Lear Trash Pha Oug “a Cnside. the — rwtrn equation Dear hase Awe is mx alien x- 9X1 made and bis mx) wat uk - Hr. words x iS a vector in R? ad b is a vectt in RY Solving The equation Ax=b aneusts +0 force al{ vectors xX in QR that ane transfnmed sto Ha vecks. 17 BE" under Thacher $ mmuleplication buy A “The comusendence. fem x to Ax 1s 4 fun cher ene Set 4 vectors to amo thor. tne 4 genoaliges fhe comin notehen h a pen os & slo thet “truansfoseres one. res| number into anther: A franspprunation Con penetien of evaepporg)T fm R +0 Ris a rule that assigns FO each Gacton in Ba vecke TH) in RE. The et @ «called, HE demain dT and BO Us called tz wdeman 4 T, Te notehen TL R" indicates strat the dewain 4, T ig (ad the codemain # Re Fon x in RB, the Vecton Thy) in RM is called The wage Ay. The set 4h all images TOO 1s cabled sic) range 4 T. 7.Matain Thane aes ie each x in TOO is cewputd ag fix, we A is an oo waiie lk is abso lenoted by the waatinw prenedutawach 09 KoA Obserwe that the hewn 4 Tis QR) aten A has on columns codewwin 4 7 Gig 2 ie hon m on bues each column F | A hoz ee ange Ts He at A Combanah o> dp tte columns GA becarsa. each imag TCx) is qe fines J Ax ce 3 3] [ 3| ae Ea, bf % 4), c: [EJ and w la p= eo im by TG)=AR, ne transys He a To: AS I>] ‘Aa: bis | a 7 as ox nd the Trangfomata afind TOO LC qu Tepe SiO! inna bs Find an x in pr whese ¢. Is thre = one thin ene wer x Whase image indir T HS b? A. Determine if cw In The sarge Te transformation T, My os Tuy: fu = [4 [s]- (§] i 7 -4which can be wares jn matrix form es ! ® “9-3: B RB 512 Sa ae Reduci te Reset ay eat 2 3 Py Path, =~] ° ; i wo il to ° : 30 > x, -2%= 3 we ence XF aa R, = alr ce. 1/2, iy ment that, fhe vectom K FS vnige (a= [2 ec a ym a& below: b wel Can Se C Frem 5 a7 i % ce Aree le [a F a 7 ae ee an 3:3) 54:5 ys NHR Pe it 27 ay |: fae 9 OE that 0 = 149 (hich is fined) tha. system ig incensistent. ig net in fre ards 4 fie. transformation ae | pe tet 9 de fwe TR Re Sieen [= uf 3 Jen the trains fofowaction Tix) = Ax, rama foros fre Square usith verbcet ©») , @ 1), @ 9, G2) 1? pata G), &3l-! (9G AT) EAB: gketc! ing te. above franayp pornacchor, woe See _— — 5 ae 5 re to & able eT a a (Fv 3) no fa wl (3) hus en +G,» Mecled beat ON” froflects abet y= rahe wah nef JA auc(Divels) — wits a= (8 J pueLé) ae[8] eb? 60 ginettlus TR vectintf A ig an men matin, then the trenshrmaben xox has The peupertics Altutv) = AutAv and ACcu)= cAu for alf Us in 1 and all gcalans C. Thase properties, written in fonction ident My fe ys een class 4 tama forumahers in Linea Allg bra. The. transformahen Co% wappurd Tis linear. if (Ture )= Tu) + TO) for aff uvin tha leer %) Tc) = TCH) pr all u and al cealencte. ° cau, made transprmation is a Linen noah en ; Note + Ev eae Popa Gn + ¢ aca bnansfarwratons eh The operations $ vechin addition and salar multiplication wa if T is a ina png fram Vs) into vs) dofned by Te, %, 15) = C,%,%) | ghine thar T'S @ Uneae transforwmaton - My v2 % Ro, %) , pe both, be), Fay ther TH) =O, 2D, TPO te Ys), Consider EF CF 2) =T(%tY, %2T4s» 134 4s) = Co, mtYs,7t4,) 26%, et @ YoY) = T)F Tp) (iT Cex) = TCC%, CH, C%,) = (0, c%,¢%) =00, %, 43) 2 eT) Fewm = ; vem (0) 80) | 1s a Unear Transbrnahenww if Tis a repping frm vs 0 at? vyie) defined b Tle y= (xlesd- ys ind, Sine + q a0), gew thar T 1s @ linear Tans fives ot x @.fp, Pe Be © vP), such thea T(t) <(2, Ges O- YSir®, %, Sin® +y, Cao) Tlp) = -(nlse -4 Si, 2,5 Sind + 4,6) oa cat p> =T (atx, 4 4,+4,) We ee u 24,88, (@,4%,)Sn0 +-G.ry, hee °) =(B Cos8 4 Sn, psino +4, @e) + @,(es0 -Y,Sin®, 2 Sino yO) = TH Tlp) : (©) acco) dacce. = cy) Sten ples -— C4, Sin, €% Sin +°Y:) (eb) = cl else -Y4, Sind, Sind + y, SO) = cre) om) (1 © a Uncar transformation aT RR is a bnear trans formation oe Shag TU = GR 7 Tlo,!) = €1,2), shoo ote We wns the Square with vertices ©), Go), G, NEG! im a parallelegnam . + fot MOD be Te vectn spe 4 all al 2x2 matrices fuer Rand B be nee nen -gere Cement 4 ¢ MOD. Slow Hur The mapping T: MAR) "MUR , defined by TlaysAB-BA ¥ AES wage is a. linearmap-tH Ty @> V5 (IR) is defined be I TR=@, a, #), vemby whether T is linear onnet, BS le GR YS v,C@) : Then Tle) = &, x, ®), rly) : (yyy yd Cons da Tlary) : Cay, ery)’ ip? = Gap ee yt any, by” FaKY ta) be tay p ti - Tat rey) Unewe trans pprumahen 2. TOS wh a x find a linear bransprnation pene, uth thag. LO d= GD ard fo,d= 61,2). ot by Gey) eR Tt : alto ty 0) Then (4) = , and Thyy)= 2 Teo) ty TOW =e cnt yO) Thy) = @-y ety bacrspronaation TR RP? sucty Tar + Find te Linear ) =(o,1,2 and 7G) = @,1,0) yh ot le @yeR™ Then Gay) 26¢,Cin)t oC 2 @ y= GS, O76) 3 4-45, tory F c= ety 8 Ga BE lene @sy)= GEG) +t CHECH) Then T(x, 4) = Gera, +GDrO) > EH) G,10) + (HBG) Thyy= Cy-%, Y, ary)ler vi be a vector a{v)= n>0 Cheese a basis %, %, writ in tas onde. Tus basis Bela, %, ny nj is cabled an arbord besisg Coondingde vector for Be Foley, oA} be an orokered basis 4 The vecha. spac Thon KEV can be wenaguely veultin ag = Gh totate FmHS ET Go ae abled He coordnaly The scalars CG, 77" | 4 fre vector wat the gndorned. basis B. se called the coolly Cy - The mtepple Cr vectun a voonelatioe to tie. besic B- 4 Fmd te coordi vector of 3,-2,)) relative. to (© ondired clandand basis - Ot ended basis G9, (0,0), Gio 4 mn 2 sl ly (3,-2,0 =¢ 1,00) £7 @,0 FG 000,") — 7 r 1 = Civ) ee coe! 3 G23, © ‘ (5, -2,1) teletve to tlardad basis is(3 2,1) w wer & feld F and ty GV 3 =. co-ordinalis lt @,-2.) = oe, C0 £0, 64 0) FExl10) - © GtGHG, ATG, ¢ 3 444453 5455-2 SGQSI ae 43 : 2 cowdinatis C,-2,1) relate. tote basis fend, C009, G09 ig C153)Moke Linear Transformation pe + Vand W be. vectra spxes db i m and vn rashactvely, ove a: Sel flr Ler Bah Lt, %, 1. tn and B,=fPo Po Prt) be ondered bases 4 Vand W Has paced Loe Ti VW be a Lnear tranzformaation T can be complet ditornvined by THD Tule) Thm). ( ta TOa) = On Pit A, Bot--° T ms, Pr ot Ano Pr T (ts) = AB ii AooP2t . oy < bit Sato 4 Bon The | thang pese t the coef pcient reocix, is Pig the | mate gp tHe ee eae Onto deen selghue te basiS The matet ig dumated by Ay. ve, ay Ae aac m Aue Or eeeaa ee ; a Te Oy, One -* * Barby og ig te wolrie 4 He linear ormahen T golahve +0 bases B, and rend ohn SEFind The, mat : a # Ole > v a t the Cnoan transformretion, 2 \3 defined Tay) = ti . a} Y, waxy) oat TF the standard bases . $l Le fu, ed ond eaten ea bea ordered gturdand basis db WIR) and v, Ce) respectively . Gnsider, app) = 708) =O HD=AL) 400) = 9&2, Cs) = Cal, Cpe'r o=3, Tty)= TCo,) = Go -d= 4 Cunt gent 0) = G,%)°3) > ests cy 20,377! . oA - Ay * : 1 # Find fhe madnix ty Thaap = Gry % ORE Beh Gn) GY and Beth linear transformation defined ) relative te 49, 41,9), (0,05 4 ¥e and Vet@ respectively oft) t oG,23) ¢ 6Ci,0,0) Grote, ot 2G, 4 t3%) > tatG=® 9 at2a=F 74 t2=% , = By, Cy = R24 F 3 2 oO = By-24 2b t 244 N40, °) 2 &4,2 = Cy ap Gud + pa DAG PTO at G-2y 43 T99) -2)¢ (x-2yt 3) (2) ig te erty 4) = By-apyith : 64-23 0,2) i gape ) Tyg) = Ortsy 63, SYMP nequined pransfrmuapen, ® ro0pl= 10,0) + (0,0 A.) To,10) =-1010) + Co) = Eu) 7lo,0,)= 2040) + of2,") -G,0) Gaya) e029) + nyCo,'30) t (62 ) Tx, Yy3) = TCP) tyro) +4, 7(2,0,) = (1,3) FyCo) +3 (2,0) Feuyg) —RYtAR saty) is Te required ans frnahion# Givin the matrix 9.15 T Ta nna Given w Vv a=[e ia the Incas anspor ) Te VAD Vy P) relative to He afi ey ond Be fan, OF roads Conde ot) =! (een) =G,1 00) “ r= aC t G4” ¢3(0,0,1) =(3, io) es »,& 0,05 (ep = 6G OP = (e,-&, Cte) 5 C-G=2, Ctr? s ay es > oa, or S (x.y) > (2909 +(9O9 qte.y) = GTO + gr) = @e\Os19) +20 Thy) = (-2424 > ay-3%) is te seppined transformation Find He matrix GOT TV, @> 2 defined by Tlem,4) = (ery, yts) relative 0 — B= an > aa 6183 amd Be fee Pueny # Foo The watrix (3 a), bind te i = linear transfrnmaahen Tipe wat We basi® S60, Gop. p let Pf a) eval the vecdon space 4 all neal polyromils Define T? RGD > Ri by Thphp sre yf denctin HE dfforanhal couffeant p.Find “te Mr ye lun. banspemation 7. melabee +0 ake ets «8 1, &, 2, xPb 5; ~ 8 re " an n-dimensional vector. when A 8 ule i eee vecha imp a new) happens ev fae x the RQ). The ih be Space is é ansfrmed ft" by the matex A. vector fix. Tm n damensi or ope Cte - ib itsel Strate A Spl d, tee identity modnix, A= er = (§ 3] Stnotcles CvYy one VEC. tig. same facta c. The expands Or hah coece) fe es U Cocco). whale va thom he the onigin and out the oppesite gide ae Aa ley rip Potahon: A reer wactbuin horns the whole space around hae Oh (ee -{ 7 |ene ase] 1S © . ey 6:96 = [’ 4 > Rolahon about 90 \L 8 Gse Sin®\_, Rotaten in backwards The h 6 B= lien ol ae) gag [Ss a [. ‘)-7 aoa: AE a fee “cere Me Be by= Bag 3 - =f 3) -@)Pou jechon + A “praection mabe lerser-dimensional subspace Cnet invertible). _ [ao Broce) [S 3 notes = Sit & je: 0 S Ss tp] = oD inverse deesnot euSt- taleg The whole. spae ont a P a fer es}(c cs)_( oS| =P eles S| fie 3 : [s | 2 cpresjectien tice 6 the E-lne is the Sameo8 prujecting tne en g-Une. poinks & He Yaris is prsjected 40 (0,0) powts ey O-line pajected onto itself. tel Al pransfprms éach vectit f a) te Plane +0 nearest part (3) om the honigerdtal avis. [i $/*]- fe) ey Reflection: Pe iTeeanfonns + [9] eahfaep . A reflection matur transfornas every vecba. into its inet en te oppesit. Side 4 a mira. _ [es 28 8in9e') Binge ~ &S228. 2 78 Sinre\ [ese Boe). ff Of. yer H= [ging tos 2®. bee ao 6 é]-1 o) > Two reflections bring back the oniginal. a Wen = self inven a) fi wt we [% ile fete Home fo (4) wey Mgnt afl Hing tons [ER] [al i > G-)Eigen values and Eigen Jolues and Ei Ae: IP Riso an nxn mato eat ay Ane? An fre | 42 Gy" " an Ap, Am Boy tn [a-rtl=0 a> Se 7 Ain ty Ogh 707) =0 yy Om ag a 2 > esht ad tay ae ee which is knew 08 the chanactaishe pe [ee ene digenvolnes For. each eigenvalne A, solving (g-AT YR =O, ges the connespamdird cigenvecon geteula Note r Ol we know the ggn vale _. eigen vector K Can be fourd by going The equator (A-AD)x=0 OU oe know He eigen vector %, “the eigen value 3 Cay be fund by finding Ax and then reducing we Ax t0 Ax,¥¢ Find He eigenvalues eal digen vethns Bef 4 |a-atl-0 + lene © |~o ee) eee For A=3 (eC) aD) ED) (A-dD) R= =029 r= (| on [') is He eigen vector comespendirg to =3, on hod rae 7 [} \(*)-[ [> i) = @) c x-[o} on‘) ig TE eigrrvect. conresnending 1 A-2. # Find the cere ard cigtovectons 4 p= [ M2) o 9 G- -r~ 4-05 N-A=0 $-) [A- -Atl=0 7 ie iE = paiyeo D RAO MD phun eo (AAR = =0% [t Sil Ie cea DP B=-B ton xe [7] i 45% when Me fa-a)x=° 7 ie Sz 1? a 2 i Then we {| ¢ Find fe che § ey echo fp B= ie a]. > ale 0 2 G- N(a-Ae0> A= 1 d=3 [6 No yi0t, 2 DGD xe[2) 0D Razr They x [7] 3 => pate]? ‘je 2H, FY ADE Sum ergpnvaluss = LeB24 j Tracelade 143 =4. Girluck Helge values = 63-35 AelA)= 3 .# rn m& fia) insio > [Pal 2 GG) t220D NSA TE =0 & (0-290-3)20 2 N22, =3 i Sef a? anee net see fi tr eee “[,] Sum sigac fas 7 tneceCA) poet ex genvaas = 6 =det(m, 4 Suppese B= ATE [xal- Ped fs 4 2 -0 2 Grarets)=0 \p-Ar|=0 7 Comerit- The eigen volts 4, Bae 1 oy 8 > - y For rele 4 ( 00 e In-l=0 & nl eDED 2 770F i re uo 7 - eat eh pots fe a gee” a eed 0 ee 5 FL ® Be BaF ie = BF r pmaon 7 aig [3] ak Sh fe TF cs dee} wet i] ee [t t j co 4 OGY ® 9, 2 ee = pw 2 cts fuer ae = ~ Or fads “Hs be ee > tL ee 7 TO 1. ae a 1. ee B 34 > ne ten 82 aE [| 762 1 ag? |-24Albraic and Germbiion Madeiplicty 4 &y values. For an cigunvalwe A, tks algebraic raucliplicing ts the enelapty 4 r in a reel Ce chanackvisthe- dpe, Ie inal np or cbt y w& te wad Ligenvectons convaspomding 4 ih. Consider, =] | i A ihe \ ne 5 deb! je Oo" Eigen vedo br > vel, tS (A-AT)E=O 7 mie POleF aa ( > GD ot RED x= [o) : lt has erly me Uincorly aa eigen vect : oie. wale hcl is two = pigimie eT go. s Comsidex, f= [' } deryso @ ASD [g-atl-0 Phat “(0 3 0\ sy oe > [3 a[z)- (Je °°? as free voovcbles. Wwe Can choose 2% Hence (fo) x['¢) = aoghe a (31, {) Onl linearly inde pendint eyqunvechis Farge1 f=|o 0} o ON | a-azl=0 3 (DED =0 > Avo UI with dee nee sia ee ts 5 ¢[-] 2 x, prec verialte Ec ~[e] je tte erly © newly rape oth del e = pry he Ret? fo i! Roth ae : ' ~[e 32)? DLP 0 ji o 0 O. ° 2) a ks am GT yee hes ame fh gr an 2 3 Since R, and Bz one dependint on ey Ac ‘ aaa jal=0 and AF oO is an eigen value with, ooh ae je, MEP 7 we. bee sum Oh eigen Veluss = trace & A BO Adaat ag = (Itets) OO dnc o Agee roi ¢ al 1 ee! 1 ot \ ! Stop | anne oe : dps {"s Hee ss ig the “at van es Ce oe 4Diagoraligahen de a Matrix Sup pase te nby n matnix A hag n linaartag ndepe wt eagenvectors If rege. ugen vectons ae the columns 4 a. malin PCS), thin PoP P'arls‘as) ig a diaannall mains. PCA), The cigpverbnss a A one & the. dragenal Gane » PAP = >-| — | ny Noter L k i The eige valane 4 rb aw Ay, An and. each Ligunvechin dr A is shll an ui gervector cn ak [ HeP'aPreAD.--- crap) = Pat] zi ? diagonaliys A, it abe duagenal ines Ak 3 IE A is inven dao P also diagonals aps al 2 - _ =0, del. - 2 fil > y=© e[ G)f set jp ask ] fo pear =(-e -{}} ke AT=[ 4 7! 1b roe |E-at| = 0 . an 2 nin -%20 |S in, -%270 o | i “\|-0 3 aye 3 R=LR > M120 DK [3] 3 al i| Sy | eh ok al lk et IIE € Diagoralige B ard compe eae! 0 ew ate pote! with [3 |) and a-[2 al [p-arl =o Nek aE + Bee ste] eee | 9 fe I FI ety |= R70 > aoe |» eel apf) of el — t. rte [i De ale )-[F ol: I-(6 2] > (g-ay(2-a) =o0 matiu% fe (3 hb 2 i “fs 7 yin te fren PDP of PX frrace fr” ae -{trace fl)A + agony Hagen =0 a P-Ca15 tan (6 +6 ¢3)A —Ls -2 té) =O 2 p-iwX+pisd =O 2 xX 2 odtis) <2 a2 WalEO™ = 5 ite => A=o, wth y20 Ae hen ope? RG) Se Ee mtn. % (A Sy o-hO toe 7 2 2 7 ol 4, e a - FA with 5 onSh - ayo R ee Rs - “an 2 i = = (AXD = “re a n° aio ney ~2-3% 3 0 ! =3-Si0, 3 Xp % Xe. Xs ee ee = a - pe \ with y= 5-00 . atvi0 2 UL te (A-AT)= [ 3 PA “P ag liotb —g ¢ BVO 2 = 2-10 ote a. [3 8] 1 wen - A wr ZL 2tvio avid {0 0 o\fe rio 20 Vv = 5 : -2 30 avallo ent 0 |p asin Sv | 1 , {fp 0 Sinf| t l 1 . 2 2ein — 2NT0 0 0 ale cts Us 34M9 3-Mo}} 0 siiio 0 iets lo et E i} aka ho wet a - 2h Pees ae+ : xpress ' a p, fe P= |, -5 ~3 Ty The > te Pun DP gv : Bip ee > P-COPEG-BtMA — GBH =O > i i: ce rah mH Lad . . . o_| (a AEG ATS r4 4e © (ocr 2 dal, NER, OEE with Ae Bis So. % (AAT) = D=[? y 3 4 a a «f] ' ir m+ Ret B37 th) Ap jhe Ne ‘CA-MD Ae ee a “ae 3 3 32 "3 P “a i 2 3 t, ° a [zSH aan: 0? V-CDA vospueond eae =0 2 Xzak-4=0 12 oF SOT ry 4 n-DOrearty) =? 5 O- 5-5 OnedOors) 0 3 deh Aen BAe" eee x te 2, ! ae A i. i of “4 a 3 @ vith yoda PI Pale 3 $4G 130 pos fk 4 Spas a q- aM Ne, aca » 03) 2e > 3 2 ao) am yeas indeed * a i, is the onde ugen vector we can obtain. Hence fF cannot be duageralag hte ¥ Diagenalige “the matrix : 7 i A 4 Diegenalige fig mato [: : f 3 1 3€ Mingle a Deconcpesitie Value Teconepasition mbyn matia A can be fachrud into A= UEV= (atl ) (di (onthe nel ). The Columns oh OCaby m) “ane cigenvec hires 4 Am, the columns o} v Cn bya) ane ergenvectons % ATA. he single. values en te dh J 2 Con byn) are Tid square roo F re mimgero epppovelna 4, beth Af and AA. Bernanke - re doa ne fran) mothe = hes fie but nee = igen Vales from bath AA and ATA . These positive entries (also calbed Si Swill be, 2-H They one He Singlon values 4. A. t when ft routs a colunen & yj dv, it preduces c. tine a colunen of (OE 4 when a roultples a colwun u; t U, colunn of Vv. it produces o;, tHmes a¥ Obtain th svd d a= ” 0] , ‘24%>d SB one [+ p 1 o-1 0 fl yesh ty 01 o -! uy Inva-azl=0 => X-4ht (ie) gA-CI-) = = 443450 > Ub) 3)50 3 ala-d0a~3) 20 - ee wth noe sith Me with y= i Fa at (aa AD afr -! 0 Er 7 al eee Nas o -i 2 on Ue Pye [4 = ' te anal, [16 a y - ala “inf Ble fe) [od Ds hig, the ‘NS oi, Get! ‘7 8 one) 24 - fe] ue A= {el o-1 | fi = Bl ana We voy eafts OS: G3 we GAM = ylo-1 tly [2 10 ah i a - 0 2 uf ia ze ‘ é] ve pe 0 the ne ke v5 th [@ wie Vix, 2X Ane converted 40 ont#Decompase r=[z| as VEN" lune U ad V ae” onthe al matrices, ry r 2) “ y -2 0 72 ob nits Pe]b ere 8D 4 tax a al ragj-0 > R-(144 tO Nt @rotoA —(0 t +0 +0) =0 fag az earn e xr(r-a)=0 2 \=0,0,9 with h=4 wih AED 1 TAT peter, _ Thor an-A _Z an-AL , “2 pytoPi|! 2 é Pic. ee. | “lo 4 4 ~ [eo 0 \-2 9 Ee -2 4 4 ah ls ay 2h BIT? 2 te, ee ee ge TS alee bt ape ap ye h 2™ a sf fie megs BAIN < 2 mae 3 42 (3) ” "| 2 be chesen in such a weet el pith vector X° 43 “yg 2[d 22 = 2 Us a “if i 3s uu fe] ep 2b “2 6 i=3 Then y fy = SL: 24) [> oi 1 2 2 ve fi)+ Decmpss : anes a-[Lé Z) as vzv", st em LAL - [sy lqf-atleo > y A Bhp — Grater) 2484-0 3h 6a-A "oe - gshz0 aw eke =D p20, A=8H with peo. th Asse (ast at) = ul 34 “tean)= [et 2 Cpn-at) = f 34 “H = 11% ee a aia 2 ; =-2% 2 Ka « [3 : ee rt > LES [i he) mi KK We NS ie ae a ue él, ate ° fe ; ie Aas i, ae 2 aj 1stp-aalce > [A 32, )°> & fee.) B89 ee etn dee (etn-ot]= [en a” or a ffs fie) ; yar al - Vt i ier) Kenee P2UEV"= [a i We (* 3] ; Ce un ohare aia Wha