42 = Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles the to = Infinitive e.g. | hope to see you soon. the bare infinitive (Infinitive without to) 9. He can't help me, fis Gee to express purpose. €.9. She went to the bank to get some money. after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, afford, pretend, etc.). e.g. He advised me to apply for the job. © after verbs such as know, decide, ask, learn, remember, want to know, etc., when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, etc.). ‘Why’ Is followed by a subject + verb, net by an infinitive. 9. I can't decide where to go. ‘want to know why you've decided to leave. © after adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, willing, afraid, ashamed, otc. e.g. He is glad to be back © atter too and enough. 2.9. She's too shy to talk to the manager. We've got enough money to buy a new car © after it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun). 2.9, It was nice of him to help. after would like/would lovelwould prefer (Jo express specific preference). 2.9. | would like to learn a foreign language. ‘© after only to express an unsatistactory result. ‘2.9. He rushed to the back door only to discover that it was locked. ithe bare ini eis uset © after modal verbs (may, should, can, etc.). e.g. You must study hard. © after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel. ‘2.9. They made him pay for te damage. but: be made/be heard/be seen + to - infinitive (passive) e.g, He was made to pay for the damage. after had better and would rather. e.g. You had better sign the contract. I would rather go home now. Note: 1 Help is followed by either the to - Infinitive or the bare infinitive. 2g. Sle Inelped ie (lu) hx te ap. 2 If two infinitives are joined by and, the to of the second Infinitive can be omitted. e.g. He decided to go to university and study biology. 3. We form the negative infinitive with not. e.g. He decided not to accept the job. ‘She may not come. Complete B's answers using a question word + to - infinitive. @ A Which vatering company are) you going to hire? Gre B: I'mnot sure 1) ..which catering “—S"erer company to hire. & Where are you going to have your reception? I don't know 2) Be ‘A: How many people are you going to invite?“ B: I can't decide 3) ‘A; How are you going to do your hair? B: I'm wondering 4) A: What kind of flowers are you going to order? B: Ihave no idea 5) A: Don't you think i's time you made a decision? aeInfinitive - Too/Enough - The -ing form « Tenses of the Infinitive ‘The infinitive has four tenses in the active and two In the passive. Tenses of the Infinitive (Awe) Passive | Present (to) give (to) be given Pres. Cont. (to) be giving Perfect (to) have given | (to) have been Pert. Cont. | (to) have been given giving ‘Active © present infinitive: refers tothe present or future. 2.9, She wants to talk to him now. (present) Sandra wants to move to a new house next year. (future) © present continuous infinitive: (te) be + -ing It describes an action happening now. @. He is believed to be hiding somewhere in the mountains. © pertect infinitive: (to) have + past participle Itrefers tothe past and shows thatthe action of the infintive happened before the action of the verb. 8. She claims to have met Richard Gere. (Fist ‘she met Richard Gere, then she claimed that she had met him, © perfect continuous infinitive: (to) have + been + -ing Irorers to me past ana empnasises ine duration ofthe action of the Infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb. 2g. She is tired. She claims to have been working hard lately. (We emphasise what she has been doing lately.) ‘The pertect infinive Is used with verbs such as seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and the ‘modal verbs. Passive ‘© present infinitive: (to) be + past participle 9. He hopes to be glven a pay rise soon. '® perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle €.9. Hes said to have been injured in an accident. ‘The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the innntuve are as follows: he goes / will go = togo he is going / will be going he went / has gone / had gone / will have gone he was going / has been going / had been going / will have been going = to have gone = to have been going In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the exam) SA: Ie he shouting? SB: Yee, ehe eceme to be shouting. 2 didsho bumne 1 tesne tO grouting A SOMO 5 tase boon (P) a painting? & a 5 Is he looking, 4 Has he won — through the 6 Has he gota much money? keyhole? briliant idea? ‘on holiday to another country. Using the prompts given, say what she expects to be done on her arrival, as in the example. 0.9. She expects to be met at the airport. © meet at the airport © give some flowers, © drive to the hotel ae ‘A Monica Collins is a famous actress. She is going ‘© photograph for news: papers and magazines ‘invite to appear on TV B Monica is back home now. Things didn't hap- pen the way she expected them to. Look at ‘the prompts above again and make tentences, as in the exampl 2.9. She expected to have been met at the airport. Qy rite correct ntve tense | think he left. He must ,..have left | think they will come. They must | think she is studying, She must | think it will be delivered. tt must 4%I think he was fired. He must I think thay wera arguing Thay mist | think he is lying. He must | think they had been waiting for her. They must .. 9 I think she has typed it. She must 10 I think she had waten it. She must 11 think they will be staying. They must Complete the sentences with the correct Infinitive tense. 1. She has grown taller. She seems ...t0 have grown taller. 2. He is qotting used to his new job. He appears 3. Kate makes friends easily. ‘She tends 4 He has finished the report He crams 5 tis raining over there. It seems 6 Heisona diet. He appears 7. They have sailed round the world They claim 8 She is feeling better. ‘She seems ©) Minne correct nt tense 1A: What would you like ..£0 do... (do) tonight? B: Let's (go) to an ttalian restaurant. 2A: What's Liz doing? B: She seems (look) for something in her bag 3. A: Alan has been offered a new job! B: No, he hasn't. He just pretended (offer) a new job, 4 A: Colin claims (meet) lots of famous people. B: I know, but | don’t believe him, 5 A: Look at those two men outside, What are they doing? B: They appear (empty) the rubbish bins. 6 A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? B: Not really. | would prefer (go) to the theatre. 7 A: Tara seems (work) hard all morning, ‘Yes, she hasn't even stopped for a cup of cottee. Why is Tom at work $0 early this morning? He wants (finish) early so that he can go to the concert tonight. /Enough - The -ing form - Participles he ‘Subject of the Infinitive They all want to answer the question. Twant John to explain this. ) ‘© The subject ofthe infintive is omitted when itis the ‘same as the subject of the main verb, eg. She wants to leave now. (The subject ofthe ‘main verb and the infinitive is ‘she, © The subject ofthe infinitive is not omitted when it Is diferent from the subject of the main verb. The ‘subject ofthe infinitive comes before the infinitive and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them, etc), a name (Kate) or a noun (the woman). e.g. She wants them to leave now. (The subject of the main verb is ‘she’, whereas the subject of the infinitive is them’) Hepnrase tne following sentences, as in the example. He must wash the car. want ,..hlm to wash the car, 2. You mustn't be late for work. I don't want 3 Claire must tidy her bedroom. want 4 She mustn't go to the disco, don't want 5. They must go to school tomorrow. want 6 Gary mustn't make so much noise. don't want 7 You mustn't make a mess. |'don't want 8 He must mend his bike Twant46 = Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles Windsurfing is a popular summer spor. Alot of young people spend hours windsurfing, ‘The -ing formis use 9. Swimming keeps you ft © after prepositions. e.g. He left without saying goodbye. © after love, lke, enjoy, dislike, hate and prefer to express general preference. 2.9. She likes going for long walks. after certain verbs (consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, confess to, fancy, involve, mention, risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, imag- ine, etc). eg. Jessica spent al day shopping atter go for activities. e.g. They often go climbing at the weekends. © atter: it's no use, it's (not) worth, it's no good, be busy, what's the use of ...?, there’s no point in, can't help, can't stand, be/get used to, have dif- ficutty (in). 2g. It's no use waiting for the bus. It won't come. @ after the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen to land notice to describe an incomplete action, tnat Is to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a part of the action. e.g. | heard Jack talking on the phone. | heard Jack while he was talking on the ‘phone. | heard part ofthe action in progress. | didn't listen to the whole conversation ) see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice + bare infinitive describe a complete action, something that somebody saw, heard, etc. from beginning to end. e.g. | heard Jack talk on the phone. (= | heard the whole conversation from beginning to end.) But: SSC R UCR me cu Cathe othe kclin \ikeeu Gicacac ih meaning ‘We never have two -ing forms together. 29. They started talkingito talk But:_ I's beginning to get dark (NOT: He-beginning-getting-dark:) + advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage take the to-infinitive when they are followed by {an object or when they are in the passive form. They take the -ing form when they are not fol- lowed by an object. 4, They don't allow us to park here. (object) We aren't allowed to park here. (passive) They don't allow parking here. (no object) © need/require/want + -Ing form This construction often shows that itis necessary to repair or improve something. ‘Need’ can also bbe followed by a passive infinitive. e.g. The flat needs decorating. Tire fat needs to be decorated. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. SA: Why does Sarah giggle 60 much? SB:Well, she doesn't enjoy giggling, she juet can't help doing it Sarah / giggle so much? you / always chew your pen? he / blush all the time? she / bite her nails? you / shout at the children? aneneInfinitive - Too/Enough - The -ing form - Underline the correct preposition and fill in the gaps with the -ing form of the verb In brackets. e 1. He is il. He is complaining with/about (have) a headache. 2. Marcus went out instead forlof his homework. 3. Tracy was very excited with/about (go) to the party. 4 hope you have a good excuse ofifor (be) so late. 5. Samisinterested inifor French lessons. 6 You can't stop him to/from the job if he wants to 7 Susie ran because she was worried aboutiof (miss) the bus. having (a0) (take up) (take) 8 Thank you to/for (help) me with my homework 9 She felt tired because she wasn't used toiwith (work) so hard, 10 His boss blamed him forjof (lose) the deal 11 1am in charge infor (make) the Christmas deliveries. 12 We are thinking ofifrom (buy) a new car next month, 13 Sandra apologised for/about (ruin) the pertormance 14 Ian was talking with/about (open) a shop in York Put the verbs In brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. 1. sno use «talking. (telk) to Bob; he won't change his mind, 2 She will (return) the books next weekend, 3 Itwas good of vou {help) me fix my bicycle. 4. The man suggested (cal) the police in, to investigate 5 can't get used to (live) in such a hot country. 6 He admitted (0b) the bank 7 You had better bee late for work (hurry), oF you'l 8 They refused (give) me my ‘money back 9 She is too short (become) a fashion model. 10 My parents let me (stay) up late at weekends. " 2 13 “ 5 16 7 18 19 20 aa 2 10 (ur teacher makes us (do) home- work avery evening The kitchen windows need (clean) They have begun (make) preparations for the party He advised her (speak) to her boss. I distike (go) to the theatre alone Mr Roberts was seen (leave) his house at 12:15 last night, My sister can't stand (watch) horror filme. She gots torribly scared. Can you imagine (spend) your holidays on the moon? There's no point in (call) again, ‘There's no one at home, | don't allow people (smoke) in my house, It was silly of you forget) to lock the door. He nsks, (1ose) nis watiet wen ne leaves it on his desk. Be BF BP a> ee @> Br Or > Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Infinitive form or the -Ing form. Is Anne in the room? Yes. | can see her ..dancing, husband over there. Did you see the robber? Yes. ! saw him land drive away, Is. John hera today? Yes. | heard him phone as | walked past is office Colin is good at speaking in public, isn't he? Yes, | heard him (make) a speech last month. it was excellent. walked past the sports centre today, So did |, and | stopped for a moment to watch some boys (play) football, Your hair looks great today. ‘Thanks. | watched the hairdresser (dry) it so I could learn how to do it mysett. That's a music school, isn't it? Thats right. | often hear the students {sing) as | walk past. Did you stay until the end of the contest? Yes. | listened to the chairman (announce) the results before | went home. How do you know Tim ig at home? saw him (cut) the grass as 1 was driving home. How do you know that man stole the watch ? | saw him (Dut) it in his pocket and leave the shop without paying, (dance) with her (get) into the car (talk) on the: 47= Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles VALCCRLCR Oman oF the sing form with a change in meaning © forget + to- inf = not remember e.g. 'm sorry, | forgot to call you. forget + -ing form = not recall 2.9. Il never forget winning my first gold medal. © remember + to - inf = not forget e.g. Remember to call Jack tonight. remember + -ing form = recall e.g. [don't remember seeing you here before, @ goon + to- inf = then e.g. He welcomed us and went on to offer us some drinks. ge on + -ing form = continue 9. They went on talking for hours. @ mean + to- int = intend to e.g. She means to open ner own shop. mean + -ing form = involve e.g. Being a pilot means travelling a lot regret + to - inf ~ be sorry to 2g. | regret to inform you that you have falled the exam, regret + -ing form = fee! sorry about 0. | regret making that mistake; | lost my job. © try + to- int = attempt, do one's best 9. He tried to win the race. try + -ing form = do sth as an experiment e.g. Try exercising, you may lose weight. stop + to- inf = stop brietly to do sth else e.g. He stopped to drink some tea and then ‘continued working. stop +-Ing form = finish, give up 2.9. He stopped eating junk food because itis unhealthy, be sorry + to - int = apologise for a present action e.g. 'm sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a question? be sorry for + -ing form = apologise for an earlier action e.g. 'm sorry for shouting at you. lke + to - Int = think that sth is good or right to do e.g. like to exercise every day. like + -ing form = enjoy (general preference) e.g. She likes swimming. ‘would like + to - Int = want (specific preference) €.g. | would lke to see this fi. be afraid + to - inf (the subject is unwilling to do sth) e.g, He s afraid to take the test incase he fails again. bbe afraid of + Ing form = (the subject s afraid that what is described by the -ing form may happen) @.g. She doesn't want o ride the horse. She is afraid of faling and hurting hersel. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form. 11) never forgat sailing. (sail) down the Danube Con that warm spring night last year. 2 Please don't forget 3. John said he remembers (buy) the newspaper, but now he can’t find it (pay) the bit 4 Did you remember (post) my letters today? 5. Gloria regrets (shout) at her sister. 6 | regret vo (inform) you that we cannot give you your money back. 7 The students went on (write) for another hour. 8 After cleaning the windows, he went on (wash) the car. 9 We are somry nonin (@AMOUNGE) that the 7:15 train to Liverpool has been cancelled. 10 I'msory for (miss) your birth- day party; I'l make it up to you. 11. Sho stopped after she had got back into shape. 12 They stopped before they continued their journey. 13 They tried (open) the door, but it was stuck 14 You should try ‘own clothes. i's much cheaper. (G0) to the gym (have) a rest (make) your 48. I'm sorry. | didn't mean (break) your vase. 16 Being a teacher means (correct) a lot of homework, 17 Vike (tidy) my room at week- tends because | don't have time during the week. 18 They lke (lay) in the sea on hot days.© © @ @ @ SA: SB: Has he won much money? Yes. he seems to have won a lot of money. Is he looking through the keyhole? ‘Yes, he seems to be looking through the keyhole. Has he got a brillant idea? Yes, he seems to have a brillant idea. SA: SB: SA: SB: She expects to be given some flowers. She expects to be driven to the hotel She expects to be photographed for newspapers and magazines. She expects to be invited to appear on wv. ‘She expected to have been given some flowers, ‘She expected to have been driven to the hotel ‘She expected to have been photographed for newspapers and magazines. ‘She expected to have been invited to ‘appear on TV. ‘come 7 be lying be studying 8 have been be delivered waiting for her have been fired 9 have typed it have been 10 have written it arguing 11 be staying to be getting used to his new job. to make friends easily. to have finished the report to be raining over there. tobe on a diet, to have sailed round the world to be feeling better. 9° 8 to be emptying to be looking 6 too to have been 7 to have been offered working to have met 8 tofinish you to be late for work Claire to tidy her bedroom, her to go to the disco. them to go to schoo! tomorrow. Gary to make so much noise. you to make a mess, him to mend his bike. e @ SA: Is this report too boring for you to read? Yes, i's too boring, | can't read it, Is this exercise too difficult for you to do? Yes, it's too dificult. | can't do it ‘Are these shoes t00 tight for you to wear? Yes, they're too tight. | can't wear them Ig this car to0 expansive for you to buy? Yes, it's too expensive. I can't buy it Is this dish too spicy for you to eat? Yes, it's too spicy. I can't eat it Is this suitcase too heavy for you to cary? Yes, it's too heavy. | can’t carry it Is this coffee too hot for you to drink? ‘SB: Vor, t's too hot. | can't drink it SB: SB: SA: SB Sa: SB: SA: SB: SA: $8: 6 toosiow 7 too big 8 bright enough tall enough t00 cold too scared old enough The bird is too weak to fy ‘She's too busy to come out with us The car was too expensive for him to buy. These shoes are too small to fit me. The book is too boring for her to read. | was too tired to keep my eyes open ‘The coffee was too strong for him to drink SA: SB: Why do you always chew your pen? Well, | don't enjoy chewing my pen, | just can't help ding & Why does he blush all the time? Well, he doesn't enjoy blushing, he just can't help doing it SA: Why does she bite her nails? ‘SB: Well, she doesn't enjoy biting her nails, she just can't help doing it. Why do you shout at the children? Well, | don't enjoy shouting at the children, | just can't help doing it. SA: SB: SA SB: of doing 9 about going 10 for being 1" in taking up 12 {rom taking 13 about missing 14 {or helping for working for losing of making, of buying for ruining about opening 229@ ° onan @ e 230 cleaning get taking make playing oy to pay buying to post shouting to inform wiring to wash to announce missing work see eating tohelp doing 2 going watching ot to make to pass walking taking being to take write Reading learning to finish lookingito look 13 14 5 16 7 18 19 at " 13 14 18 16 7 0 " 12 makingito make to speak going leaving watching spending calling to smoke to forget losing singing announce cutting ut cing tohave to open ‘making to break correcting to tidy playing getting trying wearing ‘gardening todo bury to take toeat arrive to buy to lend helping stay to take promise Working looking to stay toty to congratulate © ee 8 0 @ as 2 breaking 6 coming 3 tolaok 7 tog0 4 traveling 8 otto let 5 tofinish 2 tobuy 7. understanding 3. to spend 8 expan 4 show 9 to operate 5 touse 10 put 6 read 2B 4A 68 ac 0c 3B 5C 7B 9A 2 rude to stare 7 bad manners to 3 tobe cut ‘speak 4 isn't big enough 8 is too slippery for 5 was made to me clean 6 are not allowed to take 2 relaxing 6 annoyed 3 imerestea 7 tired 4 embarrassing 8 worrying 5 trightened 2 Taking a deep breath, Lisa dived into the water. 3. Jack burnt his finger (while) lighting a fir, 4 Having ironed/Atter ironing the clothes, ‘Ann put them away. 5 Being cold, James turned on the heater. 6 The photographs taken at the reception were blurred, 7 Alison washed the paintbrushes before ppainuing the ving roorn /anter washing the paintbrushes Alison painted the living room./Having washed the paintbrushes, ‘Alison painted the living room. 8 She was sitting on the sofa knitting 2 jumper. 9. The gir sitting next to Alison is Vicky. 10 Having forgotten to do the shopping, he ate out that night 11 Turning the key in the lock, Emma ‘opened the door. Prepositions 2 to 5 to 8 about 3 at 6 with 9 from 4 for 7 for 10 trom