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Thirty-Six Unsolved Problems in Number Theory: Abstract
Thirty-Six Unsolved Problems in Number Theory: Abstract
Abstract.
Partially or totally unsolved questions in number
theory and geometry especially, such as coloration
problems, elementary geometric conjectures,
partitions, generalized periods of a number,
length of a generalized period, arithmetic and
geometric progressions are exposed.
Introduction.
Mathematical philosophy?
infinite? That is . . .
up/down (!)
unilaterally).
answer, "it would be too rigid". And you are right because
mathematical-cybernetic system?
t t 4
development).
these results? And how should we call them if these two (or
will invent has not been born yet, but he will be born! A
everybody, but … .
contraries.
References:
[1] R. K. Guy, Unsolved problems in number theory, New
vii.
ai / aj (mod ak).
aj / ak (mod ai).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 2
d?
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 3
(a) Let a1 ..., an be distinct digits of the set {0,
positive integers.
when a 0 N.
Comment
Guy [2]).
References
[1] E. Grosswald, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
-
1 3 ai^(1/ki).
i=1
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 5
Mathematical Logic:
least a question?
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 6
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 8
of n (Gamma 3/1986).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 9
a sphere.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 10
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 11
Conjecture
Let k > 2 a positive integer. The diophantine
equation:
y = 2 x1x2 ... xk + 1
571 = 2 ! 3 ! 5 ! 19 + 1, 691 = 2 ! 3 ! 5 ! 23 + 1, or
(Gamma 2/1986).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 12
1
dn = (p n+1 - pn), n = 1, 2, ... . Does dn contain an
2
infinite number of primes?
form nn ?
(i) 1 (i-1)
Let i 0 N*, and dn = ( pn+i - pn), and dn,i =
2
1
= ( dn+1 - dn) for n = 1, 2, ...
2
(Gamma 2/1986).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 13
Conjecture:
No matter how the points of a plane are colored with n
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 14
(Gamma 2-3/1987).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 15
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 16
1 1
xax + a x
= 2a.
x
(Gamma 2/1986)
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 18
d(d(...d(n)...)) = 2
k times
ó(ó(...ó(2)...))> m.
k times
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 19
Particular Cases:
numbers.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 20
(1976).]
(Gamma 2/1986)
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 21
then
primes?
1 2
Questions:
_
o
n n
(1) Find ng, Rg for pn, n!, n , n.
o
pn, or n!, or nn, or n n which have a generalized period of
equal to k?
o
n n
infinity of primes pn, or n!, or n , or n which have as
Problem.)
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 24
geometrical progression.
Conjecture:
The configuration of ù primes are symmetric of the 2n
regular polygon.
integers.)
Reference:
[1] R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory,
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 26
-12) and (-6, -8, 9). How many other nontrivial integer
References:
[1] V. L. Gardiner, R. B. Lazarus, and P. R. Stein,
84, D5.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 27
m pn+1
Daniel Silverman asked if J , where pn is the n-th
n=1 pn-1
conjecture that
m pn+k
Rm = J , with K 0 N*,
n=1 pn-k
Reference:
[1] R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory,
57, B48.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 28
n>1
< 2? Is the function
S({an}n>1) = Ó 1/an
n>1
bijective?
1
the property of the assumption, and Ó 1/an = 1 + < 2.
n>1 n-1
'
max 1/a .
n
{an}n>1 n>1
Is the function
bijective?
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 29
1.
p(p(...(p(n)-1)...)-1)-1 = 1.
k times
Reference
[1] R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory,
A17, E4; B11, B36, B38, B39, B12, B18, B32, B46.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 30
Conjecture:
Reference
[1] R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory,
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 31
Comment:
(a) No. Let a1, ..., an be respectively the first
an, q1, ..., qn}. Then ñ does not belong to the union of
i
›y0N*, œ(x1, ..., xi)0N* : f(x1, ..., xi)…y,
does it cover all integers?
E23, 126.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 32
_ _ _
o o o
(a - b m
n) x + c m
n ! y + p q ! Z +
o
+ (d + e ! w) r
s = 0,
AAi < d?
AAi < d.
Solution:
(I) We consider an equilateral triangle's network as
than x.
R1, R2, R3, of course, nmax = jR1k ! jR2k ! jR3k [it results from
Reference:
[1] Smarandache, Florentin, Problèmes avec et sans ...
00003).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 34
*Find all real solutions of the equation xy - lxm = y,
(3) If y = 1, ò x 0 R.
y ___
o
(4) If y is an odd integer > 1, then x = y+1
o
(5) If y = 2, then x1 = 3 and x2 = - 1.
y ___ y ___
o o
x1 = y+1, x2 = - y-2.
(It is sufficient to observe
m ___ m ___
o o
an even m, we have x = + 1/k with k> 1, but l+ 1/km 0
o o
have x = 1/k with k 0 Z*; hence k - l 1/km = - m whence
m _______
o
k = - m - 1 < 0 and x = - 1/(m+1) = - (1 - y)1/y.
n-1
__ 1 1
= (1/n)n, x2 = ( n )n. The function f(x) = xn -
n
0 N, n is odd > 3, f: R d R.
1 1
For x > 2, h (x) = xn - x + 1 - - < 0 (because h' (x) <
n
< 0 when x > 2, hence h (x) < h (2) < 0 for x > 2). There
1 1
For x < - 1, k (x) = xn - - - x > 0; there exists an
n
unique negative real solution.
n
0 Z, whence 1/a = k - 1/n, k 0 Z, thus a = or
kn-1
n n
k = l m. Of course k … 0. If k = 1, we have
‰ •
kn-1
1 n n n
1 + > 2. If k > 2, we have < 1.
‰ • ‰ •
n-1 kn-1
n
n
(a) If n is odd then k = - 1, whence x = -
‰ •
n+1
is a solution.
n
n
k < - 2, we have > - 1.
m ‰ •
kn-1
(12) y = 0 Q\Z, m … 1.
n
* The author is not able to solve the equation in this
case.
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 35
— ž
d r
'
n = [ð/arcsin d/(2(r-kd))] if ó N,
k=0 d
or
n
-1
d r
'
n = 1+ [ð/arcsin d/(2(r-kd))] if 0 N.
k=0 d
Proof:
(a) Let æd(r) be the maximum number of points on the
circumference of a circle of radius r such that the distance
which unites two points from these is > d (see the picture
d r x d
= whence sin = hence
sin x ð 2 2r
sin ( -x)
2
d
x = 2 arcsin (in radians). We divide 2 ð to x
2r
d
æd(r) = [ð/arcsin ].
2r
all points.
It remarks that if since start d > 2r the arcsin there
an open question).
r
In our problem, when is very great perhaps the
d
On F0 we find æ0 points.
On F1 we find æ1 points.
Reference:
MR:84K:00003).
UNSOLVED PROBLEM: 36
a) Foreword.
What's new in science (physics)?
According to researchers from the University of Innsbruck in
Austria (December 1997):
- photon is a bit of light, the quantum of electromagnetic
radiation (quantum is the smallest amount of energy that
a system can gain or lose);
- polarization refers to the direction and characteristics
of the light wave vibration;
- if one uses the entanglement phenomenon, in order to
transfer the polarization between two photons, then:
whatever happens to one is the opposite of what happens to
the other; hence, their polarizations are opposite of each
other;
- in quantum mechanics, objects such as subatomic particles
do not have specific, fixed characteristic at any given
instant in time until they are measured;
- suppose a certain physical process produces a pair of
entangled particles A and B (having opposite or
complementary characteristics), which fly off into space
in the opposite direction and, when they are billions of
miles apart, one measures particle A; because B is the
opposite , the act of measuring A instantaneously tells B
what to be; therefore those instructions would somehow
have to travel between A and B faster than the speed of
light; hence, one can extend the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
paradox and Bell's inequality and assert that the light
speed is not a speed barrier in the universe.
b) Scientific Hypothesis:
We even promote the hypothesis that: there is no speed
barrier in the universe, which would theoretically be proved
by increasing, in the previous example, the distance between
particles A and B as much as the universe allows it, and
then measuring particle A.
References: