PLIS Mott [49] recommends the following formula for the friction head loss Hy, in ft, for flow through a pipe of length Z. and diameter D (both in ft): Q 1.852 hy = L,(——~— y oCssiac,p™™ where Q is the volume flow rate in ft'/s, 4 is the pipe cross-section area in ft’. and Cy isa dimensionless coefficient whose value is approximately 100. Determine the dimensions of the constant 0.551. Solution: Write out the dimensions of each of the terms in the formula: Uhpl=HE) sy} ME) MOP= AP ITY s Cay Ps AG = Os Wh = Use these dimensions in the equation to determine {0.551}. Since Hy and Z, have the same dimensions {Z}. it follows that the quantity in parentheses must be dimensionless 3) 037 Jeg ef 27 91,4" ly 05514C,D° Ibs @ Ome ya zy 3 OssDT It follows that {0.551} = {L"7/Ty Ans. ‘The constant has dimensions: therefore beware, ‘The formula is valid only for water flow at high (narbuient) velocities. The density and viscosity of water are hidden in the coustant 0.551, and the wall roughness is hidden (approximately) in the numerical value of Cy,P19 In his study of the circular hydraulic jump formed by a faucet flowing into a sink, Watson [53] proposes a parameter combining volume flow rate Q, density and ‘viscosity (rof the fluid, and depth fof the water in the sink, He claims that the grouping is dimensionless, with Q in the numerator. Can you verify this? Solution: Check the dimensions of these four variables, from Table 1.2 3 (Ph = MIL} s {uh =4MILT} ; fh} = 2} Can we make this dimensionless? First eliminate mass {1M} by dividing density by viscosity, that is, o/yhas units {T/L"}, (1am pretending that kinematic viscosity is unfamiliar to the students in this introductory chapter.) Then combine p/i and Q to eliminate time: (9/Q has units {L}. Finally, divide that by a single depth h to form a dimensionless group: PME IT) {MILT}{L} = () =dimensionless Ans. Watson is comect.P1.21 In 1908, Prandi!’s student Heinrich Blasius proposed the following formula for the wall shear stress Zy at a position x in viscous flow at velocity V past a flat surface: ry = 0.3321? gl? p38? Determine the dimensions of the constant 0.332. Solution: From Table 1.2 we find the dimensions of each term in the equation: (oltre): Ggsaatr ys wy): @) =) Mata pM v2 pLy3/2 y412 oP ra Ly 40.332) (4) © or. (0.832) = (1) Ans ir? The constant 0.332 is dintenstonless. Blasius was one of the first workers to deduce dimensionally consistent viscous-flow formulas without empirical constantsSAE 50 oil at 20°C fills the concentric annular space between an inner cylinder, em, and an outer cylinder, 7, =6 em, The length of the eylinders is 120 em. If the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder rotates at 900 rev/min, use the linear profile approximation to estimate the power, in watts, required to maintain the rotation, Neglect any temperature change of the oil. Solution: Convert © = 900 rpm x (27/60) = 94.25 rad/s. For SAE 50 oil, from Table 0.86 ke/ni-s, Then the rotational velocity of the inner cylinder, and its related V, = QF, = O4.2Srad /s\(0.05m) = 4.71 mis ay kg 4.71-0mis wT = (0.86 ——) Wap = OSG 06=0.05 The total moment of this stress abont the centerline is a M = [raF = | 4 (nd0L)= ° ‘Then the power required is P =; M = (94.25 rad/s)(7.64.N-am) = 720 watts Ans + Dat L = (405)(27(0.08)" (1.2) = 7.64 N-m1.48 A thin moving plate is separated from two fixed plates by two fluids of unequal viscosity and unequal spacing, as shown below, The contact area is A. Determine (a) the force required, and (b) is there a necessary relation between the two viscosity values? a hl ut 1 — by, , Fixed Solution: (a) Assuming a linear velocity distribution on each side of the plate, we obtain (mY, we Cay ny nAt ty, A Ans. (a) The formula is of course valid only for laminar (nonturbulent) steady viscous flow (b) Since the center plate separates the two fluids, they may have separate, unrelated shear stresses, and there is no necessary relation between the two viscosities,1.61 An air-hockey puck has m = 50 g and D = 9 em. When placed on a 20°C air table, the blower forms a 0.12-mm-thick air film under the puck, The puck is struck with an initial velocity of 10 ms, How long will it take the puck to (a) slow down to I m/s; (b) stop completely? Also (c) how far will the puck have travelled for ease (a)? Solution: For air at 20°C take 4c~ 1.8E-S ka/ms. Let 4 be the bottom area of the puck, A= 2D7/4, Let x be in the direction of travel. Then the only force acting in the x direction is the air drag resisting the motion, assuming a linear velocity distribution in the air where hi= air film thickness Separate the variables and integrate to find the velocity of the decelerating puck Yay av ke un x where K =“ =-Kf a oe v= mh vo Integrate again to find the displacement of the puck:Apply to the particular case given: air, ~ 1.8E-5 kg/ms, m= $0 g,D=9em, h= 0.12 mm, ‘Vo = 10.mvs. First evaluate the time-constant K: = HA _ (LSE-S ke/m:s){(7/4)(0.09 my mh (0.050 kg)(0.00012 m) 0.0191 4 (a) When the puck slows down to 1 nvs, we obtain the time: yee = (0 mse" or 1212s Ans. (a) (b) The puck will stop completely only when e“®*= 0, or: (c) For part (a), the puck will have travelled, in 121 seconds, = Ans. (b) <1) 10.mvs S(-e™)= x‘ ool st [te "0)0472 mans. (@) This may pethaps be a little unrealistic, But the air-hockey puck does decelerate slowly!1.65 The system in Fig. PL6S is used to estimate the pressure p; in the tank by a pl measuring the 1S-cm height of liquid in the 1-mm-diameter tube. The fluid is at 4 ; 60°C, Calculate the true fluid height in sore the tube and the percent error due to capillavity if the fluid is (a) water; and Fig. P1.65 (b) mercury, Solution: This is a somewhat more realistic variation of Ex. 1.9. Use values from that example for contact angle 6: (a) Water at 60°C: 7-= 9640 Nim?, = 0° 4Y cos _ 4(0.0662 Nim)eos(0”) m, YD (9640 Nan*\(0.001 m) for: Abiirue = 15.0 ~ 2.75 cm = 12.25 em (+22% error) dns. (a) (b) Mereury at 60°C: y= 132200 Nim}, @= 130° yp AM E088 __ MOAT Nime05 130 5695 a, yD (132200 Nim*)(0.001 m) Of Aljge = 15,040.91 =15.91¢m(—6%ervor) Ans. (b)1.66 A thin wire ring, 3 cm in diameter. is lifted from a water surface at 20°C. What is the lift force required? Is this a good method? Suggest a ring material. Solution: In the literature this ring-pull device is called a DuNouy Tensiometer. The forces are very small and may be measured by a calibrated soft-spring balance Platinum-iridium is recommended for the ring, being noncosrosive and highly wetting to most liquids. There are two surfaces, inside and outside the ring, so the total force measured is This is crude—commercial devices recommend multiplying this relation by a conection. factor f= O(1) which accounts for wire diameter and the distorted surface shape, For the given data, Y ¥ 0.0728 Nim (20°C water/air) and the estimated pull force is, PF =277(0.0728 Nimn)(0.03 m) ~ 0.0137 N_ Ans For further details, see, e.g., F. Daniels et al., Experimental Physical Chemistry, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1970.