SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

• The research is to investigate the increase in friction and texture retention capacity of two methods of
solutions suggested to overcome loss of friction in PCC pavements with local carbonate aggregates
- Use of blended coarse aggregates (mix of carbonite based-limestone with siliceous based -
granite)
- Use of optimized diamond grinding and grooving for texture retention rehabilitation techniques

• The PCC specimens (from 9 blends) with the applied texture retention method (5 grinding and
grooving methods) were tested for friction and macrotexture by
- DFT
- CTM
and the physical and mineralogical properties of coarse aggregates were tested for
- LA abrasion test
- Micro-deval test
- Sodium sulfate soundness test
- Acid insolubility test
- X-ray diffraction (XRD)
• Conclusions of the study
- Aggregate durability tests (i.e. acid residue, sulfate soundness, LA abrasion, and Micro-deval)
should not be considered as sole indicators of polishing behavior of PCC pavements as texturing
method plays a major role in friction and texture retention capacity
- To characterize aggregate sources with respect to polishing, accelerated polishing test has to be
performed in conjunction with LA abrasion and Micro-deval tests
- The highest performing texture was that with no grooves and diamond grinding only (52
blades/ft) but suggests that diamond grinding together with grooving improves overall friction of
PCC pavements. They are recommended as suitable surface treatments to improve friction and
texture retention capacity over typical texturing methods such as brooming and wire brushing

• Facts from literature review

- Texture of coarse aggregates, fine aggregate portion and the texture of cement mortar contribute
to the micro-texture while aggregate size, shape, gradation and construction practice influence
macro-texture
- Geological factors that can impact skid resistance of PCC pavements are the presence and
percentage of carbonate minerals in both coarse and fine aggregates as siliceous based – granite
results in increased friction and abrasion resistance due to their higher hardness with respect to
carbonite based-limestone aggregates. Fine aggregate also should be wear and polish resistant
and thus specified as minimum 25% of the fine aggregate for concrete should be siliceous
material
- Non-geological factors that can impact skid resistance of PCC pavements are aggregate gradation
(densely graded provide better friction), cementitious material used in PCC mix (about 30% of
fly ash and slag improve skid resistance) and application of surface treatments (diamond grinding
together with grooving)
- Higher temperature results in reduction of kid resistance
- Deeper texturing methods improve frictional performance by providing more access for water to
escape the roadway instead of pooling up (diamond grinding and grooving are preferred to
conventional methods of texturing)
- Transverse grooving of hardened pavements was found to lead to better performance since water
had a quicker escape route, and longitudinal grooving improves lateral friction