation of benzene gives a cyclic com pound, cyclohexene and hence benzene must have cycle structure He A C cpteson Mae MG OMe ae df ° He © etal structure of tenon Foloving shure borzone wae opr’ by Ko x j I-C cot tou ee S v H Kokulo’s seuctire CS.V.{ July} 2009 /581 © According to Kekule structure, there should be two ortho-disubstitution products as x x ‘ ‘ an an ye ‘4 iH g- tp wey KG oH aon ¢ ¢ r i H H © Esporimentally only one ortho-disubsttution product is obtained. To explain this anomaly Kekule suggested ‘that positions of double bonds are not fixed as repre- sented by following dynamic structures Thus 1, 2 and 1, 6 disubstituted products are in rapid dynamic equilibrium and its rather impossible to sepa- rae them, (© The Kekule hypothesis of dynamic structures could explain the actual existence of only three cisubstitution products, x x i, i or» ZX we ey RY Gs H 1, 2eigubsttution 1, 3substiuion 1, 4-cisubsttution (Gre) (eta Para) © Ozonaiysis dala of Levine and Cole supported the dynamic structure of benzene,H-6-0 O-¢-CH, |[HC-0 — GH,-c-0 2 tet toe H-c-0 "0-¢-crh |[H-c-0" -c-0 Giyoxal—Dimetny! ——Giyoxal_ Methyl son ahora ‘They carried out Me azonalysis of ortho xylene (1, 2- cimethy! benzene) anc obtained glyaxal. methyl glyoxal and dimethy| glyoxal in the ratio of 8:2: respec tively. Formation of products in above mentioned ratio is only possible when position of double bonds oscillates bet- ween 1, 2 and 4, 6 positions. Limitations of Kekule structure—The structure pro- posed by Kekulewas unable to explain following facts (Resistance of double bonds in benzene for add tion reactions. (il) Ease of substitution reactions (ii) Unusual stability of benzene ring, The exceptionally stable nature of benzene ring is established by following experimertal observations, Heat of hydrogenation of benzene—Each carbon caroon double bond contributes nearly 121 kJ mol" towards the overall heat of hydrogenation of an un- saturated compound. Thus according to Kekule struc: ture, the heat of hydrogenation of benzene shoud be about 3 x 121 = 363 kd mol Actual heat of hydrogonation ia about 209 ke) mot! which is less than the calculated value by 184 ki mot" t. It means that benzene molecule is actually moze stable that predicted by Kekule. = Heat of combustion of benzene—Exporimental value is - 3301-6 kJ mol", The caleviated value for Kekule structure is about ~ 3446-8 kJ mot- + Thus actual benzene molecule ig more stable than the structure propased by Kekule by 145-2 kd mot-! Bond length in benzene—We know that carbon- carvon double bond (G =C) is 184 pm long and catvon-carton single bond (C—C) is 184 pm. In benzene all the six carbon-cerbon bonds are equal, 1, 138 pmwnich is intermediate between single ana double bonds. This further snows extra stabllty of benzene molecu. Explanation of anomalous behaviour of ben- zene —According to rescnance theory, Benzene is sup posed to be resonance hybrid of following two Kekule structures w ‘The structures (I) and (ll) are ixentical and they contibute highly to the hybrid structure. Thus high stabilty of benzene is attributed to the resonance, CS.V.{ July{ 2009 /582 Key Points (© Stability—Tho resonance hybrid is always more stable than any of the resonance structures of a molecule, Thus actual benzene structure (hybric is more stable than either of two Kekule structures () an (1) by an amount 193 bb ‘mor ' (resonance energy), a value comparable to that obtained under heat of hydrogenation deta, © Isomer number—n resonance hybic, a carbon-carbor bonds are identical wih respect of bond distence ard bond energy and hence pesitions 1, 2 and 1, 6 are equivalent. Trarelore, only tno diaubsttuton products actually ext © Chemical reactivity In aromatic substition reactions of benzene, the tencenoy is to preserve the resonance-st bilized ring systom, despito apparent prosence of carbon carbon dautie bonds This is therefore, a logical explanation that borzene does not undorge adeltion reaction, for aroma ring syotom we be desired by such reactons. Orbital structure of benzene—X-ray and election iffraction of benzene stiow that benzene is a fat hexagon with six carbon atoms lying in the same plane having tondangle (6=C-C-) of 120° = Each carson atom in benzene is in. sp? hybridized state. Each carbon has three sp? orbitals incined at an angle of 120° and an unhybridised p, orbital is located perpendicuar to plane of sp? hybrid orbitab. * The unhybridised p, orbital of each carbon atom can ‘overiap in two ways (The prorbital on each carbon atom can verlag in ‘two ways, In one way, the p, orbitals of C, and C2, Cy and Cg: Cs and Ce can overlap resulting in three bonds as Qra 20 (i) In another way, the p, orbitals of Cs and Cy: Cx and Cg: Cs and Cy can overiap resulting in three = bonds asQ. J © The pz orbital of any carbon atom can overlap with sither of two adjacent p, orbitals of acjacent carbon atoms as they aro equidistant. Since the structure of benzene is cyclic and planar, all the six pz orbitals overiap equally and continually to form two continuous rings, one lying atove and other below the plane af six carbon atoms. © The six elecirons of six p- orbitals cover all the six carbon atoms and are said to be delocalized. This, delocalization of 7 electrons results in more stabil of benzene molecule © Representation of benzene molecule or Hi" ‘Actually the dtcle inside the ring shows the coud of pt (3) eectrons. Concept of Aromatic Character (Aromaticity) @ Benzene and other organic compounds which resemble benzene in their chemical behaviour exhibit properties quite different from those of aliphatic and alicylic compounds, are caled aromatic compounds. © Following are some common characteristics of aroma: tie compounds ~ Their molecular formulze may show high degree of unsaturation, but still they are quite resistance to addition and oxidation reactions generally shown by aliphate unsaturated compounds. Instead, they Dehave Ike saturated compounds and prefer 10 undergo substitution reactions, = The aromatic molecules have high stability as shown by their heat of hydration and neat of com: bustion, = Their molecules are cyclic and have flat structures 8 shown by X-ray diffraction. CS.V. | July / 2009/58 @ Many theories have been put forth to explain aroma- ticty and some important ones are discussed below = Sextet theory—According to Robinson sextet theory, a completely conjugated cyclic system can- taining 6: electrons is aromate. This theory could ‘explain the aromaticty of berzene and its deriva- tives, but could not explain the arematicty of com- pounds containing 2, 10, 14, 18... » electrons, ~ Huckel rules—These rules were prososed by a German physicist Erie Huckel in 1931. Main points areas (i) The molecule or ion must be flat or neatly so. (i) Molecule must have cyclic cloud of delocalised seolectrons above and below the plane of molecule, (il) s-0lectron cloud should envelop all the carbon atoms of the cyclic system, The total number of s-electrors in an aromatic molecule must be (4n + 2), where a is an integer, 12., 7 =0, 1, 2... ete. According to Huckel rules, the number of « electrons will be 2 when (n=0), 6 when (n = 1), 10 when (n= 2), 14 when (n= 8) and 18 if (n= 4) ete. w Applications of Huckel Rules () Monocyelie ystems Nov-benzenoid systems ~ ~~ Copan ton race tas Cyclopropeny) anion (Plenar és olectrors: not aromasc) Hye Aye wos wo \ / \ 2 Cyclopentadanyt Cycoperiadionyl cat, eecrors anon, 6 nlectons {et aromate) ‘aromatic HOM HOW Nc ca Nav Cyetpropene cyeoheptavione \Nonpianar 2releetons) nonplanar etctons {Notarematc) {Nstremate) HK » 7 VY CCycioheptatiny! Cycoheptatreny! cation planat fr sloctons anon planarm sectcen (Aromatic) (Not aromatic) yotooctatoraene ‘Bx eectrons {Not aromatic) cyciooctaeraene dianion, 103 elocrons (Aromatic)(i) Polyeyelic compounds. apninaiene ——Antfracene——Phenantirene HOrolcrons ——f4s'dactons Ian electrons ‘arora (ivemat)” (Area) (ii) Heterocyetie compounds Gy Le GS Pyros Furan _Trioghene Prine (ranarbn eects (tn tector (6x ecsore (er sectene ‘omate) Aromatic) “Aromaic) Aromat) Antiaromatic Compounds © The term antiaromaticty was introduced by Breslow in 1967. Ary monocyclic completely conjugated polyene is said tobe antiaromatic if itis less stable than corres: ponding acyclic polyere, © Cyciobutadione is the best known example of an ant aromatic compound as itis less stable than the corres- ponding acycic 1, 3-butadiene by about 83:6 ki mot” In fact cyclobutaciene is so unstable that even at 195 K, it undargoes Alder cycloaddition reaction to give cimer, ¥ 198, Butadiene Cyclebutaione dimer © In viow of Huckel rule, monocyclic planar, competely conjugated polyenes coniaining 47 electrons are destabilised systems and hence are antiaromatic. ‘Some other examples of antiaromatc species are as, 1S Hy x re 4 < A \ Cyclopropeny! anion yclopentasionst Arokotore {antiaromate) cestion 4x actors ‘Antaromatic) Cycloheptatrenyl Planar cyslocciatetraene dion ureleciuns {Antaromate) Non-Aromatic Compounds @ A monocyclic completely conjugated polyene is said to be non-aromatic if its stability is comparable to the corresponding acyclic polyene, © Cyctooctatetraene is non-aromatic since it adopts @ nonplanar (tub-shaped) geometry whose stabilty is comparable to acyclic octatetreene. Thus cyclo- tetraene behaves lke a typical alkene and hence non: aromatic selections {Antaromatic) rs Sy Cyclosctatotraane (Non planar 8x-elecrons, non-aromatic) CS.V.{ July] 2009 [584 © Cycloheptetriery! anion is antiaromatic when planar But this adopts a nonplanar geometry and hence becomes as stable as acyclic conjugate polyene, heptatone Thus non-planar cycloheptatrienyl anion is non-aro- matic ‘Annulenes © Conjugated monocyclic polyenes containing even number of carbon atoms, CyHy in which n = 10, are usually called annulenes. © Asnulenes were prepared by Sondheimer to test he Hucke) rule (47 + 2) © ‘The annulenes where n= 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24 and 30, wore investigated. OF these only (14), {18} and [90] mnulenas are (an + 2)x electron molecules whereas rest are (4) molecules. LSI, 4 % {10} Amulene {19} Annulone [14)anrutene Planer-10x electrons nonplanar Planar: 1d-electons “Aromatic, 10r alectrons Aromatic Not aromate Azulene © Intensely biue solid, m.p. 99°C. (© There are two Kekule structures of azulene containing 10s electrons (n= 2). Five membered ring has fve and seven membered has seven z-electrons (2x electrans ‘are commen to both rings) a ES (LO - © Key Points (© The central C atom In allene CHp=C=CHz 6 sp ybil- ‘sed. The pai of hycogen atoms on each ater les perpendicular to plane ofthe molecula. Thus, this malecuie Isnon-alaner © Both pyridine (CyHLN) and pyrrole have lone pair of elec ‘rons on Neatom but pytale is not besio, 2s its lone pal is contributed towards aromatic sextet formation and hence rot available for protonation. In pyridine, the lone pair aver Natom is not coatrluted to sestet and hence available for protonation. (© Pyrene with 16-slectons does not cosform to Huckel rule, However, itis a typical benzonci¢ aromatic com poured. Actually only 14x-alections (poriphora) cortebute ‘odelocalizaton and henoe aromatic. a oN LAY Ss Pron eon@ Azulone behaves as an aromatic compounds in chert cal reactions. To account for its high dipole moment, it 's assumed that one e’ectron is transferred from seven membered ring to five membered ring. Both the rings now have sextet of x-elections, Source of Aromatic Compounds © Coal tar. a by-product of destructive cistiation of coal, Is by far an important source of aromatic compounds Petroleum is another source. © When bituminous coal is heated in iron retort (1000— 1400°C) in absence of air (destuctive distilation), coal gas, coal tar etc, are produced alorg with non-volatile resicue of coke. This process is alsa known as earbo- nization of coal © Following is the Hlow-sheet of destructive disillation of coal Coal 1 Hotvoae products Sold residue ‘cooled and was! cone aeaoe “2 65-70% of wt otcoal used Insoluble ses Condensed uid (Coal gas) 17% ‘en sanding 1 Aquoous ight ayer Heavy ecous layer (aermoniacal ken ‘Coalta) eui0% ise © Coal tar—In addition to carbon, it contains a number of naturally occurring neutral, acidic and basic com. Pounds. It is an important raw material for certain dyes, explosives, perlunes, medicines and photo goods. “Neutral substances—These include hydro carbons of aromatic series such as benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracane, phenanthrene ete = Basic substances —Pyridine, quinoline and thet homologues. Acidic substances Plain acidic substances are phenol (carbalic acid), cresols et. “Main fractions ol fractional distillation of ¢oal tar © Following are important fractions of petreloum Name of fraction Temp. range Mah constituents @ Lghtal 8070'S Benzene, toliene, rylene ote, (@ Middieot ——4170"-230°C Phenol, naphthalene ate, G) Heavyot —230"-270' Some phenol and (ceosate ol) rnaptthalene and ‘maiiy cresos (i) Anthracene 270-860" Anthracene fl {green of) (Pet Lett as residue 92-9476 eaben Purification and radistiation of light oil givas following, fractions Fraction Temp. range Main constituents and their usee (@ 99% upto 110°C Benzene (70%), Toluene Bonet (24%) and resi Xylenes @ 50% 110-240" Bonzone (46%), Toluene Bonzct (60%) and Xyione (4%) GW) Sovent —240'-260"C Mainly consists of xylene, naphtha, rmesiyleres and cumene Used as solvent forresis, rubbor an paint Note : 90% benzol means that when 100 ml of this fraction is redistiled 90 ml disils below 100°C and this is main source of benzene. Similarly 0% benzol means that when 100 ml of this fraction is dstilled, 50 mi distils below 100°C and this is main souree of toluene © Pitoh.It contains 92-94% carbon, The pitch is uso In black paints, varrishes for metal and wood work. It 's also used in making roads and as a binder in root making, @ Pitch is originally very hard and itis made soft by pumping creosote (dead oil) in still containing pitch. Tho oil from which anthvacore, phenol and naphtha- lene have been removed is known as creosote oil or dead oll Petroleum as a source of aromatic compounds — contains as high as 40% aromatic compounds, @ A variety of aromatic compounds are extacted from gasoli © During world war |, toluene, a strategic material required for TNT was obtained trom Borneo perofeum, '@ The prosence of slkyl benzenes, naphthalene and ct and fi methyl naphihalenes have been confirmed in kerosene oil fraction of petroleum. fraction of petroleum distillation, Fraction bec Temp. range Uses Gas 0, = 180" — 20 Sascous bls LPG) (i) Selah rungasoln@ —y-Ce 0" — B'S otc uo, sokentn dy earns Kerosene oll Ca-Ca 200" ~ ann" Diesel fo uma to, racking () Lubroants CoC — S8°Canc Lubtvants,petoleum jot, grease ete (s), Paratins Cay end up Law ming solés Gane, matches, too polish, wax, papa (o)_Acpnat Con indup Gummy residues Surecing ade CS.V.{July{ 2009 [585© Techniques are developed whereby aliphatic hydro: carbons present in petroleum can be converted into ‘aromatic compounds. = Hydroforming or catalytic reforming—This change 's carried out at high temperature (640- 580°C) and high pressure (10-20 atm.) in pre: sence of catalysts. hexane —S20¥A000. Benzene + 4H, meptane S222. Toluene + sHs noctane 22098003 oyteng + sy mrociane SHOAL. ety benzene + 3H, Cp —CHy, 1 SoH Cs MOMS. Benzene + at, CH) —CH, Many cyclopontane + High temperature cracking—It consists on heating petroleum hydrocarbons at 600-700°C in presence of Metalic oxides as catalysts. It '§ believed that hgh molecular weight alipnatic hy¢racarbons are first decomposed to low molecular weight olefins and Giolefins which in a manner similar to Diel's-Alder reaction form cyclic compounds that are subsequently converted to aromatic compounds he ee ae cH CH, e00-700"6 WL - =e Noy, Ethylene yelohexene Benzene fsadore In cracked petroleum, benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene ec. are obtained. These aromatic hydro- carbons are used 2s fuels with high octane-rating and ‘88 petrochemicals. Points to Remember © Following are some structures of benzene proposed by die. rent scientist Ka ray at?) bs eek Olefine > Branched chain alkane > Straight chain akanes © Octane number of gasotne can be increased by (} cracking (0 adeing gasaline adaitves (TEL) (i) akylaton (¥) ssomerk sation, (¥) reforming (cyclization, aromatization etc) (vi) ladging aromate hydrocarsons, Le, BTK (benzene, touene, syloree) © Aromatic compounds have low percentage of hycrogen and high percentage of carben as compared with comaspending aliphatic compeunds © Aromatic compounds on account ef having figh carbon con- font, butn with smoky or sooty flame while alipratic com pours burn wth nor-smaky fame. (© Aromatic compounds give many characteristic eactons such as Fiede!Crats reaction, Perkin reaction and diazo reactor ‘Aliphatic compounds do at give these reactions. © The resonance energy of benzene molecule is 15082 KI (a6oK cay mor * © Exch carton in benzene molecule & sp hybidised. Thus. in all thore aro sit C=C, cr bonds ané six C—H, bands which all le in ene plane and the angie between any two adacert (C=C, « bond is 120", © Benzeno (Phene) was list isolated by Faraday tom cylinders ‘of compressed iluminating gas obisined trom pyrolysis of whale ll Ip 18d benzene was found ia coal tar by Hote mann. Benzone was frst synthesized by Berthelot by pass- ing sootlone through red het iron tube. © Coal tars the chiet source of aromatic compounds. The high temperature (1000-1400°C) carbonization of bituminous coal results m coal tar contsining over 200 aromatic compounds. © Tho low temperature carborisation (1000°O) gives smokelnss. ‘coe roquated for metliurgeal operation. Tho coal tar oa ed inthis process cortains high quartty of aliphatic hydro~ carbons, © Tho gasoline oblained by cracking aways cortains olefins, branched cain aliphatic hydrocarbons an aromati: hycro- ‘carbons which have high octane numbers. This isthe reason that ls a better fuel than straight eun gasoline '© Some tractons of gasoline are dark coloured are have otten- sive odour due t2 presence of certain sulphur compounds such as mercaptans, and are known as Sour gasolines. © Inonder to avoid lead polution, now-a-days, unloaded petro! (hich does not contan TEL) 's used. Unieaded petrol con- tains nigher percentage of chain akares, akenes ane aroma tichydrocartons, (© During cracking fallowing changes occur Breaking of C—¢ and CH bonds resuitingin lower hydrocarbons (i) Straight chain alkanes chain alkanes, converted into branched (ii) Seturated hydrocarbons are convertad into unsaturated ones. iv) Gyeiszton ot alkanes to aromatic eompounds {© Fischer-Tropsch pracoss to propara synthticpotrolis as Covi, 22K am ote coor Syren gas © Bergius process It involves hycrogenation of coal FEO Wigture of tydrocartens Madure of hydrocarbons + HO Ost, en oie CS.V.{July{ 2009 /5861. Maximum number of organic compounds, is obtained from— (A) Natural gas (8) Potroloum (©) Coal tar (D) Animal charcoal 2. Aromatic compounds cannot have— (A) Aroma, (@) Planar geometry (©) Unsaturation (0) Tetrahedral configuration 8. Benzene wos discovered by— (A) Daton (8) Ketule (©) Faraday (D) None ot these: 4. Which of the following is the ‘most stable compound ? (A) Cyclohexene (8) Cysionexane (©) Benzene (0) Cyclohexadene 5. Benzene is not as reactive as henatriene because— (A) Thee double bonds are trapped in ring (8) Benzene Is non-polar (©) Benzene has delocalised 6.x electrons, (D) Benzene is unsaturated moecuie 6. Which of the following is an aro- matic species ? (8) 7. Which of the folowing formulae represents monocyclic arene ? (A) Catton se (B) CrHon— {C) CoHenea (0D) Cy Hens 8. Calalytic hydrogenation of ben- zene gies: (A) Xylene (8) Toluene (©) Cyclonexane (©) Benzoie acid 9. The structure of benzene is— (A) Trigonal planar (8) Hexagonal non-planar CS.V.{ July{ 2009 /587 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 10. " 12 13. 16. 16. 16. (©) Hoxagonal planar (0) Hexahedral Benzene moeleve contains — (A) Tiwee sp? and three sp? hyybridised carbon atoms (8) Tree sp? and three sp hybridized carbon ators (©) Al the six sp_hybridies carbon ators (0) All tho six 9p? hybridivod caroon atoms Potroleum is the main source of (A) Aliphatic hycrocarbons {8) Arematic hydrocarbons (©) Inorgane matters (0) Allot these LPG contairs— (A) Benzene (B) Butane (C) Hexene (D) None of these Benzene is obtained by factional disilation of (A) Light ol (8) Midate ot (©) Heavy ai () Antiracene oi Coal isthe valuable source of — (A) Sulpnur compounds (8) Aliphatic compounds (©) Aromatic compounds (0) Acyclic compounds Addition of BTX increases the ‘octane number of gasoline. ATX stands tor— (A) Butane, TEL and Xyione (@) Butone, TEL ane Xyionol (©) Benzene, TEL and Xylene (0) Benzene, —Touene and Xylene ‘The approximate amount of ben- zene in 90% benzol is— (A) 90% 8) 70% ax oun 4 na ne SH is (A) 4 Be 2 os 18. 19. 20. 21 22, 23, 2a, 25. Pyrigine io— (A) Aromatic compound and a primary base (2) A heterocyclic compound ané a primary base (©) Aromatic compound and a tortary base (D) Aromatic amino compound Carbon atoms in benzene are inclined at angie of— (A) 60° (8) 109° 26" (C) 120° (OD) 180° Which of the following com- pounds burrs wit sooty flame? (A) Calis (8) Ory (0) O,COCH. (D) None of these Gasoline is— (A) Cag to CgHy (8) Crys 10 Gychtg (CO) CyHag to CrcHag (D) Cy Hag 10 CopHs 0, Octane number of a fuel is ine creased by— (A) Alkylation (®) Isomerisation (©) Retorming (D) Allof these The process of reforming in- volves (A) Cyciisaton {B) lsomerisation (C) Aromatization (©) Allot ese Coke is obtained by heating coal (A) Presonce of ar (B) Absence of air (©) Restricted supply of ir (0) Presence ofcatalyst Which of the folowing fractions of coal tar distillation contains naphthelone ? (A) Light of {B) Middle oil (C) Heavy ai (D) Both (B) anc (C)26 er. 28. 2a, 30, at 32, 33, ‘The ratio between or and » bonds in benzene is— we 4 oe me Gyclopentacieny anion is aroma- tic due to the presence of— (A) 4rrelectrons (8) Brelectons (©) 10: electrons (©) 12x etecrons ‘An aromatic compound or spe- cies must have— (A) Open chain structure {8) Closes ring structure (©) Devcased electrons (©) Both (B) and (©) According to Huckel, monocyclic compounds will show aromatiity wmen— (A) It contans 4x electrons (8) Ht contain 2n + 4x electrons (©) Iteontans 4n + 2x electrons (©) Itcontains 4 + 2s electrons The purest form af ocal is— (A) Peat ©) Antnraate (C) Lignite (0) Bituminous Which of the following has the maximum number of resonating structures ? (A) Benzene (8) Naphthalene (C) Anthracone (D) Phenanthrene Which of the following com- pounds is not aromatic ? The number of bonding a-mele- cular obitals in benzene mole- cule is— (A) One (B) Two (© Thee (0) Six CS.V.{July{ 2009 /588. 4. Which is not an aromatic spe- 95. 36. 37. 38, 30, 40, cles ? wiles ele) \ M7 ® In which of the following roso- hance does not lead to stability ? (0) CHp=CH—CH= CH, Which of the following aromatic ‘compounds doas not have fused benzene rings ? (A) Naphthalene (8) Aninracene (C) Dipheny! (D) Phenanthrene Which of the following is not an aromatic compounds ? (A) [10] annulene planar (©) [10] annutene non-planar (©) (14) annulene planar (0) Azulone Which one is the antiaromatic among the following ? (A) Cyclobutadiene (©) Cyclopentacieny) cation (C) Cycloneptattieny anion (0) Allof these Which one of the following com- pounds does not coniorm to Huckel rule and even then is aromatic ? (A) Phonanthrone (©) Pyridine (©) Pyrene (0) Pyrole a 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, Which of the following will be aromatic ? oN on “ OA, ° os ZS © © ~ . HG, GH Centric formula of benzene was proposed by— (A) Ketule (8) Ladenbura (C) Armstrong and Baeyer (0) Dewar The number of x electrons in naphthalene is— (3 @6 (©) 10 ©) 12 Which of the following is the stable form of cyeichexatrione ? (A) Boat torn (8) Chair form (©) Planar form (0) Hat chair form Sixcarton atoms of benzene aro of (4) Thee types: (8) Two typos (©) One type, (0) Sixtypes. Aromatic molecules generally have (A) (4+ 2) electrons (8) Cyclic siructure (©) Planar structure (0) Allare correct Which is nor-aromati in nature ? (A) Furan —(®) Thiophene (©) Pipordine (0) Pyrrole Which is known as gasohol ? (A) Gasoline and diesel (8) Gasoline and alcohol (C) Gasoline and LPG (0) None of these Which of the following can be ‘obtained from coal tar ? (A) Dyes) Drugs (C) Perfumes (0) All ofthese (Continued o# Page 605)Model Paper for Various Medical Entrance Examinations: CHEMISTRY 1. Ayg of an element gues As 9 of its chloride. The equivalent mass of the clement is— AL oss tg, 2856 Ae 8) Aq 355 Ao- Ay ON Amy Ae 2, The weight of 112 mi of oxygen at NTP is— (A) O64 gm (8) 0.96 qm (©) 082qm (0) 016m 3. The wave number which eo1re- sponds to electromagnetic racia- tions of wavelength 600 nm is equal to— (A) 16x 10% cm (8) 046 x 10% an (©) 16 «108 ont (D) 160 x 10" on™ 4, The densities of two gases are in the ratio of 1 : 16. The ratio of their rata of diffusion ie— (A) 16:1 (B) 1:4 (Cc) 4st (D) 1:16 5. The isotope SU docays in a numbor of etope to an isotope of 207. The groups of particles emitted in this process wil be— A) Bat (B) 4a, 7H (©) 84,7 (0) 7a 49) 6. Which is not correct ? 4355 oO «255 7. The root mean square velocity of an deal gas at constant pressure varies with density o— a & ed 1 O\Vg Ova CS.V.{July{ 2009 /589 10. 1" 12 13. 14, 15. 16. Distribution law was given by— (A) Oswaio(B) Nemst (©) Henry (0) Van" Hott ‘The vapour pressure of a dilute solution of glucose is 750 mm of Hg at 373 K The mole traction of solute is— 1 1 ® 40 B75 4 1 ©) 76 1D) a5, Which is nota Lewis acd ? (A) FeCl, (B) AICI (©) SnCl,—(D) AICI,6HLO Which ofthe folowing has maxi- mum feceulaton valve ? (A) [Fe (CN)_]* (B) PO. (c) Cr (D) S0,?- hich of the following is an intensive property ? (A) Density (B) Volume (C) Mass (D) Energy Haig) +3 Oa(q) > HeOigy: AH = x Hag) +2 Oa) HO AH = y Heat of vaparsation of weter— Ay B)-Wty) (CG) x-y (D) y-x ‘On dissolving NHC! to water the solution becomes cold, This is due to~ (A) Exothermic (8) Endothormie (©) Supercooting (0) None oF hese ‘The unit of rate constant obeying the rate expression r= k|AI[BP° (A) moto 29 titra? ima * (8) mote" 5° litro®® ime~* (©) mole®” ttre ime (D) mole fre 53 mot The resistance of 1N solution of acetic acid is 250 ohm, when moasured in a coll of cel cons- tant 1-15 cm-*. The equivalent conductivity in ohm=* em equi" ‘ANacetc acd (A) 38 (@) 46 (92 (0) 126 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22, 23, 24, Fora reversble reaction, the rate ‘constant forthe forward and back- ward reactions are 2-38 x 10-4 and 8:15 x 10° ® respectively. The ‘equilibrium constant for the reac- tion is— (a) 0242 (B) 2-92 (©) 0292 (D) 342 Lyophilic colloids are stable due 10— (A) Large s0 of the particles (8) Small size of the particles (©) Nocharge on particles (D) Disoersion layer on the parti: cles ‘Tho pH of a solution is 2 Ils oH is to be changed to 4. The [H"] of ‘original solution has ta be— (A) Haved (B) Doubled (©) Increased 100 times (0) Decreased 100 umes “The corcentration units irdepen- dent of temperature is— (A) Molarty (8) Molaity (©) Nomaliy (D) Formality Which substance is serving as a reducing agent in the folowing reaction? CrP + 14+ Ni + 20+ 7 HO +9 NZ (WHO 8) Ni (oH (0) C10 Which of the following is not a coligative property ? (A) Depression in treezing point (B) Osmoti pressure (©) Elevation of boiling point (0) Increase in reezing point ‘The emf of the cell invohing the following reaction 2Agt+Hy > 2Ag+2H* is 0480 volts. The standard oxida- tion potential of siver electrode is— (A) 080 (8) 080 (©) O4V (0) -owv The reagent used to estimate tp volumetrically is— (A) KvnO, (B) Hypo (©) KyGr20r (BD) None ot these25 26. 27, 28, 20. 90. at The transition elements have characteristic electronic contigu- ration which can be represenied as— (A) (0-2) s%p8d!—"9 (n— 1) 3%p° ns? (©) (n~2) s%p%d' "(n= 1) %p8d1 02 ng! (©) (n=1) 5%"? 5? ap® ing ~10 (©) (n=1) s%p%a"~ "0 nst or? Gonversion ot ethyl alconol into acetaldehyde is an example of— (A) Hydrolysis (8) Oxidation (©) Reduction (D} Moecuiar rearrangement In. NO; ion number of bond pairs and lone pairs of elections on nitrogen atom are— 22 B34 13 40 CoHsNH2 and CaHeNHp can be best distinguished by (A) NaOH (B) B-naphthol (©) CHO/KOH (0) Hosenberg's reagent la the commercial electrochomi cal process for aluminium extrac- tion elociroyte used is— (A) Al(OH) in NaOH solution (8) An aqueous solution of Als (80a (©) A molten mixture of Al:Os and NayAF, (0) A molten mixture of AlOy and Al(OH); The reaction in which primary famine is not formed — (a) ono —EAHA. @) cHyconn, —UAH © cron Ae, (0) CH,cONH, SO“, It NaOH is added to an aqueous soliton of Zn? fons. white pro- cintate appears and on adéng excess of NaOH the precipitate dissolves. Inthe solution zinc exists in tro (A) Anionic part (8) Catone par {€) Bath in anionic and cationic part (©) Cotoide tom CS.V.{July{ 2009 /590 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 37. 38. 39, ‘The compound that does not pro- duce blue colour in Lassaigne’s testis— (A) Urea (8) Hydrazine (©) Aniine (0) Giyene Lead dissoves most readily in— (A) Acotic acid (8) Sulphuric acid (©) Nitic acid (0) Hydrochloric acid Salis an— (A) Anipytetic (@) Ani (©) Antiseptic (D) Antibiotic Misture used in Holmes's sional is— (A) Cab, and CaP» (@) Cat, and CaCl; (©) CaG, and CaP, (B) Cac, and CagNy The basic unit not present in DNA is— (A) Uracil (B) Aderine (©) Cyosine (0) Guanine Which statement is not correct when a mixture of NaC! and KoCrsOr is gently warmed with cone. HSO, ? (A) A c009 red vapour is evolved (8) Tho vapour whon pascod into NaOH solution gives @ yelow solution of NazCrOy (©) Chiorine gas is evolved (D) Chiomy{ chioride is formed Transition elements do not show— (A) Paramagnetsm (®) Coiour (C) Fixed valency (D) Allthe above ‘The stability of the compounds 0 “N «ay ™ (A) ay > ah > >a &) ()>(h>a >My (©) «i> «> >a) (B) avy> >a 40, a 42, 43, 44 48, 46. 47, White lead is— (A) PDSO,. PDO (8) PBCOS. PO (C) Poco, (0) PbIOH):. 2PoCO5 Both ethylene and acetylene can 'be prepared in one stop from— (A) CH.CHOK (®) OeCH,6r (©) BrCH.CH.Er (0) CH,COOH ‘At 400K sodium phenoxide reacts with COp 0 produce— (A) Catechol (B) Sodium salicylate (©) Benzoie acie (0) Salcyladenyde Which of the following is widely Used @s an inhalalive anaes thetic agent these days ? (A) CHCl, (8) (CHy)0 (©) OF,CHCI Br (0) CFCHB re ‘The water soluble compound is— (A) Agl (B) Agr (©) Agel —(D) AgBr ‘An unknown alkyl halide (X) roasts with alcohol KOH to produce a hydiocatbon CM zonolysis of the hydrocarbon aifers one mole of peopianalde- hyde and one mole of formalda- hyce. Suggest whch organic structure among the following fs {ne correct structure ofthe above alky!halido ? (A) Obs (CHo)36r (B) CH3CHBr CHBr CH3 (©) CHCH.CHBr CH, (0) Br(CH), Br No. evolution of oxygen takes place by the reaction of ozone with (A) PbS (@) HO, (©) 80, (0) «I Propene, CH:CH = CHe can be converted into 1-propanol by ox davon, Indeate which set of reagents among the following is ideal to effect the above conver- (A) Kin, {B) Osmium tetroxide (OsOg/ CH,Ciy (C) BgHs and alk, HoO> (0) Oxzn48. P,Qjo on veatment with water 49. Oxymercuration-demercuration 50. The abundantly found noble gas produce— Feaction of 1-methyl cyclonexene in atmosphere is— g gies (A) Hypophosphoric acid (A) cis2-methyl cyclohexanol fA KE (8) Hypophosphiorous acid (©) ies penal elanaesl (8) Xe (C) 1-methyl cyclohexanol (©) Oro phosphoreus acid (Ch Laman creche we. (Cl He (0) Ortho phosshorie acid rmethy|eyelohexanol (0) ar OTR GLE) CS.V.{ July] 2009 /59114. Model Paper for Various Medical Entrance Examinations CHEMISTRY 1. The separation energy of the electron present in shell n= 3is 1°51 eV. What is the energy in the first excited state ? () -15teV @) 940 (C) +151 eV (D) -195eV 2. The nomenclature of IC! is iodne monoctloride because — (A) Sizo of | > Sizo of CL (8) Atomic number of | > Atomic number of Cl (©) E.Notl will be— (a) 142 (B) 86 () 140 (D) 100 4, AL 300°C the value of Kp is ¢ for the reaction NO, <= NO+NO, At the same temperature and 5 atm pressure tho degree of dis- sociation would be— ws @>5 os Size of arion 5 Y= Size of cation show the maximum value for the 4 thon y will compaund— (A) Rol (6) Ul (©) RoF (0) LIF 6. pK, + pK» = 14 Is valid for the following par— (A) HG, NaOH (B) CHCOOH. C:H.NH, (©) CH,COOH, CH.COO- (©) CHyCOOH, NaCH 7. Kotor the reaction 2B NaHCO) Naz005 (a) +CO2 ig) + H20igy is (Na,6O3] (A) Ke inalico,)? IN2,00s] (C02) H20] (8) Kon” NaHCO)? CS.V.{July{ 2009 /593 (©) Ke= [COz (H20} (D) Ke= Pog *Prigo 16. 8. How many protons will be added to loft to balance tho process MnOyr > Mn? (A) Zero (8) Eight (©) Five (0) Two 9. If the cation of ammonium cya nid is replaced by metal cation (configuration 2, 8) then the for- mua to evaluate H" concenira- tion of aqueous solution will be— wel mel” © [ss] (D) KylKakih'? 18. 16. 10. The surface tension of water, benzene, tokiene and acetone at 20°C mre 728, 289, 284 end 237 dynesiom. In which case there will be strongest inter- molecular attraction ? (A) Benzene (B) Water (C) Totene (0) Acetone 11. Anhydrous HCl is a/an— (A) Aca (©) Base (©) Sat (D) Covalent compound 19. 20. 12. In order to coagulate As»Ss sol the order of coagulating power of cations is— (A) AB > Nat > Mg (B) Nat> Mg? > Ag (C) Mg? > Na* > Als (©) AP! > Mg > Nae 2 KWn0, + SHS + 64" —- 2M? 4 2K* +58 + BHO Inthe above reaction, how many electrons would be involved in the oxidation of | mole of reduc tan? 2 (©) 10 21 43. 22, os 1 23, ‘The enthalpies of formation of NO and NO are 82 and 90 ki mo! respectively, The enthalpy of reaction 2N-0+0, > 4NO ‘would be— (A) 16K) (B) 198K (8k (0) 88K) pH of a butter solution containing tei NCI and 110M M(OH) willbe—[pky of M(H) =7-0andKy= 107%) (60 B70 75 0) 80 What is the total KE. of 0S mole of nitrogen gas at 27°C (ing)? (A) 18705, (8) 187050 (©) 14705 J (D) None ofthese Which will ave highest bp. 7 (A) 1% glucose (B) 1% eucrose (©) 1%NaCl (D) 1% CaCl, The catalys! used in the hydro- genation of al is— (A) Vo0s (8) Fe (c) Pt (O) Ni Heat of combustion of carton is 96 k cal. When some quantity of ‘carbon is burnt in oxygen 48 k cal heat is berated. What volume ot Op at STP. reacted with this carbon ? (A) 48 tro (@) 22-4 ttre (©) Vive (0) 11-2 tre ‘The specific conductance of a normal solution of KCI at 25°C is 0-002785 mho cnr’. If the resistance of a cell containing this solution is 400 ohm. What ie cell constant ? (ay 1-108 (8) 2106 (©) 3-106 (0) 4-106 ‘A catalyst in a reaction changes which ofthe following ? (A) Equiliorium constant (B) Rate constant (©) Entropy (D) Nature of reactants Which one of the following hae the magic number of protons and neutrons ? (a) [0 6) ZA © UF (0) Sea ‘The ratio of U8 and Ra’?é atoms innatural uranium will be—24, 26. 27, 28. 29. 30, 31 32 [Mp5 for U2 = 4.49 10? years and Tos for Rai? = 1622 years] (A) 2.768 «10% (©) 0.2768 x 108 (C) 2-768 «10° (0) 2.788 x10° Recovery of silver from complex Na [Ag (CN). le done by — (A) Au (@) Zn (C) crion = (O) Hg 20 carat gold contains the gots (A) 205% — (B) 834% (C) 90% (0) 20% The metal used in photaelecitic cal is— (a) Ca @) Al (©) cs ou When copper is exposed to alr fora long time it develops a coat- ing ot— (A) Cu,0 (8) CuCco, (C) Cucds CuloHt (0) CuoHy, Which of the following compound gives red colouration with potas: sium thiocyanate ? (A) Potassium ferricyanice (8) Potassium forrocyaniso (C) Potassium troxalato terrate on) (0) ron alum How many coordination sites are there in ethylene diamine ? wt 2 (C)3 ——(D) None of these ‘An excess of AgNO, is added to 100 mi of O01 M_ solution of dichloro tetra aqua chromium) chloride, The number of moles of ‘AgCl procipttated would be (a) 0-001 (8) 0-002 (©) 0003 (0) oot {An oxlce of formula M03 gives yellow colour in alkaline medium but changes to green colouration in acid medium. Min M:Oy should be— (@) Mn (8) Ni (C) cr (0) Cu Which gives maximum number of tons due to ionisation ? (A) PLOLG NHS (B) PLCS NHS (C) PLCL,A NHS (©) Equal CS.V.{ July] 2009 /594 33, 34, 36, 36. 37. 38, 39. 40, a Sodium metal is oblained by— (A) Reduction of NaCl by hyceo- gen (8) Electro¥ysis of aqueous solution of NaCl (©) Electrolysis of fused Nac (0) Reduction of NaCl with Pb athigh temperature ‘Wich cf the follawing compound Is used as moderator in nuclear reactor? (A) Ordinary water (8) Heavy water (0) Active hydragen (0) Ort nycrogen ‘Which of the following reaction is diferent trom the other three 7 (A) 2Hy 4.0, + He,0 +0, (8) Aq,0 +0, + 2Aq + 20> (©) 380, +0, +3805 (0) NaNOz +05 -+ NaNO, +O, A blocd ted colour in Las- aigne’s tost by the adeition af fric chloride shows the pre- sence o— ws @ Nes (CN (0) Halogen ‘Which one of the following can- nat be considered as peoudo- halide ? (@) CN” ®) SCN” (©) OCD) BF Under the IUPAC system ethy- tone glycol willbe named as— (A) Ethane, 2¢iol (8) t-hydrory2 fomales and XYY malas (Jacobs syndrome). Nondisjunction Causes Abnormalities {© Gamote formation in humans involves meiosis. When members of a homologous chromosome pair fall to separate during meiosis |, caled nondisiunction.© Nondisiunction can also occur during meiosis Il, i haploid number of the genome. When such gametes daughter chromosomes fail to separate and instead go participate in fertilization, the resultant offsprings con Into the same daughter cells tain aberrant chromosomal complements and exhibit @ When the abnormal gametes are ferllized by normal phenotype variations. Such phenotypes are called gametes, a monosomy (27-1) oratrisomy (2n+ 1) __ syndromes. ‘ean recut @ Inhumans, when an aborrant gamete fuses with its © Duo to nondisjunction, gametes possess chromo: opposite at fertiizalion, the resulting zygote has either somws in greater or lesser number than the normal 4 0r 47 chromosormes, instead ol usual 47, Aneuploids Surviving Birth ‘Trisomy 21 ‘Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 ‘Tcomy 22 Monosomy 21 xo xxY, XxX xv ‘Chromoseme Constitution ‘Syndrome own Palau Edvard Tuner Kinetetior Triplex Jaco’ Incidence Phenotype wr Mental retardation ‘Abroimal pater of palm creases: Frat face Sparse, staight hair [Short statura High tisk o— ‘arate anomie leukemia cataracts digestive Bockages Alzhemer disozse 115000 Mental and physical retardation Skull snd facia! sboemalites Detects in all organ systems Giett Ip Large, tlangular noes Extra digits 14000-8000 Mental and physical retardation Skall and fecal sbrcemaliers Dots in al organ systems Exoess muscle one Very lew reported Muligle defects Large ears andnose Naw face Smalljew Excess muscle one YYery ow reported Mental and physical retardation Skull jw and fecal abnomaitos 12500-10000 females No sexual maturity Shor stature ‘Webbed neck ‘Wide spaced nipples Narrow aorta Pigmented moles Matformed elbows 1500-2000 males No secondary sexual charactastios Breet aweling Long arms and iegs Largehands and foot No apr 14000-2000 TTalland thin Menstrual regula Slightly lower 1/1000 males Tall Aone Possite speach andreading dicutios CS.V.{July{ 2009 /599© The most common autosomal trisomy seen among humans is trisomy 21 (Qown’s syndrome). Individuals with tsomy 19 (Patau’s syndrome} and trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome) have an average Ii span of less than one year. Nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes in humans: also occurs. Four common, but abrorrral chromoso- mal types are XO, XXX and XYY. The symbol 0 ‘moans that a 96x chromosome is missing ‘Some Important Human Syndromes © Down’s syndrome is the most common trisomy 21, 21st pair of aulosomes in this syndrome has an additional chromosome, i.e, there are three homolo: ‘cous chromosomes, instead of two at this number and the karyotype is indicated by 2X + 1 = 47. Thus a Down's syndtome illustrates aulosomal aneuploidy. ‘After Down's syndrome, the two most frequently seen autosomal aneuploid are trisomy 13 (Patau's syn- ‘Srome) and tisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome). ‘Sex chromosome abnormalities are often due to non- Cisjunction of these chromosomes during meiosis. Therelore, the gametes coniain abnormal number of sex chromosomes. When gametes resulting from nondisjunction are invol- vod in a forilization, the zygote contains an abnormal number of chromosomes. When this happens, Ihe zygote may live but devolops abnormality and tho individual shows @ group of symploms termed a syndrome, Tho metafemale syndrome (XXX) occurs when an XX gamete combines at fertilzation with an X gamete. Metatemaies are female but are atten stenle and may have a reduced mertal capacity. Tumer’s syndrome (XO} patients lack Barr body. When an X gamete combines with a gamete lacking X or Y chromosome, Turner's syndrome (XQ) result. These syndromes inherit a single X chromosome Instead of two sex chromosomes. The indivicual of this syndrome is female but sterile and is usually short in statue and has some mental Impairment Tumer's syndrome is the only aneuploid condition that Is more prevalent among otfsprings of older motners, (a) Nondigiunction m eagenaats car cracte coeytes with abnormal numbers of oex chiomesomes. x @) [Masie! (absorman] ions | (eormal) ars xx) oJ LA = Meise 1 (abnormal Abnormal Bes) os Guy) Uy, \) Bp BB (@) Fertilization after @ nondisjunction gives rite to abnormal aumbers of sex chromosomes. *y ey: 7 ME { t syndrome: syadome ‘yy ‘syndrome Note: The eynsromes can also result om ordsjuneton durng spermatogenesis. Fig, : Nondisjunction is a ‘allure In chromosome separation during meiosis. CS.V.{July{ 2009 /600