346 AGAINST THE FEAST OF FOOLS “Therefore we conclude our epistle, with the injunction that the continuation or abolition of this pestiferous rite depends on you prel- ates, For it is not probable that the clergy themselves would be so insane and obatinate inthis madness but that if they found the face of the bishop rigid and not tobe turned from punishment, with the asistance of ingusitors ofthe faith and the ad ofthe secular arm, they would yield or be broken. For they would fear prisons, they would fear losing their benefices, they would fear losing their reputation, an being driven from the holy altars. Therefore, we pray God the Father in his mercy, that he give you the spirit of strength against these dia- bolical ministers and all pestilent men. Amen. luced here, since “The fourteen conclusions which follow are not reprod 7 they do litle but repeat at length the points already made in the letter. 150 VIA ANTIQUA AND VIA MODERNA AT HEIDELBERG Eduard Winkelmann, Urkundenbuch der Universitit Heidelberg, 1886, I, 165, 173-74, 193+ ia Antiqua, or the ancient way, was the teaching of the older schoolmen teas ‘Magnus, Aegidius Romanus, Aquinas, and Duns Scotus. "The modern way, or Via Moderna, was the teaching of William of Ock- ham and his successors, In some German universities of the fifteenth cen- ‘tury only one of these ways was taught and the other prohibited, but in the following legislation at Heidelberg we find both schools of thought toler~ ated and maintained simultaneously but separately. In our Inter Selecting 158, ented “Defense of Nomina” the ancients ae dered ates ists, while various representatives of the Via Moderna are listed as nominal ints, 1, THE RECTOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HEIDEL- BERG, SEPTEMBER 16, 1452 othe members of our university, all and single: “We enjoin strictly that no one cast reflections on the Via Antigua or the Via Moderna, or the authors of either of them, or make any un- favorable remarks which might border on vituperation of either of VIA ANTIQUA AND VIA MODERNA 347 the aforesaid methods and their authors, under pain of imposition of 4 penalty by us according to the seriousness of the offense. In the same way we'forbid anyone to hinder scholars by word or deed from freely hearing and attending lectures or disputations of any master belonging to the faculty, whether he be in the Via Antique or Moderna. Given under the seal of our Rectorate, September 16, 1452. Il, THE DECREE OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS, JULY 14, 1455 It was decided that a scholar transferring from one Vie to another ought to have all the requirements for the degree for which he is working according to the Via in which he wishes to be promoted. That is to say, a scholar transferring from the Via Moderna to the Via An- 4tiqua, if he wishes to be promoted in the same, should attend those lectures, exercises and examinations which are customary for the an- cients, as if he had never heard any in the Via of the moderns, so that the formalities of the Vie Moderna are not accepted in lectures or ex- ercises or time for those wishing to be promoted in the Via Antigua, ‘The same holds true if anyone should transfer from the Vie Antigua to the Vie Moderna, and to this end is the decree which the faculty wishes to confirm, which also has been decided by the university, and in which, if anyone has any question to raise, he should petition the university, and not the faculty. Also, it was decided that no dispensa- tion should be granted to any bachelor who has petitioned for such in this matter on the ground that, wishing to be promoted in the Vie Antiqua, he has heard only the books of Physics and the De Anima in part, although he may have heard the books . . . required in the Via Moderna. Il, DECREE OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS, SEPTEMBER 28, 1481 The faculty of arts willed, decreed and ordered that these books of Ethics, as well as the other books, should be lectured on in both Viae by masters of the same who have completed two years of teaching, this however specially added, that, if in one Via no one of the masters should be found qualified to lecture on the books, then in the same year in which the master was lacking the bachelors of that Via by virtue of this statute are required actually and in effect to attend the lectures348 VIA ANTIQUA AND VIA MODERNA ‘of a master of the other Via in order to complete their book, and let these two books be read among the first, each in its Via, unless one lecturer wishes to yield to the other. I5I A CASE OF VIOLENCE AND ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE, MONTPELLIER, 1455 Fournier, Les statuts et privileges, I, 233-34, No. 1156. To all who shall inspect, see and hear the present letters, Jacobus Angeli, master in arts and medicine, and chancellor of the venerable university of medicine of Montpellier, everlasting greeting in the Lord. We make known by these presents that to us, gathered with the reverend masters of arts and professors of medicine teaching in the said university, Deodatus Bassolus, Nicolaus Caresmel, Antonius An- geli, Nicolaus Cadier, Robertus de Leone, Adam Fumee, Johannes Hervei, Raphael Calveti . . . the aforesaid Johannes Hervei sig nified tearfully that recently and within a few days a certain Emericus Robert, alias de Solo, persuaded by diabolical suggestion, had rashly Iaid violent hands on the same master, even unto lesion of his face and hhead and no little shedding of blood, and in other ways had insulted the same master and dealt with him shamefully both by atrocious verbal abuse and-offensive acts. ‘And while the same master by himself and his friends was avenging these injuries, as justice demanded, and prosecuting the same Emericus at law for reparation for the same, the aforesaid master Nicolaus Caresmel . . . had received the same insulting offender, nourished him in his own house, and defended him in his iniquity, supplying him with wine, favor, aid and advice, and, what is worse to hear, the said Caresmel did all he could to prevent the same culprit from aton- ing for such nefarious insults and execrable offenses . . . and rashly received the said Emericus in his classes publicly . . . although by tenor of the statutes of the said university . . . and the tenor of the privilege conceded . . . by the papal legate and confirmed by the apostolic see, every master is required, if another master has a lawsuit A CASE OF VIOLENCE 349 either with disciples and scholars . . . or even with other persons, to support the same master in pursuit of his right, aid him, and offer force, counsel and aid with all his strength, and, as long as the suit with disciple or scholar shall last, no other master may dare receive that scholar or disciple in his classes. . . Having heard this we, desirous in the first place, as is right and rea- sonable, to settle such quarrels of masters amicably without noise and formal judgment, as far as we can, have summarily questioned the same Caresmel as to the truti of the matter and whether he provided favors, counsel and aid to the same offender, de Solo, and received him contrary to the statutes in his classes, even after having been duly in- formed of an offense of this sort, and further had failed to give counsel and favor to the complaining master, . . . Caresmel straightway replied that it had not been and was not his intention to violate the statutes and privileges mentioned of the said university, nor to attempt anything in any way against them, Nay ‘more, with humble supplication making submission, he requested us and the aforesaid college that, after careful deliberation, we should treat in the present meeting and otherwise, as the force of the same statutes requires, concerning observing them inviolate and punish not merely Caresmel himself but any others infringing the same stat- utes and privileges. . . . . +» We have ordered thet the same Caresmel, who perhaps under rigorous judicial procedure and the tenor of the said statutes would have been suspended for five years or a long time, should be deprived merely for one and the first distribution of a circle of the university of the honor and emoluments of this crcl," saving his practice of medi- cine, which we wish to be reserved for him. We further ordain that the same Caresmel pay for one candle of new wax and six pounds? weight ? in honor of God and the blessed virgin Mary, unless his true humility and condign reconciliation with those offended induces us to order otherwise in this affair and deal more mildly. 2 In speaking of the university of Padua, Rashdall, 1 (1936), 219, note 1, saym “These ‘crculi? seem to have been informal disputations or discussions among the stt- dents presided over by a doctor.” "tm the Statutes of the university of medicine of 1340, article so, (Fournier, 1h 73) bachelors being examined for the master’s degree are required to furnish two candles of twelve pounds? weight for light. But when the examination is over, they can dispose of what remains of the andles as they choo,