SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SHAPE OF THE ASSUMED CONCRETE COMPRESSION BLOCK ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED. CONCRETE SECTIONS UNDER PURE FLEXURAL LOADING Bedila Habte* Addis Ababa Int ABSTRACT. The Inelastic siress-strain retalonship of concrete under compressive loading is diffieult to express in ‘mathematical terms. in flexural analysis andl design of reinforced concrete swetions, 2 mumber of simplified shapes have been proposed 10 dave for the concrete compression block The parabolic rectangular as well asthe rectangular sores blacks ‘areranong the mest commen anes. ln this stay, the effect of assuning a paraboile-recrangwar or rectangular shape of the concrete compression Block ai the analysis and design of reinforced comerete beams has been investigated. Analytical expressions are derived for the steel reinforcement ratio, the concrete compressive force coefficient asd the design bending moment coefficient ard the corresponding graph are plolted in parallel. I ‘alsa shown with the aid of examples that the selected shape of the concrete compression block has Vitle influence on the analysis and design of reinforced conorete rectangular sections ‘Key words: Simplified stress block, Siress-strain, Parabolie-Rectangular, Flesure in RC sections INTRODUCTION Ultimate limit state (ULS) design is the critical ‘condition for strength, it is « method based on designing structural members 10 their maximum load carrying capacity. In designing reinforced cconerete beams according to ULS, the constituent materials ~ both conencle and reinforcement ~ are supposed to be subjected to their design strengths. ULS method rakes proper utilization of the full strengths of the materials, and hence its ¢ realistic esign approach that is widely adopted in many codes of practices including the Etniopian Bullding, Code Standards (EBCS). "The behavior of concrete under compressive loading hes been extensively studied, Direct ‘comprestion test results conducted on concrete “E-mail: bediluhabte@email.com Journal of EEA, Vol. 29, 2012 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering tute of Technology, Addis Ababa University specimens display x nonelinear stress strain behavior. Studies on the flexural behavior of ‘concrete performed on specially prepared specimen ssubjevted to pure bending exhibit nonelincar stress strain pattems (1-4). The determination of the total ‘eompressive force in the conerele mast and its location thus becomes an intricate task, ‘The shape of the conereie compressive: stress Docks in beams subjected to Mexune has to reflect the concrete sressstrin diageam. To represent the inelastic stress-train. tehavior Tor the flexiral is and design of reinforved corerete beams, simplified shapes are recommended for practical ceases. The most widely usod shapes of concrete compressive block are parabolic, parabolic rovtangulat, simplified-rectangular and bi (trapezoidal). In this study, analyticul investigation 1s performed to examine the effect of the shape of the assumed Concrete compressive stress block on the analysis fand design of a given reinforced concrete beam section subjected to pure bending. Furthermore, fhumerical investigation has been performed 10 assess the implication of the eslved equations. OF the many posible shapes of the concrete ‘compressive stress blocks, this study focuses on the parabolic-reciangular andthe simpli Fectangular shapes as these ere the two main {dealizations of strese-strain diagrams for concrete recommended text books and code of practices, including the EIBCS. As both are simplifications of the inelastic stress-strain relationship, the term ‘simplified’ would be misleading and itis not used hhence-forth in this work, The investigation is based on making we of the mechanics of singly reinioreed rectangular concrete ‘sections subjected to pure Mlexure. The study also tries to observe the effect of variation in material properties ic. changing the conerete lass und the ‘grade of steel reinforcement used.edit Habte STRESS — STRAIN RELATIONS! REINFORCED CONCRETE PIN ‘Shapes of Concrete Compression Block Extensive research has been conducted to study the actual stresestrain relationship of concrete under direct or Mexaal compression, Such investigations show clearly that the conerete stress-strain isvibution is inclasic and it consists of a rising, curve fram zero to the maximum stess tnd a descending curve beyond the maximum stress. It becomes diffiealt to express the aetual stress-strain relationship in mathematical tems. ‘To overcame this difficulty, different stapes of concrete compression blocks have beea suggested and are being in use, the most common ones being parabolic, peraboliovectangular, rectangular and trapezoidal, Searching for simplification of the concrsts stess-strin relationship, and henco the conerste compression loree, is a long-standing and still an active rescerch area (4, 9, 10}. A few of the ‘other assumed shapes of concrete compressive ‘sess Blocks that have been proposed through time areshowa in Fig. 10,4), Basic Assumption ‘Apart from having a simplified concrete stress block, further simplifying assumptions are employed in the analysis end design of reinforeed ‘corerete sections subjected to flexure, such a: plane sections remain plane after bending, tensile suengih of concrete is reglecied, ‘consrete is assumed to fil in compression ‘when the stain reaches 2 which equals 0,0035 for hesding and 0.002 for direct compression, + the maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement istken to be 0.01 $-0Bfe {20.8 Eu feu eb i ” iY am S Sey | 2 Ellipse poe aes } a | -%)s FAyperbola cle fess LA VN eb cee PAR Asis esis teheien Compression oliure oilcre H.Kernpton Dyson chiar Nettas egress. Ose sent essumptions ofthe shape of stress-strain diagram in eonere eae odes Bain Journal of EEA, Vol. 29, 2012Significance of the Shape of the Assumed Concrete As 4 result, the stuin profile ower « reinforced conerete beam section fs Iinear and the srain lines that correspond to the various feilure types are pleted in Fig, 2(5, 14), igure 2 Possible strain diggrams in RC sections FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE RECTANGULAR SECTIONS Analysis of the Various Failure Types From the strin profile in Fig. 2 case fas shown by the straight line corresponds to & state of strain in which both the extreme concrete compressive rain and the tensile reinforcement reach their ultimate and yield values, respectively, at the same time. This is usunlly referred to as the balanced “failure case, Tae corresponding location of the ‘neutral uxis is given by: 700 yg 1 = oe yal a Vo guiranice a balanced failure condition, a specific amount of reinforcement, day, would be required, This isan ideal amount of reinforcement which would rarely be attained in practice as there are a number of other factors governing the provision of reinforcements in a section. A lower amount of reinforcement than yyq Would lend 19 failure mode characterized by the first yielding of the tensile reinforcement, usually classified as tension failure. Cases IH and IIk in Fig. 2 are bot tension failure wondiions, In case Tl, the strain in the steel at failure ts greater than he yield 3 but it is lese than 01, i. the maximum permitted sirain in the tensile reinforcement; and the extreme concrete compressive strain attains the value (0.0035. In ease HM, the strain im the tensile reinforcement reaches 0.91 but that in the concrete Journal of EEA, Vo, 29, 2012 ‘vould be less than 0.0038, For the derivation of the nalytieal expressions, furtner two special cases of case UI! arc identified based on the extreme conerete strain (either the extreme concrete compressive strain lies between 0,002 and 0.0038 or itis helow 0.002). Finally case IV is a section characterized by a higher amount of reinforcement than dung. {It tepresents the situation where the extreme consrete compressive strain reiches ey While the strain in the tension reinforcement 's below the em a case usually referred os compression allure, If code recommended guidelines for the design of ductile sections are properly employed, ease IV could never be encountered ia practice Resultant Conerete Comprestive Rarce and Its Location A\ singly reinforced rectangular section with both Por-Roe as well as Rect compressive stress blocks. is-shown in Fig. 3. The nevessary parameters for the analyeis and design of an RC section can be determined by using equilitrium condition of the forces 2s well ax compatibility of strains on the section Without going into the routine derivation process, the analytical expressions for the concrete compressive force ratio — i.e the dimensionless quantity @, obtained by dividing the resultant ccomprossive force under the aceamed compressive block by (ar Ba) is provide! Jn Table 1. Using the compressive stress block and the strain diagram, expressions are also devived Ip Tabic 2 for the neuisl axis depth coefficient (£9 and the distance tram the extreme compression face to the resultant compressive forse in the consrete (P). "These Values are the most essential parameters for the snulysis und design of reinforced conerete aection subjected to pure bending [6.7.9.14]. 57Bedilu Habte eu / || | i | As / ‘ ee (A) 8) Fe Fr oO Figure3 A reinforced consrete rectongular section (A), Stain diugram (B), Paraboie.rectangular stress block (C)and Rectangular stress biock (D) ‘Table 1: Tol concrete compressive for coefficient ¢ Ge Parubolie— Rectangular pete r Ix att Vv 2a for 0.002-<6, <6 Rea x 08-5 qd xi 3\i=xId. m7 5 | Jae 4 2d) sone 8x/d )\ (,_ 25x/d\,, ay tea) l=x/d. This hos been derived using parabolie siress Block in concrete Reinforcement Ratio and Design Moment Capacity ‘An expression fer the reinforcement ratio. p requited for force equilibrium in the section at ULS cas be obtained from equilibrium of forces on the section, a shown in Eq, (2) Gea Syy fer Cases 111,11. ro SA) orcas tr @ Le wees Le \n pro, xd ‘The bending moment raiio j, 2 dimensionless ‘quantity oblaincd by dividing the design moment ‘capacity of the section by the value (fa bd). is sven by Ea. (3) 5B Relationships among wé vs p, a and The significance of the derived analytical expressions is made ,spporent if relationships between the wi ratio and the values of the p, a, and 4 are explored, With the aid of a specially prepared Excel table Table 2, eompurisen of the fabave three parameters for all the possible values (of vd et ULS are computed for C25 conerete and SHO steel, As recommended in ERCS2 for a dace failure of the section, un upper limit for xd ‘of 0.448 has been accounted for in the derivation process {9}, For other combinations of eonerete and steel, only the concrete class and the steel fy values in part 1 of ‘Table 2 need to be replaced with ppropriste valus; other paris of the table are fulomatically updated, The corresponding results of 2/d vs. p and xd vs. ure subsequently plotted in 4and $7). Journal of EEA, Vol. 29, 2012Signifteance of the Shape of the Assumed Concrete Table 2: Relati Fee us wel as Rect stress blocks for C25 and $300 ships henween xid-vs a and p for ‘Conerete ] [ ¢| 28] po fa| 20 | apa ‘Steetfie| 300 | Sipe fa] 1133 | Mpa Gul 261 | Mpa en | 0008 x} 1s sa] 0001 i 1s uw | 0.0253 | ef a00000 | sa isa [oes | m wil D Par Pare nec_| ret | Ree | rect | nec _| net %00 | 6.00000 | s.00000 | 00000 | 0.00000 | 00000 | 0.0n600 405 —[o.00052_[ .00174 f ooiaso [0.01740 [ co16x0 [oorme 0.10 | 0.00197 | 0.00348 [ 003300 [o.0s7a0 | 00580 [0.03550 15 | 0.00406 | 0.00521 | ooso4n [0.10060 | 0.10030 | 0.09460 0.20 | 0.00657 | 0.00605 | 014670 | 0.16000 | 0.18340 [0.18720 25 [0.00866"[ o.n0ne9 [020000 [0.20000 | 0.18620 | 0.18000 0.30 —[oori01 [0.01083 | 025330 | 0.24000 | a-21460 | 0.21120 035} 001231 | 0.01216 | 028330 | 0.28000 | 0.23920 | 024080 ‘o.01407 [0.01360 | 0323R0 | 0.32000 | 0.26880 [ 026880 o.01585 [ores [06430 [ 0.36000 | 29260 [ 029520 Journal of EFA, Vol. 29, 2012 59ZT 62 W0A “VTA fo youanog oo me taste | as + 4 re | zago>" WO" uw ee Drie o> s000 | vss | osteo" | sale ak wane | 7 = oc" apivense Erie eed peed ras [a9 [yaoi Sens ay Buea pana Ransaroypquuod my donj Suysldinas jo uDIROd pee p> DORR a TON #€ SRL augon mpegSignificance of the Shope of the Assumed Conerete NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ‘To clearly see the implication of the various expressions derived in this study, two numerical examples are proviced hero for the two ‘compressive siress-blocks In comperison. ‘The first example presenis the difference in the case of analysis problems; the second eumiders design problem. Design Moment Capacity ofan RC Section Deleemination the design mament capacity of a seation is a typleal analysis problem in RC. In this section, it i= required to determine the design ‘moment capacity of a given RC sectlon with C25 eonereie, S30, b=2S0mm, d=4S0mm, and fse3424, The eu saute fr both sess in Table able 4 Comparison of Analysis Result | Parabolic: Rectangular _| Rectangular Steet Ratiop | __ 0.0121 0.0121 wa 0343 0347 HM} 02352 0.2391 ‘The design moment eupucity of the section is thus 134.91kNem in the ease of Pat-Rec and 137.14kN= 1m for the Rect siress block, showing a deviation of Lov. Design of the Amount of Reinforcement Given a rectangular RC section with b-300mm, ‘d-$SOmm, C25 eonerete and $300 stet, determine the required relaforcement if itis subjected to design moment of 300kN=m. ‘The results as obtained from Fig. 4 and $ are given In the Fable 5 Table $ Comparison of Design Results Parsee Reet ” o.2a3) | 0.2431 wd 0357 | 0351 ‘Steel Ratiop | 0.01256 | 0.0123 ‘The required amounts of reinforcement ure 2072mmé and 2030min%, for Par-Reo as well as Rect stress blocks, respecilvely. Thouuh thi shows 2% deviation, the actual amount of steel provided Journal of EEA, Vol. 29, 2012 ‘would most probably be providing 3030. CONCLUSION Analytical expressions for parabolie-ectangular as ‘ell as rectangular shapos of eonerete compression blocks have been developed, This. has. been performed considering all the possible stess-sirin ranges that an RC section could ettain at failure The analytics! expressions for the parubolic rectangular block sre complicated while the counterparis for the rectangular stress-block are simple. Similar expressions can be derived for doubly reinforced, T= and L-seetions. But, further ‘complications exlst when analyzing anon reclangular cross-section for the ease of the parabolle-ectangular stress block, Graphs have also been prepared showing how the reinforeement ratio and dasign _ moment coefficient vary for the two compressive sress blocks with varying wd. The MS Excel table in “Table 3 provided a practical platform which eases the investigation of the effect of the shape of the ‘assumed concrete compression block us well as the ype of material used. By updating the concrete class and grade of ste!, all computed values and graphs are automatically updated. Because of its simplicity, the rectangular siress block is favored in text books [11,12,13] and equally recommended ina number of major rational codes including ACI 318, BS 8110, Hurocede 2, Indian standards 1S 436, cic [14,15], Many software have implomented the rectangular siress block option in the design of RC sections 10 ULS [16,17]. The only weakness ofthe rectangular sess block is that it does not provide a clear Picture of the stress profile in the concrete when seation has @ small amount of tensile reinforcement, that leads to ease TH failure types, see Table 1[7) esas also shown in this study thatthe skape of the concrete compression block hus lide impact on the analysis and design of reinforced concrete Fectangular sections. Because of its ease and convenience in actual computation, its suitability to Implement In computer programs, and its seamless adoptobility for non-rectangular cross sections, the author recommends the rectangular stress block to bbe used in all practical cases and especially in raining prospective engineers. Finally, it should be noted that the resuits are applicable to normal strength conerete (for concrete classes of up to C50). In the eave of high strength 6Bedilu Habte ‘onerete, proper adjustments ere required on the concrete compression block and the maximum sonereie compressive stmain as recommenced in Euroeods 2(11, 12.15] m fai bl ro [51 (6) m1 (8) 9) io} 62 REFERENCES igh, J. & MocGregor, J.."Reinforced Conerere Mechanics and Design", Pearson Preatice Hall, 2009 Hognestad, E, Henson, NW. and Mellenry, Dy *Conerete Stress Distribution in Uliimate Strength Design’ Joumal of the ACI, December 1955, Vol. 52, . 458 Hognesiad, F, "Ubimate Strength of Reinforwed Conerele in American Design Practice” Porland Comert Association, Bulletin DI2, May 1986 Hognestad, £., °Confirmation of inelastic Siress Disritution in Concrete" ASCE, Vel. 83, No, ST 2, Marci, 1987 Ethiopian Building Code Standard, "EBCS-2 STRUCTURAL USE GF CONCRETE, Minisiry of Works & Urban Development, ‘Addis Absa, Ethiopia, 1995 Dulinskas, 6. ortt-Zabulionis, D., "Analysis of equivalent substitution of rectangular stress block for nonlinear stress diagram" ISSN1392 — 1207, MECHANIKA, 2007, Ni6(68), p26. Mable, "Analysis ard Design Reinfbred Conerate. Structural Element AAU Printing Press, 2011 Peng, J. and Ming Ho, J. C, "Plexurat Strength and Ductility Lmprovemeat of NSC beams" Work! Acudemy of Science, Enginecting & Techrology, 2011, P, 1457 ‘Zakulionts, D. and Dulinskas, £., "Analysis ‘of compression zone parameters of cross section in fMesuval cinforced concrete members according 10 FC2 and STR 2.05.05" ISSN 1392-1207, MECHANIKA, 2008, Ne3(71), p12 Reddiar, M. K. M. *Stress-Strain Model of Unconfined aac Coufined Concrete and Sires-Block Parameters", Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducher:y, India, December 2009 (ty 12) 3) nial ts} us on Martin, LLM. ond Purkiss, J.A., "Concrete Design to EN 1992", Llsevie:, 2005 Mosley, DB, Bungey J. and Hulse, R., Reinforced’ Concrere Design to Furdcode 2", Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 MacCinley, 7. J. und Choo, BS "Reinforoed Conerete ~ Design ‘Theory and Examples", Spon Pres, 1990 Varghese, ‘PC, "Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete, Prentice-Hall, 2002 Rurscode 2; "Design of conorete sructures Pari I: General rules and rules for buildings’, European Committee for Standlanization, 2002 Computers a Structures, Ine, “SAP 20007M - Conerste Design Manual", 2000 Compuiers & Stuctures, Ine., “SAFETM — Reinforced Concrete Design Manual”, 2008, Journal of EEA, Vol, 29, 2012