PHYSIOLOGY OF EYE

RATNA KUSUMAWATI

BAG/LAB FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
 EYE
• Accessory structures of the eye (Ocular
Adnexa)
• Lacrimal system
• Extraocular muscles
• Structure of eye and function
• Visual pathway
• Color vision
 Ocular Adnexa
Accessory structures of the eye (Ocular
Adnexa)
• Eyelids (palpebrae) separated by
the palpebral fissue
• Eyelashes
• Tarsal glands
• Lacrimal apparatus
 EYELIDS
• protect the eye from bright light and foreign objects
• protect the cornea from drying by blinking to spread
the tears over the eye surface, aids flow of tears out
of the lacrimal gland
• facilitates the drainage of tears into the nasolacrimal
system.

EYELASHES
• Protect the eyes. Sebaceous glands at the base of each
lash are called glands of Zeis. These glands produce a
lubricating fluid. An inflamed gland causes a hordeolum.
 Lacrimal Apparatus
• Secretions from the lacrimal gland contain
lysozyme
• Tears form in the lacrimal glands, wash across the
eye and collect in the lacrimal lake
• Pass through the lacrimal punctae, lacrimal
canaliculi, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct
 Extraocular muscles
Four recti & two oblique muscles.
 The eye
• Three layers
o Outer fibrous tunic
• Sclera, cornea
o Middle vascular tunic (Uvea)
• Iris, ciliary body, choroid
o Inner nervous tunic
• Retina
The Eye
 CONJUCTIVA
• Transparent mucous membrane that covers
the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior
surface of eyeball
• Richly innervated and highly sensitive to pain
• Very vascular  especially when the vessel
are dilated  conjuctiva heals more readily
than the cornea when injured
 CORNEA
• The cornea is a transparent organ without
any blood vessels.
• Its primary function is refraction of light rays.
The cornea has a refractive power of about
+45.00 diopters.
 SCLERA
• The sclera is white in color. Its primary
function is protection of the eyeball.
• It connects to the cornea at the area
called the limbus and is pierced posteriorly
by the optic nerve. It acts as the insertion
points for the six extraocular muscles.
 CHOROID
• The choroid is located posterior to the ciliary
body and iris. It is attached firmly at the
optic disc
• It is the most vascular portion and is drained
by the vortex veins.
 CILIARY BODY
• The ciliary body is located near the base of
the iris and posterior to it. It is composes of
blood vessels and the ciliary muscle fibers.
• Its primary function is to alter the shape of
the crystalline lens by suspensory ligaments
called the zonules of Zinn.
• It also produces aqueous humor.
The Circulation of Aqueous Humor
 Fluids in the eye
• Aqueous humor circulates within the eye
o diffuses through the walls of anterior
chamber
o passes through canal of Schlemm
o re-enters circulation
• Vitreous humor fills the posterior cavity.
o Not recycled – permanent fluid
 IRIS
• The iris is the most anterior portion of the
vascular layer. It gives the eye its color (i.e.
blue, brown or hazel).
• It consists of blood vessels, pigment and
muscle tissue.
• The hole in the center is called the pupil.
• The pupil regulates the amount of light that
enters the eye. It is small in bright light
(constricted) and large in dim light (dilated).
APA YANG DIMAKSUD
REFLEK PUPIL?
Regulation of the Amount of Light Entering
the Eye
• The iris controls the
amount of light
entering the eye
cavities
• The contraction of
radial or circular
smooth muscles
located within the iris
permit changes in the
pupil diameter
The Pupillary Muscles
 Lens
• Posterior to the cornea and forms anterior boundary of
posterior cavity
o Posterior cavity contains vitreous humor
• Lens helps focus
o Light is refracted as it passes through lens
o Accommodation is the process by which the lens
adjusts to focus images
o Normal visual is 6/6
 Accommodation

• It is the process of adjusting the shape of the lens so

that the external image fall exactly on the retina
 Accommodation
It is the process of adjusting the shape of the lens
so that the external image fall exactly on the retina
REFRACTION
Accommodation Abnormalities
 Accommodation Abnormalities

• Myopia
• Hyperopia
• Astigmatism: the cornea is irregular 
irregular pattern of vision
• Presbyopia: stiffening of the lens occurring
with aging  increased difficulty with near
vision
 Retina
• Retina contains rods and cones
o Cones densely packed at fovea (center of
the macula lutea)
• Retinal pathway
o Photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion
cells, to the brain via the optic nerve
• Axons of ganglion cells converge at blind
spot (optic disc)
o Horizontal cells and amacrine cells modify
the signal passed along the retinal neurons
The Organization of the Retina
 Retinal structure

• Three cell layers:

-- outer layer:
photoreceptors- rods
and cones
-- middle layer: bipolar
neurons
-- inner layer: ganglion
cells
 Retina
There are four major landmarks in the
retina:
1. Macula
2. Fovea
3. Optic disc
The Organization of the Retina
MACULA
• The macula is the optical center of the retina. It
appears redder in color when compared to the
orange appearance of a the other area of the retina.
FOVEA
• The fovea is a depression located in the center of
the macula. It only has cones and is the area of
best vision.
OPTIC DIC
• The optic nerve head is the point of exit of the optic
nerve.
• Blind spot
Visual Physiology
BAGAIMANA KITA BISA
MEMBEDAKAN WARNA?
 Photoreceptor

• Rods – respond to almost any photon

• Cones – specific ranges of specificity
 Rods VS Cones
RODS
• Black and white vision
• Operate well in low level
light – night vision
• Sensitive to brightness,
darkness and movement
• Poor acuity (low sharpness
and focus)
• Excellent for peripheral
vision rather than direct
• 19x the number of cones
CONES
• Daytime and colour vision
• Excellent visual acuity –
sharp and clean images
• Concentrated in the
fovea
• Not useful at night – can’t
discriminate colours
• Outnumbered by rods 19:1
Rods and Cones
Phototransduction -
General
Bleaching and Regeneration of Visual Pigments
Photoreception
Photoreception
 Retinal Adaptation
• Dark adapted – most visual pigments are
fully receptive to stimulation
• Light adapted – pupil constricts and
pigments bleached.
The Visual Pathways
VISUAL PERCEPTION
COLOR VISION