Gauss! Law Begin with Gauss’ law in integral form. f nag Rewrite the right side in terms of a volume integral. f g.as= f Pav Ss lv €0 Recall the divergence theorem. The divergence theorem says that the flux penetrating a closed surface § that bounds ‘a volume V is equal to the divergence of the field F inside the volume, f Fas= [v-mav Use the divergence theorem to rewrite the left side as a volume integral. [ov-pav = [ Pav Set the equation to 0. [o-wav- Pav=o Vv 'v €0 [(v-2-Z)av=o The above equation says that the integral of a quantity is 0. Because the only quantity for which the integral is 0, is 0 itself, the expression in the integrand can be set to 0. p v-E-£-0 € This leads to Gauss' law in differential form. v-E=j2 €0©) Gauss’ Law for Magnetism Begin with Gauss’ law for magnetism in integral form. f B-dS=0 8 Invoke the divergence theorem. [Bay =o As with Gauss’ Law, the same argument used above yields our answer. vV-B=0 pusryive Begin with Faraday’s law in integral form. ‘ f want fas Recall Stokes’ theorem. Stokos' thoorom says that the circulation of a flald FF around the loop C that bounds a surface $ is equal to the flux of curl F over S. f Fea [ov x)-as Use Stokes' theorem to rewrite the left side as a surface integral. fov«-as- 2 [nas sete eqton 0. ‘ [ov-n ass 4 faces [(ex2+ 2) Convert the equation to differential form. 0B VxB+S=0 0B vxE= 2 ot 0 as=0‘The Ampere-Maxwell Law Begin with the Ampere-Maxwell law in integral form. f Beal yo [3-08 soe0s [Beas © Is a Invoke Stokes" theorem. [919.089 [1-08 rod 08 , Set the equation to 0. [os as im [-3-as tacos, [B-a8=0 s s a ds OE J (98d soeo az) as=0 Convert the equation to differential form. Vx B~ pod ~ poco 5 aE Vx B= pod +00 >>