Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • High Speed Signal Amplification PDF

    Uploaded by

    Stephanie Murphy
    11 views36 pages

    Original Title

    High Speed Signal Amplification.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    11 views36 pages

    High Speed Signal Amplification PDF

    Uploaded by

    Stephanie Murphy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 36
    "HicH SPEED SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION SECTION 10 HIGH SPEED SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION W@ Hix Seep Ampuirier ARCHITECTURES W Correnr Feepack AoPriviers MH Comparison Betwzen Vourace FEepBack AND Curren Fexppack Or Amps ‘Hix Spzep Burrer AMPLIFIERS Hix Sprep Op Amp Noise Mois Op Amp DC Mopet. Lever Suirrine HicH Sprep Srcnars Usine Op Aes ‘System Appuicarions Gur SECTION 10 ‘Hich SPEED SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION HIGH SPEED SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION Walt Kester ‘The amplification of high speed signals while prosorving fidelity presents a significant design challenge. Although there is aa overwhelming number of op amps fron which to selec, only a few satisly the stringent requirements of ‘high speed signal processing systems. ‘igure 10.1 lists the selection eriteria in ‘he epprotimate order of decreasing importance. Dynamic range (measured in terms of distortion and noise) and bandwidth are major driving forces in high speed signal processing eystoms. ‘Those parameters are especially impor: tant in applications (euch as spectral analysis) where the proservation of spectral purity is paramount. Settling time is important in pulse analysis, while video applications require high bandwidths (lat over a wide range of frequencies) and low levels of differen- tial gain and phase. In the majority of high speed systems, ‘ac performance usually takes priority over de precision. Nevertheless, modern high speed amplifiors achiove levels of de accuracy which are usually more than adequate for most applications. HIGH SPEED AMPLIFIER SELECTION CRITERIA Broadband Noise Setting Time Distortion Under Load Bandwidth and Bandwidth Fiatness: DC and Capacitive Output Drive Capability \Video-Speeifications: Differential Gain and Phase Dc Offeet, Drift, and Input Bias Current Figure 10.4 a ‘Sysren APriications GUIDE Hicu Spey Aupuirrer Arcurrecrores Although itis possible to select high speed amplifiers without much under- standing of their internal architectures or circuits, the following discussion will allow the designer to make much more intelligent tradeofis and perhaps com- plete the system design in a more timely manner with better performance. In recent years, the differences in amplifier architectures are becoming somewhat overshadowed by the simi- lrities in nal performance. For ex ample, eurrent feedback op amps (some- times called transimpedance amplifiers) are not necessarily the best choice in all high speed applications. There are a ‘number of applications where optimized xed-gain voltage feedback busiors provide the best solution. POPULAR HIGH SPEED AMPLIFIER ARCHITECTURES Voltage Feedback Current Feedback Optimized Fixed-Gain Closed-Loop Buffers Figure 10.2 ‘The equivalent circuit for a typical voltage feedback op amp is shown in Figure 10.8. The input voltage is multi- plied by the open loop gain A(s) to yield ‘the output voltage. The feedback at- ‘temuation factor is. The equations ‘which relate the input and output ‘voltage for the inverting and non- inverting mode are also given in Figure 10.3, THich SprED StGNAL AMPLIFICATION VOLTAGE FEEDBACK OP AMP EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS + FEEDBACK FACTO Lenosse camer 7 " LOOP GAIN = Ate8 Figure 10.3 ‘The term A(@B is referred to as the loop ‘gain, Its the value ofthe loop gain at a specified frequency which will deter- ‘mine the overall accuracy of the op amp at that frequency. The so-called curative effects of feedback at any frequency are determined by the available amount of loop gain at that frequency. Loop gain affects gain accuracy and stability, linearity, distortion, input impedance, ‘and output impedance. The correspond- ing Bode plot fora single pole rolloff with fixed compensation is shown in Figure 10.4 103 Sysnew ArrLications GUIDE LOG-LOG BODE PLOT FOR VOLTAGE FEEDBACK OP AMP we [oan ‘ Lee Figure 10.4 ‘Tho gain-bandwidth product of an op amp is simply the product ofthe closed Joop gain and the corresponding band- width at a specified frequency. For a voltage feedback amplifior which has a single-pole frequency response, this product is constant over a wide range of Frequencies (see Figure 10.4) Ifthe op amp is stable at unity gain, the fre- quency at which the open loop response crosses unity gain is called the unity gain bandwidth frequency. The gain- bandwidth specification may thus be ‘used to calculate the closed-loop band- ‘width for various values of closed-loop sain. A key point often confused in selecting voltage feedback op amps based on bandwidth is that the closed loop gain, Ag refers to the noise gain,1/B, and not the signal gain (see Figure 10.5). For instance, in the non-inverting mode, the de signal gain (1+Rp/R}) is equal to the de noise gain. In the inverting mode, however, the noise gain remains 1+Ro/Ry, but the signal gain is now -RafRy. For example, if an op amp has a gain-bandwidth product of 10MHz, the closed loop bandwidth for a non-invert- ing unity gain configuration is 10M, while that of a unity-gain inverter is only SME. "Hiaa Sree SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE GAIN, SIGNAL GAIN, AND BANDWIDTH FOR OP AMP WITH UNITY GAIN BW OF 10MHz Noise GAN Nowe @amn=1 Figure 10.5, Anotherimportant point is that some _ shown in Figure 10.6, The extra resistor ‘op ampsare optimized to operate at is chosen such that the noise gain is, ‘high gains, and are not stable under greater than the minimum value re- low- or unity-gain conditions. With quired for stability. The penalty is these op amps, the gain-bandwidth increased sensitivity to input offSot product is meaningful only over the voltage and input noise voltage as well rogion of stable closed-loop gains. This _as lower signal bandwidth. A capacitor type of amplifier ean, however, be used _may be used in series with the resistor at low inverting signal gains by the to avoid increasing the de noise gain. addition of a shunt resistor to ground as, ‘Sistem Apriications GUD! OPERATING NON-UNITY GAIN STABLE OP AMPS AT UNITY GAIN IN THE INVERTING MODE Me stonaL can=- 22 5 My Be - Your A Nose caNe+ SRG Re Frome ‘CHOOSE Ry FOR MMM Re Yq Re Lance cawves ncn ac = sae NOISE cain, suT oC oe 7 etl NOISE GAIN AEMANS LOW o Figure 10.6 Current Feepsack AMPLIFIERS ‘The equivalent circuit for a current feedback amplifier is shown in Figure 410.7. The signal at the non-inverting input is applied to the inverting input through a unity-gain buffer with an output impedance Rg (usually between 10 and 1000). The current entering the inverting input is multiplied by the transimpedance open loop gain, T(s), to yield the output voltage. The feedback. attenuation factor of the current foed- back amplifier is different from the voltage feedback amplifier because of the low inverting input impedance, Rs. Solving the feedback equation yields the transfer function shown in Figure 10.7. But although the expression for the current feedback amplifier loop gain is different from a voltage feedback amplifier, it can be used in exactly the same manner in determining the accu- racy of the amplifier closed loop gain at any specifie frequency. THIGH SPEED SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION CURRENT FEEDBACK OP AMP EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT “if ipl: somorouome (IE) srmemesoncen(.22)2) “T)) + OPENLOOP TRANSIAPEDANCE GAIN gllRy ReURyeRe Ba ‘gi

    You might also like