Learning to labour i ow working clas kid et working clas jobs PAULE. WILLIS 17 F $1108 GF soxseIndividuals cennot pin mastery over thes own soci interconnections before they ‘ave created then But tis a insipid ation a concave ofthis merely oberne ‘ond a8 2 spontaneous, natural attibteisherent in india and lveprable from their ature (i anther to thir comelous knowing and wing), Tt bond 4s ther product. Ia historic product, I belongs to # speci phase of their evelopment. The allen and independent chrcter in which it pesenly exists ‘irs niu proves only thatthe ater ar sil engaged inthe creation of he nitions oftheir soil Ue, and that they hve not yet begun othe bao these condos, to ve it~». Univerly developed odimual =, are no roduc of naar, bt of history Kast Marx, Grands, 57. Penguin pp. 161-2} 1 Introduction ‘The tele thing to explain about how mide clas ki pot mile las fobs i why others et ther, The dict thing to explin about Row working cas Kt ‘et working cls be why they le theses, Wis muth too face simply to sa thatthe have no choice. The way in which manual nbout i applied to procton can rage ia diferent soci fom dl ‘eclon of machioe gu, bullets and trucks tothe mas ieclopial conten of {he voluntary industrial army. Our own liberal democratic cy i somewhat In between. Thee so obvious physi coerion and» degre of elf ection, This despite the tron reward or, undesble sacl defirition, and incresing Intrinsic meainglesnes, of manual work: fn a word location a the Botom of 2 cas society. [1] The primary sim ofthis book let cst xe light on this ur ring proces. “Too aten occupations and educational talents are thought of a on ashallowing lin of shrinking eapaity with working clas peope ats lower echt unquestion ‘ingly taking 08 the worst jobs thinking somehow, acept hat ns tp th ‘staan proper that I shoud spend thereat f my ie eewing nut onto wheel in car factor Ths gradient model mst of courte, are tro ot ea ero eadg at is base. The ral ndindale st the botom end would serely 1 sore for being alte nevermind for beng hurian, Since thee individuals are urtety far from walling corpes but are actully bringing the whole sem ato ‘ris this mode i early in need of revion. The market economy of job 4 capt soeity emphatcaly doce not extend to 4 musket economy of sti faces, want to sug that “aed” working cas ids €o not simply take up the fag cure of work where the lat succesful mile hss, othe mos sce ‘working chs kids, love of Instead af assuming a continuous sillowing ine of tility ia the occupational streture we must conceive of radial breks ‘epreented by the iteace of cultural forms, We sal be looking at the way fn which the working clas cultural stern of alu’ is quite diferent and discon ‘inwous fromthe other patterns. Though in determined context has its own oes, sown definitions, sown acount of hae other grope conventionally Fegisered amore successful. And this dase clr snot a neta pater, «mental Category, tof variables inpingag on the school frm the viet compres experiences, lationship, and ensembles of systematic type of reltonsip Wh ot only ae particular “chet and "deciont” at partir tines, bt alo ste ‘ure, realy and experiently, how these ‘choice came about and ae dae in the fst place “A linked an subsidy aim of the book st examine sportant and centspect of working class culture through the concrete stedy of one ofits most {evelog manifestations My exgnalrexetch interest wat, indeed in working as alte In genera and I was edt lok at young onacidecditected ales tnd thei adaption to work a «cull and rileped moment i the continuous regeneration of working lat coll forme in ieilon to the moi event uctre of oiey = working lations, Both set of concerns in fet tur on the important concept of Isbour ower tnd it is prepaed in our scety for application to manval work, Labout Power isthe human capacity to werk on nate withthe we f tact prodoce things foe th station of needs and the repredution of fe, Labour sat 4 her transistors changle hina sctivity. I takes on spec forma tnd ‘ocanings in ferent lads of societies The proeiaes through which Ibour power comes to be subjectively understood and objectnely applied and thet Interreationshis i of proound sigafcance for the Type of sacety whi te ‘produced nd the particular tature snd formation of Ke clases Thee pocezes, ‘ep to construct both the sents of puts subj and als distinctive hss forts atthe cltral and symbole wall atthe economis and sacral ‘iss Hen not tly reproduced un thas propely pase though te India an the poop, unt thas bee eceated in the content of wha peas to be personal and callactiv yoliion, The point at which people, not boro, thei class deatny be when what igen ef fomed, tenghened and applied to new purposes Lou power an iportant pivot of al this because the ain rode of aetve connection with the world the way pur excellence of articulating the innermost sf with externa ety 1 Fel the dlecte of he all othe self tvough the concrete world, One thi baie compact with the future bat been Imad everything ee can por common sete The specie mile, I rue, in which a certain subjtive sense of ana our power, a an objective devon #0 apply H to manual wor, produced isthe ‘working lass counterschool cult Iti here where working clas hemes ae ‘mented to indviduls and groupe in thelr own deteriate conten and where working cas Kis ceatiely develop, tansform and finaly reproduce aspects of the Ie cate fe heron pani such 4 way a to lly diet then Yo ‘ertin kind of work, Pat of ebook present an ethnography ofthe mle white ‘working class counter schoo elu, For the mk of cluty and lc, and inno ‘way inplying ther ck of importance oter etic and gender variants are not amined ‘We may jist aot hee thatthe existence of thie culture hat bee pisked up conventionally and especially by the media i is sentationsl mode a vilence and inating in the elas room. (2} The Rasing ofthe School Leaving Age (RSLA) in England in Sepember 1072 seem to have hilghed and further expored the most aggresive aspects of the elle. [3] Hoth the major teacher nts ave mmisioned spell seport[s] and have formalised arrangements fr union Support in excaing "roublemaker rom sat Over half the lel authorities in england and Wales hae st wp apecil clas ln schol, and even quite separate “eanctad inthe cate of lner London for soch his, The Secttry of Sate for Education hs ordered salons investigation int thie whole aes [5] Dsrpton tnd tracy in schools is high on the agenda of the “peat debe? which Me Calan: the cent Pine Minis, elle for on eduction. 6} I the sens, therefore hat tare that Hi thet on cltre which most cietivlyprepte some working cles a forthe tan! gvng of ther about power we may sy tat there san element of slf-daration inthe taking on of ‘Sbocdinate roles in Wester capita. However, ths damnation i experienced, Paradoxically, a tue learning. furan, appropriation, and as form of et nc. Futhesnove, it wil be agued In Pat It where I analyse the etheograpy rested in Part I tat ther ean objective bas for these subjective feng nd Ecitral process. They involve «paral penetration of the relly determining ondtons of exitence ofthe working ls which ae defile super to hase ‘fl wrson of their ety which ae proffered through the schol sod vaslous fate agencies Is nly on the bas of such ata eltrl articulation with thet Conditions that groupe of working cat las come to take hand in thet ove “annation, The tragedy and the contraction i thet thee forms of "penetration tre lite, datorted tnd tured back on themselves, often unateainal, by omplex processes ranging from both general enol processes and those within the school and guidance gence tthe widepieadinlence of form of pate tisha male domination and sexi within working case clare tel hall sng finally Pas I thatthe proses of elinduction int the abou proces constitute an mpect of the regeneration of working clas cullen ger, nd an important example of how hs cltre related in complex ways to Inve state naltttons, They hee ao inportast fantioa inthe overl repr suction wf the sca totaly abd epeclly in relaion to reproducing the soll onttons fora certain kindof production “Ti the epne ofthe book, Inport of these sins the book makes a cunt bution in numberof other aes, [explores the edacaioa paraig tthe eat ‘the teaching relationship in or schoo, mesa eligu of vocational usnce nd sugets some explanations fr the eaten fall of sate education to fadiclly improve the chances in ie of working cas i 7} Thee fan Pak Wan intervention ito the dicasion of sens stereotyping tation to pate tick an Capitalism, and sme pte owarde an argument within theory abou the ‘espctve stats, nd for of rations between tue and ideology "The qualitative methods, and Parpant Observation wed in the reset, and the ethangraplie format ofthe presentation wer dcated by the aate of my interest tthe elu These technnues ae sited to record this eel and have 2 setity to measings and values a well asa ablty to represen ap ilerpet ‘yb arculstins, practices and Forms calla podacion. In pri the ngraphic acouat, without sbeays kaowiag how, con alow a dere ofthe Seti, ceatity and human apency within the objet of study to come Uap fata he analyse and the readers experience, Ts ital to my purposes where 3iw the cultura not simply ast of tansfered internal sructres (a athe ‘ual notions of sociation) aoe the pave el athe ation of Camueant estoy downwards (a In eran inde of mara, but at least in at the product of collective human praxis - ‘One min ease study and five comparative sties wate made in the esearch ported in this book. The mala study was of grup of tele non cedemie work Ing class tds Fm 3 town we sal call Hrmertown and sending school me ‘al cll Hlammertown Boys. They were seested onthe bas of endship ks ‘and membership of some Kind ofan oppnltiona culture ina workin clas Shoo The school wa ul nthe inter-war yeas and aya he het os clvely packed Intecwar coun estte competed of wands, often tesaced, sasonably wel snaied houses ntrinked witha mae of ross, cescene ad sles and ered by numerous le pubs and clister: of shop and ml wpermahes During the pti of the research this school was x boys only, aseletve secondary modern school twine with ag acho ofthese sales, After the een Fished i was sedeigrated a single sex compihrsve school at of the general reorganisation of secondary education inthe borough, Ie vew ofthis expected change and uncer the presto f events ari in preparation for RSLA the sol wat expanding in tems of bugs and itroducng experimenting with tome new techniques during the period of the reach, Searing was feplced by Ine ably roupings, «resources centre wa introduced, experiments were made ‘a eam teaching and cucu development programs, anda whole ange of few option courses were developed forthe "RSUA year Fade Cotact withthe {up a the begining of the second term of thle penultinat yest and followed "hem ight tough nto ix months of thle working ven thin yea wa be the fist year of RSLA) The scoal population war toot 600 and Contained sbstnto West Inn and Asan minors. Basal ths school way selected because it was in the eat of, and dew from, an abactly characterise working clas ikea count estate, el atthe eat of Hanmertown, The shel was xclushely working class intake, but had the epuaton of ing good schol This seemed to men, in esence, thal It had "esonable standart’ of recog tehviour and des enforced by ae etrested nd competent senior sel. Tented oe a certain as pombe thatthe group selected was typi ofthe wong lst ‘in an industrial rea, and thatthe educational provi lenoyed wa os good ‘ot sgh etter than, sy avaible in sma Beh context. An ed avon. ‘ag of the particular school chosen wat thi it had x ew and wel equiped youth Wing whic was well atended by the pupl sod gre the oppurtunity of very pean iformal nial entity nt the schoo Comparative case stuies were made over the same period. These weie of 1 erup of conformist nds lathe same year of Hatimtiown Boys. posp of 4 working clas conformist Ide in a nerby Hananertown mixed secondary modem, Informally known ar3 tomewhat rougher schol; group of working ns non onformit las inthe ge sex Hammertown pranmar school» sent rp in { compreesive net he middle ofthe lag gonucbation of which Hasertown ‘was pats and a mined clas mle nonconfarlt prop i a high satus grammar {choot in the most excise fede area a the same ier conuibatin. As fat 1 por, ll poups were in the same school year, were iendshperups ed were selected for thelr kaliiood of Teavng school a the statutory isinom Tearing age of snten. tn the ease of the igh status lamar schoo! thi ter ‘condition totaly determined the memernp of the proup andi mixed cae ature - they were the ony boys ated t leave at seen in te fourth yest (Gen Ist contacted them), and indeed subsequently ony wo of hem ately [eft this point, These groupe were elected to ie compurative discon tthe study alone the parameter of las abit, schoo epme, snd eatation to the ‘stool ‘The msn group ws studied intervely by means of ebseratlon and prtipant observation i as, around the school and doing lsre acts: replar recorded ‘troup iscunons; informal lteviews and dire, 1 stended all othe dere tibject lates and options (not aa teacher bit a2 member ofthe cas) atended by the group at vou ines, andthe complete rn of carers clases which were taught bya dediated and experienced teacher recently relured rom secondment toa wellespeced cares and counseling coutse 1 aso taped Tong conversations wih all the pens ofthe ain group, nd with ll senior masters ofthe shal ‘main junior teachers in contact with members ofthe group, and withthe erent officers omg ito the hoo. 1 followed ll twee ys fram the win group at well as thie ected boys fiom the conparatve groupe, into work Fillen shor periods of partipant taeraton wete devoted ta astualy working slongide each Ind in Wi Job, and ‘were concluded with taped lateriens withthe dial and soled iateriews ‘With foremen, manages and sop stewards, arto ffi seonded inthe Doomsday Rook 2 tiny hams, 1 0 the cente of England a part of «mh ager conurbation. Like many other sal towne around thete, Hs population site and portance exploded dug the Industrial Revolution. The coming of cans and the Buin of a foundry by Balto and Watt forthe comstevton of metal eins for other manufrs in the mile of the ephtonth century Wasfouned is watt. Te was avon the fst ofthe adustria towns, and its poplation one of heist industri prleta 2, By 18001 had extensive tonseling Works and on Founes wel 3099, lead and glass works. Move vce thas Become an important centre for beanng engineering, andthe production of pring, cycle component, gas, screws, and us and bok I pderd» Milas te and bolts ton, wich wa a eine ne of the rales ofthe Indust Revelation, is now part ofa huge industrial coaubation in the Mult People thik oft a rough and dirty ten though ts record in pub servos ad RosiProviso Is blfer than most in he pon. Tunbledowa cottages and Vistoran Slum terraces ave ow Been lagly clued vay and replaced by modern cou ows and ghee Mas Bat when boys from Hminertown rte glam rm ome they sl Hike to say tat they a fom the ajent ig iy which, coment tly. supplies thet pst code “The population oF the Town rice its peak nthe ely 1950s and fs been fang soe, despite the arrival of estan umbers of Back immiton The opoaton sow about 60.000 ad, steretingy, ht one of the hes ‘ivi ‘atee/8]~ especilly for women ~ in the couitry. The agesex stuctre of Haninetowe is sar to that fr the fst of England aod Wales, buts cst stricture i otbly aiferent. Iti esetay a working cls own, Only ® percent fof is esidents ae in profesional and manage occupations (al the rational fof) andthe oxerweiming majo of the popation men ne on of mal work, There i startling dali of sou 3.000 we ls poem the South and west who wil work But not liven Hamenertown, The death of the kl lates eeted in he fact Hat wer 2 per cont of ade fl se ‘suction (aa al the elon ate), Te sractae of employment demonstrates the distinctively indo astute of the working css community. There is 2 taal about fore of about 36,000 of ich fly D9 pee cet i involved in manufacturing of sme ind compared mth 5S percent nationally and $5 po cnt forthe sonurbtion. Metal end metal ads Inatuctning aecount for over halo euch employment The other major sures ‘of employment ae in food, dks and Lobaco indus, shan engine, hicks, ticks, potery and gla, and ditnbution, Enploymest ropes ate fevcrlly good ia Hanumertown anderen dong rctton ite unemployment ate stayed about t percent unger the national aeage, ‘though the town a ndusteiaed over 200 yeaa, an his kept many of the sane busi industries ~ especially metal an metal working = does mot have ‘the sal e/a few wtasectue of any sim towas. at snus Yin) ‘ovganisaionalstactare ie erikingy modern. Mich ofthe employment in Hamnestown sin Ie Talis which are often temas «branch of mations or iutnational companies. ity per cen of the total workforce works i ims ‘enpoying ovr 1000 peopl. Under pe cent of the a masufacting wok a Tis employing ies than 28 people, Fafy-ight per cent ofthe tral lndustial Forspace i concentated i het ight facto exceeding 100.0044, fi sie ‘Over 30 per cant ofthe otal ares ofthe town sn induti ute, Haminertown i altogeter something of an archetypal indus fown. 1 hat a the casi industri lark a wall thse of aden monopoly epitalism in conjunction wit a proletariat wich jx about the oldest im the wo. Notes (0) Thee ae maser of statistics demonstrating ema dfeences between the woikag and mide last in Botin, There hide dapeement about the ‘sllbty of thovesatiuce and the Inet volume of Soci Tren (20.6, 1975, TIMSO) bigs topetber most ofthe offiiahts. Sixty: thtee percent ofthe heads ‘of households ate fn manual work of ome Kind, The lower the social cass the tower the income, the greater the lkelnood of wnemployimen, the greater the likelbood of poor conditions of work, the greater the Ikeliiod of beng of work ‘vough slekaess. So ls for distbutions of wealth nd ieame: A Asoo, ‘UnegulShares, Penguin, 1974; F- Fl, Unequal Brian, Atow, 1974 [2]. See, for instance, ‘Contolexpesnent’, Dre Guardion 18 Match 1975; “They tur our school into + jungle of lence’, Sunday Expres, 9 June 1978 (by Angus Made MP). and "Disipine or terror and Inout shoals... dance tang war and mugging, Sundoy People, 16 June 1974; and the fin by Angela ope on BBC Panorama, The Bert Years broadest 23 March 1977 [G]._ Evan the offic government report on the ft year of RSLA, aly ‘otal frit optimism in contrat to aller commetas,scoptd Hut there tra a ene of ident and recorded a srong impression tat mibebsvious had Increased", DES Reports on Education, The Fst Year After RSLA, Apa 1975. [s]__Se National Asoction of Scho! Masters, "Dizi in School’ 1978 INAS, The Retreat fom Authority’, 1976; National Union of Tacs, Execute Repod,"Disiline in School, n 1976 Conference Repot. IS] Reported in The Guondian, 27 lune 1976. See ako J, Mack, "isupive pup, New Society, 5 August 1976. [6] Inan inpowtantspecch at Rusin Colles, Oxford, in October 1976, Me Callaghan, the pre mine, cle for 4 "est debate og education to examine some of the new teaching techniques, patentl ‘ness’ the polity ofa or ‘Scan and Yeduentonal) prints.) to stone highefficeney «bythe Skit ws ofthe £6 ihn of exting resources” [7] AH tadey stated recently, een aftr the hep of an OECD senna on “Eueaton, Inequality and Life Chance that “we ae atl Tar fom = complete understanding» [of why educational] achievement i ap stbboraly calted wath sch nin’ CW cance stl be ie thing, The Guarda, 1 February 1995) [8] The activity rate i the propeton of the population, aged een oor, which i economally active Tht and most ofthe flowing iomatin Is ken Tiom the sacar plan ofthe al borough, Staite relate sully to 1970,2 Elements of a culture Opposition to authority an ction ofthe conforms ‘The mast bie, obviows and explicit dinension of counter school culture sem Urenched gener and pesonalied opposition to “authority” Tit feeing easly Verhalsed by the lade (ine self lected tile of how i he Somer acl ell) [tn 2 goup discussion on teaches} daw {._) theyre able to pul ws. They're bigger thin, they tts fora bigeeeeteshment than Wwe do, ke, wee Jost Tt and they stand for bigger things, anid you ry 1 get your aie ‘The teacher think eye high ad ht os here teache, ut they: nobody rely, they're pa erry people an i Teachers think thee everybody, They ae ase they hier than me, but they thnk tye Tot higher and they've ot Spanksy Wish we cold eal them Fst names an hat hk hee Pete Tat would be aor beter Pw ean you sy theye higher, Do you accept atl that they now beter sot things” doey Yes, but tha dost rank hens shove jt because they te si They owt eats hw they'd ie us wo Wet wo Jovy (6.2 the way wee subject o teeny whi ke, They want something dong and we have co srt of da es, er weve fats we'e wer them Bike. We wore witha wean Leach in tte, and cos we all wear eng and one ort of them Bagh, lie he's got ne snd Bout of the blue, ike, for no apes reason, hey, ake al that ff ey Yeahs we sy, ‘One won't come of she says, Take yous ff aswel sa -Yourl have ta chop my ingot Pw ‘Why lsh want yon take your igs? Jey Justa oot of show like Teaches do thi, Ihe al ofa sodden they make you do your Her up and thing Hike this, Youresubject (0 thet every whim tke. 1 they want something done, A you don't think 1s Tigh, and you ebject aus iy your'e down to Simmonds (the head), or you get the cane, you pt Some exes work toni ew Yau think of at stl a kindof num (J? , Yea : Yeah : Most of then Jy Wd a Bi of pice to yer Me, you trying to gt him for something's done to you. This opposition inclves an apparent inversion of the unl ales eld wp by sein, Dear, delete, rapect “thw cone hing wih ean be ea {ins proup dicuson) Pw ‘rans [the Carers Master] sid you wete al being very rode Go you did't have the poten to listen to the spesher [uring 4 cares seston) He aid why didnt you tealoe that you were jst making the werd ety efor when yeu pow up {nd God help you when you have Keo they've Bola tobe worse What dil you think of tat? secy ‘They wouldnt. They'l be outspoken. They wouldnt be sib rise fucking et, They be outspoken, upstanding nor of prose Spanksy TTany of my hid ike hi, here, be plese ‘This oppoition is expressed mainly a tye. Ii lived out in countess sll ways which te speci othe schoo intuit recgnse by the echoed ‘ales italic part ofthe daily fae of ile For the kis, Teacher re sept onspiacy theorists. They have tobe tprlyenphas tel devotion to nding ut the th fron suspected culpa, They live sutounded by complain is ‘mot obvious - thoph ofen verbally unexpressed = forme. Rt ka enily become 2 puanoe conition of eacrmoos proportions {1 [Aste ld” ener the clseoos or atembly, thee ate conspire nods to ‘ach oer saying, ‘Come and sit herewith vs fr a laf? cong anes to heck ‘where the teacher Is end smicking emilee. Frocen fora moment bya dest coms ‘and o look, sething movement easy resumes with the Kids moving about with {hat Tn jst ping through,” sr of ook to get leer to their mates. Stopped ‘ani, thee i always a ready excuse, ve got to fake my cat os, So and $0 told me tose hans After asembly ae tre, the i stil moosed frm his ‘mates cuts along the backs of the chal of behind acutaln down the side o the all, Kiking other kis, or tyg to dismantle cai wth somebody ont Re pases "The Tas specie In + caged retentenest which always slop jst short of coutight confrontation. Sete in clas, a eae» group a they can manage, there 152 continous tapg of chai, a bad tempered “ututting a the simplest re ues, and 2 continuous fggeting about whish explorer every permutation of Sting oF lying on chr During pate sudy, sone openly show didi by ‘ppaenly trying to goto seep with tes head sdeways down onthe des, some fave hic back othe desk gazing out he wiedow ox evenvacaly athe wal There isan abet sir of tnubordination rey wih spur jotieation and Impose to all down. If someone Is siling on the raatr it because it trouser ae wat Coe th ci if sorcone i itng aero the cstoom be fing fo get some paper fo writen work, or somone sean las es 8 fo empyy the ub Tike he usualy does Comes, eewspapets and ses der hated deaks eat Sato elaive textbooks. A continuous hum of talk flows round wjunctions not to, lke the ieitable tide ovr barely died sand and tverywhere thee are colle back eyeballs od exaggerated mouthing ef Sone oval eres ‘uring cus teaching a mouthed imaginary’ dslopue counterpoints the formal lesruetion: ‘No, dont understand, you cunts What you on tbo, tt Not ‘cking likely; "CenT go home now plese” A the vga! sexe double meaning ‘els and "what come Ina the back resmpanil perhaps by someone matur Ita signe pens wth rounded hands abowe ht head i compeesed ped lechry: I the sett of the conspiracy i callenged, there ace V gs behind the teacher's back, the gute of eracked Koucke from bese, an vive innocence tbe foot, Attention foie on tes, ge, set ngs, Boe the desk = Snything rather than the teacher's eyes in the corr thee is fot drnggng walk, an over “ell! or sen sence asthe deputy pases, Deseo insane auger erpts which might ot ‘ight not be about someone who jt ped I a dene oso is fo cary on. There a way of standlg clletvely down the sides ofthe soror 1 fore an ndisngauntel ran ~ though ths san reer be proved "We'e jut iting For Spanky, (Of course tual stanton fer, an ferent Kinds of teaching sya ‘oreo le able to contol or supp thsexpesive opposition. But The hoa fonotmiss othe “at ole for the Ids = have ily iferent orien Ie Se mot so much that they spor teaches, ater they apport te ido cache, Having invested something of ther own entities in he fora sins of eduction and supgot of the school isittion ina certain ene having foregone tir wn ‘ght to have aa = they demand tha teachers should at least reget he ate authonty. There are ane ke the fatal for reining the shepherd of his iy. {tn a group daca with conformist at Harmstown Boys) Gary Well, don" think they’ sic enough now (..) ean hike Mr Gracey an sone of the oer teacher, nein with Groucho, ‘ven the fist years pay him up (thy the la shoul be hed Uke, 50 they grow up nt to be cheeky (.) Some ofthe ates, you ean get on with them all eh, Tek fom the very bepasing with Mr Peters evrybady ws quit and if you tnt done the wook, you had to come back and do ean tome of the oter teacher, se fom the is years, they ge you homework ay you didn't 69 i, they never asked fori they hint bother Hb escly what appens to be thet enthusiasm fr, nd complicity with, iment authory which makes the school conformist or "earle ote the second great tage fa “the Ind The tn ele il Commotes the pasty ‘and absurdity of the shool conformist for the a aes tha they ae always Tieng, never doing: neer animated wih thet ow ttn, but fries sigh reception, The ear one ofthe let expressive ofan he hard bey 1 respons to the expressivity of others Ii party and eny fo render obscene That 5 how “the In Tked to picture thowe who confemed o the offal Hew oF schooling. Cricty, “he lade not only atet bul feb superior to the ‘eaole The ‘obvious mim: Fr the enactnea of the supecoity I hat which the ‘ele “Sprarenly yield fn, independence and exeltement hvieg ah {0 group dtesion} ww (Go why not be the the enous, why not try and gst CSESE ° They don’ get any fun, do the? Cos they pats Lk, one kl es got on sport now, e's got Five Azan one Derek ch. Spanisy "mei, what wll they remeber of thet school fe? What wll ‘hey have 1 Took back on? Siting fax loom, sweating tit bulloks of, you know, while weve been 1 mean Laka the things we can Tok back on ting on the Pai hing on he 1s [4 Jumsicons]. Some of the tings we've done on teacher, {eilbe sf when w look back ont Pave Like you know, he dont get mh fun, well say Spanky plays shout all day, he gets fun, Baaabster's there eveating set his bollocks of all day whe Spanky's doing fck al, and e's tnjoying Spanksy In the fis an econ year 1 wd tobe bilan really. ws 2A, 3A you know aod when I ed to get hoe, Uwe ai in bea hnking, "Ah, school tomerrow’, you know, Utada done that homewerk, you know "Gott doi - Yeah that igh hat Spanksy Bat now when Igo home ls que, Hin’ ot nothing to think bout, Lay, “Oh gtet, sol tomoerow, i bea A you now wa You sl esr fuking come! Spinksy Wh! wit You [ange io - ‘You can't imagine : ‘You cant imapne [aul] going ito the Plug and saying “Aint of lger plate Fred You can't tmagine Bookey goa’ owe ke with the miss, titer, and ving good mao her 2 e's gots bed, Boley! Neha, Fret ean se fim gta to eps wih her, hough, Uke we do you 1c was inthe sexual en expel hit "he nd fl tei supesioiy over the ‘eae *Consing out of your shal, losing your inidaes was par of baconing “one of he ls’, but Fe as 80 the way C0 chat up bith sively, Ivan oad ‘oy thee was + distorted election hee of the teacher” eatnaipa o the"ar ‘ler The lad felt that they occpied 9 snr stata ol of supe and ‘xperience, bul ia deren arid sae soc mee {tn on via eve Joey ‘We've [he fads all bin with women and all that.) we counted i up the ter sy, ow many Ks bad taal heen wih worn like, be many is we Know bes lah Ba 2 sag, a {think only cet, hak we go 0 tee Four (.) la theft yar ou of aun Kay tha» quater Pw ‘Would yam bays knoe tough? Joey Yes t would (--) ets around you know, te gun witia cul the kids who we hau wh ae sort of ete es ike ey‘ 2 separate group fron us an the ea les Keds ke Dover, Simms and Wills, and one or fw oer ke. They all test about wath theca rel ut they've sl fsking el i the way they tak, the way they act ike They can?t mek us Tlf, we ca mek then la they ca Fucking gt eas when ne of usaf, and then thee us (sone them [he sem ‘roles have Been wih women and we know abut ike The faves (—) they've got ial fo came. 1 mean Took at Tom Ural, have you eer noticed hi, Ie slays looked at Kinand Ive thought, Well. we've been through life's pleases fand alls fockingdipeasres, we've been inking. we've been Tihting, we've Known futation, sex, fucking hated, lve and all tis Tek, yet he's Bown none oft. He's aver been with worn, het never been ina pub We don" know we ate Ie dave sy Be come andl wf he had ut he’s ever teen with a woman, e's aver Ben drinking, 'e never Known Fim in a ight He's 90 own 0 many ofthe emotions s we've ad te experience, and he's go all to come yet. Joey was an acknowledged prop leader, and nied at times to act the old ‘experienced man of the wo As clea ere, abd elewber, he also ad of ‘omsidrable insight and expresiv power. In on way this ight sem fo doa him as typeof schol nonconformist working cls lads. However, hough oxy may not be wpa! of wosklg els lad, he certainly epesenttive of them ‘We nes na working css reighbowthood is rom lage fay Known a Fight ing family whode head isa foandeyman. He io leave shoo without qualifications {and is universally ented by teacher ta toublmaker~the moe 0 that Re has something stout hsm. Though perhaps enageated, and though powerfully ‘expressed the experiences he report en only come from What he hs experienced in the counterculture. The alta system he reports oni epesntee and cen even he related tot na spec way i worth noting that, la his ow terme an through the mediation ofthe soup, Sony assmes both compete mastery std Understanding of the school year, {ds sx landscape. He ass that information wl ind way tothe as ‘he focal point of hat landscape. Acer hllatk of ong out the deel ‘ment ofthis kindof soll perspective and ealative farteork It shoul ho be ‘ocd tat the alternative stadsede contracted by tela’ are copied bythe teachers in a shadowy soet of way at leat privat: Thee were often ading Comments in the staff room about the apparent sexual prowes of paeicuat Indviuas rom younger teaches, e's hd more thin me Let tel you ‘Members of the group more conformist to shoal values do not have the same ‘od of socal map, ad nor do they develop 34 sot for desebing ether rou. ‘Theis response to “the Ids @ molly one of ocesonl lear, uneasy lowy and aeseral aslty lest they been nthe se dicpiarian meta fataion| that “the Inds prevent the smooth flow of education. Thee ivetnent in the Foxmal system and sacifce of what others enjoy (a wel atthe degree of feet resent) means that the school confomists 10K tothe spten’sacknoweged leaders, the staff, to dea with transresion ener than aterpt to suppres it themteves (ta. group dacusion with conformist a Hammestown Boys) Bury he [one ofthe teachers} goes on about “Everybody... you ow. don't ike things ke that, when they sy, “Bverybody's ‘none of you Ike th, none of yu ike thi, one of you ke hat. You al i oul They sould 2, °A few of 9. Uke Me ater doce that, edn Eero) the (fw. Thabo ine of wrote) Niet ‘he table whan they srt ting you know, ying the teacher up) res Ut yo ne, ale ie, teaching tie, a tht pling for your, You ow, sevtint tw hyd jot pack pan ae) Barry ieP etter he way they've ape ow.) hyve pa heal topter [CSE groupe were not mined sity ropa. dort cy mater whether ty o ay won or not YO ut get on, ton well now inthe CSE propa csi anybody's akg he'elt you to shat 9p, you know, pt or wth he work pw (C.)bave you ever ft that you should ty and stop then?) Bary ve just ever bothered wih thee (..) nw, be th, Chey Should =. you Know, you dont jst go atound shouting at ople inthe clasroom, you know, you just tlk senably. {The Feachers] shoal be more cer. proton to sal ad excisivedaticction frm te‘ le i cotianouly expresed amongst ‘the ads inthe whale ambience of thei tehuou, uti also ‘made concrete In what we may think of a5 eatin sylsti}ymibole discourses in diferent ways by the working clas for is en prpone cots, egrets and alcohol As the most ble, pesonlied and istanly undestood element of reistance to sal and seendancy ove “earale? clothes have tet inportancs 10 ‘the lads The fs sgns of a ad “coming out 1 facly rapid ange ts loshes and halle, The paul for of th aermative dress deter by oute Tnflences, expecially fashions current in the wider symbolic system of youth faltre. At te moment the “ade Took nlude longish wel gone al pt foxmtype toes, wide collared shit ured over wasted conto Ji jek, plas tho wl obligatory ved towers. Whatever the pat fost of Get is os ‘arti ot school uniform, rarely insides 9 (the teond es for many hea ‘f unifore cannot be enforced), and exploits colours cleulted to gv the mak rium distinction from isituions| dbnest and conformity. Thee ie = clear ‘Mvcotypiel notion of what constutsietitona lathes ~ Spike, or sane, {ying to deseibe the ape ofa col: "You know, ike a teacher's We might note the kportance the wider sytem of cone youth culture Jus hete in supplying » esicopaphy of styl, with aeay connoted meanings, whic can be adapted by “the ad” to expres ther ow more located meanings “Though ach of thi sy, and the muse ascites wih mig be acutely esrb as auing foam purely coercive and epaseting. 9 authentic pitts of is idherens should Be reognzed that fe way io which {aken up and used by tho youn an have an autheriy and deca of personal expression sing rom original ommneri eneration,11 is no acheot that much ofthe confit betwen sand student atthe momen shoul ake pce ove des. To the outset might ec fatous, Co Cerne st and involved kis, however, know tht sono thee lected grounds forthe stogge over authori. tone ofthe coet forms of» ht Between cultures can Be resid, flay lta question sbout the lta of hoo! ‘hselyreloed withthe drew sy of te lad of cure the whole question of thei pettonal ettactvnes. Wearing sat and modern clothes ges them the ‘hance, tthe same tine as ‘puting thle ger up athe choo and feentting emis from the “earls, 10 also make themes move ateactie to the ‘opposite sex. It matter of abjective Tat thatthe ld do go out with is ‘uch mote than do any othr groupe of the sine age and tat, swe hare seen, 4 00d mony of them are senaly experince, Sena state it ence "on wih maturity, ad the petition on sex actin a shoo! wha aloes {tess ad cotbes as something moe than an aif code within whch fo express ral entity. Ts double srtclation i chaccterstc ofthe ounterschool alu TT manner of desis curently the man apparent cause of agunent between staf and kis, stoking follows closely. agin we find another ditingusing ‘aarti of the ls agalst che “earle. The maj of them smoke and, Feshaps more importantly, ste acento smoke. The exeneof schoolboy smoking ‘Sheol gate smoking, A peat eal of tine i yey spent by "the as” planning Thee next stoke and “hopping off lstons “or quick dag, And ithe Inds ight in smoking and Tunting ther iypertinence, senor afl at let eannot lnmowe it. There ae sully stct and feguenly pubieed ruler sboutsmokiag Tor this eason, "the Ia ate sured, simoa t mate of honour to contin public smoking, senior sta are incensed by what they theo be the challenge fo ist ahonty. This especialy Woe wher lied to hat other get challenge: the Ito a powpascssion on recent brass with aff] site ‘And we went, Lsays"We war’ smoking be sys.) and he entry mad though be was ing to punch eo rmmat Spanksy ‘all meat," ote Gel back ten and we adit tin the end; we war smoking (..) He ws ing iy ett ‘Cali’ me Ta We wa we wan skin to sick tot ‘but Shnmondsy a having it spike He'd wctaly env ight vp, Punidument for smoking & automatic a fra elo tf ae concerned, and this communists Kal ta the ks, Spanksy Wel, he coulda’ doting the deputy adhe a to give me ‘hve. 1 ke tat bloke, Fak he does hob wall, you know Bur was she fron entrance smoking an Bert comes ih bela me I tune around, been copped, and I went sight to im tnd had the cane, Mondey morning, 00n tI ot nshool, Given thie ft of fe, and in the content ofthe continuo guerilla wafce within the school one ofthe mos teing ways fr tel spo aymputse, ‘more oflen simply the weak and "df nthe enemy camp ioe which vacer, “sly the young ont, take no ston afer an unegutocl eng of ighted lg Puss I mean Arehy he sat me neaty every mornlog smoking, coming sup by the Patlck, cos 'm wating for me iss, sees me ery ‘ornng He ai ever si anyching wit Held tela epatatin = PW tcp ing) Who’ tis, cher? wit ‘Ars, yeah, be sy ‘Don't get gong up thee dinertine’ ‘What ‘do you mean ike, up tere? He says, “Up ther, up that sea, the vit like I sy, "Oh, the Bus you kaow, but he's ‘doh, ke, we havea af Again, in ery typi conjuction of whootased and outide mesnings tigate snoking fr the lads valored a an act of inrcton before the ‘choo! by is aiociaton with aul vale and prcies. The adult wodd, specie: tly the ade mae working class worl, i tamed to a ute of mae for tesanes and exlasion. ‘Asvellasingucing aca flct, ding undertaken openly because ii the sot decive signal to sat and ‘ele hat the inva! separate wn the Schoolandhase presence nan alternate, sper sed ore mature mode of oil Being. Account of stall sigheg id in pubs ate excel recounted ith much ror relish than mere nckng cient, and inaction fer Dela ‘locked owing? Iseven more delicious proof of «taltosymprtusy)wealig in the choo camp than he blind eye to sighted “YgTherperepton of thi pastel matrix of mening pus some younger and move proeessive members of tall kn a severe Silemma Some of them come up with biz solulon which emain compen Sil (the In this een voles concerned and progresie young teaser {Ina roup dscusion abou sat] Derek ‘And AIF say, “Alight fon seating 4 member of staff in 2 public house} and he diye’ anser, you know, and he 538, ‘Aight si”, and he tuned stound ad looked 3 him ike tht, see, ander and he diya anwer and he says in the neta, fd he says, want you AIP, gos to hi and he sy, ‘Wht seas you in there Ist might fr? He says “Twas a fost ‘meeting he 2s, “Well dost you think tht wae ke Kicking Somebody inthe eet No", he ay. "What would you fo He »11 Kcked you in the tthe says. “What do you mean he says “Saying hello ike tht down the’, he says, "what would Yyou expect me to ay. He ns, Well don't pea to meagan Us speak to you Nat He ys, "Rg st, 1 wont sy ello tain’ hesay, “even Le you the de Certainly “ie Ind? slfconslouly undeatand the symbols inpastance of inking 2 a0 act of lation with adult and opposition othe eho eee Sportal to than that the lat Inet ofthe lst ter shoul be spent 2 pub, and thatthe maximum posible alcohol be consumed. Thi the moment ‘ube ay Analy break fe rom schol, the mame tobe remenbeiedin Fut {toto intra work) Pw Why a portant o gt ped he at dy? Spanksy "spec thing IC ony happers ence in your fe dont {imean, you know, on that day we wee at shoo! night you'n School As, but the nextday Twat a work, you kaw what meant ow (Coase you wes to work he very nen ay Spasksy ——_Yeaty {got dunk, had a seep and T went co work (Af We had'e¥e done tat you know, we woulda’ remembered we'd stopped at choo [te isead of going tothe pu), 1'¥e ‘een just another day. No when we did that, we've go some thing to remumber the last day by, weve gt something 10 In the pub thre indeed ery special mosphere amongst the Harsmertown “nse Spike i expansvely explaining that although he fa betaved Uke ght vicious cunt sometimes, he Telly kes is mates and wl mis them. Eades Szcrmined to have lg pnts and eld the “record” = andi ater apprehended Stank’ nthe words of the head, at the schoo! and gon diver home by him. Fuze is explning how he ad nearly driven Sampuon (3 teicher oI his rocker" that morning apd had been seat fo se the hea, “but he wast off ot thing, be was Jong. Ment important, they ae accepted by the publican and tout tee fue work. At oxng te they lave, exchanging te adult price tic they fave not yt leured to dsbebeveealing to patel people that they Wal do tht plating, biking or whatever ‘That they have not quite Woke loos, and that staf want to nderiae this, shown when “the lade” retur tothe achool ae, ameling of alcohol and i rome cases quit drunk. Iv a render that the power of the schol backed ulinately by the law and sate coerion, the hea fur elled in the police. A police wating outside the achoot with the head. Th fights “be la ad a bance ‘eerat develo they try to dodge the ples » {Later in soup discus) wat Tia waling up the drive [to the school), 1 wa pling Spike tnd Spanksy (.-) 1 we ting tet thee two alight, you ow Joey sw this copper comin” down the ive (..) went into the bogs [tthe boom ofthe dive bounded w the back tly by a fene]. 1 seen the copper, the dont se eke, ean jomp over the fence and gt scot fe, ike, nobody see tne be aight. Then | thoopt, “Look well f be comes in oF fain a0 undone my trousers ke Fas Fang ps, 8 thoweh Twat late or stommat Thes Bill come running i T thought, "Chis, and I clined over the back fece, went treeping ot.) Simmonday had sce Bl hei, ’Ah, ant fo see you fhe sys, You Dw", and | day tak you Know, ust went waking down Eventually “the I sve rounded up and delivered in an excited sate to the head's ey, whore they ae told ff roughly bythe policeman’ "He pcked me up tnd bounced me mpi the wall” = Spike (id ot Se this incident mys), The fed sequently ites to all of thir parents vate co withbold thee ial ‘ential on poly rceved the ese of Spike he wrote your son ha obviously teen drinking, sad he subsequent behaviour was meray uncooperative, izle, and alos beligerent. He seme Benton Jing lie bebuvour and wen as fa as descuibing the choo a being hike Cotdite sas my practice, I wit to give the parents of the boys an Spportnity to come and ie ie before | ally Beside what aetle (o ‘ake 2) ven sypathete young staf i the inden “ures ad wondered why the Inds" had not waited unl the evening, and then "ely doe prope The pat ‘of cout, thatthe decking bar tobe done at lute, nd in deface ofthe Sthool I nt done imply to musk + petal tranidon =a mere dal. Is 2 dekive section and closing off They hare sme way, nally beaten the School Ina way which i beyond the ‘arf and neniy unanswerable bys. ithe tanicendance of wht they take 10 be the nature fe the ete, ve the tppresine aolecence ofthe school represented bythe behavout both ofthe “Ea an of the fecha ‘Soon ofthe parents of th shave her on vw ofthe station. Cetlly neo then ake the Bea's offer to go an se hin {Una group discussion} wit ‘Our son's Ket al the ets, you know, about ke the ets ‘Sinonondey's en [bout the drinking) ys, ‘Wat you keep {ng them for She sty, ‘Well itl Be ake fo lok back on 10, won't i, you know, "show your hide hike you heow, wh 1 ewor you we. im beeping em, tam a[tiv nterviow at wock] ww ‘id your oldman understand about having a drink the st day of Spanksy Ob ah (..) he Iaphed, be ai, "Fancy them sending ate you know. Joey's father come and had ite lag about Ht ou know No matter what the treat, and the fea ofthe the whol pod ie worth i fo "the Ine ts the most equey recounted belied and exaggerated school epode inthe fture working ation Isoon become pat ofa pron ied fokire. As hoo! uniform and smklagceate tobe the mow bios cases ‘of conflict i school as more Iiberalreises develop, we may expect anime Io Become the next jor area whet the ttt neste drawe ‘Te normal group (Ona ng we go out on Trouing other people suppor wee ant nc But we enjoy The older geeration They don te oh, Or he thes we wea Tey sem to ove ennlag ve doe, Ton no bat Youd Uo oie’ ave the pag (Eset om a pote by Derek wet nan Engh cls) In any expects the opposition we have been looking t cin be understood as sche example the opposition between the formal an the inform The coat Is the zone ofthe fora hs clear stactre the choo ulin. schoo es, eslagg practice att racy with powers ultimately sanetioned —as we hive Seno sll way by the lt, the pomp and met othe aw and the ees sive ann of site aptttis, the polie The earl invert ia th fora stacre, fn in exchange for some losin autonomy expect the afc guaran o Keep the holy ules ~ often above and beyond ther etal eal to duly, What ssp steed by the Faithfl ust be taken fom the unfalifl ‘Counterschool culture i the zone of the lafoal. Hix wher te icone dksnands ofthe formal ae denied = ven he price he expen of oppoition in syle, mctointeactons and nonpublic dcourcy. hn moving cl calle ssoerlly oppoion is fequenity marked by a wathéaval int the informal and, fxpesed nt characterise modes jot Beyond the each of ie ele "Even though ther sre no pole rls, piles slctue, recognised eraches or irttutovaied sanctions inthe counter schoo alte, eaneot ronan a tet have its own mater bse, 1 wn sfastructre. Tis ofcourse, the social troup. The informal group i the banc unt ofthis ute, the fundamental and Flemeatl source oft estan, It lorates and makes posible all ote elements ‘ofthe elle, and its preeac dcively tngishes ‘the las rom he ‘ea le. ‘The importance ofthe group Is very cleat fo members of the counteshool culture. {tna group dicusion) wi (Gu) we se cach other every day, don't we, at hoo! (.) Joey ‘Thats it, we've developed certain way of aking certain ways of acting, and we developed dlsrepeds for Paks, Jamaicans and A ferent for al the scrubs andthe fucking ees andall that (.) Wee gelling to know It now, lke we've geting to now all the cracks, Uf, how to get ou of lessons and things, and we ksow where o hive a crafty eke, You cn come oer tere tothe youth wing and do summa and em all Your fends ae here you know, iC samt of WARS thee, what's always going tobe there forthe next ea, ike, and you know you have 19 come to schoettdsy, If you feeling ba, your faut! soon cheer yer up lk, te you count go without tea titer in thi achool, without having lf a someting oF ter, ew ‘Are your mates a ely big important thing at school now? : Yeah 2 Ye : Yea, Jovy ‘They'e about he Bet hing scaly ‘The exene of being ‘one ofthe lad’ Hes within the group. It impose to form ditinctve eulfre by your, You cannot pnerate fn, slmoapbere and {social entity by younelf. Joining the counterschool culture means Joining 4 roup, and enjoying meas Being withthe rou: {Un group dicuon on being ‘oe ofthe) soy (Gu) when you'n desing on yout owe i's no good, but when yout dong with your mates, then you'e all together, youre Ivings Inf and 3 dss. it Ii you don't do what he oer do, yo fest out, Fred You feel ov, yeah, Yeah. They sort of, you la, lke, thang the others ae wat Ta the second yeas aSpunlsy Lean imagine you know, when Ihave a day of shoo, when you come back the ext ay, and something happened lk nthe {ay youve been of, you fel, ‘Why did Tha hat y of? you ow, "could hae been enjoying myseP- You know what ‘Vmean? You come back ad theyre saying, "Oot, you should hae been hte yesterday, you know wit (Cp tke inthe fr and second yeas, you can say er'm Yyou'e a bit of an ear leit Then you want to ty what fs ike tobe erm -- say, one ofthe Boy like, you watt to have {taste of that, pot an eal, and 30 you ike the tae ofthat Though informal, ssh proups nevertheless have rules of a Kind which canbe Aescrbed ~ though they ae character fated in contot to what "les ae Pw (..) Ate there any eles between you lt? Pate We jst eek theater rer ce Weaint got noel betwen wt hough ave we? wo Pate Change std wat We sin got rules but we do things between us, but we doting that yhnow, lke e "say, T would knock off anybody's sub or Jonys mis and they would't doi 40 me, know ‘what U ean? Things like tat oe. yer give "en 8 Ta, yOu fxpet one Hack, ie or summa ike a Fred ‘in ls, 1s jst an understanding ely. wi “Thateit yes Pw (0) What would thee understandings be? wit Er. Thine, ot to -- eset hk there aint many of that play upibe stor second yer, telly ith, ut kom, say if Fred tad cum to mead see tg two bob off ‘hat second yea over these’ think, Whats ct yu ko, wo Fred Wee a thck a heer, tha’ wht they ty, atk together. ‘There is2 uve [3] aboo among informal pros om the yielding of inctni inginfonvation about others o thse wth oral powes, If soatavens the eseace ofthe infra group's nature the vouintenanceofoppostiona mean ings against the penetration ofthe rule The Hanunertown Insc i “rg Staff cll it elng the th. "Truth he formal complement of gras Ks ‘aly by geting someone to “t= forcing them to Beak the slemnes taboo = ‘hat the primacy ofthe foal oxpniation can be muntaied. No wonde then ‘ata whole scbol can be shaken wih paroxyms over je acdent and the ute whi follows Is an teste abou autoiy end the letinacy of authority, The shoo! hat to wa and someone, fly, has to as th is ‘ne of the ways in which the schol ual reproduced and the falth of the a ‘ly restored, But whoever har done the “aig? becomes speci weak and Inatked, There 4 mnsve ftrxpective and ongoing teppei amongst ‘the ade ofthe fatal awn is personality which had alwys ben manent but not fully diese i nw {tn s group dlcsson of the infamous Tie extingsar alent fn which the Ind" took hydrant out of choo and let of the oa sek Pw Ws been the ig incident of the yer a tuned out, ast sacy Ws Been blown wp into something flag tree. twas jst ike that (snapping bis gee, gb the ocean a far as Pn ‘concerned when we dd jst Ike smoking round the cores, ‘ting down the shop fr some xp, ww ‘What happened (3? : Webby fon the fnges of the counterschol cult) gra, Sey Simmondey hed me-on me own and be sid, One af the poup ‘owned up tnd ted to put all th Blame on Fuze Bat he'd oly ad Webby inthe, Spanksy We was soklag ou bee. Spike Hest that, you' ot 4, hada’ you (0 Fuzz) Spanksy And Wty athe fora dap 0 he ge Webby the fag. Ropes fs tesher] walked through the door, and he wert ike that, [ernonscating] and he sys, "Wat mine i,m jst elding it for Fu wat ‘Down the pak befor, (...thisoose hing, me and Ede pulled ito didnt we: me and Ede, andthe ary ws coming round Tike, he wat running tod, wore, x0 me and Edd We Went round the other side, and jst st thet, lke you know, to ‘monkeys. And Medby wax tundig there, andthe parky come tip to hin and sys “Come on, get out. Get out of thi pak ‘You'm banned”. And he say, be walks past vs, me and Ede, and he aye know you war thre, you wasting hee And say summa, wart et aie That's and at, SHBN’ and he jut sow emetnbered 200 rss Merberhip ofthe informal rou senses the individual othe unsen informal mension of ef geete. Whole hinterands open up of what hes behiod the ‘fii definition of things. A Kind of double capacity dvaops to reqster public descriptions and objectives on the ne hand, at 1 10K behind them, conser thei implications, and work out what wil actually happen on the ther This Interpretative ably slvr offen ta Kind of maturation» fering of becoming aswild’ of knowing ‘how things sey wok when comes 1 sples theres side knowledge which actully helps you get through the ay rw Do you think you've lear anything at school, hast ange or ‘moulded you ales? Jey Tat think school does fuking anything to you (...) Keer has had much effect on anybody T don't think [afer] you're Jeamt the asks. I mean schoo, fucking four hout ay. But He an the teaches who mould you, i's the focking Ke you meet. You'm only wih the teachers 30 percent of the te in choo, the other fuking twothiede ar ut fling, fucking cla argument, mest bout The group aio supplis those contacts which allow the individu to build up alteratne map of scl realy, tgs the is and lees of ifoaton forthe ln 10 work out hel what makes things te. I basly ony Hout ‘he group tha ther groups are met, and trouph them accessions of wher group. Stool groups coalce and further link yp with neighbourbood groups, fonning network for the passing on of dative Kinds of knowledge and perspectives hat ogressely pct school ats tangent t the overall experience of being a working ‘as teenager i ah Indus cy. I fs the tfatuctre ofthe anna group which makes at all posible a distal Rnd f elt contacto cae cle, a8 isin! rom the dominant one, ‘Counterschot culture aleady tas a developed form of ural bttering and exchange based on “alk, “idles, sn "Tbe fregner’~ a patti which, of ‘oue emerges rich mone ily the at working ease woo Pu 1, say, somebody wa ost someting like, ooking want s Caete on the cheap like ig, talk abou ono bea outa caette on the cheap 'koow, Kind of do the dea for and then say, "Ab 1 get you the aati Coll value and interpretations ckoulte ity” and informally ass do Dossng bain and waging ‘Opposition to the schools principally manifested nthe struggle to win symboic san pss space fr the lsttation and ite res and to defeat Me main pe Seives purpose” to make yau ‘work, Both the withing andthe price ~ 2 frm of Slt-dietion ~ profoundly develop informal cultural mexings and practises The yoni aspects of the alfoui lationship wil be examine ltr on. By the lene a counterachoot elt fe fully developed ite meters have become septa munyging the faeal syste, and Hinting te deta tothe able mia Expting the complexty of modem reper of mixed sity proupings, blocked timeteling and multiple RSLA options, in many cass this minum inp the scot segitation (4). {tn goup disculon onthe shoo ures] seey, (Ga) of Monday afternoon, we have nothing ght Nothing arly seating 40 acho! work, Twcathy afternoon ie hint sviming and they sik you in ltrs forthe rH ofthe ‘Meonoon, Wedoeolay afternoon you have gees and there’ aly Thursday and Friday aflenoon tat yo work you cal that work, he ast lesion Fray fternonm we ied to go and ov, al of vs waggd ut Tons and he othe hal goto ‘he arom, it down and jos pot ep) Spanksy (+) Skive thi Teton, go pon the bank, have a smoke, andthe text lesson goto 2 lesther who, you Keon, cll he reper © ry Ws ey to go home ar well ik in [Fi]... lest Wednesday Mlrneon be pot his mark and went hori ) adie Tun suppsed to be ia schol this ate he a callge Jona ink course where 2 week at lege for vest nraction] ew Wo’ the tne you've done some wing wil When we done some wating! Face (ht st tne wat in caters, “oe U wt yee on pee of er, il bre me eae Pw ‘Why did it beak your hea? Fuze [mean to write, cor | wat sing to ty ad go dough the term wrthout writing anything "Coe since weve cum chy at un shin [i shall way toh er, Truancy & only + very fmprecie - eve meanings - sie of ection of school This snot onl Beaute of the pratse of stopping in school for esta ti before “waging off (developed tot fine act songs ihe Ind). it also becuse it only messes one aspect of what we might sore accurately deseabe as Informa aden mobili, Some of the la’ develop the sii of moving about ‘he school a ther ow wil oa emule degree. They sonst wit tet conn Sy fom what offered by the school Troan only one elaively a posant and crue vata of th priaciple of selection which ranges con at hunks of the sylbos and covers many dives atti: beg ee ut of eas, being in els and doing no work, bringin the wrong clas, romng the cro, looking Tor excenseat, being asleep ia poate. The core sb which aticutes ‘hese passes being able to get ut of any hen cls dhe preevatn of psoal moby. ”{tn woupdscunion} Pw ‘But does anybody worty about Your not blag in thee elas? Fa gets note off the cooks ying I'm helping ther.) John ‘You jue go up to him [stacker] and sy, "Can Ugo and do He say, “Ceti, by all mean Face Specily whe Task em "os they want to get ete ‘You know the oles in the cover, det want to goto ses, tld me to fetch i kay, 0 dropped them down the le a ‘he orion and had fo goa gel toh and find them, For the succes, there can be an embaratnent of sees Ht cin become sical a chose between sel anice outs throug the dy, wat (...) what we been dola, playing ards this oom os we cam lock the dor. ew ‘Which room's this now? wit Resoures cent, where we're mablng the fames [1 new stage forthe deputy bea) ped tbe, w (Ot You il making the frames! wi ‘We shold have hat Rnihed, we jst ie hereon top ofthe frame, plying cards, or trying to ett slep ) Well ges 2 bit boring. rather go abd st in the easoom, you Kaow. ew What sort alesse would you think of asinginto? wil Un, since, tak, "cs you can have ain there someting, ‘This sf irecton and tating of formal oranstlonal al suo an assault on ficial notions of time, The most arduout tk ofthe deputy hed ie the con Staction ofthe timetables, In lare schol, with several optlons open to the Hifth yest evering aso be fied wih the rates of cate. The fret weeks of erm 2 spent in continuous evs, anion members of a compan and parcuar ‘ubinaons ate shows fo be unworkable. Tne, ike money, valuable ad noo ‘be squandered. Everythag hast be ordre ito a Kind of masive ext pth of the schoo purpne, Subjects Become meaured Mock of mein careful lation toveoh other Quite at much athe acho ulin the nitution overtime the Sylsbus. The complex carts onthe depuy’swallshows how twos a theory it Is posible to check where every individual ia every moment ofthe day. But for “he In thi never sams fo work, Ione wisest contact them ix mich more ‘portant to kaw spd understand thei wa shythms and pales of moverent ‘These rhythms reject the obvious purposes of the timetable and thelr impli otons afte, The common compl about the Ids (om taf nd thea ‘ler that they "waste vale time’, Time forthe lad isnot something you Caretully husband aed thughtfily spend onthe achievement of deed objectives sn the fate, Fr he Ind nei something they want co claim for themes ow as an aipectof heir immediat deny and -diecton, Tne se for te preservaion of ate beng withthe nd = not for he achivemeat oF pal = Suaientins of tem approaching andthe need to get a ob, Buta ur the etre com ‘ened tie ie nportnty simply the stat of beg fe fro sttna ie. ‘en teal pasa esntly the ue thing he samen. nt pase, det counted nln oc expectl echang, oving tr “yen comniss (oey) ‘The spe wor from the sehool and tale by the informal group wed fr the shaping and deselopnen of partir cll sil pinay devoted to "hing 2 latte the tall es mulicted implement of extaodinty sportnce inthe ounterschoolcltte, As we mw Before, the ability to prodace st sone af the ‘dining chaaceitce of being one of held = We can ake them a they can ke ws af? But i a0 wed in many other contents to defeat otedar ‘nd fea, to overcome hadship and problems ~ asa way oUt of alos anything In many respects the “la?” is the prvfeed nsirument of the informal, ath emmand Of the formal. Cetaly "he la undestand the special portance ofthe ta [tna evita diacusson} soey 1 thnk fica alfiag Is the ros important ing in fk everything, Noting eer slaps me lfing.-) ene ose, ‘ere wa we, Jon and th oer hd ight, hee two a am up and bashed oe for some faci ttn o anni Jon nd thi ther Aid were nay, (0) Eid to give eon bt het fick’ coppin’ ft 40 Uta anda ri Tacooped 2 andl of ick” som wp, atl ptt ght over me face, and T wat ling te bollocks off. They ket ying, “You n't fuk” Lf shuld have Bees seared but U wes Tuck lafog( =) ew ‘Whats abou having a ough, ( ) why iit soporte? Joey (a Non know why Twa to inc why 10 fucka important It jus 6.) thinks ust good git has al deexise you cn et out of any’ station. yom cana fu can make yours lf, [ean ely coving a gt you ‘ut of inllons of thing (1) Yow" go fick” Beer if you ‘ide have a acetal‘The school Is geerly a fer round for the a. The shoo! importantly develops and shapes the particular amblene ofthe Ia dtintve humour, We wl ok at particular pedopople les as teal foe comic and cultural develop Ineat ina Inter chapter For the moeest, however, we an note the way whch ‘pece themes of author ae explored, played with and wed fn helt uous, ‘Many of tas pranks and jokes would ot ean the sue thing a even Be funny imyre ele. When «teacher comes into clasroom he ttl, t's alight, ‘he deputy’s taking us, you can g, He sid you cold have the period of. “THe In’ stop second and third yee sound the choo an sy, "Mc Arye wants fo ste you, you'm in touble 1 thak- Me Argyl’ room is oon choked with worted 1s. A new teacher is stopped and told, "im new i the whol, the head y3 ould you show ie aound pleas’. The tow teacher tars to do jot tat bene the ted away ings pe the gene sway, Ar armour ecules tha be ead Is checking everyone's handwriting to daover who has defaced pater inthe new tock, Fuze boasts, The fucker eat check min, Int done none’ In = hom ‘ous explosion of the cru point where authoity connects with the infernal ode trough the sured taboo on laforming, there team of tla stories, half going the teacher into playing his fomal ole more effectively: “Pest, pleases, les talking pinching some compaseypiking hs ote Percival) faving x wankit your er tyres down Ins more general sens, the Ta i prt of an ineverent marauding ibe haviour, ike an ary of occuption ofthe unseen, inermal dimension “he lade pour over the countqyade in search fr indents to ame, subvert and ict, yen set and wel patoled formal areas ke asembly yield any poste in this other mode. Dung ssembly Spanksy empties the slde jacket pocket of sme ‘ne sling in front of him, and ata etetatioly "Whove thee belong ta Joey tipping jackets to seat, and the ote rin thecllective singing sey The chi occupation when we'm alin the hall plying with all the ttle clipe what hold the che fogster. You tke thes off nd you cp romeone's cot to hs cr and jst wat unt he {sup and you never relly Inte .you have tobe rely “hurt Uke, so a the Clk [the deputy head] won't se yer, fall you out Uh the teaches dort matin wo Jey ven onthe hyo when they mek you sing — ww But do they make you sng? Lit noice any of you singing 5 eas jus standing there, moving my mouth 2 ‘We've’ only got one of them books between al ou ls. We've fot one between went Se ‘When we dosing we make ajoke oft Fun Sig the srong veer, So if you" supposed to be singing vere one, you's gig vet thee, Wager) 20 Dring ists the al they ti the projector less ito posible nots, make nial figues or obcene shapes on the sreen with tek Singers, snd gratloualy ‘Ae thoy wander through the pak next to the school at uaeiine they switch on the dynam on the pirkkeepers ike, “Thal sow th cunt dowa 4 They push and pull frying loose or trarspomable, empty Itebis and deface sigs ‘Wheret leaks dlencels priate propels aio age Ltn group dscusion on vandalism) ate ‘tes! Joey (Gates are the last cack. Swopping pts over, Ge agate, it at “That's what we done, We was going to the ten pin bowling, you ‘now, up by the Brompton Road, theze was an ‘ou thee for tale, We tok the For ilesgn oa ofthe one, putt othe meat oot, then we took the milk exrir fom the ene, put it ext door (..) we took a srt af wiedow box on legs smn he porch tnd suck tat next oor, We swapped sacks of things, Spanksy And dustin! "[Lavghtes}.. everynight, go in 1 one gaden, {ek a dwt out, and io the end thee was a dwat, x sundial 1 bridge, a war sing all in ths ove garden, and there's 4 big sail up the 2oad He gut one ead of got te othe, nd cased all the maya p48) Cutede schol vite ate a igh for aff For isan, the museum tp. ‘The hack tate of the coach ae left ominously ery fre ied they ave late. There fesoon pal of tue une tthe back of the couch hough no eb end are ever wble, When the coach is elurned the manager find al the back seats ‘istgued wih names and doodings i inell ck. The ead sends te caps ‘the guage tbe seat day to lean the coach To he sake of the feputaion ofthe shoot 1m the tear “the Ide ae a plage of locus feng of and Backing om pon ad dignity. na mockup Vitodan chemists shop with the clear and Drominentinnetion “Please do no tobe the re handing, pushing pling, {eying esting and mauling everthog in sight. Mandy of old fashioned covgt ‘Stupon and balanced back on thet gs ose how ston they a0 ‘Arode lage ie serounde and obscured by Hiern Dace fom 0% and for once atentve stendant, Spanky says with tock astm, “ON, Sok, tens ‘aed! gies good ck wth he ger, and oxy takes oe ofthe cae filly prepared and stationed lite men, ve Kidnapped one ofthe sien ‘8 dsecting hi ite man tee what'd” and Spanky ts wory ig fn cae the coup wees ae ile ht They alates around td pnt othe Tere 1, us above the bling or stare Ftd a he ce, ad cack upto augerwn a le crowd gates. Tey stop out & TV shop and sae at he woman Shesing the window, Le’ al ste at that ly and embaree her Tey succeed an leave. Finally thos th sume money detach thems frm the et and go Imo the pub for s rink where thny tak in overload voces about school, a sige att uncertinly When someone looks at them, When hey gt back onthe oven, ate again the backseat al empty, they ae hl rang cach ober Up fo the young teacher: "There's something wrong wih Spanksy sbi breath sel’, "Edde's mouth’ on fies, wos you pu It Out Next ay, back in shoal, they are called to he headmaster’ study because the ouch fim has just ung up, but out the Reader's oor they cannot decide which offence they ae going to “ath it fortis te "Pchap the cough wee’, Peshap if the singing on the coach, Pehaps the boozing, "Pehaps 104 for setting fe to the grat i the par’, Perhaps fr teling the phy 0 fuck of, "ethas i's what we id to the vias, They weve sured and veleed to ed i wa the ik onthe seats, Whenever one ofthe lad called tose the hed, his first peblem ito mental tte nny things he ugh be nterogeed shoul, and his cond problem to const Ukly tle or ll of them, When the formal apd the iafomnal Insect the guilt and confusion Ia bis mand nich jeter than the shaper sense of eulpbity inthe heat mind, Thee often eal Surprie 3 the tv and marina nature ofthe eidemeanour that has “aed al the Ts ~ speci bn vew of the hidden county which vould have been on ‘OF couse ‘te ls do not slays lock to exterelstimslans ot for the ta. Interaction and conversation the group fequntly take the Frm of ‘ps taking’. They af yey phijeal and roogh with each othe, with bck, purses, trate blows, amtwasting, kicking, pushes and tiping ging ofr log periods sn decd ats particular ini often slmost tothe pint of teas. The Fiing or ‘pstakig" sary rough and often dete atthe sae individuals forthe same things. Often this someone's imagined stuply. Ts roi in ‘ew of “he lad net! rejection of school wok, and shows 4 host of conven ‘onal values which they would be quik to deny. Though the lad” wally eat onvntiona ways of showing tet aiites, cet the eet Uke tobe thought ff a5 “gukk” Certain cultural vos, Ie ft talking and humour do anya ‘spiser in sone nade subjects Jory, for sane, wake very ett ihtrope ‘nv English betwen Ting’ with ibe ls and dong the ocaonal‘riliant ea In certain respects obvious stpsy i penalized more hel axon "Tela ‘han by stall who expected noting better. Very aen the tpl for he pasake™ ie sexu, hough I cam be anything ~ the more pertona, sharper snd apponite te etter. The soul of wit fr them i dspaaging relevance: the persiten euching ‘ot of weakness. It takes some skill and altura know-how to mount such tack, an ee est them ucng beak tine] Ete X esis to hot ipl, wl he he a pi. [Lawte] wat Ask hi who wipes his re (Lauper Spike The dity bastard». bet he changes her cng eps for ba, Spanksy With is teeth! [More ager] Pars} Spanksy Did you ave a pi dinnertne? in Ora Spanisy You digusting hit boy cout do tht Bl Hold on aminute, want you to old my cock whe Ihave 3 pis. (Laoper x Wyant Wa vee rupting) He don't even know: an ‘Does your miss old your cock or you when you gp fora ps? x Who does? [Laughter and interruptions} > You do x Woo! x Wes? Spike You dit, you told Joey, ony told me. ans ae contnlly made to play okst.onndivkualswho ae aot hee “Lets send hn to Coveney when he comes Lats laugh at everything he sys "Les Pretend we can't understand and say, "How do you eu all the tine’ Patcaat, nade con get reputation and strat sonata isbing fr bingy 1's thick a two abort plank, or even for aways wearing the sn aly jacket. Te language used inthe soup. especialy i the context of deion andthe ‘pantae, SS nich rougher than that used by the “earle Tall of aputout seaward, porous tse of heal dialect and sped aot. Talking, at last nthe on patch iin thir wn ways comes ery matali foie la {ona group discussion on skisng seey (C.) You'm always looking out somebody (whe siving sad you're alway got someting otal about «some ew ‘So what ops you beng boeed? Joey Talking, we could talk forever, when we ge fopeer, its ta taal Boredom and excitement ew Waa’ the opposite of oredon? Joey Exetement Pw fut whats excitement? Ieey Defying the law breakig the aie, inking be, Spike ig 2Spanksy Gol down the stests Joey Vandalsing (thats the opposite of boredom ~ excitement, defying the law and when youte down The Mouph and you talk to the gaffer, standing by the gar, buying drinks and that Knowing that you's 14 and 1S and ou'e supoued tobe 1 ‘The ‘hf, taking and marauding misbehviour ae falty effective bu not wholly soi defeating boredom = boredom intesed by thelr very succes at laying the yen The. partie excitement and kudot of belonging to “he In, comes fom race amnoilpavies han thee It these more exe acts which mark ‘hem of ost completly, both fom the “ale, and from the school. Thee 1 positive joy in fing In causing phe though intimidation, n talking about fighting and about the ace ofthe whol ight situation Many iportant clr values are expresed though phtng. Masculine hubs, dramatic diplay, the ‘oldarty ofthe group, the nprtaceof quick, clear and not over moral Hove ones out tine and api Arties osx le’ se sho expresedceary and wit 1 supuing degre OF precion tough physical ayesion. Violence and the fadgement of violence isthe most base xs of "the ade’ sscandence over the Confit, almost in the way tat knowledge fr teachers. Tn lence thee i the fle i unapciedcomitment Lo lindo dtrted fon of revolt Ie Beaks the conventonal tyranny of “the ral’ It opposes it wth machismo. Ii the ultimate way of breaking alow of meanings which ar unses- ‘actor, Inposed from shore, of hited by cicunstances Ics one way to make the mundane suddenly mater. The wal atumption ofthe flow ofthe self rom ‘he pat 0 te foture stopped the date of te ie Broken. Fight, a act ‘dent an oes ces, rand you pif fate now, Bovedorn and petty dtall ‘heappear, 1 rely dose mater ow the next seconds pus. And onse experienced, the fear of the Mgt and the ensuing high a the sl safely resumes tourney ae itive Tey become permanent posites forthe alleviation of bored, std Pervasive clement of mnie syle and pretence Joey There's no chivalry or nothing, none of his cobbles you know, Ws jst AF yout gonna Might, H's sage Fighting anyay, 50 ‘you might a well go ll the way and win I completely by having Sooneone ce help ya or by winning by the dest methods you an think of, ike poking hs ees ut orbiting his ea and things Tie thi. wo ~ What do you think, ae there Ris nthe schoo hee that jas soul gh? Spike Te get you mad, tke, Hf you ht somebody and they wont hit w Wy? ate ate isk eat. Spanksy Yeah ‘Tm not going to lt you, you'm me fen pw ‘Wa what do you think of tha tite sewy Tes al accord what you got aga i, AF jot a teil thing ke he gine you whick and he moulds’ ight you when t come toa ed, ut if hes ell somthing mean towards You tke, wheter he fight back oF not, yu si pal es, bw Wht do you fee when yo eng? Sey (0) its exhilarating, 1 ke Belng seed... 4 the fling Yyou ot afterwards Koos what | fee when Tm Big ity shat Ue ot to kl im, do your utmost beso kl im bw ‘8a you actly fel feihtened when you're ping though? you're actully in there, then you state to coardinate your ‘oughts ke, Ie gts tei and Better abl then, If yout good snout, you bet the geezer. You gt hin down on the foo nd jue jump all over hi head. i shoud be noted that dept its destructiveness, antisocial nature and appr et iationaliy violence not completely radon, orn any tems the about ‘overthrow of social ode, Een when dected at outide group and thereby, of une, helping to define an ingroup) one of the mat inporant aspects of ‘olence specs sol meaning within "he lads” ova clr. 1 ras the Tas move i, and rl validation ofthe info tt sytem, It relates 3 Kind ‘of honour”: diplsed, trl of whatever The fight the moment when you te fly tested i the ateratve culture Ws deastrus for your infra standing fd masculine reputation i you sls to igh, ov perform very mately ‘Though one of held not necessary expected 0 plc Tihs te hard Sock wio dees this, a respected though often wot much ike figae unlikely to beth ofa a ~ eis certainly expected to fight when inated or intimated {0 be ale 10 “ook after hime, tobe" sou’, Yo stop peole pushing bit ou "Atongt the lenders and he mot lle ot wally the bard knocks = fs the capaly wo ght which setles the na pecking order. It 5 the aot pen tested ablity to ph which valor stats Bed only and interestingly oo rounds: muscle presence, being From a “Tamous' fal, elng Tuan, beng rod at ‘lazing, extnsvees of informal contact "Vclence ie ecogae, however, dangerous snd unpredictable fal aud cation whieh mst not be allowed to get out of Hand between pees. Verbal ot symbole violence isto be preferred, and a eal ght Becomes unavodable the orl social cotrols and sted sytem of status ad septation fo be restore 5000 posible Pw (..) Whee was the ast ight you bad Joey? Joey “Two weeks ag0 about a week ago on Monday gt hs ilyrumoue got around. H wat daft asl, it should've aot around {o this geezer that I wa going to ba ike and da’ come {Hom s,s hi ot wanting to back dowa from pt the word ‘out he war ging fo have me, we bad a fight and we wae opp Tinatkea hit up. He ge me abit of fat ip, and he dropped the ut on me aos, hut be hee, hut we ous here. Bat | gouged fas eye out with my thom, split his head opty, then after hey pled off Tabbed him aed took hie i the corner and Tol he thse that he knows I wat’ sete of hin and that pow wasn't seared of hi, he wart seed of me, that's an fend of Hwa 4 sot of an. - uh, he was from fay, big tanty tke, theyre mate, thy'e fighters the Jone Sadi. uh. dnt want fo start anything between“, 30 ust grabbed hand tld hen what he stergth ike In a mot genet way the ambience of voce with ts comitaton of mi lity spread thou the whole eats, The physicality ofa teractions, the rock pasting and ightng, the showing off font of ps, the demeastraons of Supetiodty apd pu-dovas ofthe conform, ll orrow from the grammar ofthe rel fight station I lift to slate ths le une one hs experienced rel violence, The theme of fighting frequently sufaes in official school work ~ ‘pecally now inthe er of program and relevance, On of B's Engl ey Stats, We ould’t go Fak bushing with only four, and goes though, Tam hi Toot ‘ink Sato hi roe) and"hcking the blokes Read i ot all went dk? (Gren the author hme gets ane in’) nthe RSLA fil option where pups can make the’ own short fll the lad alays make store about bank robberies, geo td vilent chats Jocy gets more worked up than ata time in ess uring the whole year when hei dcting fight sequence an Spanky wil at ‘fallenge his alan caisticly, Call Min out propery al hi ot properly, ‘you'd sy, “Vt have you, you fucking bastard” not "Rig, let’ fight! Later on he isnused when Edie dive on fop of soncbody to fish fight, "You ‘outdo tht you'd thick hi se you geting your thes iy The perennial themes of symbolic apd physealwoenc, cough presence, and the pressure of cert kindof mascultyexpsnd and ae moe clemlyexprsed ‘ong the lade ght on the tet, and partly at he commercial dance, Eventhough they are eately expensive and wot zo very difereat fromm what suplled at tenth of the cost atthe Youth Club, commercial dancer are the prefeced leisure purst ofthe Ind’, This bacaly ecto thee i an edge of anger and competition ta the atmosphere an sci lations not preset atthe ‘Youth Club. Commercsl provision can be ciiosed at many level, not leat because of i expense and instrumental fowatd tho Keates fr. However, atleast responds tos customers” dies, a they ae ft without pating «moat entrant onthe way they ar expressed. ln a ene "the In do have a Kind of fieedom at the commer dance, Ite aierated an explated foc a eas leaves ther fre fom the clasteopbobis and constton of ineleant ot oppressive moral lnperaies Ia ofc Teireorganiations. Is possible for indigenous ‘aterl fore to snfce and interact without destin from above Soe then’ a barter, ata dance, 200d wi Yeah, think if thera be there you have fo Be mre ach “wa youve doing, not pra about so mich, Bsns ome people Inia’ gota bio ale inden) hey ee ke To of Dds Ther, and they think, doa bt of showin’ of, andthe ‘waka round, ke ad Knocks you krow (-) They jot pk 2 igh anja spite Dilly Everett, kids Tks ‘in, el go azo somebody ook at "a and el fucking belt one) Pw ow do you stat 4p ook a somebody? Spike No somebody looks at you wit ‘Thatit just walk ound a0 somebody wou ook you. Soke Or if you walk ast somebody, you delieraely bump int em tnd you sexe nd that they nage you Pw Soil youve atadunce and you wan 19 avoid 2 Spt, youhave 0 Took t your fet ll the Lie do you? 5 te, = Not aly See (Laka, and fucking back away. Pees Te you know alot of people there, you's tli’ 10 the, you feclaafer a wel you know lot of peor wu Ws OK i you ktow aot of people thet Soke Ieyou go toa dance where you don't know anybody 1s ough oo Spike The stosphere an there [i the school youth wig] thee a’ {bor for one. You drink fuck’ zy pop, an et Mars ara ‘ht wit Pink this cab eight f they'd got some new Kids we'd never ee befor. Spike Wade pod then. wa Ia be good then, cor there'd be some atmosper and you now, you'd be loki” at each other, then yours go back and say, i dont Ike tht rat, took atthe way Bes oki a ‘And there might be something poi on ouside after... bat ow you alway get’ Jules [the youth bade) wai’ out summa, you ktow. Evening and wetkend actives old ll the divsons of he shoo! plas othe = semetimes tore shadowy, especially thay tvoie class feeces ~ fret Projected ant slother, musi end physic style lng a Taf schoo aosisclatd wit ‘blag out a ight a developing # cal understanding not only Oo he school bt als ofthe neighbourhood, town snd sts wat Casini ke the modern hs, ih, the Kits who des oder, ght. There's the hard knock, then there ae those who fet.) ut can Took after thee, dies modern and Nang aboot withthe hard knocks or summat. Theo there's the money gies, Kite who you can Map money off whol! buy eenstip Then you get into the cleo the pots the nancies ro) Pw Pout does mean ques, wit No, it meas lke earls, dogoodes, her no exh, se wo ei (1 thnk the hard Kooks sd that Hie veges, you Row wbat mean rege and sou, they don' ste to ths freaky Stuff, then the pou, the mani they like he Osnends, Yin, Gary Gh. w weds, fake, hippy types.) how do they ito tha, wir wan Yeah, wel, dunno) you find aa ofthese freak are bey Spike Taint our scene ike.) Fuze | mean take for instance you go down The Mowgh wha the 20 on ( when there'll the heey mu, anyon the ‘ide with hee ht long. erly clothes (jeans and vey thing, a0d you go down ona 206 pt, ad you ee Ae with bagky towers, you Know, speed coll shi, you can fll the diference, wat 1 chink you can fel out of I a wal, cot Ive Been ap the Sanction up town i a bea lace, ol al the drugs and eer. ‘hing and everybody was dened realy weirdo) and | fel {was oat, well ft, wel out of ty you know what I mean, "alt sate than the es, though I was going 10 # wedding, for [war at weddng, and they wae working on a fem: tthe wider scope, extra freedom, and preter epporuntes for excitement hich make the evening intl preferable fo the dy (i acho). In sm specs the school a Sank between oppotuaits for excitement on theses oF {ta dance with your mates, or uying a ake with gl Inthe dacs ket by "ine lads, meant to eco he main things tat happen a your yoy went 0 school (orn Wis ase giaaic Brackets) record school, whist hal ade dtall ‘ents afterschool, ied the al inportnt Gat hon, gt changed, went on Nowever, although school may be bracketed out af many of thee hi Ive th 8 “vb” shold not Head to belle that schoo is unimportant inthe form of that they do experince next chapter). “The prestue to go outa nigh, to goto a. commercil dace rather than youth lab, to go to pubs rater than stop into buy moder clothes, smoke, and take ti out al thew thinge which were fl to sonste what he sel abou {ut enocous financial reese one age. Shortage cash she singe biggest ‘res, petape st any rat ate scbool, thet ie: Ltn individual cusion) Joey (Cate al, you can't ive without brea ers face faking Tnoaey ithe epi of Me, money s hfe. Without money, yOW's ‘clang die, 1 mean thes aothing fucking roand hee to ex, you could fucking st tee, you coun et bak [A posible coats inthe family and among fends and case acquaintances are exploited snd the neighbourhood soared for job in small bse, shops om ‘ik round, a leaner, key cites, e-cream salesmen, apd ae tacker Ia per Iatkels. Sometimes move than one jb is held. Over ten hour work a week bot {tcomnon, From the fourth form onwards, Spike thinks fis work a linen ‘wholesalers ie moce important than school. He ply takes days aod Weck of {choot to work Hex prow ofthe money he ear and sped he een contbutes to is pues gt ill when theyve had ba wee’ Joey works with isbother 1S a painter and decorator during the sure. He cgarde tht at rea” wock, nd school at some kindof enforced hobay, Thee is no doubt that this wility to ‘ake urn the “res! world, to Handle Sometimes qute large cash lows (Spike replay enme ver twenty pounds a wee, though the average forthe thesis omehing under five pounds) and to deat with als newly on their own terms Stengthane ‘the las wifeonfdence and hee Flag at this point anyway that they "know better than the schol. "Tere even el sense of superoty tothe teachers. They do not know the way of the word’, breaue they have been In schools o cole lth les = "What do they oo, ling os” A the next chapter wl show, thee ae ao tmuny profound snires between schoo! countecltre and shopflou sl. The emerging shoo! cle x both sticngthened and direct fed material fom what the as" take to Bethe nly truly workin source! the Working clas tld oF work, "The conact with the wold of work, however, not made forthe purposes of caltrleaifeaton, I is made within the spele exon ofthe need for ext, and evponded to and exploited within hat menu The wry anne of pprsching the wold of works his stage eprodues one ofits characters atures the gn ‘Of eah) The near univer practice of ling” nd "dln orlges for stance, Somes ote lant aa eat ertage Buta ele neces they eed the ‘ch: A Spunky sty, you go out even wth unt enough money in your pocket for pit like, you feel diferent, and ii only the pact ob nd partly ft ‘der’, which offer the extavalableeapaty in sei wld to spy this »Fre cash. Ths particular form of early exponure to work els to athe paar ntess Tor thet later undertanting of labour and reward, whan se ie balances, and for a patcolar Kod of contained reentment towards those who ‘anape a et them Lin group dacuson on pr time work] Spite (Gs was about eight lock inthe morning, ths wat, Me's [butcher got 3 tephone e's got «big bg of en bby and Te et the two stings ore the Llepone so that Toushed i, the stung come, you krow. I opened the bu, gt # halal of ten bobs out, pped it up aed Just lft, He say, "You've Touchod ths Tackiag ba, the string was over the flo Wall coun' say mach (0 he Co me to fark fC) wit Cite there wat an outde tlle [ate seers wher be ‘eed to work} but Kwara blocked wih stinking epetables end al this, and wed to put ‘em [califowes} on top of the item, you know (..) he say, I seen“ counting em, ad be says. "Uh there's one missing hte suid Tdagna” (—-) He Says, There’ one massing eve Tsay, “There ain He wy, “There says, Tmt have pu i nth one, ‘have one fe and he diya count the, s0 Twat ght be as lying trap Fr me ks, 1 think wat a Fis it when ‘hat happened. The next day (..) had to have a big re up the ack (0 buen al the rabbi and that apd Tae fet eveything ke and all the canal bank. Was ike the ralvay’ tan ke, round the back A was al dry, tone dy, 0 pt ts cardboard, {hs place of cardboard bor like that, and thew it ovr the nd tet all the bank on fe f0 get hin back ike. And | went Walking in, Tsay, the bank sposed tobe on fre” [Laughter] He went mad he did. Hey, ‘Wart you? Vays No musk av buen th Butcher, sor they wat havo Oi And te ie ‘engine come and every. That s some scope for geting money by svg it fom dinner money, wel 2 some posit for lite extortion Irom ‘aro and yquges boy hough ‘aging oP stand second former not bighly regaded Olen the lt end somtimes exer = resort forgetting money in your pocket stelng, Shovta ‘of cash should aot be undetesinated a the compeling material as fo he, In 4 very type atelation of mixed moti, however, tiving ial sous of fitment ater ke gh. Ips yw at sk, and brake up the proto, ofthe self. "Te tle, the daly domination of tvs and the entrapment ofthe formal ae broken for 3 ie. In sme way successful thet chaleger and beat authority. A stage sot of feedom = even hough iis nly pve knowledge = met foe lying the conventions and brig rewtrded fori. you ae ope parol sills in "lasing your way out of wean be brought to bear, and recewel excitement and ssficton is obtained f you getaway with IC. Some Times of cout, you do not "et wway wih Two of the Hanmertown las are pat on proton for steling cat vadloe during the rezarch, This i aston Parco ave brought into it offi repr wate vp and al kinds of nspected ‘monet shout the procedures of the court andthe intemal proceedings of Toremcrcy tur the orga eacement 0 sickness Ths 6 a moment, gan, Whee the onal wis a derbve and lenccable cory over the fformal. The informal sveaning do not survive 9 ect confrontation. Ul, en the neat Univerity of theft amongst "he las theve ave very few como for that “Thve ae tony mot low scrapes andthe dead of "being Jove’ alls exte excite. ‘nent and an enced fecling of sharpest and adritess when you "pet away sith {Una group dicuson) Bil jut hopes round her, there’ nothing ado, Whe you've fot money, you know, you can go toa pub and have «disk, Fat, you know, when you a gol money, youve ele got to ‘op ino jst walk round the ees abd'none of them ae any food sel, So you walk cound and have af Joey Tesi only that Hs enjoyable that Ws ther and you think you can getaway witht «yuu aver dak ofthe rss. You Fast do le I teres an opportunity the do's open tothe rekon, you in there, selng what you can Nee ahd then, tren you come ut Uke if you don't gt caught weit ten you come ot you's ely happy Ue in ‘Cn you've sowed the eters you ean dH thats ooe season soey “Cos you're defying the aw agua. The law's bgtugh authority ice and wee js ile vada ye wer gttng aay wit tke wo Fun (weal went up the copper tation [fr stein fem x pot shop], be had all or parent in it, Then he had ut lo i ith fur pens and he sys, this copper, we wan all sanding oP Straght, you know, looks round, he says, “You! How snuch pocket money do yu get” hess, would you ke someone to och that He saya ND’ He say, mean of you go anythag to ay? Yes, cunt, let me go" [ander hs treat] ."You should By, "Sony he sald, anything have been seturaed i 4st had been ising, youd ‘ved IC. Benny Boaes ha two aries this howe, Steve ad go clapll and aka fF gotta knives at home, and he si,“ anything 8 Ben sing aey 1 been dong it al ig [stesing fom handbags) and Twas setuing sank and spending the money, and inte of tng ‘her, doit prope puting yout hand down the back af the {lng oat thal way, and thi bird comer back andy, ‘Wh {re you dong under there say, "Oh, 1st deopoed two Bb’ Sn then her went om about i301 fost tun off Uke, over ths ter side ofthe dace. Her weet and told the coprers, 2nd the Puce sat outside bythe bog When I wen out they js got me Fito thle ite slang room nd they gt ie even ad all me money out And she'd had four pound place, It was 4 be really “cor Td only plached thee pound, and Ta spe Dearly hal of had a pound on me. I ve hid fou qd ot tet, even sf t had Been he 1 thik they've de we, it have enough money on me, so they euld't 3 Wise the tat the school thet patel heightening of exten ‘oney as well Beier being dec Init toa W lo puts you saat beyond the eae They bave nether th need forthe exit cath nr the Imapatlon 40 overcome convetional morality, nor the qulkees and snes to cary Through the deed. The stool breakin sue up many eric theme ‘ppnion,exllement excl and te dive fr cath x {could ge how we wa going to gt copped [en they broke Into the choo sme time reno f you know, Teouhl set ow them otets [he school had ently been broken into at olg to ge copped, be was, jst ust» oor down and waked in. There was fooumads al ver the pace, smashed a window fans all ve the place and paling books of vy Tinean we had gloves on and beine we let his house we even tinpled ovr packet ot to make ure there was nothing Went ‘ying. tall my atl at Howe and be di we jst went then and Nada brow polo eck on, me eas, owes, You conde bad al ack things on x Allie, posh om my face. laughter] ¥ No, We wns going fo. Wert we? We got the polish at your house, we wis ing to, Bat we hough, no. pw Wore you nervous when you were ding? ¥ Ye x (hr. Like this you koow [tembing]. "Cor oh. Pe lays yu know, lve pinched ot of people's pockcs you know Te sen two bobs Ig about and Fe gone, bt Le none dane nything like hat before. enjoyed i y ‘and Tid, really enjoyed tt x [And afer you know coming down the road we were ast 62 werent we? We was hat, you Know, fs hat lxely worked y ‘And we spent ial yp The beeing Fountain, aya we, Gtlag Pised down The OW Bost. x Dhar. ved ten bob forthe eink, member? Fi Yeah iw Wy dd you want ta bes int he school athe han anything dls? y {at 9 fucking money ¢—) x Weksew the aco! wel anf Hy and breakin anything eae Ie hoses and that, you know, youe not sue Hf he's ay ody tI bit ky, You Kw what Tei, Bathe shoal yoo know there's nobody seeping here, yo know thee lst ovway you con get copped wo other group asin whom ‘he ad excasiviy te dfined an though which {hee ou sens of speronty enacted args nd enc minoniy Eoaps “hel most tuaned and complex aiitudes ae esered forthe opps ‘Theresa ation] conc thet view of women: they we bth seal objets snd domeateconorter In ewence the ean that whlkt wonen mst Be sexually Certiny desc is clear on the part of ‘the ls. Lascivious aks of conquest or Jokes ting onthe pasty of women or onthe parca sexval nate of men fe tgulr topes of carversaton. Always ts Ueto expenece ad na a Of the gor of thee shaed sation, which isthe fom ofthe stoi. The els ae ffnded wo pateua Identity save hat of thee sexual station x 1 was a his pay sooggng ths ied, and Tas abbing her wp and tndenly I ols hand on my ck, racking ne of thought, Fucking tel, were in re’, and te put my and. down ber Kalcher, but abe stopped me. Uthooght, “Tats fanny. he's racking me ff bat wnt tae daw her hackers Anyway we war wali Home Ad Joe kd tome ow did you get om with tat Bie, wn she racking yo ff Ine behind jou, puting my hand up tetween” your Bas" Iaughte] y ‘ean neve be bothered to we contraceptives 1 hak nat be Inferte,the uber of times ve fetched ide. ¥ ant Be sometines fetch before. You kw ye suglog wit be, fighting, to doi, and you've got her Enckers down, and youteJust geting st out [ging & demonstration, fumbling at Mes with feet apart] and pow! feezes demonsation} You fetch Ml ove the place, has tele that Althouph they ate its objet, rank and explicit sexuality i actually denied to woman, Tete compe of emotion here. On the one han, isa he 2 sex object, commodity, hei actually diminished by ex thei tery worth lest she as been romantically and wate patty consumed, To show rea for ‘hs einai s sen as sel desuuctive. On the other han, in bal ecogniton of the human sexuality they have suppressed, thee ie afer that once pil is Sexually expecinced and has knowa joy from sex al the Moodgate he dese tile opened and she wl be completely promiscuous y ‘Alter you've been with one lke, after you've done it ike, wall thoy/re serubbem afterwards, they go with anyone, 1 think {ts that once they've ha hey want tthe tne, no water hos th Certainly reputations fot esine ~ dees o not = pre ery quickly. "The lade afer the ey ya nce, hough they ik ce out bing sen 10 “pout with ther “The ‘end is avery diferent category fom an easy lay’. She represents the unas vale that is squandered by promiscuty. She the loyal donestcprine, She cannot be bed 0 be sexual experienced oF at ee not with others. Ch lated stores about the Sexal adventures ofthe miss ae a trate challenge to Ltn an odin icuston} x He keps saying tins, be went out with me miss Before like, sa he Keeps saying tings what dont ik, sod yhnow he {ts around. hewon' ean his Fockigleston, he does sumat, these summa, igt ash im frie won it ee back, be ‘ue off ikea ite wanker, then he sex something ete) be te been to shoo! since Fay (.-) when & Tekin’ cop it "rm gon il et Seon the loo he's focking esd. Courtship 4 veri ffi. The common poles of ealing ends the rlisis’ Is ho aedeat amongst “the las A whole new eange of eanags eed Eorotatiors come into pay during serious courting. Tele referent th home Sependabllty snd domesticity ~ the oppose of the Sexy btd on theseene the Intl atraton ix ated on sex, the ial sete based ona sang del of sex = dena principally, of cure, of the g's sexily for other, but alo of ‘exuity atthe dominant fear of thelr own vlaonship.Poeble promiscuity is eld my check by domestic ge {to an indivi interview) Spike (C_) Fv go the right bind, P've been goin" wth her fr egteen months now. He's a god as gold. She woul’ look at aati ‘hap. She's fucking done well, sbe's clean. She loves doing fuck housework Tonser brought yesterday, 110 em Up fas phy and her cote "en ip forme (.) She's as good 8 fold and wana get ured 35008 eat ‘The model forthe gen i, courte, the othr and she andumentally- 4 motel of linitation, Tough there wa pet dea of ection foe" fefintly accorded am inferior role “She's +b hick, Uke, never knows wi fn abou, “She don't desstand th sort of ss, jst eda And within he ome thee ia ea see that ne have ait 26 be wate ony the mothe {tn an individual taterview) Spanksy(._)ltshouth’ be done, you should’ eed to lp yee moter tthe house, You shold put your shoes aay and hang fn polish and do the beds foe her and (.) hor housekeeping sexually dese bt not ceualyexperoned Tadeo behav which eng ‘he Inde” sete of supeonty Tht reoltion thes the form of romanticism tex fod by teenage mapatines. I Tare wpon the cra, and subhinaton of fevua ling Into tl, sumours and messagesendig wih the praective ele the snforal fale group [5] This oto sy that thay never have sox Slely good proportion ust do ~ ut thatthe domioat sical Fm of Their ‘atop with boy isto be aay, but in hh, later day cout lone na Which falls sort of actal sexual propostion. The cer sx tnuls which in the fat place strc the boy can ts be contested ao the vespctble ales tthe hase an monoganinus subiion ever the paranoic thoweh seks the boy that, having gt the "come oral, wy shout ees, econ Be ele tn the hogy e's not ike hays sft we thi way, tl, oman Cl brokes the ten within a patra oct allows sexual disply without Sexual raise, being sexy but not sexual "What "the In ate of the somati Bebaviur they have party sonitoned in the pil, however, 4 snpleseepines, weahnes and sly indectoes in social lato salt wenches ging al the Une’ Slnce he gs have band toned the aerive an the seal they late that ground open to the boys, Ts they who fake onthe dean and tative, the mahismo, of sexs dive, Tey have no reeraions stunt yaking tee intntons clear or enjoying fom they cane fank a ect and wonystied aboot thelr desis. The contorons and strange tas ofthe gt ae seen a peo thee snes, of Ue nkeent ‘wens andconfision, The rman flected wil having scl, Sch pratly fe st trowe nich more aboot the world, Ts eee of maineide spreads over nto the expensive confidence of thers of “the Id" clr IW aids zest (other language, physic! and boisterous elatins with each eter, Halston of‘earole' snd venta partic lplay eyo violence The combination of these vats fet gies» specie tone fo interaton foner who make sggestive comments The gilt respond wi gles and tlk rvongs themzhes. Whee gis do make comments they ae of he eu cing ‘Furman ind. 1s eft 10 “the lato make the joke, the had comment, the ase wanmatios and to crate x spect to be appreciated by the gi, The fileae clea dominate, but they calle ln ther own domination: {A mixed group talking "by the shee’ at dane te] Joan ‘Weim ll gona start erying this aerooo, W's the ast Bin You've only got two weeks ett yer, we'm goon laugh when we eave) Joan ike you jumper Bil ‘You can come ini yer like! wat Ain i tele when you se these old women with bandages My si goer, and I fat wit dye‘ ay you had, Tid twas ese Bi gonna nck Mary's fas and smoke ‘em al [Giles] Co Eiiie Wtime youtot were bck In schoo, oon. (Giggle and whee tng about someone who “anit” Eddi). These wench dort al talk sbout you behind your back, me cae ve bring. (L20d burp fom one ofthe bd} Mage vou pi, hut up, Bi [Wandigciguetts sound) Hee Masse No thanks, hae abs one ‘look " Toeves ———_[Shagng] He's got big one e's ota bigone. PB ake is ct off ie Have off al {To Mary} Have you eer adit off wil ve had off twie tony lead [Laughter] o yo ike having ‘ef [To Maggie] Maagie ‘You chet so, wit Hipean your coat. * Incerostngly, this kindof banter ean be wid towards the mother bu never the father It takes om a ore kinly tone, espondig (othe domestic ater than the tas roup dicuson of fami) wat Hist play her up ke, 1 be yng there ter Vd just woke Si or moat Mev won't yl hing, 9nd Tl, Shr tke Shorrup, sop taking) er sys to abe once, think youve tad a2 4 coo and lke once Tht The oven, as ven we {Her was lathe cen, and I pulled down she oven doo ke You know to make sue the gas was, Ie come a and "aat the body ell you dai" sas, im ook’ for me fa ayphter) (wal Pt jt be ying tere ni sy, Pe got te fad ey when good rsord comes om TT art jumping about Shon’ aout make’ ad mien. Pw What dos your mum tink? wit Herat is there, would’ do ta eat wf odd Pw Wy aot? wi He'd jet, he wouldat se oo ely, Hed hin thee wat ike I gohomeandsy, ‘Ove es Ki, gv et and lar pues me ff, you krow, sayin “et of, you dal CS" thing tha the wey ay, 0 6 8 ang Seu out upeand ph er nto the corer hea se be “tg tog! ony and ove he sd slg toa, See be the tat (doing ewe for sat to mea Del go bloody mad “Tver sick groups = Caucasians, Asan and West Indias - ae cleat visible in teat schol settings, Thowph indi sora are made, epi inthe youth ting, the ethalegrogpe ae lesly separated by the fourth year, Deon ae, eying, ore vous i infra slings. Fora period the hed f upet coal Allows fit yeu tose fon voce for ‘endsip groupe’ dung beak tine “Theis yet anothers this ane deere and accommodating, vatant of he contin ‘oa sbi trogl o contin opposion. ts sls, however, demons oro that aze the cleat lafoomal patterns of rac caltare Beneath and somelins sured by the ffl structures ofthe scl Neat Uppe shoot We hive got the Mass (Bi), Croft (ou), Rs, Robert {Wu Peer (Ede), Des (Fs ant Bares Spe) i the Indian roam an Sigh, Rat and co the Ae Fo. So troch for itpaton! Thee ae thee tint rooms, Yon g2 {nt the wit on and you wil probly i wn and ave Sp ten made You go nthe ada oom a thy aeplaying cards and they ate abbering 0 eachother, snd then you fe into the West tndian room and they areal dancing to ecode I the West laian room they ae srt of stamping srvnd, From the point of sew of the la he sparaton i ttily expensed at tion of other, Thee rent verbal if ot actual, vlence shown tothe Tookin® wops or the ‘asad paki. The mere fet of diferest colour canbe ough Lo jstly an attack or Intinidaton, A clear demarcation between groups fn derogatory view of other rail sypes ie simply asumed as the bass fe ths fd one ation! dally form of knowledge ins. Sranksy We had goat the Jamaican, cos you know. we outnuniered ‘her We dyn" wane to fight then when they was together We outnunberod them spike They was al here though, Spanisy They war all there, But alf of thems walked off dye they, there was only a couple let, About four of vs got th on Joey Not one of us was marked. ha as eal super. Racial nity for the ad supplant individ idemty so that stores to fiends concen no this Kl, but "this Wop” AC Hammertowe Boys there i an increasing 30d) wercyg tension between the ethnic ours, patiarly the Casi andthe Asin, which sometines flares up ito vnc. The deputy head then ges everyone ito the tll and etures them, Bul thi nly suppraset 2 proup dcuson on ecent disturbance at he seboo] Ivey He [the deputy inthe hal after an incident] even started talking out the Ire war a one stage, “Tht how war tt, Pack i ww (wat he convincing yu bit? hey He was jus aking, we were just stenng thang, Right you wl ‘Tis cui slsighteous eadness to expes and ac on de eared ty what "the lad take fo bea bel collie attadeof taf no mater wat ‘he public statements. Thi prhape even an unconscious effect and certainly ‘wher rac ess among sft tech fer let than tat the ouster School culture. Thee is, however, by and lage moc lest sympatiy and vapport Between (2 masivly white) sa and ste minis tam Between sll and whites Ivan aiont automate cult yeflex mines ace tsa a sange and lest cise ~ not “tex, but jabbering Yo eachother and “sping around Certainly itis quite explicit that many sear sttf associate the mas mnigtation ‘ofthe 19608 withthe bres up of the “order and queen? of the 1950s nd of 8 nat sen mote and moc sesopcly a he pease, sce chao oth tals and sf do sae, therefore, ete in hei eiflerent ways of eset trent forthe Shconcerting iad, For acho sonst the 1a I pois Tube suport for hostess The inal way oa bked wp BY iat he gon ofthe forma The ac inte comme shonl cate israel by vied hh sone ta ifeentatesretyer Asn come ff wos nd tole the get fr ity ininidaton, sal een tha he ysl al symbole eng Cea er unpctected push whch bet spc, Asam ae ee both 15 den, onl and probably "unleaand sbng oneof te ox sie “trove cancers ‘They are doubly ded for the contadetory way Stich hey ser siaitneously to be oth futher ff and ost to eeceved Enplth cata! moc They ae itropr wh dnt bow th stat and fy to tke that whch i ott thes Buc wih faney died and ‘jetted on oker pound. est Inds cm ff somewhat titer at she ands of te tae’ Although they ae temiay “oven sorties ely” and probaly "ety" and te seat they teat At fo ht ctrl opogaphy ite ve conn. hele Iek of ceaformtaceveent een a moe appropriate oti sa, and Speci ofthe wn oppor macline ad ype clare cme wih ha tthe de Thee tome United ateracbon, btwn als 3 nytt, o8 the pounds of sured cate meres going cut, reputation, dancing, 2M, Fear 8, and rgun The combaton of aca like wth soe sed Elta inverts et, however, wih ot tension In hese af eal latins where "Te id fel dhe sete) vay and Jeo at wells eee ese of Spin of male Wes Indian soa intestine pacts rom of oe, {he ght of ter own Hak auneatl and exponen The a fet bowers, arly cnsclosy and tan hate way hat they af bound, at Teast inthe serous sape of our’ by some unwritten res of desea ton and monogamy wich ate ot eps West Indian elie “othe semen of an ove syle and dio eaten of women Ia the stereotype i ade fay notion ofthe alge tupilty of West tins "The th hive thir aa nllns of what conse ‘sare and "ca and he tmst commen tat ‘outide thrown cles of esuntns and okes Twnng nls oppo tice’ ae the West dans. For he eal there fat lest dee oF ambit abou such charges, but wap” can be safely and prea Ingy saan wap ish oe ping one headed” The ange of peje ‘rand wnt so potently eave he eal rena ba ta sone grt Int sees more confoe fo the a han the ep of pre eforNotes [1] 1 sow eecogaied that some teactes etaloed on shoo eahlag tt tie sesiouly Gatrbed and tha tis ist growing prolen Se, fr inane, tamer, Control experiment, The Guarda, 1B Match 1975. [2] Spike's eter of apology caeily pitched Co maintain is own dy ello secure his leaving cetifiste "Would ike You to scent my sincere Zloges The school Usef bas nothing to resemble “Caldari way Sthslaoeer >. Freae what have done which might Tad fd spi nom, Duta Phe ime nt tapi am nom pepe Yo ace the consexuence whlch youate Be (my ales), [3] A seent piece af research on Dartington, the pogesive pate hoo a the West of England, clans tat Us chen did ot havea taboo oo aang This extemely uni! snd enpsined (on that pee of ezatch) bythe Way ln which informal groups and the anischool culture are ichibited by the ‘iceplonal unity, opennes and democratic organisation of the schol (epost The Guardian, Baaty 1970) [s] eas been widely claimed that sraning, tadlnal ubject-ased cut Jam planning, xa a pene chevenentonnttion are Hel oe conducive tothe energenceofsntiachool or semi-dlingueat gouge amongst the ower forms In Hunimestown. Boys it war quite clear that oppodional groupe had ‘med nderstresming by the end ofthe third year, However, afer med aby frovping was Ioduced at the begining of the fourth yar, the counter schoo [oupe developed and hardened in exactly the tame fasion as may bave been frpeted under stismiog Furthermore, twa by ma meas only the est ble who ‘ere ined inthe counter achool group. Some ofits really sential members were Iigyarolte,clatrlghe, amet, and able to aroma wie ane of sts. They ba decided that, for them and st that sag, the Mie of he Inde offered nore thin the eovenional rad. Although continued steaming may have bad {reinforcing eect on those of Tow ability nthe pet" Frm with he orthodox lfc we hve bees led o expec, we shuld aio be wae tat destenmingesn lead toa crentine social mix which development nt only for the ove sit fps of the school, but ako, and in patcly, fr Ht informal acl and ‘sppoiilonal wing, ADU those verging towards te athschool perspective wee, anything, ded by the new forms of mixed aby groupings, ope centied teach tng, student centred echig and the cbvous confusion cased by the igh number ‘group changes daring the cour of the day, compounded in putcle by the sheer numberof RSLA options open 0 the ppl - on other costs, of cose, a Skesable thing. See Dh Marrs, Socal Reltlons in the Secondary Scho, KP, 1967; M.D. Shipman, Sociology o the Scho, Longin, 1968; and R-Kng, School Onansarion an Pp Involvement, RKP, 1973, IS] The field work in the main cae study was focuzed on boys in a ingle sex ‘choo, There wit a “winted” gi schol next door, however, "he ads ofles chatted with groupe of ite in the park at Tucitine. Angela Macrobbie fiat $Segented to me the pivotal role of romanticim athe experience of working cast Bi5 Penetrations Although we have looked in some detail hough case study atthe experience and Cilituol procetes of Being male, white, waring clas, unqelied, affected and ‘moving info ancl werk a contemporey capt, there ar sl some mtr to be exlalaed, In one tense st might Seem that ope st of random ceualitis = Individual pathology and ell deprivation = as snply Deen elaced by another futur creativity and contiuly. We have seen how some working cls Inés ‘iteentite theretver fom the sattin, but why Is hs 4 We have sen the Conviction with which they hold thle views, insights and felings of cultura Election, but what the base fr thi subjective elvation? We have seen thelr utde tothe occupations! ructre, bot how can we expla ever ofthe Conventional evaluation? We have sen ow thei genuinely held igs and Convictions led finly to an objective work lation which sem to be ena tment rather than eration, But ow dot ths happen? What ae the basi Jeter Iniants of thove calla fonns whose tendon, reves, cosines and inal utzmes we have aleady explored? Blements f Analysis In onder to answer some of thse questions and contaditons we must plunge Teneath the suiface of ethnography in «move interpretative mode. U suggest tha we may approach a deeper understanding ofthe culture we have sued though the notion of penetration and inition. “Penetration ie ant to designate implies witin a cultura fxm toward the penetration ofthe condition of existence of ts member and their poston within the social whole but In a way which i not cated, eseailist or india Linton is meant 10 degatethow Block, diversions and Mesogel els Ueichconfse and impede the ful development aod expression ofthese inpules. The tater clumsy but sty asurate term, ‘paral penetration’ Is mean to Aig the interaction of these two tes in 8 concrete culture. Ethnogranty destbes the fled of play in which the inpules and Timiations combine but ‘annotate then theoreti o show then separately. Penetrations are nol only erally skewed and deprived of tei independence toto bound back Rl into the isu they ae uncovering in complex ways by Internal and external ittions, Thee fulimatly «gully and urecoased = pretualy apt ~reltlontip ofthese penetrations co that which they seem to Trindependent from, and ie ato. Wis this specie combleation of cull “lg and putty which gies he made strength of personal valtion andLoy 10 added behavous WAM leads he endo eter, There ‘ely tome eel rata sod potently devcopmetal ba or stces ‘ch spyea tobe compet atonal and eevee, twond son ony {is comauctogydaule anlaton ich fons ca sosety tet ihe and demote forms: fran une condition tobe entered fey More Concetely, the mele ctu nd sje sleepin of bow poet whch we have examined ives 4 potent pepeon tomards mote roa Arete, whch is saipended and eugt off ane, unpoite, by aca Unitas. is rcpt aly» without sake the Comet nt Yt in an tent a he sujetie iain of eran etalon af aoa Iour pow. Ts i preipaton, tower, which neve ces over th ACs of the afimaton and eeton bt on tared or die clu Peneaint The stoning thing which he Sook sitempt to sn al {hee manent -and oy ads to beth fre ets nthe flr in working chance when the manila of ior power presets Both 4 freedom, election and transcendeace, and a precise insertion ‘ates system of ‘lion and oppresion for working de peope Te forse mbt the ine, the ter shows the pres It the fate the rset whieh hanes ‘eed leg in thet of entenpsuy cpa “ee tinea th chapter ots ome o te tps owas entation nthe coumerscoot ee: The ex two chapter ed xtra maons wich prevent and dont he weep. downto the Teal) String conn an fllsontet ofthe esr frm’ Mach wht owe iran fo working setae m gee Before ta hawewes, i ecosy tocxatin moe Soy the ments lavaed tthe notion of rotate tl form oft ston i the won, te ope of hs acon and iste a, fercy. In pre we mst Sefie fn wha ae cll pears of he ‘tndamentl elton and catego of occa be eile anal or Cea The couneschol ele andi proce ae fom defects in ape Hate elton tnd sf lao see weldnlyproded. Toe ‘ccgnition of determin dovs nt however, di vert. Two quai Mon must be ated spon tometnly Rowe, Cres tn ni {tno oot put hey nd ent then of eons neon loge Could nly ecur, a 1a ler, tthe pop lve Secondly even canna be tred a niu capa oon seo prods i atone Noy an te consisted in ty tena m many ~ ov the fue or the pen. On te ontay it leads, pata, to rfound etapens bed eer mae by fo jee era tig eter these es, ower, at ao eat tat thier orm not podied by single outa dcteminton, Hs pode alo fm he tte wed stopp ech new gnc, Wee eng wit calcite ot oncioaly dee, wil and actlon sty evry, sd thomas hp rate postions with ripest t filly vorodace what we eal "outside dete ination Hs these cla and abject prov, ad acon which Row fiom them, whish atl produce and reproduce what we hike a aspect of tu, only by paving thro thir moment tha etecinations are made ‘Sect in the oval word all, Destine ate taken by wdsoals ely” and ‘it ‘consent inthis faim whch ao amount of formal exteraldection could roduc. If working clas Bide on ther way Yo work aid not tellee the loge of {hei ation for themselves, noone oui, nor cutie evens, could conince them = especlly in vow of the conventional samen of what they ate dog and where they ac ol, Te clare provides the plcpes of advil move ‘ment an 3808, “The peetatons produce, however, athe cultura fev nthe working cs by nha tl want 0 cl x ertain creativity ate by no means quite open ended They Tun along setan nes whose base determinants le oute the ind, the ‘poup of cs. It no ecient that diferent groupe in diferent schools, for Tisinnce, come up with simiat inh, even though they are the produts of Spurte efforts, and thus comblae to make distinctive la bonds, All the oops fre penetrating through to roughly the sme rely determining conditions which od thei present and future pombe, The abject, therfore, of point ot tht te expan of thee new are stl aly onde the way Of epi price, andi pats ton of want hou he ae ry of th effet be faba abou, sot os ten aged, ode the ‘hay of oaicent soci, Under preie of eat inst expen we se String at even more apd move to wel defined 8 the greet tne to workers can apend withthe peatrt numberof cent forthe les cos nd eon def mimes ‘orate etwan sll ae ets no ‘eater wba stay happens a hte wlcovted howe Ths management ora ton suppeses the possbihy of eer approche. Wel and econ could [oced fom dest eopiton of elective neds and 4 examiaio hee 4 steutua and cultural fms which fentably generate stein and iadeguy’ Such an approch wouldhinge sound planing foe human needs and purposes =n oud ibe efficent ube of abstract tne’ Ar we ace apponching the day ‘toning in staat ites onthe timesheet every Sy lb, despite thir Uifetent forms. the ost tai realty of the working io he teaches a oe Soren asi now forthe plumber and carpenter, and aways has Bee fo The instal worker unde captain, “The meare of ast! labour fe then, ma, We hve [ooked atthe uit of nate bat more pneraly i has been widely noted atthe ri of capt ‘ut of fealam wot asoited with changed notions af tne [27] Natrl lps Steele seasons the postion of the sn athe sky, hunger in the belly or a be done weteveplaced by clock loge ab the bass of time, Not setring with the Sis or the eaom, not 2 signal fr the appropristenesagan ofan actly, But ‘ tandscd fete quanily tine was remonelessyronning vt aa aking oppor funites with I In capian tne run straight aot na cle. esto besaed and tie. Ts the mesure which allow complex tasks (9 be syacuonised ale and pot fo be mewured an created, "Time & mone’, bu the real mesure which Connects the twa abstract bo “The unified movement ofan netable nen te characterise of he captat age abo las kind of Heslogial effet, I gps «sense of homogeneous soclety engaged inthe slow puorese ae it were, of henarative which follows, There {Sanimpled pernsve concept of matron and con. This ives 3 grad int reformist perspective opon what is taken to bea unified soley In which alt shire the same timescale th appreciate ie cate wating pace 1 tends 0 up pss a otion that feet socal groupe may Inve different ties, or ome 0 fines, ot others tempt to pall ue violently Foran, "Though it must not be exaggerated we can see elements ofthe couterschool calle not ony a cultural penetrations bate outed defeat of this dominant Sense ote, Te culture in is mostly success informal retin off members Timetables sod subversion of the ofl ene det freeing space for calla ves but ih ao rejecting ata order snd gradual puters of bourse tie. tn vce the ld" evens and sventares ate Hidden rom Bourecs ine ‘Ths isan elect, of couse which i not deel Intended evetheles fur strengthens clr practices in the ultra ie. ‘So far we have considered the eormoality of labour ln the sbstac. Abst our however, a ig pci in real ae ations is prodcing viable fmpnal forms of tendency mote obviously every day. [28] As we sm before, eaklng i very eal pris, Concrete Isbour i essing more and mote ‘ean standard desk about. Even though there isan appaent move towards Employes demanding more and higher quaieatons th tal move of the sk ‘Content in the jobs fo which they apply inthe oppoite ection, Even high ‘ut joa in totus, for insane, ate edn thee vated sd uitary ate to Specie repetitive flow tecbnalon ‘Most mechanised factory work is standardised now and could be done by 13s a® child 29] The giving of a el standard labour paced by the sytho ofthe Inachige ofthe tie and requies neither plansig nor sl, Whether padiclar Individuals fel sick or wel, whether they hav degres of CSEx matters taal ‘Te particular conctete for of thle Indu! labour power eleven 9 long ast does not stop the line Conerele abou power i pertant nt for is inte partir costrbuton but for is witdtawal of the potential negative wll ‘ot Interupeor distupt production. We ean se in modes machine manectate tnd mass production a sproach of bret bus to the very surface of concete The whole thst of modern techsiques of organistion and methods sh a tine and motion study, i one important sense, 1 marew the gap Between ‘oneete and abstract labour. The cammonalty Betwen al bout in he sbsract ‘embodied ere i the concrete thru fo move alabour tthe gollen mean of the one best way of doing thing. The capital Eldorado has been the ove est vay. The conerpence of particular farms of labor tow conciete stad st the fenlancy of the prep of sbtat labours peta bet exer in he work of she man whois usally credited with the addon of mation to tine stody Gatythexpity took labour othe abiract a he model fr the fnpronement once abou {30} Prvout approaches bad taken the shovtestexine wey of ‘competing 2 sk, broken I down spd standarted ¢Cilth developed li Cation of basi elementary enovements he called “thei without seed to 2 sonetete model. They weve meusuied in Lenthourandhe of mite, Real once tasks could thetefore be bul up Before tl execution from hese bul Ing bis. Tie caution of the bat abc method of doing partic tak hefowe is existence evens for us thatthe eadeney fi enstoce ely towards the abstact mean. Captain, agin, dls Hl la te own advance Sich at 'spproach = even where ot fn scctsl it on enacting itm ea has ‘he mc! peofoundly aerating iuene on the sandr dton of pra jobs lnerent tin the capitals system, The “herbi the lint attempt fun ran into mache: hi unigoe concrete eapatie nto optimal standed bout is ict to sgue for the variety of oder abou nthe face ofthe eri In its rbotsaton of 4 tenthoustndth ofa inute capa shows uss dese to make robot of ual al the ine “The la” indifereoce to the pata form of work thay ene, er asamp ion of te erent meanest of work no matter what kid of ight aia they take tos, ad thei general seo the sinlrty fal work as aces them, ‘is the fom of a call penetration of thet seal condition af extnse a0 ‘meres of css. The pespectve on work offered by the counterachoo culture ‘eal Is superior to that supped offically bythe shoo. Te etal "recpsiton” ‘OF the commosity foun of our power, and of the plage of atta labour Inhich undels and connects pustcale Tom of labo, the vit! precondition for the Tiiaion of subjective sbrorption fo these things and fot the cultural exploitation an celebration by the lad of ther own capaci or crown ends nd purposes. This red human ability and inolvementspplles males for to 16 cull lee which go twas oma forms of potuton which main and develop esta penton fo tart with The ctu he crete, vate potently unuformatve wong oe = not heir =f ape fhe unde Tent oils lanai of svt. Aathe cout soo ele ie tint, expos an eas othe pil of pnt htt bau 8 Worn Winey het of how he ent tn re and nie elf. Tee pote here ora no merely paral td cat, bt fr tl ail an TCematon, Wat provers hs Notes i) Forme thse the fundamental ung of Engh conteibtions to the debate aout chat comcioutnet Th level of veal sponse concerning plea iia tions, aad the sneston of commooseaecaeponier of consumers and crete tion towards the poll system fen elated to sich evideace as codified in survey, may cones real clara yams which work inthe opposite diction find have the opposite potato represent selativelyaiarypositns in el tion tothe vel meaning ofthe ela ora, {woul pt, oe ota, the ‘vated worker, nsfar atthe #8 coherent category, a2 one of the mos ‘anced and potently radial working cass types, rather han the mos incor trate. My analy ali sogget 9 reverilin the convstonal evaluation of te “Uadiion” worker: see 4-11 Goithorge and D, Lockwood, “AMBuence and the ash cas stricture, Sociol Reve, vl 11, 0.2, 1963;3.H. Gaithorpe, eal, The Affluent Worker ithe Chaps Structure, Canbige Univesity res 1969! 4 H1.Golthompey et aly The Affluent Marker: Industrial Aides ond Behaviour, Cambridge Univeiy Press, 1968; and Mt Bulmer (ed), Winking Cans Images of Socey,Rowtede a Kegan Pal, 1978 ‘Paik’ ategore ar sounder nthe sem tha hey ae related to etina ss curs ater than othe empl working op of rerpories atthe lvl of practi Consciousness However, thle ambit very she end they pose sar problems for my pevparie. Wht fs the ra ula and vols bse for "the ada vale system? What forms of penetiaton and advance le bend the icorpraion of those within the negotiated rae sytem’? See F. Parkin, Ct Imus ond the Potcl Order MeGibbon and Kee, 197 121. This isthe Fundamental wesknes of Luka view of working cats cons outa andthe grounds for chars of historic leveled agi is wok, For tne i ko mars Gramecs acount of working las culture, the mass party bi the Aine For cultural hegemony ~ in other respects compatible withthe present work ‘The sharpest and ot saltory waning guest historicim and uation povided, of coune, by the suctuals. See G.Lakacs, Miory and Ch Conalousness, Metin, 1971; A.Gransch, Prion Notebooks, Penguin, 1974 ‘Althusser and Balibr, Reading Capa, New Left Books, 1970, un Althusser, Por Marx, engin, 1968 1{26] The strength and petal succes of vocatonal puidince andi een ‘oof waving situtin® ress upon, [woud argue, mediated and miecopnied seme ofthe cultural adaplons ade to mana work. There fa vay hee and tava depice of resting, Thre donot este, however, a the pianos peepctive so allen Suge they o, tothe latasle quay of paral work =r nga at ‘ey do te tend & for thei separation, Voetional guidance pennies the Cult and nis 3 wabilty by ranasinghe tech [27] See E-P- Thompson, ‘Tie, Work Diipie and Indust Capitalist? a ‘Past an Present, (38) Decerber 1967, [PSI The fandamettal principle here that abst bout undetes and com ts all fms of labour with respect to capital, We ean only devine» tendency from this fr sled labour to ie way to willed Ibour, for abarct labour to approzeh aca embodiment tn concrete labour. No matter hat the scope of {hs tendency, however, there always a dilation between these two, Concete Tabour does vary Machine altenune, or istance, tint fom te operation of tat maine IC portant, however, tat the saat pic emily tiserable in Hs tendencs. For a uel laifation on these matter sce Geof Kay, "A noe on abst abou CSE Dalle, vl S, 0.1 (13), Mach 1976, {25} _ Most manual work es only a mental age of 12 or les, See GC Mathews, "The Post Schou! Adaplion of Edvationaly SubNormal Boy, ampublsed MES [35] See W. Spiegel and Cees (ed), The Writings of F Gitveth, twin, 1953, Thaw ae hats 0 this approach. Iti the alate attempt to wi aman power a fore of prodoation, Haman are, however, lo part of the soil os of production. The informal oup a the bss of clr cls force galas nls expotation baatas these techniques and vet them, “Gold rieking and “astenaie soldering peristed afer the introduction of © and M techagues ‘Human relations” techniques folowing. upon the empl dicovery of the laportance of the haan froup by Mayo and hls aiotates were an atempt (2 senile thi opposition. The mort ecent "new human lutions aime toute nd win ove the power af the Informal group i one way or another Hlomeer,O Si M sl emis dominant the single mor neni management sevice nd ‘Hi bert expos the bai ner die of apt, ‘As we have en, the counter schoo eulure maker cetin ult penetrations of {he condtons of exene a is amber, Thre ate potenti wate hte for Pomugity ents anajss of society hd pial sei for he reton of Tn one tnt the reion why these uta penetrations and associated praties fa how of tentative plies ett ssp the ak of poll ogi tho, Novus party tempt interpre anette ua level Ts 00 face, however The lack of plea rganiation ul an be ee a8 2 rel of the patoty ofthe penetrations ~ ot ce vere 1] The cultura evel cleat pari dorganised fam wit “The ethnowaphis account reminds vs agin and agin tha sete & only one saci outcome, Gigantic ores in cont resolve ito one fey ~ nt seal fea allowing a fo rend ack Thee pure determinants and forwaals their ‘proper outcomes The pure loge of cll penetration russ taht nly 0 the fuze lo vealty sianeoos forces of dirtion, basen and wystfcaton Teste this pe Ke ito partial Toi, the way Sn whch sacl eect rein the word the allxition aod ealtral penetration of the present soci ‘unsation by the counerachou ele besorcs an always psn, bare Septal, yet Ply accepting asconmnodstion witha the satus yuo Ie eve tbe tess ower, contaicoy mantis 4 egies of conviction of movement, Sieht and suective vation in indus chen they cept this subodinatio. Inthe present tangled kot af elope entrapment contemporary ctl {he meat remaruale denontation ofthis contrition thal of 3 maces, full onevstanding of sstrict Iabour apd cts sldety amongst Sffected ‘working cls ks being delved to prt suestive mation and ee! ago anual hour power Catal penetrations ate spresed, dsoraised und prevented from aching thie ful potential ot apolitical arolton by dee, base and dionentating desons The two wom impotent ate shove betwen estan mt about and thos fender (Racam wih alo agian have fe del with ina ltt seston) The rection af testo and thesia ponetetion ofthe untae ofthe rayvlen’ offer san be een atthe rejection wf tidal. IS a, Nowerer,sinullaneously the rpction af ental activ in ge nthe moment ff the fest of iodo se mark of tearaton pases. Inco 1nfs foe tf bot fort pat inthe choot masque where metal work ‘seoclted with unjstied author. with qualifications whowe promt sey. Tndividalon te peoeined therefore athe Gort of a patel dvslon of burma capacity ad a yielding of the power to pope execs one halla. As one Nin of slay ts won, «deeper sacral unity lle. Although the la stand togeter they do 20 on ths side of the line wth odds and metal stity ‘omtbeotbe The human worlds dg int those who are god withthe hand ‘or pood with ther hende-The burden ofthe clu) penetration tht all work ‘he sme i thrown mainly ont. ton that ll mana work ithe sae. Mana Iuboutng comes 1 ake on, somehow, a ignificane and tes expression ors ‘ea’ Scta poaion ad lentity which tno pr of lowe proper naire, We can se here the profound, unitended snd contradictory importance ofthe insttation af the school Aspects of the dominant ecloy ate nfrmallydeested ‘here, but that defeat panes lrerstactare more tnonsiouniy ed more natured for Ks very funacng se (ytchic)vtory. Capitaam can afford to Ye individualism amongst the worklng class but not dson.Inddalsm eactated by the counter school ultare bet it astaly proces don, The ote eat leon which dsoretates cultural penetration i chat between sae and female. It, a leas in pat an lntersly produced division. The male “untrschool calle promotes He own fxm ~ even caleraes ta pr of He ‘vera couidence, The characters styl of speech and movement, even in the absence of fea, sty lls something ofthe mana spectacle. The ality to tke the native, te make other Ingh, to do unexpected ov among things, to natrally take the recive complement 10 the apptecttve pase, thee ae al profoundly masculine ‘stots of the eltre, snd permanent gels for inviua in. NOU only tit but amore concrete hllark of beng a member ofthe cll st have either seal experience of at ast asians bic at expalative and hypociicl Girls are pnrsued, sometimes roughly, for thee sexual favours, often eopped and ‘abled lose when they at iene ae ake be eny and ving well 2 pute and monogamous: to be consumed and not be consumed. The counter Seo! elle enighases sexual dvson at he sare moment that peneates the {rial of indidalte ison, Tes sexism the counter school eltte eet the wider workog cass culture. |ulance ducing ferentiation ofthe scoot edvestonlptadgm. A be besores ‘istoed with the school, for lstnce, one ofthe lad? fads one ofthe oe eepscated and abiding models of sexual dsion and domination inthe working Ine: Members of the counterschool calle are loo mach move Bly to fd 13 jo» ot of weseaty = than ar the conformits, and to experience particular Lun of seul, oth dete at them personaly und ass aspect of the woekng ceviccarent in general I becomes for them pat ofthe woriness and wperiot Style of et whole working elas culture ofthe workplace which they admit ni se busy ecoosusting in tlaton tothe pte oppositions and determinants ofthe shoal, ‘Although there may be a8 lattutlonled sam Sn ovr hoot not ab strong 35 the reproduced sels atthe informal level of Hs working cas le ‘oppositional etre. Schone must be given some credit for hading ota degree ritalin and fomalisic ouaity. 18 no product of the schoas mans Intenons that sexi and profoundly naturalised dvsos are in mare valent, forms at the momert when sown authority broken. Alte ae it ley Ost ‘wal and systema, unintended, role inthe reproduction of clas oct. ‘The cultural penetrations examined may even have survived the doen sod schism caused by the divions oud! above ity had remained dvins inthe stat or separate from each othe. As iti, there is further complex fuion of these divine absolutely character, n miro fom, of 2 kot of meanings entra 10 the stability of the capital system Wel? aad appating la al aifesations Latur gow conse this kot "The mentalimanal distinction alone presents a fered for he constuction of aaturalied dvsons in human capactes, Wat is springs hat potion Including auch afte la of howe who make wp the socal whe ae contest to ‘ohuntany take upon terete he efisition and comequent material outcomes ff Seng manual bower. This x serpin since inthe epitalit robsaion of ‘he mestal/manad!dsection ts conventionally, sa according tothe dominant Mealony, the mental lboures who tave the lptimised ight to super materia nd call conditions. Mental wosk is held to be more enacting and therefore {ejay higher reward. Mle mot fel to explain why that whichis clog sly seen at eaiable ad which i realy rewarding matrally sould be pores, The fat that al do ot spire tothe rewards and atisactions of mena aboot what is need of explanation. Dist because capitis needs 8 spit such a this oes not explain whys need Is sted. Is only sn a pefety refestive trial world thatthe shape of a need detrines the inevitability of ats Tuction Moreover, the tel mecha at playin the antifactin ofthis ees ae covered over and mystie, and hidden fom view bythe wy in which the dm rant Heoogy, and the metocratc ew af what bappens in shoul for instioe, relly do see to asume tht sll are trying to achieve Broadly the sare aks We, The way In which we are all expected to pursue thesis aims suggests hat thos at the bottom of «class society ae there apparently, ad they blew for themeles, because of thei own amar caecty to acute thes ens, Al cept, $0 Co speak, the same rules, eusags and goals ofthe game and al what counts 2 winning aed losing. In et, of coon, a he hamanaie devlopments in eda tion and cnetscouesling purty recognise bal wrongly inlerpel, ths modecould never actly work under modern conlons. It ssunes thatthe tower fatons of the working cls are relly subspecies, 1 ls more fein thas saplaian. Though it usually mistecopnsed, one ofthe thins which keeps the attalstsysem stable, and sone oft complex wondes, that an important Ststion of the sibordinate clase do no act the proffered reat ofthe steady Alwintion oF theie own capacities stead they revere the valuation of the ‘enlmanl aie By which they ae messed "Te lad unde ty Deve refer (Cor the moment, and afm themes hough, manu Ibout. Ta, Sows provides the mising lnk fra soll chaln of cae dno. Aloe lass above this an celebrate, july, and se comparative base fr the ova ‘npetiority im the mental mode in the corey of the dominant Keolgy. The ‘rot’ conform, for latance, thes on » mote rational appenance when ged aginst the seguatetion ofthe fade. Whether «not tev eh ruc iference im the actual work they do, they can gain some advange and social approval rom defining ther relationship to it and their own esi in 4 eately more mental mode ‘A revere polation af «to wellexmed distinction nelly complements the ‘ene n abou fo all thre factions above the lower. Without thi elnching estogl onder a ite lowest ea in vlaton to the ging of four power the sytem cout not be stable No aunt of ending sate ‘ncn could rome filly hunts Seatity for thow at the boto of he cast ice: Cuno pane tae, ee cent tint, wale ‘is unostant inversion, however, not achieved within the proper logis of ‘vias producto Nor produced in he dvs of bor spontaneous. ‘prodnced nthe conereteatclaton onthe ite fsck cates of we auc tes “tic ia capital cau oly te spaated in bstreton and whose forms have now Become part of Thee ace patna and the distinction between mental ond imamil abou, The fo of the aration ofthe eeabraion and cl thom ofthe two Ky tr tn he to sets of srctres. Te plaition ofthe (9 strctures become rowed. Manu labo i asotated withthe socal supeionty ‘of mately. and mental Isboor with the soil snfeiony of fei. tn fariale al Louris inbued witha masculine Lon and nate Wich Me Fey enpresine of re tans inti Foca n work, Gender and mestal/nansl difeeace peowde the aac isons 19 be woiked up tnto contemporary concrete ella frm and relatomsi, Dut Saly the leasing that division i not always and automatically ois own iad "antag which prevents sectots of the working cs fom sel division as op preston, For “hela division in which they fake thenact to be favoured (ie sexual vel, bacon part af, and lly paeilly changes he waleney of| {division in which they are advantaged etal mapa! abou power 2] Tt iofen ovelooked tht whee wo dls of vison ae Hned ont oth ae rete space they cannot remain separate, The premie of consciousness and calture which work upon their own mates in her wn location and ee 2 Knd ‘tunity wil aot live separately In two syster of eas which both oer inthe ‘compres of thi own fe pice, Such tems can ony be separated in abst fon. Av ethnography reminds uf no a theoreti capacity But an empl imperative tat there mut bea conunetion of systems. The secret of the contnus: tlon of both sets of divin in abou ad nde sat Lest pry in thei ied ‘profane conjneton under theca ten of captain, dt thle ome pure Tops. this crvsover conjunction the meine =n is ow pope eld a sate ‘or formalitie lw of perio status ~ becomes movement, action, aston. AN sence, which cab be argued, frase hen style ada concrete ‘orl fom of expresion under capita. Marual bout powet~ in i own proper fed aut or even disociatd phys wook on ware ~ becomes dome ance and form of election Is given an expresive purpose Tra form of patiarchy buttewes the mental/mans!dvsion of labour, this vn, tn rtm, stengthent and lps to reprodoce modern forms of sexual von ad oppieson. I precy Because there are dvsions at school and Stork mich operate cectivey to thelr favour but which can be understood nd tered tn patch terms that thse geader teams ist themeles Be Cntdauouily reproduced and lepitiated. If the eusency of femininity were ‘eviled the tat of mentl work would hve fo be too. A ember of the counter. ‘choot elle can enly baie inthe efeminuy of white colar an fice work x0 Tong as wives, piensa mothers are vgurded as ested inferior and inca ‘he of certain things, Ar we have soem, there te ample evience of thls belt mont "ie lade The Ideology of domesticity they impose on giliens, the pattems of homely and subcultural eapcty and incapaiy, all wnrwte the fected role of women. Itt fom the seslogal dvson of labour, nt simply from the dometlty of the house or patnintehal ology that mn a the teh eteeminans and rationales of thee practices sping D3] For our imeliate porpnes thereto this crotevaloration tht the Now of cultural pensation nd particle ie sascentappestation of pneral abstract abou, eUveted nt 1 supringffirmation of labour power. There are two important proces. In, the fist place the auction of diferent Kinds of work wih diferent sexual tenders cones the eatre of dvsioa ia the wold of work Mental activ for the nf ot caly bared because of thet patil experience a he asttton of the stot, but sno becae ite rgurded a effeiate. Many of thei own mental activites and fesings ae exprewed and ated through the Ulu the ttyl andthe concen the crcl eta ad classe st, what they take as nena work becomes for the lads mee “pen puing, “not realy dong thing? nd, mont lportatly, ‘iy i not basally mas work or with the may teope of ation, We see atleast why the ear les ane lkely to be wegatded as ‘Sfeninate and patie “ae by “he ad and why oler names for conforss Ince ‘pou? or “poufe’ or wanker’ Despite their geaterachevemest and ‘conventional hops forthe fut, “arte and thee sateen can be raved ws -tens te mod fh ce an bid ps Sabet macy. inte cod pce he whole mang f wht city ads for shes wich he mht fe a penn ning poet {ate me of mle wk sown etsy onto lflmon ot nator power Tes urbe menial at eer pu afta ature Tac tow sed wih mst qalien ad gen cre ss sven he tf] The tog dawns fhe rand Stow si he i ft td fort iy ep ae Ste wht nto ro ean =e on nag hand eps St‘ stames aun hye ate ec pens fo ‘Poo he dea ny anys cena msn ples eke Scan eps deh em, We may 7 he he ce of fer abr ou ha opted ek gene one 9 fred pty a i eh aga i he ute, Doct wth rts ingest fom spl Sct od sof ope lay he dete tothe bo sr si, xcs aly conten ch a Dien tonal o gr Sin cantons een, not for teaches, at fy wept fo ‘cine ican ars, Thayne desond mee ou od tu ued tute tan ine ro he mate es hen ‘Shela tn nes Thong a oobi ste a woo a bth wat wor roe ‘vet seston, Th seem es a i owns of pee Sikhnocat-parety eonens etl cop one wae pet ihe pot td td npn pre pt tment sot Sur's th component of td nt makes ponte thefts of he Tepe, nd i Hone pe nl Spay ae yu cant ily fog. Te rae wage ptt ity be sen a ingyen on rusian oft wh hea wo whs tog “tuo mon nth otc ool a ob te went ‘ove, te ie won for the ext Vry eno ou te ata ice tbr ngs ay be mh pan ses ey ot chen nr he wl hnhd samy, Te woe tet Sama bot nen and women in mre gens mh mtn of mo work wo Bh thea tay wo pied 4 mali legs tt gl exploitation, ‘es 4 mane want tobe flashed when he ats 3 fb’ sye Joey's father about hit brary drop forging work, The very teleology of the proces of ‘work upon natare and the mater power ivoved ia tht become through the Tonflation of rasculaty and manual wrk a property of masculinity and ot of froduction Maclnty i power init own night, and ts immediate xpresion the competion of work for another, then what of if thas tobe exprened ommewhere because it aut of being. Tht the destiny which a cetan Kind fof telfenteem and dignity tem natrly to big. Whee the inanigence and fares of task might brag wesknes, or coletve opposton or questioning, an ‘verde of masainty 4 tnsored eeology of prosction can ut nto ph Tek fatigue and ational mesment of purpose [3] ‘And ifthe nature of masculinity in work becomes tye of teleology, com pletion, femininity is suoclated with a fced tate, Hs abou powers considered at {mn ontslogeal state of being, nt a tlelopeal proces of baconing, Housework it tot ssrpltion te maintenance of sats Cooking, washing and leaning rete lve what war thre tofore. Crtnly ina sene housework Is aever completed = but nether ft a felt or roductie at masculine Work ished tobe. Fee domestic work is simply subumed under Beng mbm” of housewife" wll ‘Senys doit and should aways be expected todo Is pat ofthe definition of Wt she, othe wage packet and the productive word of work of what ad" ' Fa fiom patiachy ad it toned value being a8 unexplained ree of pe vious sven tone ofthe Yry pitas af expt in its complex, unintended Depanton of Tabour power and reproduction ofthe soca order. I help to froide the eal human and cata condone which in thee continuously de Zomrtrcted, revnstacted, Kage, uncertain, unintended and contadetry ways etually allow subordinate roles Tobe taken on ely” within bea! demeercy ‘We have the elemental, though ally ssoy, reversal of el condition in xpen- cence which is necessary for the fee” fnetioning of cnscousess and wl in aly determinate conditions, What opine a, har the poate tbe, an Innght bout the commonality ofthe ging of labour, and ofthe Went of the working clos, amonge the la and inthe counterscool elu becomes broken ‘down int an serton about matulIabour only, and hen dtr Into stage MMumation of Labour comes to expes aspects of an esence or Guay not Inusaly part of eatre or relation to expt More concretely, in ap impor Ant sense it besa ‘the Id know dvsion and superioity in courtship, the ome, onthe seri the pub, and nthe amy that they understand and accept divsion at school aad wor and fad short tenn celebration and Tong erm com ‘modaton within seat favourable er ‘Muscaliity must not however, te foo simply posed. Khas many dimensions nd edges In one may it half bing, cepesie machismo which Dlgs Sle Sesttcte wens, aggeson and division to reaionipe win the working tla another way, impaling something of what hes behind It masculinity fexpreses implies which can be progress Behind the expesin of mascaliy 1stles an ffiomation af manual labour power and behind that (hough medaed and Astoted) a Sese ofthe uniques of the commodity of bor power and ofthe sway in which general sbtrac about unites and conacl ll nds of concrete Iubour The masculine ddan for qulieations, (ora te prejudice, cass 4nd of ight Sato the divsve nate of certifeatlon, and inthe wy In ich mental work and technism ae mobilised ieslogelly primary to mai Tain ls felton rather thant slat the oe fie oo tsrae oostive Teisin the undestandlag ofthis contradictory complex of masculinity andthe strange atcuation of sexual and latourdhnon hat we have the beginnings of fn answer to the prolem ouined eae: why that which is conventionally rented, articialy defined and Wecgeally Hmbued a te lest dese and siting work (manoal work) shouldbe taken on voluntaily and even with some nism by an impodast group in sotety ~ atest Tor fong enough thet Youth to be tapped forever Manual won is seen sical diferent by thie group. Its signs becomes poste expressive, Sach work undetaken in pat to exes things lhe han i objectives oF dominant Weologelly seabed entity within the capt system. These hogs tet themaaes without a aetiological ational kh though dipeced and wanspaed potentially more adequate than some of these cout which ecty deine manyal work a info, Whe unlikely hed stone tthe bate of the social aystem of selection ito manual work wich allows, in the erent of ology ait, new ae to effevesce upon in experiential lations of sentence (6 For ntance bath the confomists and the non conformie of thi sty te ofc, working cls ang bjectvely Joa siuar work kn a simile positon nissvir the. podustne proceed. Vet the coafomists can bllve theme, especially equipped wih {qsiieaons, to be "ete jobe than and toe 8 “ferent Kind of pon" from, "the la. And ance such divin sounded in the working ct, of our, \ nasil leplinats the potion ofthe middle ls: not capitan but thet wm mental apace esp them wr they te Racist and labour power aca dvision help, a8 with Ihour and geeder dvsos, 10 found the whole fpistemolois category and posibilty of division. Te ao provides an eidect, under which i more hely exploted than the white working clas, anit therefore inelly and parally exploited by the working cls Hall (a lest lessening ser a explain) algo provices an Heol bjt fo elings shout the degeneracy of otbets and tbe pein ofthe sl (hs enforcing he docsnant iecogeal ems which make the comparon posible), Racin therefore des he working sae both ately and ideoloiely. "There alo a ease, howerer,n which sian foes the seal vg of labout power for sections ofthe white worng lsh ‘the lad in a way which leads fo further anced afimaion of » partiar ind of labouring fr muks the ‘ett lt ofthe sope of asl and delivers aa sa va serio of ‘renting phys and mena, but at # move caeul judged cultural category: Sine lemigrant acl proupe ate key to take the wort an coughs os, they tie aso potently likely to be harder and more mascline ti untenable that {nother soci group shold take the male of masculine wsriveness, 0 chjabs tie fries seid to fall ff the vata scale of masclaty ito the “ry, ‘menty”andunsai catego “A complex map of occupation therefore develops which does no hae a ange principle of onanation. Very Hektor mental work is marked down 38" ut ‘he ene! an most wecompromsng work rot neces nse. Iean be Inaked down ndnty and unacceptable tough ssointon a migrant bout. Fact ust be unetood with respect more to the eles soci tation of Tee are vars, of couse, in eltins and social definitions Between the race. West Indian mle seem to tae preserved a depe of waist fom the eal tnd imped dereaton of their conditions (it would be intresting to ae how fat {is te elated to Hr see of Ue own labour power. Cert rome white ‘woking clas hetity towards young Wet Indias sen tbe bated on # Kind of ‘xual jelvey OF cour just ashis workstations downgeale fo the nascar line 1o she diy, so te West Indians supposed sexl prowess can be downgraded ftom the nla othe gst, the cae of Ane thee eens to be evidence of an wppaite move onthe Insc caltuml sae of work 40 tha sueceil shopkeepers, busnenmen and dents ae defined by many working class wher such a ibe lad a “5 paslve and lschag agpesonslougideconfosms, efeinate whies ("geet bushing” and "Pkibsshing), Some of the vience of hi response aay be ‘sccoted for bythe perception of this move opwards (und int Het af haat. ‘se prejaicsinrelaton tothe feeling tha the Aas sould veal belong wl the cough and ty wockers anyway, There fx confusion about which eatepuy of prejudice tomppy, and in etn sere the Asta sur fom both the basi oneal hei of the contralto clr Forms in whi about prepared has any vldiy, however, should alte throw ligt po sch pepe Mon amongst mapant goups (7), Cerny in the cae of some young sconl generation West Tuas their altura esposer and procs cathe Ukened to hone of the’, They a8 in Some ripesis owe vanced in's way whic shown up pects of the pret ‘Mustion more clea Such lads ve forth mst pat ron pan een ed ‘xed in England and have had rowdy the same expences as the white flow ‘upl st school and ia and round the oeigibouthoos aed dt = rom 3 trae Bra pin of view anyway 1 ay be sugested cat ths wil have led the nfm ‘tre to cera Kinde Of mediated “night about the rata of the school and ‘he labour enact sir to those amongst he white lad. They ao, however, 19 -Inert fom the Wet Indies cultte of wageesnens and poverty. It apes to them ai there a vale posblty of suvnag without wages =r in some cases Without say kindof offical and vibe means of supports al This open p the ‘os, therefore, of certain acurate tights about the nature of thal ature ‘emg cared forwardnot aan ffrmation af celain hind of work but a4 refusal This sno to say that her culture, andthe actos seeing fom og, ae without mysieation or are sot Only dtorted and made prt in thet wn says However, they close the cic too early bya ref to work ot propeay ‘sed on an analysis of, and politically aclted wth, the el conditions 208 rss of this sci, they highligh he halfcompleed nature ofthe white Fespose with is coutadiiarymiatue of penetration, atonal, distortion ang Maa incorporation ‘As srctural unemployment Becomes a permanent feature ofthis ody and some sections of white youth are forced into longterm unemployment there may ‘well develop a white et culture of wagesness (bowing wey ikely from the ‘West Indan one, though compare the curently emergiog phenomenon of pu sock cultre). A neceaity might be trned ito an invention and trough the Cultural mediation the option of nat working Beene x noce widespread res) ‘howe expose, The gusto ofthe cltal reproduction ofan under els 8, fall of sinfcance a that of the reproduction of the manusl working clas, We ‘cata however, puss thee 11] is not t deny the pomitility, portance and relative stonomy af politcal action at Hs own lee. In my vw, however, bore aay as party could Biclate tal properly at the representative of the working cla mus der anand on from working class consciousness an eau, Unt that effort the ‘dae! elton of party and conclongnes a dead eter, gpontanesm st be condemned malt “zombie? = the stem to dest working eat aeity fiom otsde with no thought for (ren asiumpton that i morbid or moribund) ‘the eur, qs pte pl pola content which shee already. “This book may’ be ered fort lck of rect conjuntua relevance, Cec ain the ana provided is bascaly onan However, [wou argue mote gene. ally that wend, to speak aw of value ofthe pla before we em propely ‘lyse the markt pice he conn [2] "The bate cronsvalontationdianed here ie levant to groups the than he sale wotkig class The asaciation, for lasane, of femiimty with meatal ‘work pis» contradiction for working cat women Masculinity i a9 spect of {hel ets cll identity no matter what thee enue geade on oe rounds “This sociation als imps for micas women ure eatin, pasty, nd inharent absurdity of their socal and cultural role even than thee gear ‘efinton pis, We have here lemon towards an expleation ofthe one's movements as og, and to forma of working clr antago (0 For mile cats mals thte ae also cotaditons betwen cla and cultura (patearchal) deinion of the masculaty. They ate by no means rmane from the invesion ofthe occupational gradient assonpined ani underplated by atrchal vals inan important ares of working cs cltre, For the cl bae nd orgns of the developing ‘Men's Movement see A. Tason, The Limits of Maiculity,Toistock, 1979). “The male working cin ase resented inthe mata texts nt, of cous, without contadctions, Rell complexes theaen i frm ate side athe reduction of Work experience which allow eve gen the cope of olga lay acai ‘npelence threatens fom th ober. {21 let Michel's portent Book attempts to demonstrat the sc sedung ancy of patch foes fe modern capita, Both a outoed by Engels i is trae analy (The Onin ofthe Fun, Pate Proper an he Sst), ant in Michels acount ofthe clara ales of Pav and Lev tras, pate tow seeins tobe sperfvos, For Mitchel, sppureal, it Uneson as am historia trace without any coatlovoly and reevaily reproduced lope oF justcaton Not only ths, bt patriarchy and captain ate preserved se two gute dine fois by Miche p.379). This ends her to pit sn unteable duals ols (op. 406, 416 and 415), She aserts hat he syste ates comraition ut thee is acta dplton ofthe proces fstraae betwee, or Jalsa Wansforme tion of, both, We ae detling here ely with contaiton that hex ein witie Ove complex and iferentated wal, an intemal contadition specie to the complen balance of modern capital, It i prechely the oblique comunction bf the aptalit mode of production and patriarchy which sake then fica co font out atthe lvl of concouses tthe fabetance of precapitast forse nd thee peofane and complex deteinae relation wi and pay constituting Iya spec aod teminant kind of capa mode of production whieh hls to ‘vette insights bred the cultura! level, nd ce prope feused on speci ally capitalist relation, into reactionary, immobile or neue fons, What des Tndeed eonfound the pure lope of the jie aso confounds working as cle More goealy, sis book highlight he poten dager af the women’s ove iment being ited by a tooahortsun ation of «patch sex which ope {se than drsily in some may oad captain, The needs fr aslectical and Connected notion of a deteeminte capitt patchy which tansforas and faethe whole sacl fray, Ti lel has impoctan plications fore 3 well se women = though i undoubtedly women who safer the sharpest most Shvous aad wale oppresion. (Det Mitchel, Pychoanay ls anal Femanins, Penguin, 1974) Ti. Masculinity sso deeply embedded in the grog of manus labour that we ‘mit actualy question the cobjetiny” of thove methods which am to teasy Inca the eieney of our The role af wsasorned panatcha itvenesAppendix ‘At best, Gly Me, ke ant ssevautonary. At wort it a pon Rowe. At worst, fection, ike eiicken, i veactlonary. At bet it eetes plan for escape. Taking ‘ar indeed inorder to reflet canbe to combin the wart of bath takes The iaoence out of the formes to congen theater with ll. I'am stl forbidden, becaute of shortage of space, to dase methodology tnd Ut elton to theory and pace at any length. MY general approach to problems in th are i dncnedeeewhere [1] 1 would jut like toma wesngition here that, no matter how modid, pattcpant observation and the metho under Is aes, dsply a tendency towards furs and tetefore o conser, The ethsogaplie account e supremely fx pot facto product of the sotal uncertainty off. There develops, uniled, 1 ae unity which ak, ‘What flows wext ‘How id end "What makes sense ‘of 7". The subjects stand too agus intel slfeferenced wodd The method i ‘uo patronising and condewending 4H pomble to lmapice the ethoopaphe cco pars in case society? do not deny the existance or the meceny elalve independence of esearch and enquiry man acting, Du may well be hat any appetion ofthe Know Tedge so ylned wal have to inert aspects of the PO paras, The seces snd enforced secretes ofthe method ate ultwstely poli sfenes and the secretion too of capacity 18a fsa swell 6 enablement Stil we cannot tveat a ous out of Is tne. Is necessary above al to ap prow the real ow in on way or another ~onesiddly,eliptcaly or aot. The ‘thnogapic acount, forall HS fas, cos eral Teel of experience and tvouph se very Biwes fits upon a evel of aman agency whichis peasy tretlouked or dened but which icenes in importance a the time fr other level of the sal whole, Although the wold severely “kaowable and ‘hnnut empitclly peweat Kel inthe way thatthe ethnographic accoust seems sinctines (o sage, Ht must neverties be speciicalyeegseted somewhere in theory i theory petenis to any relevance a al. Theos mst be judged ult rately forthe adequacy they display tothe understanding of the pecomenoa they purport to explain ~ not 0 thamaelee This bok has attempted, especially Part Uh to take the advantages sl offered by 2 quatatie method to respond decitely and theoreti to 9 real and ie eel of sot exsence wht resing tendences towude empiri, neural and objectification of the “There follows an edited transcription of» group dicuson recorded in Janssry 1977 a the unvery, of some of the ld’ Fo the Harnertown school who had > rend ery drafts of the book. The dicuson centred on how my role asa researcher een seen al what the el ofthe eaerch reat Co he wo bi ‘The bits bout us were simple enuugh dot Ws he isin betwee, Ieey Wal sated to vad it sated at he very bgaaig, know Tos gonna tend at much a {soul thn {jt packed ti, just atte readin" the prt about ws aad the itl bits nthe middle) Spasksy The pais what you wrote about us, I sea thse, batt was, know, th parts what actually were actully deseibing the book Tet ada Pare {ink we got to dike you eventual. Pw Realy Pare Truthily twat bit fed up of yer Ba Spel fr youre when yu sty," sy "ou" Joey Note’ Spanlsy ——_lewatnice tobe out of lessons Pere Cn yesh, tat wae aout it wort, nce tobe outa sons Spanlay __Doftaty worl and look tur and expect sf sty yeu sey (O) Tthoupht, you know, F thought be not doi’ the foe Me toon sae, hs den e's, know, comebody’s im up toi nde wants to ind out why we J st yktOW, Go 19 fe} thing and ott pate of yer brain owt and...) You were ‘italy the answer our ayer, ecae do you veneer, We ted 10 make vague attempt at writing accounts of things Wed done at shoot, erow wat I mean, we'd hat to make say {¢-) though hat we wete the ats ofthe seo, bess ofthe things we did, thought defintely we hal our own sort of {et fmm the things we se fo ot up fo. And we wee dine the leader of the schol =. ao pled amongst». we were tll sepacited and placed smonpt groups of the eats we could have been Teasers i ou ova night (something should bas tren done with us, mesn thete was rch alent hae tat staal fuck’ wasted mean X,he wat a thik pest rel ‘nt if someone ha took im ad tated him = he'd got ‘ouch imagination, To do the thing he i mean he wed to play wp beter thaa mot of us X ba, he mist have been ve: hig eote than he Jim skp ain he pat on, sehn Tune though {avghter} 9sPare dey ows Spanky iin 196 (09 1 thought, y'know, well have to Rada watch ou or thi, Vino. He's goon let eters an al ther ot haw wha’ goin nad the effers bit y'know, I eaioed that waset ight and then I st enjoyed icon was a sive, 70m, get Out the Teens, Teast ely intersted at ist y'know. could et tut ot lessons, have ase foram hour oF 20 Thea, fe, ft soy and slomly inven and Telly enjoyed it Teanted ogo 1 70 tren though you hed me, Ty talking to peopl, but someies ase 0 thik, "hoo, fee aking some bloody, yk, rit things. Ted 10 think you nas stkng 1 veh, personal hing ESO. Doyou mean te poup dacusons othe indidl ones? Indios, Pyke doe mind talkin To yer on me ow, Pa, now» when yr with yer mates ye saya fot of things ye ow that don't realy happen and now, think To of Uigs You mean you think ot of was med 9? Welt sont yor nom, sit fom fhe Fac ouckle, none i as ep ‘Rms 90 pe Cent of wat Ive cad in tere wa, Lean ataly ‘yea san remember tof things what Ted (C2) ten the Indl acta were exaggerated the pois sil ht (cs) he fea was a s “They see athe books ot ough than hey actually wee Tis how they ser tou. When you'e with your mates evesybody change, everybody changes they do things Tot bigger, everybody seems Lo Tougher.) hen they wating abou wha they'd done Wari oer Yeah, wat they sl waste, but they di’ see that Cou TW cos we know eveybody tat war, 1 never Been to another ‘Shoot I toow places over Newton, they" eat ae ale them Imasive place, they tele --- Twas workin” atthe one ‘Shoo! an thse four Kids come over to me ad they wa oly abies they can ap tome and hay sid, "Are you anew Ki? aay 'No, They say they was cui’ up Coe, ist al ‘Meni up. What T'was di wget’ some big houtebihs {o prop th big radiator up y'know for me mate, lke, na T got these hovsebik, ke, y'know La ely ithe choo teen nutes and got Hs cumin up tome, after. oO i Joey Jon a Pere Spanisy Joey Joey ™ ‘You were sal (at fist), you were sombody in Between, later (5 Sow were someone to pour out heats out 10. You were ‘ivoady old as aot of the safe and yet none ofthe stall they repretened they were ab far apart fom us. They ‘ed to st mth unt dinner ale Bu you ould’ eal talk to them jst or of the fat tat they mee (C55 You could undead at they wap" and de Anything that happened you'd understand, the, they done ‘ouething wiong te night before, youd just sta, understand whereas tacts you hnow, they sty, “Thats wrong any- trays and you think, "Don't sy anynore about i ‘The man dierence is, you Hen tow, you wast know what weve got ty, ty don't none of ther “They wat to Koow stat they can get on good terme with ye, All ehy'm doi, them doi’ hi jobs, hats ‘Thay tye 0 pal hema pall hey" ey todos win ws over and then go up tothe headmaster and sy to him, im light eth ther, men them ey cls they ali ‘When you fit sated song quertions something legal st ave come out and we'd oi you things we'd done wrong and we over gt ay backlash off othe members of staf which ob ‘uly meant you had’ tld anybody What doc louanes meen? Take Jenkins (uphte] he wa ying tobe close and he ely eed, what war diferent bot hi? is whale manner, tbe way be cated himself. 1 thine tat Cloves as fo be tempered with sore smcunt of ple, But aid’ alpine you a al [ihn yo a ol fo do something I we were paying up sed you tad us, we'd stopped ‘Con you'd been clove to wt and we'd hav tend 0 you a8 one ‘of ur s+ Yoo know what I mean, Whst we needed way someone lke ws whe was fst oe, move sponsbliy (Co) thany of me mate had told me, ‘Oh come on Sparks, you'm toomuch there mate” sl, OK is gone fr enough ‘eof ther li me Did you feo a shoal ave been eling you? No, we never thought about I's theft ime we aed boat Audaye' think about ra)Pw Spanky seey dey a vw wn Pw Joey ‘Do you think ‘the lads" clue wat senable now, if sy, stopped you coming het. Toul ever come ete (the university] T could’ stands’ fea dks T couldn't stand i wet Lean? ats desk and write ‘day, an I aut ses (meaiog about in schoo, wate nly ing yor sould do. was more fan than doing fuking nothing (C25 They gave we the eponsiityand we at dnt know, 20 trates how mich anyone tld ve, if hey ve hypaotsed ne, Tull would've though I ely weeded them, "08 Fea In the book, we al thought we were goa make ic without“ level we can You know butt wosld have ben musheair with oo I you'e not having 2 chance i tania mater or does it rete tothe working cis (.-) doesn't that point ¢o pois [Nobody needs to fore you lot to fetes, you're all hing ut og ther Were as been thrast ato set to soon, weve been brought tp tobe too lish (., ) we foo selfish, we oul’ cae es, you see onthe tel wo many people Tock fut, you Jas ANaneto my and do that, ake I, get owe, you don't cae out others, the wouking cs 6 {Al wan for my Ke ia veer wanted, Tow you gona gett? Fool means oa You india you in a our? {jst wanna gett for tha an T wl, ot perhaps eveything The question rela, how you gonna doi? Coj'Tee bee shi way to long) you gots Help youn, how many ferautons have here Ben tat elly worked? And tera evolution tere got tobe someone atthe fp and tventually would become muddle chss(..) TRUE want for my kis try your best i's no as ty? to make {Jou do vomething you don't want. wo ‘Your own mental ailty might have been blocked by your ova onviton tat you wie going to be masculine. wap’ that, W wan jt hat ent] work was what teachers feouted, to do what thy wanted. A the eachers had le ay ere ew Spankey By Joey Joey John Pw son Jha Sey Joey , sy, OK, off you go's he'd sald that weave wanted Tord whatever they sid hey did't want uo do( Every wane to be tough at school, everybody ike to chink prope look op to them. He's hurd ki. Fut does hep you inthe end or the wrking cas? Whelpr you around the sets. lps you get though youth (.) we can jst te forthe ‘moment that acbody’s goons ake te pis ut of ws, They won't take advantage, take advaiage In out sense, you now, they never make fol of on hee years ‘os wee 50 vole, that all can ae. IF Ye taken the tack of the "a lel the vnence ome would have ptered out a, YOU Sow what [ean it would have jaded 3 Oi --- andthe the Tats” wo weve sil performing would take advantage of You, ool never doi The ep the masculine ait 10 Sight Ws our previo fe, out fathers were working css, phys, thelr plyseales has come ve os ‘Them thats got the big, they'l be the Bosses inte 10 come nd people Le us wil be the worker If Joey hts hi "cor he's “cing fanny” Joey had eer thscribed how be pce on someone at 2 dance the peioas Seturday apparent for hi offence) she wining? ‘Yeh hel ina wy, jf ony bad eh Doss and he met his sm at {dance and he de en it would be self satslaton Tor Joey. That canes ot does? ‘Yeah, toes in way Cine Tad tobe went or Hoult gt out hereon the Shree, No mater how much Iwas gona pt in the Fate FL Ftp a toed Hick outon the sess, you kw what mean G3. But you could go back to cles To’ know, he only thing neesed i uchleg a many women a Tan you relly wats know [1] Fora genera diction, ee The Man in the low Cag’ Workin Papers Cara Studies, 80.9 the theoretal appendix of Pofine Calne, Routledge and Kegan Pal, 1978, Some ofthe problens encountered Cring this specie research are oulned inthe Binal eprt tothe SSR "The Mun Really’ Avalable ea stenciled paper fom the Cente for Contemporary Cala tutes, Blingham Univer,