Davor Margetié, Dalibor Margetié (Zagreb) UK 737.041.4975 Skea" Primijenc 36.9. 2012. RIJETKI I NEOBJAVLJENI SISCIJSKI ANTONINIJANI CARA PROBA S KONJEM NA AVERSU U tekstu je detaljno opisano vrlo rijetko poprsje cara Proba na siscijskim antoninijanima na kojima se nalazi prikazana konjska glava. Autori donose katalog svih poznatih primjeraka te nove w literaturi nepoznate varijante. U nastavku su opisana kovanja kasnijih careva istoga aversnoga tipa. Uvod U vrijeme Galijenovih reformi vojske konjaniStvo i konjanicke postrojbe zvane Dalmatae dobivaju vaznu ulogu. U vrijeme Aurelijana konjani¢ke su postrojbe nazivane equites Dalmatae, Mauri, Scutarii i Promoti. Zajedniékim su imenom zvane Illyriciani, prema mjestu njihova zemljopisnoga stacioniranja.1 Sredi8nja rezerva konjanistva bila je vazna za vojne uspjehe careva ilirskoga podrijetla (Klaudije, Aurelijan, Prob, Kar i Dioklecijan) u drugoj polovici 3. stolje¢a. No, u vrijeme relativne stabilnosti za vrijeme Dioklecijanove vladavine djelomiéno se vraca prijasnja defenzivna strategija uzdu2 gra- nica. Dioklecijan je dr2ao malu srediSnju vojsku, a veéina equites illyriciani rasporedena je uzduz istone granice i nikada vise nije dostigla prijasnji status. Konstantin nastavlja trend koji je poéeo Galijen sredinom 3. stoljeéa poveéanjem vaznosti njihove uloge te je tada konjani8tvo rangirano kao seniomo u odnosu na legije i auxilia.? Za vrijeme cara Proba (276.-282.)° aversni prikazi na novcu likovno su vrlo ra- znoliki te su medu obigan novac (antoninijane) na8la put sveana poprsja koja su se do tada nalazila samo na specijalnim kovanjima, medaljonima i aurejima. U prvim emi- sijama nalaze se uobitajeni aversni prikazi cara, ali s vremenom oficine u kovnicama Lugdunum i Siscija izvode nove portretne biste cara, prikazujuéi Proba nepobjedivim, slaveéi njegove pobjedonosne bitke. Lijepa ilustracija jest rijetki aversni prikaz iz si cijske kovnice, na kojem do izraZaja dolazi umjetni¢ki genij sisaékih gravera kalupa: car u vojnoj odori s kopljem i Stitom dri konja na uzdi. Pojava konjske glave na mii taristikom aversu pokazuje vaznu ulogu konjani8tva u carevim pobjedama. Taj aversni prikaz u numizmati¢koj se literaturi tumadi na vise nagina: naglaSava Ginjenicu da je sam Prob proistekao iz konjanistva, a drugi autori govore 0 njegovoj pripadnosti tzv. redu equities, iz kojega ga je vojska birala za novoga cara na istoku Rimskoga Carstva* Konjska je glava, naime, znak aristokratskog reda equites, po vaznosti odmah ispod senatorskog ranga.* Probus AEQVITIVS nadimak je koji Danhuser’ i Pink (Eqvitivm Probvm, militiae peritvm...)° povezuju s njegovim vojnim iskustvom u konjani8tvu, ili * Red je bio glavni izvor novagenja éasnika u kasnom 3. stoljeéu i na posetku 4, stoljeéa, Status equites doseZe vrhtunac za Dioklecijana i Konstantina, ali u kasnom 4. stoljeéu postaje neprepoznatljivi element u rimskoj drZavi, Order was the main source of recruitment of officers in the late 3" and at the beginning of 4" century. The importance of equites peaks during Diocletian and Constantine, while in the !ate 4 century become unrecognizable element of the roman state. 211D. Maret i D. Margtié: Rijethi i neobjaljensiscijski antoninijani cara Proba s konjem na aversu Num. vijsti, broj 65., Zagreb, 2012. s rijeci AEQVITI, konjanik; kasnije u doba carstva to postaje viteski stalez.’ Takoder prisutnost konja aludira na adventvs, dolazak cara, Rijetki aversni prikaz konjske glave kovan je u Sisciji vrlo kratko te se ubrzo prestaje kovati i zamjenjuje drugim prikazima u toj istoj 6. emisiji, Pink u svojem kapitalnom djelu o Probovoj numizmatici (Der Aufbau, str. 18.) svrstava "Die Pferdbiiste" u posebne prikaze poprsja "Spezialbiisten". Kako navodi Delbrueck 26/7, avers je vrlo rijedak i prvi se put pojavljuje na antoninijanu Klaudija Il. u kovnici Kizik u 2. emisiji (sredina 269. godine), s reversima VIRTVTI AVGVSTI (RIC 255var, Mairat 41°, Bastien'® 1992, pl. 112.7, Alfldi 1938, XXIX.7, br. 14), SECVRITAS PERPETVA (RIC 244var) i LAETI- TIAAVGN (RIC 235var). Delbrueck ga opisuje rijecima “’car je nakon pobjedonosne bitke sjahao s konja”. Pink navodi da se to poprsje Proba pojavljuje samo u Sisciji 277. godine, te zatim nesto kasnije nakon povratka iz Galije u kasnu jesen 278. kao Fest- préigung na aurejima i medaljonima u 5. emisiji. Neki su od tih primjeraka i datirani, a stit je ukraSen scenom bitke (Siegerdarstellung). Ne spominje ostale kovnice iz kojih, kako éemo kasnije vidjeti, postoje rijetki primjerci (Rim i Serdika). $ vremenom, taj je tip rabljen samo na prestiznim kovanicama (zlatnim i srebrnim multiplama, bronéanim medaljonima) i za komemorativna kovanja povodom quinguennalia i drugoga konzulata za Krispa i Konstantina II. u kovnicama Treveri i Lyon." Razliéiti opisi toga aversnoga tipa nalaze se u struénoj literaturi i aukcijskim kata- lozima. Struéna literatura: RIC V/II, bust type H9"', CHRB bust type H9!", Bastien bust type £6", RIC V-temp bust type J61'*, Mairat': "Bust with a spear on the right shoulder, a shield on the left shoulder, taking a horse by the flange. A scene of Virtus graces the representative a shield ranging from to the left and a gorgoneion on the plastron of the cuirass." Aukcijski katalozi: A) almost half-length cuirassed bust left, seen from front, wear- ing radiate helmet, holding spear over right shoulder and shield by left shoulder, horse’s head facing left above right hand, Medusa head on cuirass, horseman galloping left and raising right hand on shield (br. 8); B) Biste nach links, gepanzert, mit Helm und Strahlenkrone, mit der rechten ein Pferd am Ziigel flihrend, dessen Kopf links erscheint, in der rechten Hand geschulterter Speer, in der linken Schild, darauf galoppierender Reiter nach links tiber fiinf Soldaten mit Schild (br. 6); C) am Panzer Gorgoneion, in der Rechten geschulterter Speer und Ziigel eines Pferdes, dessen Kopf nach links zu sehen ist; D) Auf dem Schild Reiterkampf, Schild mit Adventusszene; E) Sur le bouclier, Vempereur a cheval entre cing soldats et un ennemi® (br. 3). U siscijskoj kovnici iskovan je mali broj primjeraka, a autorima je ovoga teksta poznato 9 varijanti (I.-IX., vidi katalog), mnoge su unikatne i poznate su samo u jednom primjerku. Njihovom objavom znatno je prosirena lista primjeraka koji je publicirao Alf@ldi, kojem nisu poznati tipovi IV., V., VIL. i VIII. Aversne legende na veéini su primjeraka IMP C PROBVS P F AVG i VIRTVS PROBI AVG, a samo jedan primjerak nosi legendu IMP PROBVS PF AVG (br. 5). O vrlo malom broju iskovanih primjeraka svjedoéi velika uéestalost istoga kalupa aversa (aversni kalup dijele br. 3. i 4., zatim br. 7., 8. i 12.). Sva Probova poprsja iste su vrste, sa Sljemom i zrakastom krunom, ko- pliem i stitom. Razlike postoje samo u dekoraciji na stitu i prikazu Meduze na carevu ® Car na konju izmedu pet vojnika i neprijatelja. Emperor on horse between five soldiers and an enemy. 22D. Margetié i D. Margeti¢:Rijeth i neobjvijenisscijski antoninijani cara Proba s konjem na avers Num. viesti broj 6S. Zagreb, oklopu te se poprsja mogu svrstati u 5 varijanti (A-E). Prema Pinku (Aufbau...) kovanja pripadaju treéoj do sedmoj emisiji: 3. (277) tip III, VI; 4. (277) tip V, VII; 5. (278) tip I, II, IX; 6. (279) tip VI; 7. (280) tip IV. Zbog toga se na primjercima br. 3., 4. i 11. prvo pojavljuje konj na aversu u siscijskoj kovnici. Datacija primjerka br. 2. ne8to je sloZenija. Prema Pinku sigla -S//XXI trebala bi pripadati 7. emisiji, no to se moze odbaciti jer ta emisija uopée nema taj reversni prikaz. Oznaka oficine S trebala bi se nalaziti u egzergu (—-//XXIS) te je to kovnigarska greska i primjerak bi trebalo svrstati u 5. emisiju (278. godinu), kao sto toj emisiji pripada antoninijan br. 1. Takvoj dataciji ide u prilog primjerak koji se nalazi na Probys internetskoj stranici® za RIC 624 (Alfoldi tip 5/92, ADVENTVS AVG -S//XXI), gdje Martin Griffiths pretpostavlja da je to greska rezata kalupa u 5. emisiji siscijske kovnice. Podrobnija analiza primjerka upucuje na zakljuéak da je to isti reversni kalup kao za antoninijan br. 2. Izbor reversnih tipova neSto je veci: ADVENTVS AVG / ADVENTVS PROBI AVG (car jaSe na konju na lijevo), CONCORDIA AVG (Konkordija stoji), SALVS AVG (Salus sjedi), SOLI INVICTO (kvadriga okrenuta na lijevo ili frontalno), VICTORIAE AVG (Viktorija u bigi u desno) i VIRTVS PROBI AVG (Mars hoda). U drugoj oficini izradeni su antoninijani br. 1., 2., 5.-10., 12. i 13., i imaju oznaku S, samo jedan primjerak nosi oznaku B druge oficine (br. 11.), a primjerci br. 3. i 4. iz Seste oficine imaju oznaku ¢ (cursive digamma, stigma). Posebice valja izdvojiti primjerak br. 5., koji se detaljima svog aversa izdvaja od ostalih. Prvo, ne vidi se desna ruka koja dri uzde i koplje. Mnogo zanimljiviji je natpis na Stitu LEG II, jedinstven i nepoznat kao ukras na Stitu ili natpis u cijeloj Probovoj nu- mizmatici, ne samo u siscijskim kovanjima i na antoninijanima. Zbog toga bi se moglo posumnjati u autentitnost toga novea, Sto je provjereno usporedbom reversa s drugim primjercima tipa CONCORDIA AVG oficine S iz iste emisije. Pregledom nase referentne baze fotografija, utvrdeno je da postoji isti stil reversa na nekim primjercima, dodatno podrzan sa stilom slova u XI. oznaci u egzergu (Hirsch 169 (1991), No. 1334). Tamo su slova X jednako rezana kao na br. 5., malo su rotirana te vise slige na kriz (+) nego na X. O moguénosti postojanja natpisa LEG II govore i povijesne Ginjenice.” Konatna potvrda ili odbacivanje autenti¢nosti mogla bi se odrediti izravnom analizom novea, a ne analizom njegove fotografije. Drugi zanimljivi tip jest IX. (Mars hoda desno, drzi koplje i trofej). Alféldi u svome korpusu Probova novca navodi da taj tip nema dekoracije na Stitu, Sto ga Gini iznimkom ili greskom u katalogu, jer svi drugi primjerci navedeni u naSem tekstu imaju dekori- rani 8tit. Jedini poznati primjerak tipa IX. iz ostave Venera nije nam bio dostupan za provjeru. © hattp://probys.net/probys/ Legio II Isaura i III Isaura legije su kasnoga Rimskoga Carstva. Njihovo ime sugerira da su osnovane i stacionirane u regiji Isauria u planinama Taurus. Njihov osnivaé mora biti car Prob, koji je ratovao protiy planinskih plemena u Cili Legio II Isaura and III Isaura, the legions of the later Roman Empire. The name suggests that they were founded to garrison a region Isauria in the Taurus mountain range. Its creater must have been the emperor Probus, who is known to have campaigned against the mountain tribes of Cilicia. 231D, Margeti i D, Margetié: Rijtki i neobjavijnisiscijskiantoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu Num. jst broj 6S. Zagreb, 2012. Katalog Avers: Poprsje sa Sljemom i oklopom na lijevo, u desnoj ruci dr2i koplje i uzde, u lijevoj dr2i stit, na lijevo glava konja / Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and horse bridle in right hand and shield in left hand, to left head of horse. left varijante/variants: A) 8tit ukraSen jahagem na lijevo, Meduza na oklopu / Shield decorated with rider Medusa on cuirass B) tit ukraSen jahatem na desno, vojnici sa Stitovima ispred / Shield decorated with rider right, soldiers carrying shields in foreground TL. TL. Vi 24 C) &tit ukraSen jahaéem na lijevo / Shield decorated with rider left D) &tit s natpisom LEG II / Shield inscribed with LEG IT E) 8tit bez ukrasa / Shield without decoration IMP C PROBVS P F AVG bust -A- 5. emisija (278) ADVENTVS AVG --//XXIS RIC 626var, Alf. 5/46 a) Alf. 5/46 Vienna b) Artemide El 11 (2011), No. 499 = Roma Numismatics III (2012), No. 535 (br. 1.) IMP C PROBVS P F AVG bust -A- 5. emisija (278) ADVENTVS AVG -S/XXI RIC 626var, Alf. 5/46var a) Miinz Zentrum Rheinland 124 (2005), No. 731 (br. 2.) VIRTVS PROBI AVG bust -B- 3. emisija (277) ADVENTVS PROBI AVG --//XXI¢ RIC 634var, Alf. 9/34 a) Alf. 9/34, coll. Missong b) Alf. 9/34, London c) Gorny & Mosch 118 (2002), No. 2375, = Elsen 76 (2003), No. 596 (br. 3.) d) Tkalec & Rauch (1987), No. 437 (br. 4.) IMP PROBVS P F AVG bust -D- 7. emisija (280) CONCORDIA AVG -S//XXI RIC 66] var, A 22/45 var a) Artemide Aste XXIV (2009), No. 322 (br. 5.) IMP C PROBVS P F AVG bust -C- 4. emisija (277) SALVS AVG --//XXIS RIC 753var, Alf. 63/14var a) Moneta Romana (2010), No. 63gI-476 (br. 6.) IMP C PROBVS P F AVG bust -A- 6. emisija (279) SOLI INVICTO --//XXIS RIC 769var, Alf. 76/87 a) Alf. 76/87, coll. Missong b) CNG 38 (1996), No. 1122 (br. 7.) c) Gemini III (2007), No. 443 (br. 8.) 4) Gorny 142 (2005), No. 2900 = Jacquier 32 (2004), No. 578 (br: 9.) e) Moneta Romana (2009), No. 63mk-408 = Mairat 116 (br. 10.)i$ D. Margetié:Rijeth i neobjvljenisisejsk antoninijani cara Probe s konjem na aversu Num. vijesti broj 6S. Zagreb, 2012. VIL. VIRTVS PROBI AVG bust -B- 3. emisija (277) SOLI INVICTO --//XXIB RIC 779var , Alf. 73/72var a) CNG 51 (1999), No. 1420 (br. 11.) VIII. IMP C PROBVS P F AVG bust -C- 4. emisija (277) VICTORIAE AVG --//XXIS RIC 796var, Alf. 89/13 mjerka nalaze se na a) Alf. 89/13, Halle b) Sternberg 13 (1983), No. (br. 12.) c) Aufhauser 11 (1995), No. 386 (br. 13.) IMP C PROBVS P F AV VIRTVS PROBI AVé a) Alf. 96/62, Venéra 3872 bust -E- 5. emisija (278) XXIS RIC 812var, Alf. 96/62 Uz trinaest primjeraka koji su ilustrirani u tablama, fotografije reversa jo’ dva pri- - Usporedba s antoninijanima u tablama pokazuje da su to drukéiji primjerci, ali zasigumno pripadaju siscijskim kovanjima. Primjerak 1.a (Probvs internet site) ima isti aversni kalup kao br. 4. U prilog kovanju u si ijskoj kovnici go- vori identiéna veligina i raspored slova, ligature natpisa, karakteristigno siscijsko slovo G te dekoracija na Stitu. Primjerak 1.b ilustriran je u CHRB 5 Slika 1. Aversi antoninijana ilustrirani be: b. CHRB rsa a. Probvs (Bastien 126,2), Osim primjeraka antoninijana kovanih u Sisciji, koji su poznati Pinku, postoji i nekoliko primjeraka iz drugih kovnica: Rim*: ROMAE AETERNAE (RIC 189, Bri- RIC za kat. br. 189 napominje da je avers katkad s konjskom glavom. Avers s konjskom glavom za rimsku kovnicu ne poznaje Pink, niti spominje Venera (Prob, rimska kovnica). Pink datira to kovanje u 5. emisiju (280.), a uk ostave Venera (Prob, rimska kovnica) emisija je datirana u kasnije vrijeme, u proljeée 281 RIC for coin no. 189 mentions that this obverse is sometimes depicted with horse head. Pink does not know for obverse with horse head in the mint of Rome, similarly this type is not known in Venera hoard (Probo, Rome mint). Pink dates this issue in 5*emission (280), while in the new catalogue of Venera hoard (Probo, Rome mint) emission is dater later, in Spring 281. Margetié i D. Margetié: Rijth i neobjvtjenisiscjsk antoninijani cara Proba skonjem na avers Num. vjesti bro 68. Zagreb, 2012 tish Museum, br. 15.), Serdika: VIRTVS PROBI AVG (RIC 879var., Coh 923var., Pink Aufbau S. 45 (4. emisija 277., s drugim aversom, br. 16.) i CLEMENTIA TEMP (RIC 838var., 2. emisija 276, Pink nema aversnu legendu VIRTVS PROBI AVG za 2. emisiju), br. 17.). Primjerci 15.-17. kao dekoraciju na stitu imaju konjanika (cara) koji jae na desno, ispred je red vojnika, Izniman je antoninijan kovan u Ticinumu VIRTVS, ‘AVG (RIC 437var., 2. emisija 276 AD, br. 18.), na kojem je car prikazan s kopljem u desnoj ruci, lijevom rukom drZi uzde, a konjska se glava ne vidi. Takoder kovnica Ti- cinum izdaje antoninijane sa siftiranom rijeci koja se povezuje s Probovim nadimkom (signum) Equitius: u 7.-10. emisijama (280.-282.) u polju je dodano po jedno slovo od rijeti AEQVIT/EQVITI, a sligno i u kovnici Roma (7. emisija 282.) u egzergu nalazi se po jedno slovo od rijesi AEQVIT."" Datacija antoninijana br. 17. kovnice Serdika u 2. emisiju (276. godinu) mogla bi biti kljuéna za utvrdivanje redoslijeda kovanja toga zanimljivog aversnoga tipa, koji se zemljopisno mode pratiti od istognih kovnica Rimskoga Carstva prema zapadu. Moze se zakljuéiti da je predlozak za sisaéke antoninijane 3. emisije (277.) br. 3., 4. i 11. do8ao iz Serdike. Zbog kopiranja predlo8ka, najranija siscijska emisija s konjskom glavom ima vrlo izduzeni carev vrat na poprsju, Sto je jedna od stilskih karakteristika kovnice Serdika. Kasnije se stil portreta pretvara u karakteristiéno siscijski, s mnogo kraéim vratom, koji je proporcionalan velivini tijela. U prilog toj pretpostavei govori i Ginjenica da primjerci iz Serdike kao i najranija siscijska emisija nose isti aversni natpis VIRTVS PROBI AVG, sto je jo8 jedna indicijska potvrda o tome da je kopiran serdiéki predlozak. Postoji moguénost da je kaluparima iz Serdike uzor bio Klaudijev antoni- nijan br. 14., kovan u zemljopisno susjednoj (isto&nijoj) kovnici Kizik. Sireéi se dalje na zapad carstva, siscijski primjerci dospijevaju do sredi8nje kovnice u Rimu, gdje su kopirani u 280./281. godini (br. 15.). Za stilsku komparaciju vazna su druga kovanja cara Proba iz Siscije. U 5. emisiji kovnice Siscija Pink navodi za posebnu seriju, tzv, Festpragung, medu ostalim i Pro- bove medaljone koji prikazuju konjsku glavu na aversu: s reversnom legendom IMP PROBVS CONS AVG II (car u kvadrigi, Pink str. 52/1 = Gnecchi bronzo III, str. 67., 50 iz coll. Evans*, br. 19.)°, te drugi primjerak (Gnecchi vol 3, Tav 156, 21, br. 20.) i bronéani medaljon VICTORIA AVG (trofej i dva zarobljenika, Pink str. 52., Nr. 12, br. 21,). Probov aurej SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG (RIC 138, kovnica Rim, br. 26.), a ilustrativni je primjer toga tipa poprsja, doduse bez konja, jer su zbog odligne otuvanosti svi detalji lijepo vidljivi, posebice glava Meduze na oklopu te prikaz konjanika na Stitu koji ide na lijevo (uveéani detalj, slika 2.). ¥ ARS CLASSICA = Naville & Cie, Geneve Auction XVII (4. October 1934), Lucerne, collections Burrage, Vienne, Arthur J. Evans, No, 1796, AE 10.65 g, PROBVS CONS I, jedinstven, iz aukeije C. Roach Smith 1890. / unique, from sale C. Roach Smith 1890, © Gnecchi ga pogresno opisuje: PROBVS CONS II. Gnecchi has a wrong description: PROBVS CONS I. 26DD. Margetié iD. Margetié:Rijeth i neabjavjenisiscijski atoninjani cara Proba skonjem na avers Num, vijesti, bro 6S. Zagreb, 2012 Slika 2. Prob, aurej Rim SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG (br. 26.) Nakon vladavine cara Proba aversni prikaz s konjem pojavljuje se iznimno na posebnim serijama, posebice na rijetkim medaljonima i aurejima. Sisaéki graveri, mozebitno su isto osoble koje je djelovalo u kovnici za cara Proba i poznata su im izdanja Proba (ili imaju predloske aversa) pa ih rabe u izradi kalupa za zlatni medaljon VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM Numerijana Augusta (RIC 401 corr.-Rim, Gnecchi I, Tav 4,7, br. 22., stara gravura, slika 3.), Pink izradu medaljona u VAHD" smjesta u 5. emisiju (jesen 283./jesen 284.) u sisaéku kovnicu na osnovi stilske analize, a u Aufbau® datira to kovanje u 4. emisiju iz 1. polovice studenoga 283. (Nr. 14). Postoje ogite razlike u tipu - car ima lovorov vijenac, nema stita te dr2i koplje u desnoj ruci. Slika 3. Numerijan, zlatni medaljon VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM gravura' Za vrijeme Kara i njegove porodice ponovno se pojavjuje to iznimno poprsje na rijetkim bronéanim kvinarima sa zajedni¢kim portretima Karina i Magnije Urbike (br. 23,)."* Kovani su u kovnici Ticinum u kasno Ijeto 283. godine. Ovdje car ima sljem i Stit, ali, za razliku od Probovih primjeraka, nema koplja.1D. Margetié iD. Margetié: Rieti i ncobjavljnisiscjsk antoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu__ Num, vies, bro) 65. Zagreb, 2012 U vrijeme tetrarhije glava se konja samo iznimno nalazi na noveu. Lijepi je primjer bronéani medaljon cara Maksimijana kovan u rimskoj kovnici uobigajenog reversa MO- NETA AVGG (RIC-", Gn. Tay. 127, 6, H 7, AD 294, br. 24.), gdje se na Stitu nalaze lupa Romana, Romul i Rem. Taj primjerak precizno oslikava Grueber"” (No. 4, Pl LVI, 3, gravura, slika 4.). Gnecchi navodi jo’ jedan Maksimijanov medaljon s istim aversom, ali s drugim reversom: SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL ORBIS TERR (Gn. Vol 2 Bronzo gran modvlo no. 10, Tav 127,10, RIC-).! Nadalje, RIC ne poznaje rijetki nummus koji je za Maksencija kovan u Ostiji tipa VICTORIAE AETERNAE AVG N (RIC VI-, AD 309-312, br. 25.)2° Primjerak pripada poznatoj zbirci Evans, ali nije uvrSten uaukeijski katalog njegove zbirke (Ars Classica 1934) - na njemu je car prikazan u oklopu, drzi konja za uzde, a Stit je ukrasen s jahaéem koji ide na lijevo. Slika 4. Maksimijan, medaljon MONETA AVGG” Iznimno rijetko na rimskom se noveu s konca 3. i posetka 4. stoljeéa moze vidjeti konjanik koji dr2i konja na uzdi, kao to se to lijepo vidi na Maksencijevu folisu kovanom u Ostiji AETERNITAS AVG N (1. emisija AD 309"!, RIC 16, Cohen 10, Hunter 26, br. 27,), Na uveéanom detalju lijepo se vide dioskuri Castor i Polux, s uzdama u rukama, a glave se konja, prednji dio tijela i prednje noge vide u pozadini (slika 5.). E medaljoni vladara prve tetrarhije s tri Monete na reversu izostavijeni su iz RIC V/2 i RIC VI/ A ‘medallions of the rulers of the first Tetrarchy with three Monetae on reverse are omitted both in RIC V2 and RIC VI. H. Dressel, Die rémischen Medaillone des Miinzkabinetts der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin 1973, 299 f. Nr. 184 Tal riedlinder - von Sallet Nr. 1093; Gnecchi II 129 Nr. 18 Taf. 127,6 (primjerak iz Berlina reg. no. 18200726); G. Malingue, Un médaillon de bronze de 'empereur Maximien Hercule frappé a Carthage, BSFN 2007, 117 ff. 120 Abb. 10 (Berlin). Another specimen offered on Numismatik Lanz auction in May 2006; sold on H. D. Rauch auction in April 2008, 47,06 g. 1 Lodovico Laffranchi, La tiche di Carthago, RIN Ser. 2, 1, 31, 1918, 92. 28DD. Margetic i D. Manztié:Rijeth i neobjv en sisejsk antoninjani cara Proba skonjem na avers: Num. vjest bro) 68.,Zagre Slika 5. Maksencije, folis Ostia AETERNITAS AVG N (br. 27.) Eksplicitna referencija na povezanost/pripadnost rimskih careva s Equis (eques) Romanus, “rimski vitez” nalazi se na rijetkom zlatnom medaljonu od | i 1/2 aureja cara Konstantina iz Nikomedije (RIC 100, Depeyrot str. 154, cf. Bastien pl. IV, 16, Gnecchi 9, Coh 139, AD 325), s reversnim natpisom EQVIS ROMANVS, Konstantin I. ja8e konja na lijevo, podignute ruke (br, 28.)2°°4 Izdanje pripada donativum za vi- cennalia u 325. godini (Bastien Donativa, 79). Hess* misli da tim reversom Konstantin odaje pocast polititki vaznom viteskom redu (ordo equester). Reversni tip simbolizira pokusaj cara da uspostavi dobre odnose s konzervativnim krugovima u Rimu, prema Kojima je dotada bio neprijateljski raspolozen, glorificirajuéi tako taj utjecajni viteski red.?*** Postoji i primjerak s varijantom natpisa EQVES ROMANVS (Gnecchi, No. 8, Cohen, 138). U vrijeme Konstantina i &lanova njegove dinastije posljednji put u rimskoj carskoj numizmatici postoji aversni prikaz cara koji dr2i konja na uzdi, u raznim varijantama. Iz toga razdoblja RIC poznaje nekoliko varijanti poprsja s konjem: tipovi s lovorovim vijencem: G11, G12 i G13 te sa Sljemom: H10 i H13.* Ljepotom se izdvaja Konstan- tinova srebrna multipla SALVS REIPVBLICAE iz kovnice Trier (AD 315, RIC VII str. 364, No. 36, PI 9) s kr8¢anskom simbolikom, gdje car umjesto koplja drzi Zezlo u obliku k na Stitu se nalazi upa romana (br. 29.). Nadalje, folis Konstantina 1. s reversnom legendom SOLI INVICTO COMITI kovnice Lugdunum (Lyons) iz AD 316 (br. 30.) nije poznat u numizmatiékoj literaturi (cf, RIC VII str. 125, opaska 51, Bastien). Tamo nalazimo carev portret s konjem kojega dr2i na uzdi, s lovorovim vi- Drugi primjerak/another specimen: Hess Divo 313 (2009), No, 1628, 6.77 g = Egger xxxix, 1912, No. 1390, Plate III = Hirsch XXIII, 1913, No. 1467, Cohen 139, Gnecchi, PI 6.12. * RIC VII, str/pg. 89 © Bruun navodi u RIC-u da Maurice nabraja nekoliko neprovjerenih tipova poprsja za tu se nije ih mogao potvrditi za vrijeme pisanja RIC-a. Taj tip poprsja éak ne poznaje niti Mauric poznat za ostale serij. Bruun states in RIC that Maurice lists several unconfirmed bust types for this series, which he was unable to confirm during the writing of RIC. This particular bust type does not even know Maurice, although it is known for other series. 29D. Margeti | D, Margetié: Rijeth i neobjvljenisscjshiamoninjani cara Proba s konjem naaversu_ Num. vijesti, broj 6S. Zagreb, 2012. jencem i paludamentom. Zbog loge ouvanosti ostali detalji slabo su vidljivi (mozda drzi Zezlo ukraseno orlom u lijevoj ruci). Jo8 jedan neobjavljeni primjerak cara Kon- stantina, s konjskom glavom na aversu kovan je u kovnici Arelate u AD 315-316 (br. 31). Car je u oklopu, s lovorovim vijencem, drzi konja desnom rukom i stit u lijevoj ruci, a reversni je prikaz SOLI INVICTO COMITI. Produkt trierske kovnice jest i serija malih folisa BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, izdanih za Konstantinove sinove Konstantina Il. i Krispa iz 322.-323. godine.*” Redu- cirani folis iz 322. godine kovan za Konstantina II. nema koplje na aversu, a na Stitu je prikaz Konstantina koji stoji i pozdravlja drugoga cezara, u pozadini su tri vojnika (Alten str, 10., 18, Tf. III, 18, 1-2, br. 32.); s druge strane, na primjerku br. 33. (RIC 388, Trier AD 322-323) lijepo se vidi koplie.”*™ Za cezara Krispa u trierskoj emisiji BEATA TRANQVILLITAS nalazimo vecu raznolikost likovnih rjeSenja aversa, koja ukljuduju primjerke gdje na Stitu nema ukrasa (br. 34., RIC 373), ana drugom primjerku® nalazi se koplje koje je postavljeno ispred stita (RIC 397var, Coh 20var, Bastien vol II, str. 547-553, str. 551, pl. 183, n°6, br. 35.), U RIC-u nije poznata varijanta s Krispovom bistom okrenutom na desno, s konjem na lijevo, a samo koplje dr2i u desnoj ruci (RIC-, Coh 20var, br. 36.). Izdanje za Krispa povezuje se s proslavom njegove quinguennalia u Sirmiju 1. oZujka 321. Reducirani folisi s konjskom glavom na aversu kovani su za Krispa i u kovnicama Ticinum, Akvileja i Lugdunum (Lyon) (br. 37.-39.). Primjerci iz Ticinuma i Akvileje imaju lovor/oklop/stit na aversu, ana primjerku iz Lyona nema Stita, te Krisp najyje- rojatnije dri Zezlo u lijevoj ruci (to se iz slike ne moze sa sigumoscu tvrditi). Prvi primjerak iz Ticinuma jest DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS/VOT X tipa, kovan u AD 320,-321. (RIC 155var, Tkalec 22. 4.2007, No. 351, ostava Bikié-Do” PI. XII, No. 959, br. 37,). Reducirani folis iz Akvileje iz 321. godine (br. 38.) pripada reversnom tipu CAESARVM NOSTRORVM/VOT X (RIC 98, identiéni tip pojavio se na aukeiji Gorny 60 (1992), No. 583). Primjerak reversnoga tipa VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC PERP iz Lyona kovan u 318.-319. godini (br. 39.) nije objavljen u numizmati¢koj literaturi s tim aversnim tipom (RIC VII-, Bastien-) i najranije je izdanje za Krispa. Table, list 1. Artemide El 11 (2011), No. 499 = Roma Numismatics III (2012), No. 535, 4,12 g. Wh 2. Miinz Zentrum Rheinland 124 (2005), No. 731, 3,85 ¢ Bastien misli da bi se u emisiji kojom je obiljezavana quinguennalia za Krispa pojavijivanje konjske lave pokraj careva portreta moglo povezati s vojnom kampanjom koju je vodio protiv Franaka u 320. ilitijekom zime 320.-321. Mnogo je te2e protumaciti takvo poprsje za Konstantina II., koji je tada bio jo malo dijete. U svakom sluéaju, on navodi da postoji vi8e primjeraka za Konstantina nego za Krispa. Stoll u svojoj studiji o kovnici Trier ne navodi taj tip poprsja za Krispa, ali pokazuje tri razlitita tipa za Konstantina Il. For the emission celebrating a quinquennalia of Crispus Bastien is of the opinion that the appearance of horse head besides the bust of Crispus could be connected with his military campaign against Franks in 320 or during the Winter 320-321. It is more difficult to explain the presence of horse head on the coins of Constantine II, who was a child at that time. Anyway, he lists more specimens for Constantine II than for Crispus. Stoll in his study dedicated to Trier mint does not know for this bust type for Crispus, but lists three different bust varieties for Constantine I. 301. Margeté i D. Margett: Rieti i nobjaslienissejski antoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu Num, vijesti,broj 65, Zagreb, 2012. i. 12. 3B. 4. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. SSRNRRES http Gorny & Mosch 118 (2002), No. 2375, 2,86 g = Elsen 76 (2003), No. 596 Tkalec & Rauch (1987), No. 437, 3,88 g Artemide Aste 24 (2009), No. 322, 3,28 Moneta Romana (2007), No. 63gI-476, 3.32 g CNG 38 (1996), No. 1122, 4,01 g Gemini, LLC Auction III (2007), No. 443, 3,72 Jacquier 32 (2004), No. 578, 3,84 g = Gorny & Mosch 142 (2005), No. 2900 Moneta Romana (2010), No. 63mk-408, 3,58 g, 6h = Mairat 30 Dec 2011 Article 116, RIC 769 var. CNG S1 (1999), No. 1420, 3,50 g Sternberg 13 (1983), No. 955 Aufhduser 11 (1995), No. 386, 3,61 ebay (2011), No. 320681970937 richiecoin1962, 3,28 g RIC 189, British Museum Gory 195 (2011), No. 481, 3,48 ¢ Kandus 2010 sl. 242" Probys.www RIC 437var = Emporium Hamburg 52 (2004), No. ? Evans Num. Chron, (1891), 6,6, 28 mm, 10,65 g, modulo IF, medaljon Gn. III 156,21, Vienna coll. Missong, 27 mm, 8,31 g, modulo II, E medaljon Gn. III 156,11, RIC 291, E medaljon Gn. I Tay 4,7, Skt. Petersburg, 35 mm, 27,9 g, aurej NAC 64 (2012), No. 1280, 1,26 g, kvinar Artemide aste 28 (2009) No. 258, 26,00 g, E medaljon Oxford coll. Evans, Drost, Pl. 1, fig. 9, folis Leu 93 (2005), No. 109, 6,17 g, teSki aurej Lanz 154 (2012), No. 505, 6,14 g, folis Baldwin 40 (2005), No. 56, 6,48 g, aurej RIC VII p 364, No. 36, PI 9, srebrna multipla CNG 45 (1998), No. 2361, 3,93 g, & folis forum ancient coins (2004), No. 2889%, 4: folis Aufhiuser 11 (1995), No. 448, AE folis Gomny 101 (2000), No. 1054, 3,23 g, AE folis Gorny & Mosch 190 (2010), No. 549, 2,77 g, & folis iNumis Public Auction May (2012), No. 121, 3,18 g, 4 folis iNumis VSO 2 (2006) No 251, 3,13 g, folis Gorny & Mosch 191 (2010), No. 2424, 2,60 g, folis Gorny 204 (2012), No. 2585, 2,91 g, & folis CNG 34 (1995), No. 400, 2,75 g, folis vWww.forumancienteoins.com/sallery/displayimage.php?}pos=-2889 311D. Margti | D, Margti: Rijetki i neobjavljn’ siseijskiantoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu Num. vijesti bro) 6S., Zagreb, 2012. SisciaD, Margeti i D. Margti: Rijetki i neoonjem na aversu. Num. vijsti oj 65., Zagreb, 2012. 1D. Margeti iD. Marzti: Rijetki i neobjavjen sisciski antoinijan cara Pro Cyzicus Claudius Roma 13. 14, 15. Serdica Ticinum 34Margtié iD. Margti: Rijetki 1 neo Num. vijesti oj 6S. Zagreb, 20 Siscia, medaljoni 35D. Margetig i D. Margetié: Rijeth i neobjavljesiscjsh antoninjani cara Proba s konjem na avers Num. ijesti bro 65. Zagreb, 2012. Ostia, Maxentius Roma Ostia, Maxentius 36Margeté i D. Margetié:Rijetk i ncobjvljenisiscjshi antoniniani cara Proba s konjem na aversu Num. vijesti bro) 6S. Zagreb, 2012. Arelate, Const I Trier, Const IL1 Margeti i D. Margti: Rijth i neobjvljenisiscjski antoninjani cara Proba skonjem na aversu_—_ Num, vijesti bro) 6S., Zagreb, 2012. Ticinum, Crispus Aquileia, Crispus Lyon, Crispus 38D. Margeti¢ iD, gti: Rijtki i neobjaljenisiseiski amtoninijani cara Proba s konjem na avers Num vijsti, oj 65.. Zagreb, 2012 RARE AND UNPUBLISHED SISCIAN ANTONINIANI OF EMPEROR PROBUS WITH HORSE HEAD ON THE OBVERSE The authors in details describe very rare obverse bust type of emperor Probus found on an- toniniani from Siscia mint, where the horse head is depicted. Authors give a full catalogue of all known specimens and new unpublished variants. Further the issues of other rulers with this obverse type are described. Introduction During the military reforms of emperor Gallienus, to cavalry was assigned an impor- tant role, whereas the cavalry troops called Dalmatae have an increased importance. In the time of Aurelianus, cavalry troops are known as equites Dalmatae, Mauri, Scutarii and Promoti. Also they are known as //lyriciani, getting a name on the basis of their place of deployment.' Central cavalry was important for military successes of emperors of illyrian origin (Claudius, Aurelian, Probus, Carus and Diocletian) in the second part of the 3 century. However, in the time of relative stability during the rule of Diocletan, the earlier defensive strategy along the borders was partially returned. Diocletian kept a small central army, while the majority of equites illyriciani was deployed alongside the eastern borders and since then never regained its former status. Constantine continues the policy which started Gallienus in the middle of the 3" century by increase of impor- tance of their role, and cavalry is ranked as senior to legions and auxilia? During the emperor Probus (276-282)' number of obverse types on coins become large, and ceremonial bust types which were earlier reserved only for special issues, medallions and aurei found their way to the ordinary coins (antoniniani). While in the early emissions one may find ordinary obverse bust types, in the course of time officinae in Lugdunum and Siscia mints produce new bust types of emperor, depicting Probus as invicible glorifying his military successes. A nice illustration is a rare obverse depiction which comes from Siscia mint, showing the artistic genius of siscian die-cutters: em- peror in military attire with spear and shield holds a head of horse by reins. The place- ment of head of horse on this militaristic obverse illustrates the importance of cavalry in emperors victories. This obverse depiction was explained differently in numismatic literature: it emphasizes the fact that Probus has went up through a cavalry ranks, while the other authors thinks that this bust type aludes on the fact that Probus was a member of order of equities, from which the army choosed him as new emperor in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.‘ Namely, the horse protome is the sign of the aristocratic order of equites, which is just below the senatorial rank.‘ Probus AEQVITIVS is the nickname which Danhiauser* and Pink (Eqvitivm Probvm, militiae peritvm...)° link with his military experience in cavalry, or with the word AEQVITI, horseman, which is in the late empire an aristocratic order.’ Also, the presence of horse head aludes on adventvs, arrival of emperor. Rare depiction with horse head was minted in Siscia for short time, which was soon abandoned and replaced with other types in the same 6" emission. Pink in his impor- tant work on Probus numismatics (der Aufbau, p. 18) lists ‘*Die Pferdbiiste” as special bust type *’Spezialbiisten”. Delbrueck 26/7, states that obverse type is very rare and 39DD. Margetié i D. Margtié:Rijtk i neobjvljentsiscjskiantoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu__ Num. vijesti bro) 6S. Zagreb, 2012. it was used for the first time on the antoniniani of Claudius II in Cyzicus mint in the 2™ emission (mid 269), with reverses VIRTVTI AVGVSTI (RIC 255var. Mairat 41°, Bastien'’ 1992, pl. 112.7, Alféldi 1938, XXIX.7, no. 14), SECVRITAS PERPETVA (RIC 244var) and LAETITIA AVG N (RIC 235var). Delbrueck is describing this type as “emperor afer a victorius battle is dismounting a horse”. Pink for this bust for Probus states that it appears only in Siscia in 277, and then again after the return from Gallia in the late Autumn of 278 as Festprigung on aurei and medallions in the 5" emission. Some of these issues are dated, having the shield decorated with the battle scene (Sieg- erdarstellung). Pink does not mention this bust type for the other mints, which, as we will see later in text exist (Roma and Serdica). Later, this type was used only for pre- stigious issues (gold and silver multiples, bronze medallions) and for commemorative strikes for guinguennalia and second consulate of Crispus and Constantine II in mints of Treveri and Lyon.'? Different descriptions of this obverse type are present in the numismatic literature and sale catalogues. Numismatic literature: RIC V/I, bust type H9"', CHRB 5 bust type , Bastien bust type E6"’, RIC V-temp bust type J6l'*, Mairat!: ,,Bust with a spear on the right shoulder, a shield on the left shoulder, taking a horse by the flange. A scene of Virtus graces the representative on a shield ranging from to the left and a gorgoneion on the plastron of the cuirass.” Sale catalogues: A) almost half-length cuirassed bust left, seen from front, wearing radiate helmet, holding spear over right shoulder and shield by left shoulder, horse’s head facing left above right hand, Medusa head on cuirass, horseman galloping left and raising right hand on shield (no. 8); B) Biiste nach links, gepanzert, mit Helm und Strahlenkrone, mit der rechten ein Pferd am Ziigel flihrend, dessen Kopf links erscheint, in der rechten Hand geschulterter Speer, in der linken Schild, darauf galoppierender Reiter nach links iiber fiinf Soldaten mit Schild (no. 6); C) am Panzer Gorgoneion, in der Rechten geschulterter Speer und Ziigel eines Pferdes, dessen Kopf nach links zu sehen ist; D) Auf dem Schild Reiterkampf, Schild mit Adventusszene: E) Sur le bouclier, Vempereur a cheval entre cing soldats et un ennemi® (no. 3). In Siscia mint a small number of these pieces was struck, of which the authors of this text describe nine variants (I-IX, see catalogue), amongst them there are many unique pieces. With this manuscript, a number of known types is greatly enlarged the list published by Alf&ldi, who does know the existence of types IV, V, VII and VIII. On the majority of specimens the obverse legend reads IMP C PROBVS P F AVG and VIRTVS PROBI AVG, while only one specimen has the legend IMP PROBVS P F AVG (no. 5). The small number of minted specimens is evidenced by high frequency of the obverse die-links (for instance, obverse die share no. 3 and 4, while no. 7, 8 and 12 share another die). All busts of emperor Probus are of the same type, with radiate helmet, spear and shield. Differences exist only for decoration on the shield and the depiction of Medusa on the emperors cuirass, therefore the busts could be grouped in five variants (A-E). According to Pink (Aufbau...) horse head issues belong to 3" - 7" emission: 3" (277) types III, VII; 4" (277) types V, VIII; 5" (278) types I, II, IX; 6" (279) type VI; and 7" (280) type IV. Therefore, specimens no. 3, 4 and 11 are the first appearance of horse on the coin obverses in the mint of Siscia. Datation of specimen no, 2 is somehow more complex. According to Pink, the -S//XXI mintmark should belong to the 7" emission, 401D. Margeté i D. Marge: Rijeth i neobjvljenisscjskiantoninijani cara Proba skonjem na avers Num. vijesi bro) 6S, Zagreb, 2012. however, this could be dismissed since this emission does not have this reverse type. Mintmark of workshop S should be placed in the exergue (--//XXIS), therefore, it has to bea mint-error and specimen should be assigned to the 5" emission (AD 278), similarly ‘to the antoninianus no. 1, which belongs to this emission. This datation is supported by the specimen illustrated on the Probys website as RIC 624 (Alf&ldi type 5/92, AD- VENTVS AVG -S//XXI), where Martin Griffiths proposes that this is die-engraver’s ‘error and dates specimen to the 5" emission of siscian mint. Detailed analysis of reverse indicates that this coin has the same reverse die as antoninianus no. 2. Depictions on reverse are more diverse: ADVENTVS AVG / ADVENTVS PROBI AVG (emperor riding horse to the left), CONCORDIA AVG (Concordia standing), SAL- VS AVG (Salus sitting), SOLI INVICTO (quadriga on the left or frontal), VICTORIAE ANG (Victoria in biga to the left) and VIRTVS PROBI AVG (Mars walking). In the second workshop with the S mark antoniniani no, 1, 2, 5-10, 12 and 13 were produced, the only one specimen bears the mark B of the second officinae (no. 11), while specimens no. 3 and 4 coming from the sixth officinae bear the mark ¢ (cursive digamma, stigma). Of particular interest is the specimen no. 5, which stands out of the rest of antoni- sinani by its obverse details. Firstly, emperor's right hand which holds the spear and horse is not visible. More interesting is the inscription on the shield LEG II, which is unique and unknown for all coinage of Probus, not only on coins of Siscia mint and antonininiani. Therefore, one might doubt the authenticity of this specimen, which was supported by comparison of reverse with other specimens of CONCORDIA AVG type of officinae S from the same emission. The search of our reference photo database, re- vealed that the same reverse style is present on same specimens, which is additionally supported by the style of letters XXI of exergual mark (Hirsch 169 (1991), No. 1334). ‘On this coin letters X were identically cut as on coin no. 5, they are slightly rotated and more resemble cross (+) than letter X. For the possibility of existence of inscription LEG If speak some historical facts.” Of course, the final verification or decline of authenticity could be carried out ony by the direct examination of the coin, rather than its photo. Another interesting type is IX (Mars walking right, holding spear and trophy). Alf®ldi in his corpus of coins of Probus states that this type does not have any decoration on shield, which makes it an exception or there could be an error in the catalogue, since the all other specimens illustrated in this paper have decorated shield. The single known specimen of type IX from Venéra hoard was not available to us for examination. Catalogue Obverse description: Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and horse bridle in right hand and shield in left hand, to left head of horse. variants: A) Shield decorated with rider left. Meduse on cuirass B) Shield decorated with rider right, soldiers carrying shields in foreground. C) Shield decorated with rider left. 41DD, Margeti i D. Margtié: Rijthi i neobjavljn’ siscisk ara Proba skonjem na aversu__Num. ijesi oj 6S. Zagreb, 2012. D) Shield inscribed with LEG Il E) Shield without decoration Besides thirteen specimens which are illustrated on tables, photographs of two additional specimens are given in Figure 1. By comparison with the antoniniani il- lustrated in tables it could be concluded that these are different specimens originating from Siscia mint. For instance coin 1a (Probys internet site) has the same obverse die as no. 4. Their assignment to siscian mint is further supported by identical size and lettering, legend die-breaks, characteristic siscian letter G and decoration on shield. Photo 1b is given CHRB 5. Besides the specimens of antoniniani minted in Siscia, which are known to Pink, there are several specimens produced in other mints: Roma": ROMAE AETERNAE (RIC 189, British Museum, no. 15), Serdica: VIRTVS PROBI AVG (RIC 879var., Coh 923var., Pink Aufbau S. 45 (4* emission 277, bearing the other obverse, no. 16) and CLEMENTIA TEMP (RIC 838var., 2 emission 276, no. 17, Pink does know for obverse legend VIRTVS PROBI AVG for 2" emission). Specimens 15-17 for shield decoration have a horseman (emperor) riding to right, in the front there is row of soldi- ers. An exeptional antoninianus was struck in Ticinum, VIRTVS AVG (RIC 437var., 2! emission 276 AD, no. 18), on which emperor is depicted with the shield held in the right arm and reins in the left, however the horse is not visible. Mint of Ticinum also issued antoniniani with codewords which are related to the Probu’s (signum) Equitius: in 7 -10" emissions (280-282) in the reverse field additional letter from the word AEQVIT/ EQVITI was added, and similarly it was found in the mint of Rome (in 7® emission 282) in the exergue one letter from word AEQVIT was added. '* Datation of antoninianus no. 17 of Serdica mint as the 2“ emission (AD 276) could be of crucial importance for establishing the sequence of minting of this interesting ob- verse type, which could be geographically traced from the eastern mints of the Roman Empire towards West. It is likely that the model for the siscian antoniniani of the 3“ emission (277) no. 3, 4 i 11 is coming from Serdica mint. By copying this model, as suggested in the earliest siscian emission with the horse head emperors portait has a very long neck, which is one of the stylistic characteristic of Serdica mint. In later emissions the portrait style becomes characteristically siscian, with much shorter emperor’s neck, which is in good proportion with the body size. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that specimens from Serdica, as well as the earliest siscian emission have the same obverse inscription VIRTVS PROBI AVG, which is additional indication of use of Serdica model. In addition, there is a possiblity that the die-engravers from Serdica used for their model antoninianus of Claudius II (no. 14) minted in geographically neighbouring (eastern) mint of Cyzicus. By spreading this obverse type further to the West of the Empire, siscian specimens came to the central mint of Rome, where they were copied in AD 280/281 (no. 15). For the comparison of style imporant are other issues of Probus from Siscia. In the 5"emission of Siscia mint Pink lists as a special series, so-called Festprigung, whereas amongst the other medallions there are several with the horse head on the obverse: with reverse legend IMP PROBVS CONS AVG II (emperor in quadriga, Pink p. 52/1 = Gnee- 42DD. Margetig i D. Margtié:Rijtk i neobjavljenisiscijski antoninijani cara Proba s konjem na avers Num. vijesibroj6S.. Zagreb, 2012 chi bronzo III, p. 67, 50 from coll. Evans", no. 19)°, and another specimen (Gnecchi vol 3, Tav 156, 21, no. 20) as well as the bronze medallion VICTORIA AVG (trophy and ‘two captives, Pink p. 52, Nr. 12, no. 21). An aureus of Probus SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG (RIC 138, Rome mint no. 26), in an illustative example of this bust type, although without the horse, in excellent state of preservation where all details are nicely visible: in particular head of Medusa on cuirass, and depiction of the horse rider on the shield going to the left (expanded detail, Figure 2). After the rule of Probus obverse type with horse was rarely used only for special issues in important occassions, especially on rare medallions and aurei. Die engravers of Siscia, who might be still the same staff active in the mint during the Probus rule could be aware of the issues of Probus (or even have the models of obverse) and used it for the dies of gold medallion VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM of Numerian augustus (RIC 40 lcorr.-Roma, Gnecchi I, Tav 4,7, no. 22, old copper engraving Figure 3). Produc- tion of this medallion Pink in VAHD" dates to the 5" emission (Autumn 283/Autumn 284) of Siscia mint on the basis of stylistic analysis, while in Aufbau’ dates this issue in the 4" emission from the first part of November 283 (Nr. 14). There are some obvi- ous differences in the type - emperor has a laureate wreath, there is no shield, spear is in the right hand. During Carus and his family this special bust type is again used on the rare bronze quinarii depicting the portraits of Carinus and Magnia Urbica (no. 23).'* These are struck in Ticinum mint in the late Summer of 283. Here emperor has a helmet and shield, but in comparison with Probus type. does not have a spear. On tetrarchic issues horse head is depicted on coinage only on special ocassions. Nice example is the bronze medallion of emperor Maximian minted in Rome, with usual reverse MONETA AVGG (RIC-", Gn. Tav. 127, 6, H 7, AD 294, no. 24), where the shield is decorated with lupa Romana, Romulus and Remus. This specimen is nicely illustrated by Grueber"? (No. 4, PI LVI, 3, copper engraving Figure 4). Gnecchi knows for another medallion of Maximian with the same obverse, but with different reverse: SALVIS AVGG ET CAESS FEL ORBIS TERR (Gn. Vol 2 Bronzo gran modvlo no. 10, Tay 127,10, RIC-).' Furthermore, RIC does not list a rare nummus which was minted in Ostia for Maxentius of type VICTORIAE AETERNAE AVG N (RIC VI-, AD 309-312, no. 25). This specimen belongs to the famous Evans collection, but not included in the auction catalogue of his collection (Ars Classica 1934). On this coin emperor is depicted im cuirass, holding horse by reins, shield is decorated with rider going left. Extremely rare are the examples of the late roman coinage from the end of the 3" and beginning of the 4" century which depict cavalryman holding a horse by reins, such is nicely visible on the maxentian folles minted in Ostia AETERNITAS AVG N (1®emission AD 309"', RIC 16, Cohen 10, Hunter 26, no. 27). On enlarged detail it is easy to see dioscures Castor and Polux. holding reins, while behind them are visible the horse heads, front part of the animals and front legs (Figure 5). An explicit reference for the connection of roman emperors with Equis (eques) Romanus, “roman knight” one could find on rare gold medallion of 1 and 1/2 aurei of emperor Constantine from Nicomedia (RIC 100, Depeyrot p. 154, cf. Bastien pl. TV, 16, Gnecchi 9, Coh 139, AD 325), with reverse legend EQVIS ROMANVS, Con- 43. Margetiéi D. Margetié: Rieti i neobjavtjenisiscjskiantoninjani cara Proba skonjem maaversu_ Num, vies, bro 65, Zagreb, 2012. stantine rides the horse to the left with raised hand (no. 28). This issue is a part of donativum for his vicennalia in AD 325 (Bastien Donativa, 79). Hess™ thinks that by using this obverse Constantine gives a special tribute to politically important knightly order (ordo equester). Reverse type symbolises and attempt of emperor to establish a good relations with the conservative circles in Rome, to which he had an animosity, by glorification of this old influental order.2s* There is also a specimen with the legend variant EQVES ROMANVS (Gnecchi, No. 8, Cohen, 138). For the last time in the roman imperial numismatics the obverse with the horse head appears (in several variants) during the reigns of Constantine and the members of his family. For this period RIC lists several variants of busts with the horse: types with the laurel wreath: G11, G12 i G13, and helmet: H10 i H13.* Distinctive is the silver multiple of Constantine SALVS REIPVBLICAE from Trier mint (AD 315, RIC VII p. 364, No. 36, PI. 9) with christian symbolism. Here emperor instead of spear holds a cross-shaped sceptre, and there is /upa romana on shield (no. 29). In addition, folles of Constantine I bearing the reverse legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI of Lugdunum (Lyons) mint from AD 316 (no. 30) is unknown in numismatic literature (cf. RIC VII pg. 125, note 51, Bastien-).' On this piece is emperor’s portrait with horse holding by reins, laurel wreath and imperial mantle. Due to its poor state of preservation, other details are not clearly visible (it is possible that emperor holds an eagle tipped scepter in left hand), Another unpublished specimen for emperor Constantine with horse head on obverse was minted in Arelate mint in AD 315-316 (no. 31). Emperor is shown in cuiras, with laurel wreath, holds a horse with right hand and shield with left hand, while the reverse legend is SOLI INVICTO COMITI. Also the product of Trier mint is the series of small folles BEATA TRANQVILLI- TAS produced for Constantine sons Constantine II and Crispus in AD 322-323 duced folles from 322 struck for Constantine II does not have spear on obverse, w the shield is decorated with Constanine standing and greeting the other caesar, three soldiers in the background (Alten p. 10, 18, Tf. II, 18, 1-2, no, 32). On the other hand, on the specimen no. 33 (RIC 388, Trier AD 322-323) spear is clearly visible. In Tri- er emission BEATA TRANQVILLITAS for Crispus caesar there is a larger number of obverse variants, such as specimens with undecorated shield (no. 34, RIC 373), while on the other specimen” spear is depicted in the front of shield (RIC 397var, Coh 20var, Bastien vol II, p. 547-553, p. 551, pl. 183, n°, no. 35). RIC does not list a variant with bust of Crispus facing right, while the horse bust is left and spear is hold by right hand (RIC-, Coh 20var, no. 36). This issue for Crispus is connected with his guinquennalia celebrations in Sirmium on 1" March 321. Reduced folleses with obverse horse head were minted for Crispus in Ticinum, Aq- uileia and Lugdunum (Lyon) mints (no, 37-39). Specimens from Ticinum and Aquileia have laurel wreath/cuirass/shield, while shield is omitted on the specimen from Lyons, while Crispus most likely holds a sceptre in left hand (details are not clear from photo). The fist example from Ticinum is DOMINOR NOSTROR CAESS/VOT X type. minted in AD 320-321 (RIC 15Svar, Tkalec 22.4.2007, No. 351, Bikié-Do hoard” PI. XII, No. 959, no. 37). Reduced folles from Aquileia minted in 321 (no. 38) has reverse type CAESARVM NOSTRORVM/VOT X (RIC 98, identical type appeared on the auction Gory 60 (1992), No. 583). Specimen of reverse type VICTORIAE LAETAE PRINC 44‘D_Margeté iD. Margetié: Rieti neobjanljenisiscjski antoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu Num, vijesti, bro 68, Zagreb, 2012. PERP from Lyon minted in 318-319 (no. 39) is entirely unpublished in numismatic literature for horse head obverse type (RIC VII-, Bastien-) and represents the earliest issue for Crispus with this bust type. Translated by the authors. Literatura 1. Grosse, Robert E., Rémische Militirgeschichte von Gallienus bis zum Beginn der byzan- tinischen Themenverfassung, Weidmann, Berlin, 1920., str. 19. 2. MacDowall, Simon, Late Roman cavalryman, 236-565 AD, Osprey, Oxford, 2005., str. 4. 3. Crees, James Harold Edward, The Reign of the Emperor Probus, London, 1911. 4. Mairat, Jérome, Un rare buste a la protomé de cheval pour un empereur invincible. (279 apr. J.-C.), 30 Dec 2011, article 116, http://lesmonnaiesdeprobus.blogspot.com/ 2011/12/ un-rare-buste-la-protome-de-cheval-pour.htm] 5. Danhduser; Erich, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Probus (276-282), Jena, 1909. 6. Pink, Karl, Det Aufbau der rémischen Manzpriigung in der Kaiserzeit VI, 2 Carus und Séhne, Num. Zeitschr. 1963., 81., 3.-67. 7. Boersema, Gert, The translation of the Codewords AEQVITI, IOBI and HRKOY AI, http:// forumancienteoins.com/articles/codeword_translation.htm 8. Delbrueck, Richard, Die Miinzbildnisse von Maximinus bis Carinus in “Das rémische Herrscherbild”, I11/2, 1940. 9 Mairat, Jéréme, ouverture de l’atelier impérial de Cyzique sous le régne de Claude II le Gothique, RN 2007., 163., 175.-196. 10. Bastien, Pierre, Le buste monétaire des empereurs romains, vol. \-Il1, Wetteren, 1992- 1994, 11. Perey, Webb H., The Roman imperial coinage Volume 5. Part II, Probus-Amandus 276-286, Spink & Son, London, 1933. H9 = Radiate, helmeted, draped (and cuirassed) bust left, holding spear and shield, to left head of horse 12. Burnett, Andrew M. (ed.), Coin hoards from Roman Britain Vol. 5, British Museum, London, 1984, Table on pg. 5. 13. Bastien, Pierre, Le buste monétaire des empereurs romains, Wetteren, 1992-1993., str. 341.- 365., 699-713 6 = Buste a gauche, avec casque radié, cuirasse ou cuirasse et paludamentum, tenant une téte de cheval par la bride de la main droite, bouclier sur I’épaule gauche, haste ou sceptre sur I’épaule droite ou gauche. 14. Estior, Sylviane, Mairat, Jérome, Monnaies de |’ Empire Romain /Roman Imperial Coinage AD 268-276 (preparation to the revision of RIC 5 VII), http://www.tie.mom.fr 461 = Bust lefi, radiate, cuirassed and draped with paludamentum, holding a horse by the reins with right hand and holding globe in left hand, horse head behind right shoulder (varijanta Klaudijeva s kuglom u lijevoj ruci, bez Stita i koplja) 451D. Margeti i D. Margetié: Rijtki i neobjvljen’sissijsk antoninijani cara Proba skonjem na aversu Num. vijesti bro) 6S. Zagreb, 2012. 15. 16. 28. 29. 30. 31. 46 21. Drost, Vincent, Le monnayage d'or de Maxence a l’atelier d’Ostie: Kandus, Bogdan, EQUITIUS, vzdevek cesarja Marka Avrelija Probusa (276-282), Num, Vestnik, 2001., 37., 574.-584. Pink, Karl, Die Miinzstitte Siscia unter Carus und seinen Sohnen, VAHD, 1954-1957, LVI- LIX, 88.-95. Tristan, lean, Commentaires historiqves contenans l'histoire generale des emperevrs, im- peratrices, caesars, et tyrans de l"empire Romain, vol. 3, Paris, 1657., str. 316 Margetié, Davor, Margetié, Dalibor, Antoninijani carice Magnije Urbike iz kovnice Siscia, Num, vijesti, 2011., 64., 31.-59. Grueber, Herbert A., Roman medallions in the British Museum, in Catalogue of the Roman. coins in the British Museum, Reginald Stuart Poole (ed.), London, 1874., str. 81 Drost, Vincent, Estiot, Sylviane, Maxence et le portrait militaire de !'empereur en Mattio- barbulus. Rev. Num., 2010., 166., 435.-445. propos de I’aureus au type Pax Aeterna Aug N, Rev. Num., 2008., 164., 269.-296. . Baldwin, Agnes, Five Roman gold medallions or multiple solidi of the late Empire. ANS Numismatic Notes and Monographs 6, New York, 1921. Kubitschek, Wilhelm, Ausgewihlte Rémische Medallions der Kaiserlichen Miinzensammlung in Wien, Wien, 1909., No. 236. }. Hess Divo 313 (2009), No. 1628. '. von Sallet, Alfred, Der Equis Romanus auf Goldmedaillons Constantins des Grossen, Zeit. f. Num., 1876., str. 129.-131. Maurice, Jules, Numismatique constantinienne: iconographie et chronologie; description historique des émissions monétaires, Vol. III, Paris, 1912., str. 58., No. xii. Alten, Dieter, Das Aversbild ,,Kaiser halt Pferd am Ziigel* in der Trierer Minzemission Beata Tranquillitas* 321-323, Trierer Petermannchen, 1993., 7., 7.-15. Stoll, Richard, Die Minzen der rémischen Kaiser von Trier, Trier, 2000. Allard, Nadége, Sélection de monnaies de I’ Antiquité, iNumis VSO 2 (2006), pg 2, http:// www.inumis.com/infos/public/ventes/C2-article.pdf Brenot, Claude, Le trésor de Bikié Do (environs de Sid, Voivodine), in Sirmium VIII, Ecole frangaise de Rome, 1978. Kandus, Bogdan, Serdica u éasu vlade Marka Avrelija Probusa 276-282, Num. Vestnik, 2010., 36., 437.-458. . Evans, Arthur, On some rare or unpublished roman medallions, Num. Chron. 1891, (3rd series, vol. 11), 152- pl. VI, 6., 157., Evans collection.