,

To know more about motion or rest we should first get familiar with the term reference
point or stationary object.
 A Reference Point is used to describe the location of an object. An object can be referred
through many reference points.
 Origin – The reference point that is used to describe the location of an object is called
Origin.

For Example: If we consider a pole and a car, then a pole will be stationary as it can’t change its
position but the car can change. So, in order to say that car is at rest or motion we need to
consider its motion with respect to that of pole or any other stationary object. This stationary
object can also be called as reference point.

Rest and motion

Rest
When a body doesn’t change its position with respect to its surroundings or reference point
Motion
When the body changes its position with respect to its surroundings or reference point.
So, we can say that when any object is moving or in motion it possess following characteristics
as given below.
Scalar and vector physical quantities:
Quantities

The quantities that depend upon magnitude and not the direction is called scalar quantities. They
are represented as their own symbol.
For Example: If you travel to Delhi to your relative’s place and if someone asks you about the
distance what do you reply. We say it was like 250km run from Chandigarh. You don’t tell him
that 25km towards east, then west. We just say 250km that means we describe it only in
magnitude and we don’t specify directions. So, it is a scalar quantity.
 
Vector Quantities
The physical quantities that depends upon magnitude as well as direction. They are represented
by putting arrow on their symbol.
For Example: Now if you travel a straight short path in a specific direction then we can say that I
travelled 25km towards east. So, in this case direction is specified so it falls in the category of
vector quantity.

Distance – Distance
 It can be defined as total path covered by body in any direction. It is a scalar quantity.

 Formula: distance = total path travelled

 Unit - meter/second

 Bigger unit: Km/hour

 1 km = 1000m

Characteristics of distance

 It can never be zero: it is not possible that body moves but the distance is zero

 If a body travels different paths then total distance is calculated by simply adding the
magnitude of all the paths

 It is a scalar quantity

Displacement

 It is the shortest route travelled by body in given direction

 It is represented as S

 It is a vector quantity

 It can be zero: whenever a body starts from one point and returns to the same point
the displacement is zero.

 If body travels different paths then total displacement is calculated by adding

different vectors

 Zero Displacement – When the first and last positions of an object are same, the
displacement is zero.
 For Example, consider the diagrams given below.


 Figure 2 – Example for zero displacement
 Displacement at point A = 0 because the shortest distance from A to A is zero.
Difference between Distance and displacement :

Distance Displacement 

Distance provides the complete details of Displacement does not  provide the complete
the path taken by the object  details of the path taken by the object

Distance is always positive  Displacement can be positive, negative or zero 

It is a scalar quantity  It is a vector quantity

The distance between two points may not Displacement between two points is always
be unique  unique 

First Equation of Motion

Consider a particle moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration 'a'. At t = 0, let the particle be at A and u be its initial
velocity and when t = t, v be its final velocity.

v = u + at  I equation of motion

v = u + at  I equation of motion

Graphical Derivation of First Equation of Motion

Consider an object moving with a uniform velocity u in a straight line. Let it be given a uniform acceleration a at time t = 0 when
its initial velocity is u. As a result of the acceleration, its velocity increases to v (final velocity) in time t and S is the distance
covered by the object in time t.

The figure shows the velocity-time graph of the motion of the object.

Slope of the v - t graph gives the acceleration of the moving object.

Thus, acceleration = slope = AB = 

v - u = at

v = u + at  I equation of motion

Second Equation of Motion

From equations (1) and (2)

 The first equation of motion is v = u + at.

Substituting the value of v in equation (3), we get

Graphical Derivation of Second Equation of Motion

Let u be the initial velocity of an object and 'a' the acceleration produced in the body. The distance travelled S in time t is given
by the area enclosed by the velocity-time graph for the time interval 0 to t.

Graphical Derivation of Second Equation

Distance travelled S = area of the trapezium ABDO

= area of rectangle ACDO + area of DABC

 (v = u + at I eqn of motion; v - u = at)

Third Equation of Motion

The first equation of motion is v = u + at.

v - u = at ... (1)

From equation (2) and equation (3) we get,

Multiplying equation (1) and equation (4) we get,

(v - u) (v + u) = 2aS

[We make use of the identity a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)]

v2 - u2 = 2aS  III equation of motion

Graphical Derivation of Third Equation of Motion

Let 'u' be the initial velocity of an object and a be the acceleration produced in the body. The distance travelled 'S' in time 't' is
given by the area enclosed by the v - t graph.
Graphical Derivation of Third Equation

S = area of the trapezium OABD.

Substituting the value of t in equation (1) we get,

2aS = (v + u) (v - u)

(v + u)(v - u) = 2aS [using the identity a2 - b2 = (a+b) (a-b)]

v2 - u2 = 2aS  III Equation of Motion