OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY EDITED BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORD ‘UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, 0x2 607, United Kingdom (Oxford University Pressis a department ofthe University of Oxford furthers the University’s objective of excellence i research, scholarships and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford isa registered trade mark of ‘Oxford University Pressin the UK and in certain ther countries {© Oxford University Press 2012 First Edition poblished in 982 Second Edition published in 3012 Second Edition reprinted with corrections 2015 2016 Impression: 6 Allights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in ‘retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, oras expressly permitted bylaw, by licence or under terms agreed withthe appropriate reprographics rights organization, Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent tothe Rights Department, Oxford University Press atthe address above ‘You must not circulate this workin any other form and you mast impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguingin Publication Data Dataavalable Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Dataavalable ISBN 978-0-19-gs80m1-6 Printed through CTPSCONTENTS ~ VOLUME I ~ Project Team Preface Publishers Note to the First Edition The Oxford Latin Dictionary: A Historical Introduction Bibliographical Guide 1 Authors and Works TI Supplementary List of Modern Collections, ete. Guide to the Dictionary LaTIN-ENGLISH Dicrionary A-L ~ VOLUME II ~ Bibliographical Guide 1 Authors and Works IL Supplementary List of Modem Collections, etc. LaTIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY M-Z Bae 1163PROJECT TEAM EDITORIAL STAFF, FIRST EDITION Editor P.G.W. Glare A. Souter 1933-9 W.M. Edwards 1950-68 JM.Wyllie 1933-54 J.D. Craig 1952-3 C.O.Brink 1938-42 C.L-Howard 1952-8 E.A.Parker 1939-46 G.E Turton 1954-70 €. Bailey 1939-57 R.H.Barrow 1954-82 Margaret Alford 1942-5 Sophie Trenkner 1955-7 J-Chadwick 1946-52 R.C.Palmer 1957-82 B.V.Shater 1947-9 G.M. Lee 1968-82 D.C. Browning 1949-50 D.Raven 1969-70 FOR THE SECOND EDITION Project Manager Della Thompson Editors and Proofreaders Alison Curr Liana Pike Juliet Field Jessica Rundell Ben Harris ‘Angus Stevenson Bryn Harris George Tulloch Andrew Hodgson Maurice Waite ‘Anne McConnell Donald Watt Cheryl Marlowe Academic Advisers Richard Ashdowne Tony Smith Leofranc Holford-Strevens Christopher Stray Robert A. Kaster Martin West Design Ruth Munro Production Controllers ‘Anya Aghdam Karen BunnPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION “The Oxford Latin Dictionary is the largest and most up to date Latin-English dictionary available to- day. Covering classical Latin from its beginnings to the end of the second century a0, itis the standard ‘work for students, translators, and scholars of Latin. The dictionary contains 40,000 entries, 100,000 translations, and more than five million words of text, with some 415,000 citations from Latin sources. “The first edition was published as a single volume in 1982, but work on it had started in 1933 and continued for nearly fifty years. The text began appearing in fascicles or parts in 1968. For this second edition, the whole text has been captured electronically and the constituent parts of each entry tagged according to their function. This has resulted in a fully searchable database, enabling a considerable amount of standardization and harmonization of the original text, and the rechecking. of cross-references and bibliographical data. The Addenda and Cortigenda from the first edition have now been incorporated into the main text. “The text has been redesigned to make navigation through entries clearer. The treatment of variants has been rationalized, and citations for subsenses are now shown immediately after the relevant sub- sense rather than in one collected block. For the first time, the work is presented in two volumes for ease of use. Since work on the first edition began, English spelling and vocabulary have undergone many changes. We have taken this opportunity to update spelling to reflect current practice (particularly with regard to hyphenation), and where possible to replace archaic and obsolete usages with modern equivalents. ‘A new guide to the dictionary describes the conventions, symbols, and abbreviations used in the text, and provides a group of example entries with notes explaining their structure. This edition includes a specially commissioned essay on the history of the dictionary by Dr Chris- topher Stray, using OUP archive material and recording the background to the dictionary’s original compilation. Alongside his essay, we have also reproduced the Publisher's Note to the first edition, ‘which gives a fuller description of the scope of the work and its original editorial methods and prin- ciples. We are very grateful to Christopher Stray for his enthusiasm and encouragement throughout the project. Special thanks are due above all to Dr Leofranc Holford. Strevens, who patiently responded to hun- dreds of queries about the contents of the first edition and generously shared his wisdom on questions both simple and complex. DeLta THOMPSONPUBLISHER'S NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION In May 1931 the Delegates of the Press instructed their officers to investigate the possibility of prepar- ingan entirely new Latin Dictionary. Some eighteen months later draft plans were being approved for the compilation of a dictionary independent alike of Lewis & Short on the one hand and of the The- saurus Linguae Latinae on the other, which would treat classical Latin from its beginnings to the end of the second century aD, and which was to be approximately one-third longer than Lewis & Short; the work was to be carried out by a staff directly responsible to the Delegates. Professor A. Souter of. the University of Aberdeen was appointed editor and Mr J. M. Wyllie was seconded from the Oxford English Dictionary as assistant editor. It was then estimated that such a dictionary would take twelve years to prepare. Full-time work began in 1933. The task of collecting quotations, which ultimately numbered about a million, was carvied out partly by the staftin Oxford and partly by some fifty outside volunteers work- ing in co-operation with the Oxford staff. This was effectively completed and a start made on editorial ‘work, but by 1939 it was clear that progress, whether measured in terms of quality or quantity, was ‘unsatisfactory. In that year Professor Souter retired from the editorship, and Dr Cyril Bailey, adelegate of the Press, and Mr Wyllie were appointed co-editors, with Dr Bailey asthe senior. Itis to Mr Wyllie that credit for the scheme of the dictionary and organization of work in the early years is principally due. His departure on military service meant that the hoped-for improvement in the rate of progress was necessarily postponed, though a skeleton staff under Dr Bailey kept the project alive. After the war work was resumed more actively and it was given further impetus by the appointment to the staff of Mr John Chadwick in 1946. In March 1949 Mr Wyllie was appointed sole editor and steps were taken to form an academic advisory committee. ‘Mr Wyllie’ editorship terminated in 1954; Mr P. G. W. Glare, who had joined the staff in 1950, became acting editor and was confirmed in that position a year later. fresh study of the situation at the time showed that a thorough revision of most ofthe edited material, including what had hitherto been thought ready for printing, would be necessary, and that the final work would substantially ex- ceed the limits originally laid down. The Delegates decided that efforts must be made to complete the Dictionary on the existing plan, though they authorized a further increase in length. From then on work proceeded smoothly, and sufficient progress was made for the Delegates to agree to the begin- ning of printing in 1965. In 1968 the first Fascicle of 256 pages appeared, with the promise of a further seven Fascicles at two-yearly intervals. This promise was kept, and the final Fascicle was published in February 1982 ‘The main burden of drafting articles was undertaken by those already mentioned, together with Mr C. L. Howard, Mr G. E. Turton, and Mr R. C. Palmer. Professor W. M. Edwards joined the staff in19s0 to read and criticize the drafted articles; he was joined in his task in 1954 by Mr R. H. Barrow, and later by Mr G. M. Lee. The revision of articles after reading was carried out by Mr Palmer and the ‘editor. The proofs were read by Mr Barrow, Mr Lee, Mr A. J. Barron and, in the earlier stages, by Mr A.J. Cornwell. ‘The Oxford Latin Dictionary is based on an entirely fresh reading of the Latin sources. It follows, {generally speaking, the principles of the Oxford English Dictionary, and its formal layout of articles is. similar. Within each section or sub-section, quotations are arranged in chronological order, the first example showing, where practicable, the earliest known instance of that particular sense or usage. ‘Accidents of transmission and the concentration of much of the available material within a very shortPUBLISHER'S NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION space of time have, however, made it dificult to trace the history of many words; in consequence, not too much reliance should be placed on chronology in the arrangement of senses. “The later limit of the period covered by this dictionary is necessarily imprecise. In practice it means that most of the jurists quoted in Justinian’ Digest have been included, although they run over into the third century, while patristic writings from the last years of the sécond century have not been drawn upon. (A proposal thatthe Dictionary should be extended to include Christian Latin had been finally rejected in 1951.) A further complication is that there are many texts of uncertain date whose inclusion or rejection must be arbitrary. But within these limits an attempt has been made to treat thoroughly all known words from any source, literary or non-literary. In addition, proper names have been included where their intrinsic importance appears to warrant it, or where their inclusion was thought to help in the understanding of literary texts. Only brief etymological notes have been given; readers should refer to the standard etymological dictionaries for further information. The inclusion of articles on the principal sufixés used in word-formation is an innovation in Latin lexicographyy.THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION “The fist fascicle of OLD (A~Calcitro), published on 2 May 1968, must have surprised some readers, ‘since neither on its rich red soft covers nor on its ttle page was an editor named, though a List of Edi- torial Staff on page vi set out the names and working dates of seventeen scholars. The list followed a short Publisher's Note which gave a sketch of the dictionary’s history. This Note was, as will emerge below, as much a diplomatic as a historical statement, and is itself, over forty years later, part of the history of the dictionary. My own account, which involves reading between the lines of the note, will aim inter alia to explain why it was so much less expansive than the preface to the fist fascicle of the ninth edition of Liddell and Scots Greek-English Lexicon (192s)—hardly more than a page, to the latter’ nine." ‘The history of Latin-English and English-Latin dictionaries goes back to about 1500, the former concentrating on ‘hard words’ for which English speakers were thought to need special help? The universality of Latin as a medium of communication in early modern Europe meant that most dic- tionaries of both classical languages were written in Latin. It was only with the rise of nationalism and ‘vernacular publishing in the eighteenth century that this pattern began to be eroded. 1.J.G. Scheller’s Latin-German dictionary of 1783, which served as the ancestor of several nineteenth-century Latin~ English dictionaries, belonged to this new movement. Itwas drawn on by Wilhelm Freund for his own Latin~German dictionary (1834~45), which was later translated into English by the American Ethan ‘Andrews (1850). Andrews's dictionary in turn was enlarged and adapted by two other Americans, the lawyer Charlton T. Lewis and the classical scholar Charles T. Short, whose large Latin-English dic- tionary was published by Harper Bros of New York in 1879 as Harper's Latin Dictionary.® The book was published simultaneously in Britain as A Latin Dictionary by Oxford University Press, who printed it from plates shipped over from New York. This unusual procedure was adopted after the fallure of an Oxford project. Four years earlier, in 187s, Henry Nettleship of Lincoln College, Oxford, later to bbe Corpus Professor of Latin, and John Mayor, Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge, had been commissioned to assemble a book based on a fresh reading of the sources; but Mayor failed to deliver, and Nettleship was unable to cope by himself. The Press did have stocks ofan earlier dictionary, John Riddle’ 1835 translation of Scheller’s Latin-German original, but they may have felt this to be out of date, and it was also a very large and expensive book.° So ‘Harper's Latin Dictionary’ (its American title) became ‘Lewis and Short’ Latin Dictionary’ ‘The story of OLD begins in 1921, when Mayor’ pupil Alexander Souter (1873-1949), apparently at the invitation of the Press's Secretary R. W. Chapman, submitted a memorandum complaining of the deficiencies of Lewis and Short and urging OUP to commission a comprehensive revision.” * Liddell nd Scott was published by OUP in ten fascles between p35 and ig. In the cae ofboth books, evidence contained in {ascicleshasbeen destroyed by the ripping oftheir covers and pln for rebinding a single volumes. ° For the content, se H, Sauer ‘Gosses, glossaries and dictionaries inthe medieval pein A. P. Cowie ed), The Osford History of English Lexicograpy (Oxford: OUP, 2009), La7-40- 3°] Considine, Dictionaries Early Madera Europe Lesicography andthe Making of Heritage (CambeSlg: CUP, 2008. 4 L.Febwe and H.-J. Martin, The Cont ofthe Book: The Inpac of Printing 14s0-afeo (London: New Left Books, 1976), 30-2 * Short was appropriately named: he supplied material ony on the leer A-C, and Band C were then lest by Harpers, so thatthe books published was almost entirely assembled by Lewis, whe was also cexponsbe fo the abeidged versions which followed. See FJ. Syphet A history of Harpers Latin Dicionary, Hareard Library Bullet, 20 (1972), 349-66 "Riddle had used the hid edition of Schell’ dictionary (8o4-s), which was pblishedin fre olames 7 "Memorandum on Lewis and Shorts Latin Ditoniry 3 June wat: OUP Archive, PBEdrs04a In his Hits Transat fom Lannie Englsh (London: SPCK, p10), 9, Souter had complained that Lewis and Shor sufleed (rom compression, poor English equivalents, and’ wtely utrustworthy'statementson the extent of usage of particular words. AccordingtoJ-M. Wylie Souter been sending OUP notes om eros inthe dictionary since about 197: Wyle, Vion of Truth. Book J, The Clarendon Pres (Orford: The7 ‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION ‘Souter, who had held the Oxford chair of New Testament Greek, was now Professor of Humanity (ie. Latin) at Aberdeen. He had produced a pocket lexicon of New Testament Greek in 1916. Like his master Mayor, Souter was fond of pointing out to his bewildered classes the inadequacies of Lewis and Short." The fist result was a commission in 1924 to produce a concise Latin dictionary, on which Souter was working in 929 when the Assistant Secretary of OUP, Kenneth Sisam, reviewed the Press's range of dictionaries. The Oxford English Dictionary had been completed in the previous year, while the revision of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English dictionary had been under way for nearly thirty years, and the fascicles ofthe new edition had been appearing since 1925,° OED had been assembled de ‘novo on the basis of a large-scale reading programme; the new Greek lexicon combined revision with fresh reading: which strategy should be adopted for Latin? The revision of Lewis and Short proposed by Souter in his 1921 memorandum, Sisam concluded, was out of the question, as the book was not ‘OUP’s property—the Press printed and sold it, but for North American sales paid 10 per cent royal- ties to the American Book Company, successors to Harper Bros. An entirely new dictionary was thus, desirable on both scholarly and economic grounds. The other presence inthe field was that ofthe The- saurus Linguae Latinae, a vast project first proposed in the early nineteenth century which after several false starts had got under way in 1894, supported by five German and Austrian academies." Its frst fascicle appeared in 1900, when Charles Cannan, then Secretary to the Delegates of the Press, won- dered whether OUP should ‘plunder or translate i, but it was knocked off course by two world wars; in 2010, having skipped over the letter N because of ts difficult entries (including non), it reached the end of the etter P. The forbidding scale and slow progress ofthe Thesaurus were in a sense reassuring, since they suggested that it could be discounted as a competitor to a single-volume dictionary. An abridged version had begun to appear in 1912, and might have dissuaded OUP from embarking on their own book, but the First World War intervened, its senior editor died, and the Press was left with a clear field." ‘Sisam consulted Souter, A. E. Housman (Professor of Latin at Cambridge 1911-36, and also famous as theauthor of A Shropshire Lad), and others on candidates for editorship of the new book. Housman replied: 1 do not think that anew Latin dictionary should be undertaken till the German Thesaurus is complete, 4s the duplication of labour would be cruel and wicked. But to remove the actual errors in Lewis and ‘Short, though no light task, shouldbe practical; and ifonly the false quantities were corrected, and ela- tive’ amended to ‘interrogative' inthe hundreds of places where it should be, that would be something, 1 ‘cannot say that | know a young exicographer. 'W.B. Anderson, Souter are names which suggest themselves."* Souter himself sent alist of three names, headed by his own; he gave his age (s6), but added help- fully that he came from a long lived family. The other two names were those of his brother-in-law 'W.B. Anderson (also named, as we have seen, by Housman), and his ex-pupil Ronald Burn, who later Barras See 196), 8, Foran exuberanly detailed account ofthe assembly of OLD, st J. . Henderson, ‘A1-2¥ THUM: DOMIMINA NUSTIO ILLUMEA, or Out withthe OLD (i9n-83) in CA. Stray (ed), Casal Dictonaris: Pas, Present and Future (London: Duckworth, 200) 199-78. © On Souter se R.J- Get, ‘Alenander Souter; Proceedings of he Bish Academy 361952), 385-68. > The revision was edited by (Sit) Heney Stat Jones, with the help of Roderick McKensi; fascicles were collected in 1940 in ‘wo volumes andlste ina single volume 2 For the history of TLL ste D. Koes (ed), Wie de liter ar Baum, so weccn de Wter: 10 Jahre Thesaurus lingua Latinas (Stangart/Lelpig Teubner 199); K. Coleman (e.),"The “Thesaurus LinguaeLatnae"and Classical Scolashpin he ast Century: Five Pecspctvs; Transaction ofthe American Phillie Asoxaton, 9 (2007), 473-507 C. Flow, Der Spiegel det Zeit: the Thesaurus Linguie Latinae an the story of modern Latin lexicography AB dissertation, Harvard University 201. Souter had sent material othe ‘Tazauras rom ts ete day: Gey, Souter (a8), 60. Vollmer and E. Bickel, Epitome Theaur Latin I: Aes (Leipeig:Teuboe, ps), planned to be completed in four volumes. Vollmer ded in 3. "Housman to R.W. Chapmar, 1s November 199, OUP Archive, PBEd 12941. The eters given herein fll having been discovered too ate tobe included in Archie Burnet The Ltrs of A. E. Housman (Oxford: OUP, 2007). Anderson succeeded Housman ip the ‘Cambridge Latin chair afer the ater’ death io 936 Se alto: Keine,’ E. Housman andthe hesauros Linguae Latina Housman ‘Soviet Journal 6 (2010), 64-78‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION a worked on the revision of Liddell and Scott"? In 1933 Souter was invited to edit the dictionary, with. the help of another ex pupil, James McLeod Wyllie. Souter was to work from Aberdeen, coordinat- ing the work of volunteer readers (who eventually numbered more than fifty), while Wyllie was to be based in Oxford. Wyllie had been hired to work on the OED Supplement in 1929: this was to be pub- lished during 933, so he would soon be available, and he was already seen by the Press as a promising young scholar who had absorbed the principles of Oxford lexicography from William Craigie of the OED." The OLD project was thus conceived of from the beginning in relation to other OUP diction- aries, Sisam had pointed out to the Press's Finance Committee in 1932 that ‘When Liddell] & Sc{ott] is done, payable or really payable dictionaries, which are our speciality, will be exhausted except for Latin. twill be very awkward if, eg, Cambridge, looking for a new field, ook up a Latin Dictionary ‘and so cut us outall along the line’ The move forward in 1933 thus combined three separate concerns: to replace Lewis and Short, to occupy the field of Latin lexicography so as to discourage competition, ‘and to retain the services of the Press's most talented young lexicographer after the end of the OED. project. ‘The links with OED deserve to be emphasized. By 1930 the Press was unique as a publisher in its lexicographical resources. Since the early days of OED in the 1880s it had built up both an unpar- alleled wealth of lexicographical expertise and a substantial in-house dictionary department. It also had a dedicated working space, the Dictionary Room in the Old Ashmolean Museum, which the OLD team took over in 1933 from the group which had worked on the OED Supplement.'* It was this lexicographical tradition which was passed from English to Latin through Craigie’s training of James ‘Wyllie, who in 193s was given glowing endorsements by Chapman and Sisam.'® On occasion Wyllie referred to himself as ‘Lexicographer to the University of Oxford’ No such post existed, but Wyllie ‘was certainly the Press’ main in-house consultant on lexicography; at one time or another he worked ‘or advised on dictionaries of English and several foreign languages, as well as on Latin.” In terms of lexicographical practice, the tradition Wyllie inherited centred on the technique of ‘slipping’ the use ‘of paper slips filled in by the Oxford team or their volunteer readers, sorted and filed into drawers, and then sent tothe Press's compositors for printing, Wylie himself developed ths tradition, first by using. colour-coded slips with paper bands for holding them together, then in 1942 by designing and making sorting boxes for slips.'* The system was described by the Polish lexicographer Marian Plezia, who. paid several visits to the Dictionary Room, and whose account refers to a photograph reproduced in the OUP journal The Periodical: “The photo shows clearly the wooden shelves on which there are endless stacks of card (tied with string) containing excerpts which constitute the material of the dictionary... We trust we do not betray any ‘editorial secrets’ if we reveal thatthe text of the OLL:D. is set dzectly from these cards (which are white in colour)... Before they are sent tothe printing room, the white cards ae interleaved with similar pink 9 In spite ofa physial disability and poor map-reading cil, Barn is imed by some to have bee the frst person to scale ll the "Monro" Seotish mouatains over 200 fet high. See Henderson At-ZYTHUM (a7), 171.036 "Wyle was ad of prt in the best Scomish tradion: he was the son of labourer, nd had sen from poverty through intl trnce and hard work, endighis education as an outstanding student at Aberdeen Univer. He had been awarded a three-year Croom Roberson fellowship at Aberdeen (g3-3) to prepare alercon tothe works of Salus; this was completed i 936, but a that pont, according to Wi, Sisam, whe had originally suggested that it could be plished refsed to consider. "8 The Dictionary Room had housed OED stafsince Henry Bradley and Willa Craghead moved therefrom the Clarendon Press, bulking in 90 "Slam declare that‘ am sure he willbe the outstanding general lexicographer ofthe net generation; and Chapman refered 0 ‘areaonable probabity tha sf his sevics ae retained he will be for fea scholarly compiler of gest value comparable with Murray ‘ansel (St James Murray editor of OED). CE. Henderson Av-2YTHUM' (0.7), ° Insecogntion ofthis work, in19y the unversity gave him an honorary MA, ad he was given membership ofthe senior common 00m at Ball College: On Wyllie’ work for OED, se C. Brewer, Tease Howe of the Language: The Living OED (New Haven: Yale ‘University Press, 2007), 80-6. '™ J ML Wpllie, The Osford Dictionary Slender: The Greater Scondal i the While Hory of Scholar (St Andrew’, Guerasey: The Barat Ser 1963), 66-7. The bones, some ingle and some double, were variously mad from mahogany, ca, and dea. A doeble box 5 ssn use bythe team working oa the Ditonry of Medial Lain rom Briish Sources, wove fst fscice appeared in 975 the ter S ‘was reached in 310. On the eal history of slipping, see A. Bla, Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information bfore the Modern ‘Age (New Haven: Yale University Pres 2010), 69-10% 210-26; } Considine, "Cating ad Pasting in Early Modern Information Manage- rent frthcomingin W. Sherman, Fleming, and A. Smyth eds.), The Renasane Colliexi ‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION cones, which contain anything that is editorial inthe text ofthe dictionary... By cutting out the interme- diate tage of a typescript... an important set of errors is thus eliminated.” “The function of slips in reducing errors of transmission between compilers and printers was further ‘enhanced by another of Wyllie'sinnovations, the use of dozens of copies of Oxford Classical Texts, cut up so that words and passages could be marked.?° ‘The Press's contract with Souter specified that he would be assisted by Wyllie in producing a dictionary which would cover Latin literature up to about the death of Suetonius. Sisam helpfully commented, ‘I believe the date is not certainly known’ (it was c. AD 140). In practice the dictionary’s coverage extended to c. AD 200. The avoidance of later Latin removed from the task not only the works of the church fathers Jerome and Augustine, whose bulk at least equalled that ofthe classical writers, but also those of the classicizing poets Ausonius and Claudian. It was motivated in part by Souter’s desire to avoid competition with another of his ex-pupils, JH. Baxter, who was preparing a dictionary of later Latin for the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. Souter, accord ing to his contract, was to finish the concise Latin dictionary in the next three years, the timetable for the larger work being set at ten years. Like most initial estimates for such large-scale works, this proved to be wildly optimistic. By 1937, when Souter retired from Aberdeen to Oxford to concen- trate on his work for OUP, it had become clear that he would never finish the concise dictionary" In the following year he was asked to provide OLD sample entries for assessment by Press advisers, ‘whose verdict on his specimen of accipio was damning. First William Craigie wrote that ‘Even the ‘old Freund-Andrews was superior in every way to this, then C. J. Fordyce of Glasgow University concluded that the specimen was ‘one of the worst pieces of work on Latin that I have ever seen Asa dictionary itis useless? No wonder that R. W. Chapman, Secretary to the Delegates of the Press, wrote to the Oxford Latinist Cyril Bailey, a Delegate since 920 and a crucial advisory figure in the Press's classical publishing, “The speech of the Second Murderer is even bloodier than its predecessor” In July 1939 Souter was persuaded to resign as editor of OLD, and in compensation was employed to edit a glossary ofater Latin? At this point Wyllie understandably expected to be put in sole charge, but instead the Delegates appointed Cyril Bailey, well known in Oxford as an academic diplomat and conciliato, to collaborate with him under the title of Senior Co-Editor.* Internal tensions in the OLD team prompted the re- moval of some of its members to a house near the Press buildings, to work under Bailey's direction; the rest stayed in the Dictionary Room, reporting to Wyilie** Some ofthe tensions related to Charles Brink, a German Jewish refugee who had been appointed to the staff in 1938: Wyllie felt that Brink, who had spent five years working for the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, brought with him a methodical rather than an intuitive approach to lexicography.* Brink and Wyllie were on good terms at first, but 1 MPlei“Oxford Latin Dictionary, fase, A-Caleteo Eos, 59 (1978), 177-80, pa Plz ws the editor ofa Latin-Polih dc- tionary (s vols, 1949-79), and fom 9s uti is reurement in 988 ofa Polish dictionary of medieval Latin which by v0 had reached ‘eighth volume ad the word septmanc. The ard’ were in fact pape sips. 2» Insome cases this prevented the use ofa superior ext asin the case of Virgil where the established use of FA. Hitels OCT of. 19c0 made it impossible to use R.A. B Mynors replacement of 969. smaller book stl the Lite Latin Dictionary; had been proposed by Wylifn 93, In December 1935 he supplied a sample page which Sam found extaordnarly cone & business:-ie’ Wyllie wat pid £003 yar to work on ti ie own ime, but found i limporible to continue andin November 93 asked forthe payments tobe stopped. OUP Archive, CPE Henderson As-ZYTHUM (0), 159. Souter appatatl aimed that he had attembled the dictionary material lost single- banded, having supplied over 27.200 slips (Gey, Souter’ (8), 268). By a7 almost milion sips had been completed. * Ths was eventually published just afer Souter’ death as AGlosery of Later Latin 1600 AD (Oxford: OUP, 949), and covered the period between the end datesof OLD and of Lewis and Short (200-600). Afer Souter’ death an OUP oficial noted that "The ecord of ‘Souter’ ast years 2 pathetic one of filing powers and uncurbedexpenditre! The late Professor Souter’: OUP Archive, PBEA 12933, fimace file 2°] Henderson, "The "Euripides Red” sels; in C. A. Stray (c.), Clascal Books: Schlarehip and Publahing i Britain since 1800 (London: Institute of Chia Studies 2007) 43-75 a pp-146-7. There had been longhistory of disgreement and posesiveness over furniture and working space i the Dictionary Room. Wy ie had satfored from it when he fst arrived in Oxford in 31, when he was given apecubary dy table Ser to Chapans, 12 Feb 193: OUP Archive, PBEA 3974. Another staffmember,E-A.Paker, fered in 943 0 Brak totalitarian lxicography Such comments reflect an antipathy toa perceived Teutonic sje of cholrship, commen fn Brisa in the upg sit had been during the Fst World War Brink went onto be‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION x later fell out, and it was probably Brink's declaration that they could not work together amicably that prompted the splitting of the OLD team.” To escape from this difficult situation, on the outbreak ‘of war Wyllie volunteered for active service, although he was in a reserved occupation. After a short period in the Artillery, he was recruited by the code-breakers of Bletchley Park and there, ever the lexicographer, assembled a glossary of cryptographic terms, He was also commissioned by the Press. to produce a dictionary of English synonyms. At Bletchley Park he met John Chadwick, then a Cam- bridge undergraduate and later to be famous for his part in the deciphering of Linear B* Chadwick ‘was recruited to the OLD team in 1946, trained by Wyllie, nd soon seen as the most promising repre- sentative of the next generation of Oxford lexicographers. Wyllie’s hope was that Chadwick would be successively his assistant, colleague, and finally successor.” ‘After the war, work was resumed and the prospect of completion seemed closer. Sisam, who had succeeded Chapman as Secretary in 1942, was himself succeeded in 1948 by Arthur Norrington, who in March 1949 formally appointed Wyllie editor of the dictionary, telling him “You have in fact been acting in the capacity of editor-in-chief for a long time past’ °° Wyllie proposed the setting up of a panel of specialist consultants, and also a Latin Dictionary Committee to monitor progress. The com- mittee, consisting of Delegates, Press officers, and the OLD editor, met several times a year from May 19st. Its members included Roger Mynors, a Balliol man who was currently Kennedy Professor of Lat- in at Cambridge, but who returned to Oxford in 1953 to succeed Eduard Fraenkel in the Corpus chai, ‘Mynors pressed for the abandonment ofthe AD 200 cutoff date and the inclusion of material from the following four centuries. This was at frst agreed, but in 1952 Chadwick left fora permanent academic post in Cambridge, and the Press concluded that staffing was insufficient to cope with the extra work involved. Another major decision, taken unanimously in October 1952, was that a printing timetable should be planned. Norrington had consulted William Craigie, who had advised that ‘the compilers of dictionaries always worked faster and more efficiently once they had to keep up with the Printer ‘and had the satisfaction of seeing the book in the making instead of just a distant prospect" At this. ppoint it was estimated that the dictionary could be published in annual parts over the next eight years. In the same year Wyllie’ situation became very difficult. The cost of raising a family and living in Oxford had left him in debt, and the resultant anxiety led to debilitating intestinal cramps. These ‘pressures in turn led to an experience of heightened consciousness in the first weekend of October, in which Wyllie believed he had had a revelation of Truth and God. In the following week he sent Norrington a lengthy memorandum giving a detailed account of his difficulties with the Press, and in particular with Kenneth Sisaro.* This led to a series of difficult interviews and exchanges, and in the following year, after a brief spell in the local psychiatric hospital and several months’ leave, Wyllie was dismissed from his position by the Press. It was a sad end to twenty years of work and struggle.” With both Wyllie and Chadwick gone, the Delegates turned to Peter Glare, who had joined the dic- tionary team in 1950, to see the book through to publication. Glare had come from Cambridge, where his director of studies at Jesus College, who gave him a glowing reference, was Hugh Lloyd-Jones, like ‘Mynors an émigré from Oxford; he returned there in 1951 and was Regius Professor of Greek 1960- 89. Wyllie very much approved of Glare, writing to Norrington that he had ‘the healthy easy-going Kennedy Profesor of Latin at Cambridge (954-74). aleyto Chapman 18 May ys: OUP Archive, PBEd 203 Wyle beevedthat Bika complained of hi staff management 0 Bally Ord Dictionary Sanden (018), 106-7 2 On Chadwicks oe inthe dcgherment eA. Robinson, The Mon who Dcphered Lina The Story of Michael Venti (Lan- dons Thames Hudson, 1203). He ater concentated on Grek rater han Latin: we his Leographie Grace Contin (the Lenora of Ancet Grek (Onferd OUP, 196). 2 yee wif 9 Oct 94s (Wylie paper). Aer Wye death ny, Chad wot emer neice which eso 0 CCoka Roberts Secretar of OUP, bt afer seing Roberts deal eiicans decided att publah i. > Noringion to Wyle 9 Mae 94 OUP Archive, PBEA 394 2 inate of Latin Ditonary Commies, 6 Oct: OUP Archive, PBEM 1547, Wy had pressed erro pitng begin: Nowington to We, 29 Oxt.1949 (OUP Archive, PBEA 2943) Wyliaterpubished hss The Unonvered Memoranduro the Clarendon Pres Shown Up (Oxted The Bars Ser, 99). 2 netween 54 ad is death nar accident in, We weote pd tributed along ee of pages tacking OUP aod tservants, sme af them posted envelopes whch themselves bore zcsstory inscriptions The Deaton of thee pamphlets Was The Orjod Dison Landes (038 sb.” ‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION outlook of the sportsman; which is one of the best counterpoises to the intenseness which isso apt to beset the lexicographer:™ The official estimate, one of many triumphs of optimism over experience, ‘was now that seven to ten years would be needed for completion. Re-examination of the existing ar- ticles showed that cutting was needed to bring the text down to a manageable size. Glare also felt that apart from the work done by Wyllie and Chadwick, most ofthe articles needed revision. Chadwick's departure was symptomatic of a long-standing problem in finding scholarly staff who were willing to give up the prospects of higher pay and better job security in the university sector. Nor was scholar- ship enough: as Wyllie had often stressed, to make a good article one also needed training in lexicog- raphy. After the long and troubled history of the previous twenty years the Press was determined that the book's publication should run to a guaranteed timetable, and though there is evidence for the imminence of the firs fascicle in 1956 it did not appear until 968, when about two-thirds of the mate- rial was judged to be in final shape. Seven more fascicles followed at regular intervals, the final fascicle appearing in 1982, when the OLD was published asa single volume of 2150 pages.»* ‘The publication of the first fascicle, A~Calcitro, posed a problem for the Press. Their normal proce- dure would have been to give editorial names on the title page, but this would have meant acknow- ‘edging Wyllie, who was at this point still circulating anti-OUP pamphlets. In order to circumvent the problem, the title pages of the first three fascicles carried only the dictionary’ ttle, the Press's arms, the words ‘At the Clarendon Press, and the date. Only in the fourth fascicle, published in 1973 after ‘Wyllie's death, was Peter Glare named as editor. The first two fascicles carried a Publisher's Note giv- ing a short account of the book's history; this was dropped from later fascicles, but resuscitated for the single-volume publication in 1982. The note is a minor masterpiece of mandarin prose in which juxtaposition is artfully employed: ‘By 1939 it was clear that progress, whether measured in terms of quality or quantity, was unsatisfactory. In the same year Professor Souter retired from the Editorship! A ssimilar reference to Wyllie comes later on: “Mr Wyllie's editorship terminated in 1954. A fresh study of the material showed that a thorough revision of the material, including what had been thought approximately ready for the printer, would be necessary’ As Wyllie wrote in a pamphlet issued soon afterwards, “The innuendo is plain:** He was then teaching at a girls’ school in Guernsey, and was provoked to write his pamphlet when some of his pupils showed him a recent issue of The Guardian Containing a review of the first fascicle by Christopher Driver. Driver wrote with inside knowledge, ‘mentioning for example that an earlier pamphlet of Wyllie’, a verse epic entitled The Clarendon Press (1958), displayed ‘such strong and curious passions’ that it had been read aloud twice a term by a group of Balliol undergraduates.”” Reviews of the first fascicle in academic journals were overwhelmingly favourable, In Greece & Rome R. H. Barrow, founding editor of the journal and a former Inspector of Schools for Classics, welcomed the enterprise and sketched a historical context, from Scheller through Andrews to Lewis ‘and Short." In the Classical Review the Cambridge classical scholar and bibliophile E.J. Kenney, while giving along list of detailed criticisms, praised both the advance on Lewis and Short and the produc- tion values: “The printer ... must be congratulated on a technical tour de force... he has managed to produce a page of three columns on thin paperin predominantly small type that is not only legible but positively a pleasure to contemplate’ > ipllie to Norington, 36 Feb. nso: OUP Archive, PBEd i294. In 21, oversinty years afer he bogan his work on OLD, Peter Gace continues to work on Latin exicography as amember ofthe tem producig the Dictionary of Medieval Latin from Brith Source 2 Thetasiles continued to be sol separately til hey weat out of pint in 987/8. > J. M. Wyle An Adace Specimen ofthe Forthcoming Part our of THE GREAT BETRAYAL or The Faro cece (St Peter Pot, Guernsey: The Author 1968), 31 °C Driver ‘AtoCakito The Guardian,» May 968 7 Wylie 958 pamphlet, lke most f hit ouput in his gente, is held in Aber deen University Library, Special Coletons, MS 326. > Barrow could fly be called ar OUP insider: he had acted aan advisor othe Press had been a member ofthe OLD team since sand was abo Coli Roberts’ fara E J. Kenney, Dimidium qui coept abet; CR ns 20 (970), 91-4Ineevlewsof the next two facile (Clas Reviw ns 3 (179), 93-510834 (ior) 88-90), he compared OLD withthe Thesarusfndingthe former more lebly organized bt times over subtle ia its Astinctons,‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION i Kenney’s major criticisms were related to the exclusion of Latin literature after AP 200 (he men- tioned specifically Ausonius and Claudian) and the almost exclusive use of Oxford Classical Texts, which in some cases had meant that the best available texts had not been employed. Kenney also regretted in 2 footnote (p. 93) the decision not to mark vowels unless they occurred in a metrically indeterminate position. This lack of marking of "hidden quantities’ remains a common criticism of OLD: The editorial decision seems to have been taken in the early stages of the project, and it is unclear what led to it, though in 1969 Peter Glare commented that ‘it was felt that the area of dispute --Was So great that it would be best to omit them!" ‘Two other editorial decisions were less controversial. For the first time in a Latin dictionary, articles ‘were included on word suffixes (another innovation of Wyllie’), so that one finds, for example, the sequence anus’, anus, anus’, -anus, the lst being a suffix, as in Romanus. One reviewer thought this ‘akkind of didactic experiment, and a whimsical one at that, but possibly useful!" The other decision wasto return to the ancient alphabet, in which I and U were used for both vowels and consonants, and therefore to abolish J and V.*” This decision followed the usage of the Oxford Classical Texts (1898-), for which Charles Cannan had laboured to provide a standard style, though some editors had stuck to ‘y'for consonantal ‘u! While the reception of OLD was generally positive, in some quarters its authority made ita tar- get for scholars keen to measure their scholarship against it. In 1983 the Cambridge Latinist F. R. D. Goodyear published an almost entirely negative review of the completed dictionary, complaining of excessive multiplication of categories and of missing evidence from post-AD 200 authors whose work included earlier material." Goodyear’s characteristically heated criticisms derived in part from dis- cussions with another Cambridge scholar, H. D. Jocelyn, who also disagreed in print with the diction- ary. The two men were accustomed to ‘sit disparaging it endlessly, as one scholar has said: it may be pertinent to note that both were Cambridge-trained, and that there was a long-standing Cambridge tradition of denigrating the textual scholarship of Oxford classicists, Benjamin Jowett being a notable target. The critical comments of Goodyear and Jocelyn are reminiscent of the brutally disparaging reviews published by A. E. Housman. By the time the first fascicle appeared in 1968 a stable team had been established, as the List of Edi- torial Staff shows: two of them, R. H. Barrow and R. C. Palmer, had joined in the 1950s and worked ‘on the book till it was complete.“® G. M. Lee's working dates (1968-82) indicate that he was hired to read the proofs of the fascicles. Mervyn Lee (1915-86) was a learned eccentric who after a fine un- dergraduate career in Cambridge had failed to keep a teaching post at Downside, He worked on the OLD proofs in the public libraries of Bedford, accompanied by suitcases full of books borrowed from academic libraries in Cambridge.” Another learned eccentric who read the proofs of the dictionary was A. H. Buck (1900-87), according to OUP convention not named in the Publisher's Note because he worked in the Press's Printing House. Buck was taken on after being sacked from Christ's Hospital, where he had taught both Peter Glare and E. J. Kenney. One of his colleagues remembered him as a © Inverse a ylbleis"heay'ifit ends wth to consonants (eg -act); ence the length ofthe vowel cannot be determined fom reading, One neds to know eg fom etymology, thatthe ain ats (rom ag) slong, though in agit hor. 7... Glare, leer tothe editor, Grece& Rome, 16 (969), 173 * G. Luck ‘Oxford Latin Ditionsry American Journal of Philology, 15 (i984), 91-100 ap 9% "The decision was Souter, made in 133 and approved by Sis in alta to him of May that year (OUP Archive, PBES 12940), ‘The history of and w/vislongand complicated: se, for ample, DG. Scragg, Hier of English Spling (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2974), 3. The ist exicographer of English (one can hardly cal him an English lescographer) to ditingush I from Jand U from V was Noah Webster in is Canpendius Dictionary ofthe Eng Language (806: is yplely forthright denunciation ofhis predecessors ‘eatp xxothis preface). “+ Goodyea' review originally appeared ia Frocedngsofth African Clas Asociatons 7 (98), 24-46 but is more esl aces: sible his Collected Papers in Latin Literature K. Coleman eal (London: Duckworth, 992), 381-7. The final sentence reads, Tis ‘nota very good dictionary "The article on cinadus wat erticiaed i Jocelyn ‘Calls, Marmara and Romulus ciseds, Sen, 3 (1998) 97-3, where he 2 (p-109.79) that ‘lder dcionanies da beter ob ‘Richard Palmer later worked onthe fouth volume ofthe OED Supplementbfore becoming editor ofbotanical tems forthe New ‘Shorter Osfnd Engh Dictionary, which was published i995. © B.Considine (ed), George Mereyn Le: Portrait (Bedford: Vitor Pres, 003) Leet shown wit his sutassin Pate XIV.mi ‘THE OXFORD LATIN DICTIONARY: A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION ‘man learned in Latin and Greek, and also in cricket and rugby, from whose reader's cubbyhole oaths could be heard as he encountered foolish errors in the proofs he was reading: a man ‘whose favourite word shymed with his surmame'*® “The print run for the eight fascicles was 8,000. After its initial complete publication in 1982 the dic- tionary was reprinted a dozen times, most recently in 2002, with the 1996 reprint incorporating some detailed corrections. In the decade 1998-2007 sales exceeded 10,000 copies. In the same period the ‘old warhorse Lewis and Short, unrevised since its first publication in 1879, sold nearly s,000 copies, and it too was reprinted in 2002. This may seem surprising, but there are several reasons for it. First, as. swe have seen, OLD's coverage ends at AD 200, while Lewis and Short takes in another four centuries. ‘Second, the older book is less than hal the price of its successor. Finally, though Lewis and Short is. in many ways outclassed by OLD, itis widely used as a convenient desk reference by those for whom itis not ideal, but is good enough. The baby of the Lewis and Short family, the Elementary Latin Dic- tionary (1891), is still on sale in 2011, but the market for small Latin dictionaries is now dominated by new compilations. OUP itself commissioned a book from James Morwood, then Head of Classics at Harrow School, partly in response to the appearance of OLD: this appeared as the Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (1994), later also published in a smaller format as the Oxford Latin Mini Dictionary (1995). ‘The intermediate version of Lewis and Short, the Schoo! Latin Dictionary of 1889, was last reprinted in 1964, and went out of print in 1974. In an age when so much linguistic enquiry takes place via the Internet, the print dictionary market is polarized between large and (very) small books. In the longer term the later are likely to be the survivors, as large projects migrate to the Web. ‘Since the publication of the first fascicle of OLD in 1968, both dictionaries and books in general have become distinct subjects of interest and study. It has been recognized that their texts are not produced in a vacuum, but have histories, and that these histories involve not only authors, but also publishers, printers, and readers.” Books are material objects produced for profit, but in many cases ‘not just for profit: so much is evident in the history of Oxford University Press, which in the twentieth century became one of the largest general publishers in the UK, while remaining, as it does today, a department of Oxford University. In this brief account of the history of OLD I have attempted to ex- plain how it was planned, assembled, published, and received by readers and reviewers, and to situate it within its publisher's output and in relation to other works which offered models for imi avoidance. As Ihave suggested above, the crucial reference points for OLD were the foreign, different, and conveniently slow-moving Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, the massive and exemplary in- house methodological resource of the Oxford English Dictionary, and somewhere between these two, ‘not our book’ and yet seen as ‘our book’ by several generations of readers, the long-established Lewis and Short. CHRISTOPHER STRAY My thanks to the following for information and advice: Jim Adams, Richard Ashdowne, John Considine, Katharine Davis, Eleanor Dickey, Peter Gilliver, Peter Glare, John Henderson, Leofranc Holford-Strevens, Bev- erley Hunt, [an Jackson, Bob Kaster Joshua Katz, Ted Kenney, Martin Maw, James Morwood, Angus Steven- son, Graham Whitaker, and James Wyllie, to whom I owe special thanks for giving me access to the papers of his father J. M. Wyllie. sefranc Holfor-Strevns, quoted in M. Belson, On the Pres: Through the Eyes ofthe Craftsmen at Csfod Unversity Pres (Witney Robect Boyd 309), 102 Buck eters to Edmund Blunden form the bass of. Z. Rothkopt and B. Webb (es), More than a Brother Coreapondencebetwcen Edmund Bladen and Hector Buck, 117-1967 (London: Sexton, 1936). "Foc the history of books see S. Eliot and J. Rose (e.), A Companion tothe History ofthe Book (Onford: Blackwell, 2007) and [MF Suacer and H.R. Woudhuysen (eds), The Oxford Companion othe Baok (Oxford: OUP, 2 vol. 210) For dictionaries, . MCAT. ‘har, Wolds of Rlerence:Lexcgraply Learning and Langue om te Clay Tablet tothe Computer (Cambridge: CUP, 1986); Green Chasing the Sun: Dicionar-Males andthe Dictionaries Tey Made (London: Cape 1996); S. Landa, Dictionaries: The Art and Cr of Lesiogrphy (Cambridge: CUP, and edn. 2001); and H. Bein, The Lexcography of Elk: From Origins to Present (Oxford: OUP, 2ove)-On dictionaries of Latin and Grek, see Stay, Clas! Dictionaries... (London: Duckworth, 210)BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE I AUTHORS AND WORKS “The references given in column 1 are normally the last possible for each work. This will make clear which system of chapter, paragraph, etc, division, or of pagination, is being followed, where two or more exist. Authors used as secondary sources are printed in lower case while square brackets around ‘an author's name indicate dubious ascription. ‘he full form of post-classical or modern collections, anthologies, etc, is given in the Supplementary List (II) below. The abbreviations for these are usually printed with lower-case initial (e.g, anth., poet., trag.). In the indication of date, Roman numerals refer to centuries. In the description of Editions used, OCT, T, and L refer to Oxford Classical Texts (Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis), Bibliotheca Teubneriana, and the Loeb Classical Library re- spectively. The editions cited are normally those used for the original excerpting of material. Impor- tant changes in later editions have been taken into account wherever possible. Anenaviarion Namr oF Avruon Teru2 oF Wows Dare Eoimiow ‘Ace post 36 (38) Le Aecias ose. ts 8e roc 42 frag 696 ‘et Triumph 7 (CIL 190) ‘Acta Trumphala ‘AnD. Pot 3.6 Valerius Aeditass eine ‘Aetna 546 before an 6s Poste Latin! Minoces Vollnee T exe Apna com.a32 Le Atenas bewose ‘Avnic dig. sou608 Sex Caecios Aficanue ap (oid) ‘Aces grin. pst Agennins Vbicus Wan (eaty) ‘Aur dig soueoy Alfons Varus con spe pms ‘sr 502 L Ampetios Lier Memorials tap Assmann T 93s ‘Ana. com. 1 Lilo Andronicus ce nternos ve pees Bagat Anan. poe 34 Anotanus aan ‘Annus ont s TT. Annius Lascus cos. asp ae ‘er Fr. p36(063N) ‘Antoninus Pas Emp so ist-6 seo. ‘An An 10 M.Antonias etesoae see Cie. At ‘Av-Ciavp.Puvew.grem.3 Applies Cladus Paleher a ‘avn poe 24 ‘Appies Claudius Caecus co. 307, 29636 ‘Apnis como Apes noted i Varro ‘Arve. Apo 19 ‘Apaeioe Beaming Hein Tigis Fos Helen T ps Met ze Hein T Mn 38 Thomas oak Thomas Tio pee Sev TromsT ‘Ana. poet.2 ‘Aeon So tie of Auguste ‘ane. PL Tre. Argomentom Plu ete, post Platine see. {arioaay dated) ‘Ans hit7 LArrotios come ‘Ase. Carnr3 QAtconis Pediat in Corneanam 9 0c-aD 76 ‘Clu OCT 507 Mics ‘in louanam| Pais In Pisorianamae BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE Name oF Aurnon Torts oF Wore Dare Eoirton Seas ‘i Scauranam Tents in oraionem in toga candida Ase hi. 34 Serpronis Aselio AS.Gat port Asia Gallas ‘Arnrus grams 1 Atios Practexator Arcam alias ‘Artacom 24 F-Qinetian Ata poets ‘Aur gram. 3 Autos hae ‘Av. Ane 643 CCules Coes Octavian Monunsentumn Ancyrimim — 6) C-AD 14 henberg& Jones (Chogutes) Ont 94 hist. 20 pos. AvOUR. pot 8 Sentus Augsinus a (cay) ‘AugustC.D. 3230 Aaelve Angusinas de Conta Det no sse-a3e DombareT 892 (Sc Aogusine) ‘Avr. Fo. pial nN) 2M. Areas Astonious emp.aDiteito wee Feo, ports ‘Ava. O7 gram ‘Aurelius Opi wise ‘Avr pot 33 ‘Ais Austes 00 Baus At 3342 L.Cornetos Balbus cos 4036 see Cie At. Bats grom.puotla Balbus time of Taian Baia. Orr At 9703 see Bats. At/Opy hat see C1 Art Bas. am. 10 Gaui Bass ine Bas. pet. 10 (Ceesins Basis tap Raho de Belo Afico e408 see Cats. Co. Ble 78s de Belle Alerandino cone see Cass. Co. B Hip 939 de Bele Hispanenst exon see Cans. Co. 1M, Poros Bibaculs broase ‘A DompeaeBthyoias rat 4536 see Cie. Fam, Beow. ed Br 236 (Me tnins Bras seane se C1. a Brat ror. iues ‘Mtoe Betas fine (ate) Baur. Cas. Fem 4 see BRUT UCAS. se C1 Far Bac Bins 238 BacolesEesdlensia time of Nero see CaLR Ed, (Caren com. 294 Canis Statios assene (Cavern, Fam 66 A. Caecioa fc see Cie Fam, 1M, Cetae Rae tae eee Cie. Ate ee Cie am Cn, Aruens Cols Sbiaut cos a0 69 {Q Seruins Capo agence Calas Caesar eroo ee te see Cie. At de Ballo Csi ‘da Pontet OCT 1920 Balle Glico ‘du Pontes OCT 100 Cassa in Gel é(r)s4 LCase Vindex a0 ats) Catan. ona. 13 M.Caioe ret 5786 CaricutainSuet Cal sss C. CaserAugusts aaa ‘Germanic Ca dp soussaea Caliceratas carrey Coun Dest Calpuenos Flaccus Declamationes a0 Lehner T p09 TCalpamineSicolse ——Eeogae inp (mid) Giaratano Turin one 1. Calpuris Piso Frogs conssy ne (Linas Macer Calan Beare P.cannatas ine CAteus Capo con as Carenin Gass Flavius Caper ao Canno oat 9 .Papcas Carbo conno ne ‘Canso AR oat 3 Paps Catto Aruna 4 (eaey)BIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE Nase on AurHox ‘Terta o» Wonk. Dare arm. Bll Ae. 67 (Carmen de Bello Aegyptiaco —contemp. Ovid ‘BeehensT trp (Carm. Nees (app) Carmen Nele tise (Carm.Sl a (poet pS) Carmen Slae certain Cas. Ram. ss94 C-Cassus Loginas dase see Cie am Case. tans A.Caceaoe 3c (eat) Cas, Sev. tn Quit Int nuast— Cassus Severus cao Cassius Parnes (Casa Parmensis ine i Sot. Aug 42 cao Age ss | M Portus Cato Age Cabra ae GoetsT gas Dee x0)) Dieta Memoria Jordan Lepaig b6o Eps) Epinue Jordan Leia to Lss()) bets Fata ‘Jordan Lapa itso 43 ne 749) Mins) eRe datac Jordan Lepaig 860 Mor 30) ‘Carmen de Moribor Jean Lapa 1880 caro Fam. 1553 M, Porins Cato Viens ssca9nc see Cr Fam Caro nep.omt3 (.Poreus Cato eonane Coron. uss (CVaeros Cartes tee 49 Mynors OCT 1958 Crs. ass A. Cornelis Claas conterp. Tiberias Marx Leipig sts Cais. dig sounsnn AouentiusCeleus cos. Ih aD 39 Cha. psnk Flas SosipterCharsios Ars Grammtica wa Barwick Topas ie Ae 8 M.Tollus ieero ‘Academica 106-4386 Plasherg Taos2 ‘dB 2.36 Epistle ad Brot Purser OCT mot ‘hee AL Fg Bterogatio de sere sien Marler Tt "sills Ages de Lage Agere (Clk OCT wey ‘yen fx ‘Alcyones ‘len fe de Kage Alexandsing ‘amie ou ae Amictia Simbeck Tis ‘rat. y3(a8o) ‘Anau Phaenomens Maller Ts ‘Art Prog 42 ‘Aza Prognodticn, Moeller T i898 Arh re Arch Clark OCT pn ‘At tasba8 Epltalse a Ati Purser OCT ng03 ‘fs de Augers Marler 898 Baths ro Balbo Petenon OCT pt Brat. Browse Wilkins OCT 1903 Cees 104 ro Caecina ‘Clack OCT 1909 eel. to ro Cacho Cato Catinam ‘Chik OCT gos atoftas Cao MaaleT 198 Choa es Chorographie Molle Tit ied. ean nF Clodium tC, Cutonem, Malle itt Gu s08 re Cloento (Clase OCT 1505 Cone fst Se Consulate sue Mace T igs Const ‘4 Cons sue MocleT i9s Consoatio Moeller T 198 re Cornelio Monee gt BeOrtare ‘Wilkins OCT is03 Pro Rege Deitaro Gk OCT ini ‘eDitnatione ATs Dininatioin Q, Caeeiom, Pateson OCT 117 Linesay OCT i903 ‘Tracalentae Lindsay OCT ipos Vedula Lindsay OCT ines 1 Manatee Plancut eonanne see C1 Fa Pua Nat 3208 Plas Seconds Naturals Historia anaes Mayhot 7 s6p1-909 Pur. Ep 940 C-Phinie CacitnsSecundut Epitlae aD 6g Sehuster Toes Ep Tre tosse(e) piss ad Teianurn Schuster Toss Pen oss Panegyrieus Schuster 983 Pot am. 10335 C-Asinus Polo see Cic, Fam. pens fie 8 poets Pour, Ait 13d Cn Pompei Magna vosatnc see Cie. At Pour ROR ort 4 Q Pompeius Rafer couttac Pont, poet 13 Pompe before Varro ‘rag 1 Pomrost com. 95 LL Pomponias (Bononlenss) thine Poxront dig 5017206 Sex Pomponins fino id) ‘ar Pore. gram. 6 Porcias Linas ae (ace) jon Post hit 3 ‘A. Postamis Abinas con sive .Ponrons rag 12 P. Pomponius Secondus 08 sl 44 Prac 5 (poet pt) Pracepta Raia et Medica Pree Her 38 reac Omaiam Herbarum AD Poets Latig Minors BachrensT sroBIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE [Naus or Aurwon ‘Trrus oF Wonk Dare Eoiriox Preeatio Terae tap ‘Poetae Laid Minoes ‘BachrensT itrs Prip 26a Pulapes Aine of Augusras ‘Bechler Heres Basin gaa Prue in GL. 555 Preclanas vino Prix Mil Vet $8 (CHL sps01) Peleg Mur "Veternorumgue Pros. 677 scribed to M. Vales Notae le ab. Probus (de of Nero) Proc. dg sass Procals a (ey) nor 41308 Sex Proper Elegie ie (ate) Baber OCT 153 Pun com. 30 Publis Syrus fae Sent a5 Meyer Lepsig tbo QC Fam. 672 Q Talis Cicer rane see Cte. Fam Pass inci qr posse a Seany.dig 00993 ‘Mucus Seatvole eon gsc Quan. hit 96 .Clhudios Quadros ne (ecy) ‘Quer, Dee 388(pasias) ML Fabius Quntilanus——Declamationes beaDssouo Rites T 884 It nash Insite Ortora RedermacheeT 907-36 [quer] Dee ps6 Destamationes Malret 24/40 (Ite) Lehner T i905 Ran. poet 5 C-Rabieus time of Angas Bh Her 469 Rhetoricaad Herensium inc (eatiy) MarcT 935 Ror. Lunaao Ruts Lupus Schemata Lezeor nc (ate) Rhetoce Latnt Mince Halon esp 863 Ror. Rur. hts Ratios Rufus cos ose Sha. dig su7stag Masucas Sinus no (easy) fae Santos gram. Riorise Sa. Cat sig Salli Cispus cating sone see Abtberg T 999 Hat 7 Histocae Mavrenbrecher Lelprig 9p Jaga guts aAbibengT 99 Repane Epirus ad Coesacern Katee Tigse ‘enum dete peli, (a1) Ge inCiceronem before Quinlan Kerfee Tite Sa. gram 6 sent, ine oe Ser. diy abyss avd Satorninos av (mid) ‘Scasy. poet 3 (Q Macias Seseate tab psa 86 ‘Scan dig 03792 Q CarvidasScarols ‘sap (at) Scare Met eg 2 Seaeua Menor conte, Martial Scavn.gramin Gl.73y OQ, Terenis Scouros Wap (eay) SeAUR. ht 2M. emis Seauras connsae Sea oat. 6 P.Comelins Sip Aficanas sabe ve Fc Sere min ont. 23 P. Cornelia Seipto yong ne ‘AemibanusAfscanus S.c100. gram. Seruve Clodiae desone Sev Con 042 1 Annsens Seneca Controveriae bessne Muclee Viens 87 Sias 314 Suusorise Edvard Camb 938 Sen Agios. [L-Anmoeus Sens ‘Agamemnon e spends Richer Tipu ‘Apes ‘Apocooeyatose Boecheler-Herasus Belin Boor Ge Benefcts, Howas Tote chars. {Clemente Hoss Tips Dik 208 Dialog Heres Tos Ep nese Epistle Beta! Rome 937 4 (ase pas) Hage T 878 Hee Rina Harcles Furs Richer Her 0.1996 Hercules Ota Richer Ti aks Medex Madea Richer T px at934 ‘Nattales Quaestoner Gerke T1907 ed 161 Cedipas Richer Tipnt Phaed sa80 Phaedrs Richer T ion Phoen. s hoenssae Richer Tipnt Tym Thyees Richer T ign Tran Trosdes Richer T ignBIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE ail Nar oF Aurwon Terts oF Wonk. Dare Borrow Octaia ster aD 68 lcheerT gat SeptioieSerenas aw Sen Asags2 ‘Maorus (Macias) Serius a Vergitiom Commentrie iv aD ‘Talo Tsr8-#7 Honors Sev poe.» Sexi Nianor eine SexvtL poet Sextus Ena inc (late) Sie. FL. ogrim. pe Slats lacus eae Sua 654 Stas aliens Paice ED a6-101 DuffLinw ‘Sti gram. 37 Sinus Capito time of August Si. ated 1L.Cornalia Sienna prt 7836 ‘Mil iene inhi, Star. Ach 2367 P. Papin Station Achilles aD 45-98 Garrod OCT i908 Germ {de Bello Germanico Gurod OCT ipos Siege Stuse Philimore OCT 38 Tacky ‘Thebale Gurod OCT ipce Sree. 78 Aah Stile tine ‘Seman. oat 4 (Calas Cats Strabo dara trap 5 Suns poet inc Sunt. Aug 144 C-SuetoniaeTanguile —Angutue Pap 70-0. tam T1938 Calso CCaligai| Ih T1999 chat Ceuaios thm T1959 Dom. 232 Domitian In T1953 for (pasaRe) Reichel Leipsig 86 Ga.a3 Gabe hn F939 Gram. 24 (pate) de Grammatice Reiescheid Leipnig 1860 Jibs Iain tn T1903 Neosra New then T1833 Ot 8 othe Thm Tio oc. 47 (psaRe) de Pocus Reiterched Leipig 60 het 90 (pan7Re) de Rhetorbor Reierscheid Lelpig 86 Thr ‘There Thm Ti939 Tee Tue BimT 939 Veuss Vespaianas Thm T 933 Vas Viel Tam Ti93 Sousa hie x L. Cornelia Soll atria ‘Sone peri Te Ad. ‘C-Subpicius Apelinaris_PelochteTerenth tian seeTHR, ‘Comeediaram Suurtca pet ‘ap (it) SuLe RUF. Fam. as Sex, Salpicis Rus oe sume see Ci. Fam. et ome Tab. em. poet ‘Tibula M. Aen curse Tab Cer as (CIL spss) Tibele Certne UA (any) Tab Glat pot + Tabula AailiGabrions capone Tab Trumph. (CIL p27) ‘Tibala Teamphale Barbeisans Tae. Ag 464 Cornelis Tacitus Agscola fever Fameaus-Andevson OCT 136 ‘hans ‘Annales Biter OCT s906 Baal ex Dialog de Orstorbus Fume OCT 1939 Gen a Germania Farmear-Andenon OCT 939 Hit $36 Hisorse Pier OCT se “Tangprrivs Prascusin Maer tne ‘Tans. Par. dig 36916) ao (ae) Tan. Ad. 997 PTecetis Ae Adepht ens s9 KavercLindiay OCT 936 ange ‘Anata cay Banoches Hou 1087 “esuton Timorumenot Hee to Heep Phaoss Phormio ‘Tune. dg gonna ‘Tertulanue ‘Teelln ad Natones2pa0‘Tertllian 8 Naionee Tass Albivs Thus Elegise Postgate OCT pte (rin}asos ‘var eepes incl a MSS. of, “rbule ‘Te. por ns ‘Testa Tino grams 2M, Tolls TroBIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE Anansviation Nas or AvrHOR Dave Boirion Teen “ious 136) Torts Tine ine (mid) Trem cam 88 Taine wine Twa Ph Bp isn(iss)——M-Vipos Tous ean ana Team com 6 Tubes concer. Cac eacmatutin ines 8519 P Galeri Techs ia Trane Treat Tes tne (at) Tarvon Fare a4 Trebotas conasne vei Rm “hoc Phin. Nat tan6 ——_PompiaeTogut time of Aug Tee dig soa8a3s ‘haan Tryphonins “ ‘ron hits Ata Tero ine Tuan pots ‘Tums i9 (ae) “Torn com ab Sex Torpitos diese ir dig soxza99 Doma Vipaous daa sop Voges {a9 (mid) Yat com ean 1c (aid) Yar soe) Abu Wales ian (wid) Vat. Aer it. 55 ‘aes Amin inc ex) Vase. poets Vags Rs coumne Vas. gma 1M Tecnt Varo neuro Tiras fit 3 Annales ht Orb» Reavbanae Cross de Lingua tins Goets-Schot Leis at0 Nemo Manppete Bocchder Heraear Brin 932 Rano Rese GoetT39 Van. poe 3 Teenie Vr Atanas seessae Var Fo ssc Pais cou qne see Cie Fon Vegtnn pitoma Ri Miaris Pains eget Rats? ivan ang Ti860 Malina 5332 Ves. gam. in Girth aus Longue tino oad) Yeu asa Welles Parcs Rewoe lis OCT 98 Vin dig sosnae Veale Strias i0 (nid) Vee Freapsio(uen) ——L.Varus so 30-69 worn, Yan FL gems Vero Paces time of Angus ena gram. eaias snc (at) vane. nas erga Maro peoes rose Hina OCT peo Cates ‘Ctatepton (i Appendix Ells OCT wor a) Ehwon Eeope Hi OCT peo Caso ‘rors Hired OCT peo ‘Venonmtoe Rove poet.» Vari Rafe ban Vers popin Sut. Dom 332 ee poplares Geet 9) esse pet 98) ero corm VFL kat? Wales Fcc ‘Apenvtice desean Kener Ton Vin Cxis in Qt. Vis Cae ia ‘sr vera tans Vera Paio (de Architect time of Augute Kishan Tigh Vi Max pas ext erin Mamas FutetDicuMemoabita $40 et) emg 08 Vou. poet Votan tne ous pot 6 lea edges sine WRU pctss Wars Rafe time of Ange bres WSon. pot Vater Soar tea poseBIBLIOGRAPHICAL GUIDE Il SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF MODERN COLLECTIONS, ETC. ‘Avensviarion Tits or Won Eoiow Are année Epigraph Pac 88- m Corpus Agrimensoram Tain T 93 nth. ‘Artialoia Latins Riese Tipe ‘ae. Fabule Atlanae socom acu -Angytische Urkunden ss dil. Moscen 2 Btn. Gaechiche Uhunden IEA Balin de stint rangi Arbol oretle scr ‘Cong ofthe Roman Empire in the Bish Mascum, ‘Maciogi eta London 33~ BMCR (Cons of the Roman Republic inthe Beith Mase ‘GrucberLondon 910 cn Corpus scription Latina Badin t63- on Comic Romanum Fragen Rabbeck Ts cr Corpus PaproranLtinarum ‘Cavenale Wiesbden 98 a Digata tian! Mommsen-Krveget Bei 613 RA ote lars Romani Anieistniant Recobono etl Florence 940-3 Bont ote leis Roma Ang Bruns Tibingen 09 on Gramma Lata Kai Lepigits-to ram Granmaticae Romonae Fraga Pantil T i907 rom Die Schriften der oischer Fdmesser Lachmann a: Bein tat we Hisorcorwn Romanorum Regsae Peer Tp, 1906 Ins Corinth, Corinth pt Cambridge (Mass) 3 pt 3 Princeton (N96 Iner.Desou ——_‘Isertlones Latina Sete Deses Bein 80-1018 Ir Rex Arch. (Inscription i) Revue Arhdlgige Parsibaae in Iurnpradeta Antistnane Seckel Kuebler T1908 im Mint secon. om, ‘Ortoram Romanorum Fregmenta Maleowat Torin 930 Pr Miitngen au der PreibrgerPapyrasiamaang Heidebergsie 26m Les Papgre de Gente Nicole Geers 34-1900 Mh Mehigen Pops Dunlap et Ann Arbor 6 Om ‘The Onyhynchas Papi ‘Grefllet al London t98- Pay. Claogu of the Grec and Latin Papin the} Ryland Library Manchester ies2 PT The Teo Papyri Geenfllet al. London or-at pal Fable Pallsae secon ee Frayenta Petar Lainruns Move oar pee. FabularenPracestarem Rlguae seer Reclte Lambrso Racca dsr in onored Glacome Lambros aan sas 3B Sammbuch richer Urtanden us Agypten Bern = Stu, Po ‘Studien ar Pldogaphic und Papyraande Wesel Leisig9o1-26 ~ abut Tostce secon. mp ‘Tragicerem Ronanorum Pragesta Ribbeck TorGUIDE TO THE DICTIONARY homonym number king of the headword i per |_—_— variant spelling ofthe headwor headword —r gilt en nap Aa elim =F nea | “fer fonat tenes | edo edivarn Soa oe. | Seca ae + prit ‘author in small capitals secondary author insoman —- Bier Scot Sa Mate | ace inflections of theheadword part of speech aminens cate “Eeminans nik wor, amas = Tle | rg tsi 6 ee oss reference to another Peomtnend (fheighs) towing” PORN | headword, in small capitals {quotations illustrating —}-Pemme te cern? ee am exuem prt Pa ting gcc i coca ete the headwor Esty fone sed) tobe peste | ‘Solon saer an ay nan nee tar somes] — ~ Stands for the fixed ii tei a i (unchanging) part ofthe headword sapere rent | throughout the entry : ates number indicating a main sense —L- Souci degre, ee, leer indicating sbsenses |S cg {ation with example ‘icant crema | ation without example | grammatical information re Ge apt puoe (oe rere geen ‘ii cat Vas nan (pean fps) ae Sima ‘San pesca, a pele Sie brackets around an auth coats rr mya | — square brackets around an author ESP) indete outtl ception Fie age saemranariese). sal capa ina quotation 5 eat ts aah indicate an inscription _Aasasei (ahbren) paqate (AD 268). “eatapiitria =e f Tone Gk earaxapragid |] — 1 enclose the etymology ofthe | “Asoanding ne eee headword | Beem eat ngu 1) (6) Ph Ao ( )enclosea restored portion oftextGUIDE TO THE DICTIONARY wait { )around a headword indicate that tis unattested and reconstructed from attested forms —(abigact) ene = Ts man Geta MIS became at orp om |__ translation of the headword. indicate an omitted part ‘ofa quotation < indicates aroot form * indicates a hypothetical word seas am ey cia topay comm | oraword nolonge extant Thpse oepparig id LACT dt ened Hoe ‘ya Foc | vate Sept =e oe ce Scere eae Racecar |— information about collocates ‘m-rule indicates a subdivision —| Se pee ance sear ocho = a Seta 26 yet ne 2 (Gales) Tet grad "ett Be Be rou bee |— m-rule in a quotation indicates a change of speaker Greek letters introduce citations that correspond to the alternative | to, ot Tpelings gen (cen: | sate aig eat at ee | hen (ent |S A Se eee |eit GUIDE TO THE DICTIONARY CONVENTIONS USED IN THE TEXT Structure Main senses indicated by numbers may be followed by a subsection of subsections; these are intro- duced by letters thus: 1. .B.. ¢, etc. Some senses consist of two or more equally important elements, and in these the letter ais also employed, eg 2a ..b, etc. Alternative spellings, declensions, etc. are sometimes indicated by Greek letters, Again, equally im- portant forms are shown by a, B, y, etc., minor variants by B, ¥y, etc. Vowels Consonantal and vocalic iand u respectively are not distinguished. Where assimilation of consonants takes place in a compound word, the more common form, as printed inthe editions, is normally used forthe lemma. For example, compounds of ad- and p-appear under app-, while compounds of ad-and 1m in which assimilation is not common, appear under adn-. Normally only long vowels in a metrically indeterminate position are marked (e.g. auditus, aué). Final ‘08, though frequently scanned short in Silver Latin, are regularly given their original value. Variants and Cross-References Cross-references are shown in small capitals. Simple cross-references are shown thus: adinascor see acwascon. A cross-reference ofthe style adparaté etc see arranart ete. indicates that several words beginning with app- are shown in the dictionary with variant spellings of the form adp-. ‘Variant spellings are printed in bold either immediately after the headword, preceded by a comma: acoron, ~um or following the part of speech and preceded by ‘Also’ Abydos, ~us~i f Also~um~in. Citations ‘The names of authors are shown in small capitals, with the exception of post-classical authors and sec- ondary sources, which are given in lower case. Works are shown in italics and quotations from them in roman, unless they are inscriptions, in which case small capitals are used, When an author remains the same for two or more consecutive quotations, he is cited only before the first one: compendium .. 2b..Pt. Rud.sto..5t.194.. Capt 968 Suffixes “The articles on suffixes are not intended as a complete historical account of all Latin formations; they are no more than an indication of the principal elements regarded from a synchronistic point of view. One of the most characteristic features of Latin suffixes is their growth by misdivision: for instance, the elementary suffix nus gives rise toa group of secondary suffixes -dnue, -inus, ernus,-tinus. All such, if sufficiently common, are listed separately; where there may be doubt about the correct allocation, ‘words are treated as containing the more specific, or longer, form of the suffix (e.g. urbanus is analysed as URBS + -ANUS, even though a historically more correct analysis might be + -NUS). It is in manyGUIDE TO THE DICTIONARY maiv «cases impossible to determine the historical facts, since inthe classical period -anus was clearly felt as a living suffix, whereas -nus was no longer employed in new formations. Some apparent discrepancies in the analysis of suffixes will be explained in the articles in question: thus the analysis of defensio as DEFENDO + -T10 depends upon the historical fact that two dental sounds in contact developed into a sibilant. The examples quoted in the articles on sulfixes are only a small selection. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS indicates an omitted part of a quotation. — indicates a subdivision within a section as specified in a parenthesis immediately following, or corresponding to a semicolon in the definition. Also, when spaced, it indicates a change of speaker in passages of dialogue. ~ represents fixed (unchangeable) portion of a word throughout an article. It has no etymologi- cal significance. In other cases a hyphen indicates a detached part of a word. indicates a hypothetical word, or a word no longer extant. indicates a root form. enclose etymological remarks. enclose author's name in case of doubtful ascription, enclose restored portions of text. (Supplements to abbreviations are shown by ordinary paren- thesis.) +4 enclose portions of text which cannot be right, but it is not known what they should be. GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS Note: Many abbreviations appear in plural form with the addition of's, eg, abbrevs, compars, gas, phrs., qus. They are not listed separately below. 2 adjective agli, argumentum libri the synopsis or abbrev. abbreviation, abbreviated summary (of a book) 2b ablative Arm. Armenian abso absolute(ly) AS ‘Anglo-Sazon abst abstractly) astol astrology astrological bus, abusive ‘stron, astronomy, astronomical ce. accusative, according to aatrib. attributive(ly) xe active(y) a ‘Avestan ad. (in ety.) adaptation of adfin ad fer, towards the end Bulg. Balgaian aah adjective aa. adjectival . circter, about a adverb ard, cardinal adv adverbial(ly) ‘catachr. catachrestically_ affect. affectionate(ly) . confer, compare wg. agriculture a conjecture) alls allsive gj conjectures anal analogy a clause app. apparently chs. classical ape sppellatve(y) ols clauses app0. apposition cou. codex ‘arb, ‘Anbic coda codices arch archaic cogn. cognate archit. architecture coll collateralcollect. calle. compar. compl. conj. const. ‘contemp. contempt. Corn, corre def. deriv dim. dist. gy, dub. edd. ellipt emph, Eng. p equi. Ere, eym, euphem. Gael Gall Romans Stara Lie oop edged {ros grande se Sonat Mane nap soma top> Setreen Gf) tom rine geet alentamgue 1 oben ot easy Ma ofan Srna cane ht” ‘(orp ‘itachment) fom, proceed eer fom, preceding ‘apie pendsbnt aero Cu er 424 a aogse ont cea mol tcnas a a end fears so aie nt spent en aan seomerae sama oer eee eget a8 2m persed carat Eiger recrursbewe Leh ards eur Peat ‘aps ewe st ga Grip Sanat ncaa Fon Sage fh dec ‘Bin ane (Se on) Pe. Cape sp, Doon th ‘E.thorri at Wetec ssagcne cars eee ae. ‘taro. Cann a oro Sotto eat apne pr oom eae ps enmpa neta neChe Da C"Gezche,isractor) fom the schook fy See ae Arie i. Ot ‘Bedepline ae ar sepocs = qe ot 2 nce Saint gate 1 Goutt of payments, fours, and sm.) from, at ewer sender. ite ie ape an ance ies et oa gee eee ee Sen Rog cua on "Ritch a api Gforce bole sogtnibess nape ones meer area! Sosa cacan stem ooesear ea Ripldatds pentlum dee Cas Gel ce fom, Sie Rega aa ie he epee neeeee ee at der pi ak geeeeasemms Fe sing tig, ering ‘Pa lr drachumam .petunt ER. sen. p22 one fs ot Seago ace an nats wade dealt spin ee coef eve eS oe FeserialaAtiite ag se i ikitopeetmgeing sc) orate etn ce Sree agatha en, Selmer Cora ng ing bring oe 4 ing, accepting, having, a a ‘berets mtu beat Cre Ce. desea er Rac, ges Seabee mace ‘(w, vbs. of learning). ts (Bec entacashec pe tat ab aqes cols Lane. vee oe Kiee tr edict Pu Pu quod a io salt Peisenee tee(ese sp mn ps gin aaa fie Vee ramet ab ee fake 1 ‘Sthestr any tom se minor scene nine Jor SUS enciric asm ce Sela pert tee gh spent pecs ei sei eprint me Se Rope ine (evan) Marea Ws seat actor deter ae ‘Se nee ene Pn ‘nny ponorfid) sb ora re pubes erates Ne. Bra Gat) weet a tebe Sst se 1 Gave pas nimpieation. rs the neu se Pape 2 mt ‘Bran pop Reems Cana AEG Gx epgp ta conurtnons snows ear tcp. (en eee sor dete oan gn et Sees si Seghigmottgu cat cea Oe Ps ‘(ec nouns oft snd) 4 (expe ina. bmpers agent) Be ke a tas sec re an epee ai rer laa Bone pa cnc (ced PERT ame de Ce i. ee ee Pree aa oder, Bh Sharer te cea gates [Fare Caro ort. 9 insta (pars) 3b extent, extra ab Scie remienadoe aren aor Sencar ae ee Sameera eer eee nee es Eee Seales reencs oe Soe pet ee ‘Shicienmuanoee teas ae Hare ie put srs eg Ss ene ees Phe tacnes mente Beet atte oat eee eet Sox GE oes eis mee Foes carucbos eat Cat oa sat get Bed ‘onae ives albus SSeurdese SS 2A Artest of beside, among. ian se at 3 i (is) cg tin eer sina lb Rana i ie Nine me ent Pe Had uses quod — Pol ewe Hh Here. Sart (ding the pone or din of dre sateen : ‘Som stam slater pte pec SECU Wace ge spc Seeelangpactae nee 1 Taree cn opera, fess psn» pst cles) Pc Al 86 den Bina dies oy Gt. sera bans es ‘ian prc ee ma so frau Sec Selpie opoua cde ovo oe 2 Tipltliobe ser ne dena» pee eV ‘Rope rags coger SS 9; ode ee ite ite aged Sn non pr onthe ha of shea hae hana bs Vane A. 3+ Semin pecmpensacuedanct Ym Cts Toda tne ses Ov ear ot Sunt fa ‘Cinacordance ihe a SESE gece eum onsale re Una {prea Sante eto pontine abs, ab, &- proc la] Before intl f produces Ta) a ele wpa abactiuus ~2, ~um a, Aho abactivs. (005 + “iws) (fail) salen: ClL 9.438. abactor ~rism. oned + on] A cal thie ‘neon loco actus sm anes rer Astlgofcale, ‘evr faery) Po Pa abacus ~im [Gk set] 1 Asab topped tbl sideboard eon Ee aro tele dace air sek Thins sab oc pal on wal 1D sab athe top ofs cola Sits gusts cut solomnae Vite. a abaestumd ~ire (Invented as the hypotheticat bas ofthe word er). PNicinn Gd baer see a. aballénitio ~énls f (wanted + -r8] A lepl Tranter af property {ella er ee quo he a Sr amt Coe ‘ip asnewe apm Pe abaliddtus ~~ a. [pple of anutnd) fb. | Abdéritanas. alin re, ~tm Lae +mnd + Tens peo) wet ge op ea nace ae Me Caen etre acta BETS Tey Senet ea Bn Tse pian le rh pr ne ERvOCinls™ om age © Leas tke say pos of. were gor ee! Thestestemea neat 3 Fotrnmay (este mind) feon ‘hice ft fon a aa SES cea te SF ee ‘Sochan ingiea cas gues hae nano a, Saco eee (Soe a a a set} Frat peaieeet sr en 3 tach abarac(on mind fom something) 2 lee ena eile {imeem er a S renews To wanton in es aa Lane bambi ie ie aon Tog wey mace ens abamita mae f [+ auna) A great great-great eps <4 (tsa ate sr) Gav di station abante ads [ae + sen font [Abantéus ~2,~um «Of connected with Abas ins in dupe ht ace PDA peotottaton. antisera for abr, Ati -am Abin. Bebe bared ie Aono sa Te eep [Abas ~atis m. The name of various mythological arcs pHing or AAbatos~an (ic) An india the Ne abbavia mae [w+ ans] A peat great grandmother Panay ania Pw ak sce abauunculus =m. [ae + armen] A great ‘guteratance eee Eid sna Paty sso abauus~in lw sv] Area great grander Ser ou i pS Bono ‘Abra ~irum neat pl. Also Abra moe f TA town inthe south of Three, famous for the 2 (eat of the senate) ‘Bedlam ‘Abderitanus 2, ~um o,f Adder. Sept poche atsAbdaritas | abdicd Abdértls sem, Anstveorinkabitantof Abders; oureah errata feo pantie Swe fo sso) fee sie if aod +16] "(een acatan ena (em sn). SSSR tpn Soe a 12 Diiahertng, dvowning (f 4 408 or adopted 7 ‘Rile tbcly Ranh: ee ogee, imei Sere absdicitus ~im [pple of move'] A disohered a ne aud de ei pti ait Que. 3 Sewn de nate Cpt ‘igs “amg Boe apg Cant seaancede ccs abe le SRLantare eee ao ome a cael) oe. Cust jantmamon,onncirat oie SRAM ee aero a Ce Capos (Erte Ss ona Sana Sok soe Sit it a tram pte Sipe te 2 Toren (9 agente rier ronm dean 2a pian aes sige e n S'Ge te and inl, app) To dem refine to tame ns Tepe hem pin set 1a "Te diet, opie (pe ttn) eich ti raat Sat pot Or GaP Taipy Sete tae le Shwe Sek MO Geet dns her hel), ce plow arta ster Gott ne et fate Octo Neen aes aoa PRgetamgun bone pe Qa Bl lpn 55To showed, eengunce, discard (am exiting 2b eyes come as Cae Eisnubles deaprow ot sje eal seem pane ae Gee wee Eee ce Eek (nmaiahianes™ Beste gen pean ett aes usher ‘etsatone Fu Nea eas Firepit mi hee emer nr py EES a eeooe oarense comma ian wm Vick cmon steele so Lh ee ae sy Hesteieae onset eae era, ‘Salar oe abditus ~2, ~um a. [pple. of ss06) i an to wb ‘be cnn espe ome » a eter en ee Ee Se Eee ‘Teno. hat twas mS Ge ny wr h ene etm artmrada eects sque Seino cence fede, Meanie Tide fsa Cr Spl ea omen, oo 2S Lee a abd i aft ta Sh oy a a} Kove nese Se pean eke oy eas ae BE ‘ie ep) det enc ca 2 Goeth pat) To conceal ones, go andhide (in 2p ltthenm oat Fin dan we Ge Poms pes Insc eens se neg me pa oS Seer “pledits sever fae Ht ‘Ges ac co ait Cotas bes evan Gre art ja (cba) mor toe quanta est SF sitet" ogni "ware Sek ERSAEG Str Gia cen abe Pls Nat 2b See ee nce euredere ‘Sham perm «ane Sit Coma fm ae ont rma {sip Clr es inom coat wae er) ENTER ppt tet nee © Behesmene ann san. eOvemonaratiee st, TR nace “id She et serum carcs ata tn Bene meee mon Reais = pine reget. Gee et on Frere elon spe om pebble) bani ne POY cee yen Sicece a mare tare Sette pence Coe Ean tare co ees ‘Sig et fue Aen spe we te) ove git epoca enter bine pce we aces 428s Seton aoc eke {eps fom oS gut ic a an we Semana arta ne Sis Seca mn aa (ath ‘something else). React sommes natea te ato sere ee ulcopring oe ie ee Mt et ee wan ene ete penoen Pee Horns mens sens See abiren “a Gravina 0 Te et on ne pt oo oe ig semen snseoee ct ead Sears eer ae et ee semacree ee cto on eee ena ry oe ch? et he, 2 tees Rog teed eeacntars Paina) eee eas 2a, See enna cs Tote ica aos sede mere, a, mcm ate + od] {Grogs abut Citi, Pops aaa! Po Gar i xy impr! abdae a Cor 9 ‘Fon Pata ahd Bes {olny (oon) tg of remo Fa Soret ls scram ne BauSaiacar CrCl. spot ee cide on poe, een Fenian qa Sgn ates Rog eStore PP en (wr empha om fe pli, rom which Se Pr su mins ‘elu Vn de ust Rad gus mince Bie cet ie i ta he} quem “cbt ra Vana fy cnn SIRT Se Tepe ea) soak ee ‘erica cat ar tive cman rs 4 Ut pape ee, mpig 2 ESE an cen ar syne esmema tans Seer at Fee carne NB a Siva elaine aires Sr tet att ‘nae =a Came Ca i i hopin =a sn theme seus Po Mat wy sc aa acinar att Catan) ‘hwo sd nop erent Case Cn aga On"? Seemonenharar (wcops te eas tar em dee ERASE te te Sep a fe eee geome franpal oe ee TGitonen ne scam @ feson te dase cups Sere Sane2 To anactamay (bom splice, allegiance, te.) See nm or CF herr carpe eam Tian Seige ites tee ue sigh cent Stes ee apa Sat (eet aes Spiga Byontlcaipaneueate Coats Sinton to cnc feon to is iret de tee Eh eh ie ht mn ean pee cman aang sg Ts A otic aa ape Sree : ros cartier See ey wt vege ~ce ‘eal (ah "i 51 prepa (rope cp by roo Sant Peer Weote fs hacee Sat Singur ee Pea Peseta ter ieee age et a ea ‘zens nme cape ries Mera; a ec raat Roatan Pee eee Se Or Seiten) amie SaVREEE Se etapmateamnasS ages Geeben samt i Cal Congo Semmens oho ccocliegh eee ete la Ae opera ren pereyro Se ia reo ala Spon fd ae) bs (uw ea emed dt oh oar Spetamoce ashe pack rE ae oes ne Rae imams een Pioguete best sne on) ‘oatfom Acad) carpet = us) Sx Be “bps pact) to vende (om the ight Frere memo eds fr enV Sr, aes Feat eer rn Ueber gat ane peaeesne jeanne ee ees Serre ee er pe thn $e concen Sree Secs Ge mind fom ts forced Seat te en Ra ty SE hte nmin en Scie cae reteset FE Sic sted Shia ore so Ccrneb inmate in om fuinantanepccomtparneee Et Ge , pope aera Soa penun or emt) om foe apie an ste nob hoa Second “Mer meter Pee or ered HOS Tat a a {0 "Torus te descend bring down, lowe ‘onda ups eam bp agra ane Te edocs (oan altered condition). Sica pcan su Abella~ae Acuna Campa ace 8 YANG A paper Abelldnus ~2,~um s Als Aue. OF Abella Abel: exp. mas va, the bert or hate neyo mace Sa noted forite frit racer edn ar Cor Ap a em a Sore ene Sin ope Re BG ciation of. or tt) recat calat att Rs eS ehases sirlte st i omc ae snd ae st Sapte era rape ahd rata tomint fir os: cle Pee pei yr) Bibp tes wt (ne sia Fost ae BO. ia evi) St. Teh. Poe ae Sopcete (martes trade Yan Sch shee Sramakitun Foxe poexacy. oe Gee dertination expe) se fesca grate te uM ay St 2 ‘erect a nine wt nr ba er Saf, Dow, ‘dun Tn ier denn degen tos Preeebiprenssea scien re arid ‘Abella | abed 2S copie) =e feos eee Se or oe ae orc ae : ferret ipied peat Loledieteletcn a redinty airtel Fipclewon tanita) grees Fegererhonteae | RES eta as Sp ese ane idem ae Se EE come a Sey Tipertie Sterile Cay St Hibs ng Tune See rn 6 (callog) ‘2 ne Dini oe ener Sarre ey ae erences ee SSeS ae ee the Roe Sentara SiSp-e jas teasties Eas “es Tella apts Nanehe aye bss we face ra. Mbelste ~sere, int (a+ send) 1 Tostand bec, rete, wethae (fom). Lt on Reena ene Rom ae ae Rae Tine eat nonqea Ree eontpe how ssa ek ae eres bonny ears re See os apeier acterm ee 6 thing to more spt tenet ane tcn “eee io i Sepa Fiber ong omy San eto Sa gh kad eT See oe Siderits tarsi pts cepa themes a aide fae Felis Garten Senet Simin casts CiraccePiat oy To eam ted or pete san OF toilop tang about tela miu ta fre de “ae Poca vt ue weve tress absoliud ~ere,~u, ~itum te Also aps. [an + sou) 1"To fee from bonds, release to open (2 door) Pea) inca 2a ac etsy a ndssopaseener Roe iaeegaremmncysamernes arash arc ‘tna ne6aey per con tes spud Doritanven 3 aan eee areca ete i mur rosa cameo tenet 1 (Cag ror) cee forthe eget Sera nee lo ata oC Ch gang gt ‘alge andreton tote wore bre ea (ORI mor emt soiqs nicl srgee fais Scrat eet eis Ov her teva aa) eo secre the sequal leper poie ip Abs Boa os chee or imputation stow or deduces cea sly SEES B goatee Eek Sota See a hata tmectis ae role (oman bln igre lS pe donne 'btoteee (eo dncomfoy, worry, st) sluts) nage ot cor ise S Jas Sheela trode Area fi SecPSA EAC mp gn ms Fiueantacomenin yo saan AAoateakt hoses cpsadicumtoe: “eat soz wit, have doe with, ee tte SERN ees Sees Saar Sear geuennes). coe oes uw res ieee ers aS ee ee a Ree Fenstapacrte fem yen Satu senna SE mss om eet i “ag, 1 Canny einaions quam sna tf Scams Cats cer qum pasos satel eeStn beste mam Ante ep 7 eth cpl peatin ak vaacton, Baa BRE ites carte Saiearamacens Some oie ciate Sea et SeUciSte cao Nesta pte fig fons a opto Se ne Sieve Ra ager 5 cp et eee [oa beer tern ioreafantharsaaten nts SRS aende Pune ase ae hw abbsolite adv, ~isime. [aesoudrvs + -f] aT gent Mee reteset tier ne orate sity Ea shy est eat pee Sex xainas ™ Ferrin eg corey Se eae Seraiares sBrl “Seem vndeg cree) Cepia ia Tice ran Re re ee os puoi Sic cceneneneteton, ees teres cor ce Fecosngein rt dn sage ‘entre oeade pen Cu echo ea ‘adn “ike see tne pice dons act Se ei se since ie ite Searien aaepia eae tine emanated ‘adap - abe ion Theeaye mega pactt oon ssemeGanetatene ee ae See moran “isha Poe Seth "gos lscis abet sos ver Van 9 Now SS 5S Rs wm of men) ing igre ger te Ee es Sees ae te pun nn ae tyes crraeee eee sips tous hemenatave ADL PL pono acho se contin, SSS iat ction am pan Ecc hdmi 13 "Unqualified, uncondionl, unambiguous. Srl ts igeie ogra aS ett oe SEES absolute | absterges. 4 (gam) tame pont dg ‘diene dt Gore rn re ‘Ser eng Senconputona CS 3ofaerinc, sp) Fe, urn. > seatcentcpmersme er ete SESE _absomd ade [asowns +] Herb dno ce ene a Sec ht tee re Sed ne ans © To bem sect SE entra sStan Sone hap essa "Spied at ee seat ee ec ‘attest mete et eb ay dra sue Arete cat Smee) segs Meio aeSadigeedcen eae T'Urpenng mec date rng ‘presen Qa aor osm acs cea ge 3 (edt ora) Notn keeping it), inconsistent, SITTER wt pt 4 Hon one ih vam eh einen = ot Un SNES ANS CSF CET ect opted fm renee Le abtorbeo ~bere bel (or “pa, ~ptm i Ao apm is sot] Fons: Spt aon IT Tosnatow down dre, ‘dds oa ana hee pata 23S, Sh i a hs 22 Grom) Tegument, tid Sf Sec ta ee a ae in Ma apie) Stine aioe be a ales a E’Se"e get se Tether (ovo things) to aval wp alt soa Siete lg she te bee te See Seen niet Eiko nccor 4 igen wef a Ss FC) eet, = (1) fore, We not fo, bt for (you) r= to Stn bem ect a gen, ‘itm dnmcst dle Gage marr dy ese, SaaieSrneay vonstuebieetarton 2 Separately om, apart ro, without, with the xcept of. ene pane ic Aina inp apart = ‘trem Gs forge Gann oe san sipptbatde codon neuro ps Sake oumian Tide epee Vem abstiemius ~2, ~um a. [ae- + rhode + vs), ee eee Esa ee Meat oo ge ‘pa bbe bone AS Sees ee ears ‘Salohcin Nac tn ip pana) ee ae EEE eeu Fe een Satie RRC, pai ad Se pope (ar al lof ae18 +] Distance, tum te Also ape,absterred | abstrahé 1 To lan by wiping, wipe clean, Serhan Ct pa dm api sn it OAS la sol gts Sea one stele a7 "ie bus ney ke ce ‘Bu SSSR ged aia lpm ook fn pnso ger nna “Toremove by wiping, wipe of- eas Sitti nonin fosoens Che Bat ag Fe ps etre Pee ‘Ser. Hm(of remedies) ser erricum Set Sit Loran pomsier atecamares te te iste tan sakony aden snc ape de iu ‘conahigee Lin 2354, ogee Sat Ge Boor te Shs ae yc fe ea beer area am eae Prawns coemegoy Apatite Sian Nee don Gee Sagr-ter aby ¢ Peed mad tebe eee ae it Sp oe etn ae ets en sp hi want La iat sobbing ate ees] Anion, a aes ere Seinen ss asl) Meet al) Song nnn pet wired tontoan ‘on ataintnon seen ete Se ben ‘Reins at ~uaaimus Cot, hasnr—(or ab ieee F toa Sarsuane pete ica Pel ny ed Lk eg tna ft ot Segoe Sc sino ee cae a (ea ines ntaie euaimigee cots : "Beka (dh prac Sut ghey a fgh <9 HR. Car. 39k abstinenter ad fwnrment rx] With sl tun (op iminanc eins) rupee Seine Op need ek aedcae se nuts ena ua sae Se Bases _abstinentia~aef [asrmens +] "Vw gen or a8) Restrnt (in respect of), tetera (fom). 2 Rerint in financial dealings, feetom fom ‘overouames ite incorrapbiiy. (pal catenter Stogun (oats poset) flr VO ‘ita'op'e cm mecone pede com oer: aan ee tS xe Sa eeeres [Raloetioninapmctentatentereas Pega lag Sacto nephenirecaer ell Se ‘HER Din Seat ads cues poonian st com br Patatvereiee Se fat iie deta reine hase Bonnet at sce ae Aap tate ce ees et. He ene Races ced epee eee FRE pene eet aca w emp rrr on ‘Nah Sti ep teens Rep asm np ele deleted sas fet at ig an Ten aengan ts acne Sicreanash nee Seah ee eevee See a 2 etyecmctaban ole ck ee jokes “77: non se, comiens ate et FEE enn plea eA CEES SS yon Sob MIE potent Fan fe opy toed ae Fic sii 28 gt Cat tne Campo gun hee es aes alee cgi ome et See See eee Fest a(n) moe ton lorcet SS eer aca ain a cp Ce) peepee hte eee ‘ee 1 ity ren Go pc) LETS Faas iy in na nor ona ele orence, pattie Sedan ats Sarees Binge Sew Coa eat ky veer se oo Bd oe oye anh See be ‘SSMeact ou? er tine See ta ‘te dams cide Henin tts defection it Li Latin eu pace uuse Sols Oe Ep tat ‘esumguan en slam sr fe, ie we patos Sore hag te wet ok ‘ied pees Seared saat ne ine ifenuaces posta go} ‘Resin voce Ara ep at Fan Szcanciee Sean “BCG by int by gun or quomina erat cipro er Sie meet [ roe pad Fee ce CD aoe tary Seon "Gog oo eri Gaal) el om cease Gabe sents tes ones ens Se eset tance Somes Sema th epee semper cbs ela meds SR esha pone poe senate oe Ba erence ee Sess Ene es puree naan et ch Seem eee Sees ste et, wo, tect td ul fs ad Sei eg wer ‘dan’ haar pag tor gn aoe at Bg Eerie ee ‘Revi Skt An tnr™(o) aed eae ote Secret ‘eosin ae eee LT ante FS iecacra ge 5 ie" Amer Ign” prc send iene Sr ct ane mae Tielegen cette mcr Ce nhac stn Tm ‘eich Rac ae gerne to care Eh e ee ‘Sahel mest star eta) ‘Ere aay lor cre gus “sep nde pe OF eee ees ei es age pene ‘Seo "ot Chee Ort yragrcaadne ian Tee ait thers omnes mam ma creeee fuesaemnereer toast et eon. Ree ae Se, palate aia aco ‘ots i Sora tee Lato se See relngontoschsecTac tonsa geen Prem tin be ‘geen te PES wot sete) egteeeceeeste RES amrmrce geese See cunt orc ‘preci ese mo Jes (ames bth cw @ Maes sar ine sees ii eam) sad geen oe edocs ab be Sa pie ‘gant atorPuon in 10 geog,afs country) To drawback ts coastin) tet rt (etna), are Cas ee pecane aan 5 To set free, remove (from situation, ete.). ace i ce cee tens cmemraecere Beene et) geal dante Fein Sn Seepenee tt orp Ser a ath "Steps mae Shen (to). seem may ee oe 3 Tacha, bone LEAST a pmo Sdn cp (maa tails gedit cc Spanien aisets Toren dee ect (om one cute Shee ears ee" (ae) aon ede sve chit cia pcr tr ach 3 abstrid® dere, ~s,~sum Also aps [ae + Se seeaiee a teint denn ape Ce A en ‘Cy, os penta sella Sure. Wa tay (wt) wet Bove nti po) St Seamer * Seti ieeamanaraso BD fpuse) tw be conceded (by intervening Sone apes dra clammarun cube Ve or ten dials ome mone peeve yo 2 Toprevent (an emotion) fom becoming appre, rv gcotan dios esate fl ot ns Sine Smiaetomandonteg nn abstrisusa,~um,Alsoape- pple. ofaastetod} 1 Conceled from view by human, ete, agency H » seo mae =e ine sia ‘B'Ciing) remote trom human society, In seciason Sisk nbn an eS hoe 8 aac pnd rnc iu hat 2705 oer eb A Recondite abate. etectaonen mente 4 wecondn gue ae at See ge ee Ba Ss 3 Secretive teerved. SSLIISe ies, aide ge co ae, abstul6 fae + tl (vous) app) To take oo absum abesse, Mui intr Also aps. [su- + s¥1) onus abc (eat) Caro Agr ti. Pros {Patna Spr On eo ‘Pte phymcatyseee Gare + pac sete seo atl Ec wl aa oY abate out of te es (Pes St eapeof Sumte) 9 have been Sb ot i ae esryrebetrehinan dae Se inion ine et sobs efor ‘Sooneilat Neptumunhars vip sch qos ‘eer dwt got pool pena Tae fe SC eigenen acti, sea petscmnate nau ae Sense aime ate Gace ERT Ga pam cnc cts lesa dae hit sir he Scho ‘otic be seve Li ZS hence 5 at ees silage scree parca yc SSL een eaters Sui ee ered gate Ree i th Weeki een) tba been eon be Soames ‘Bite init Suoer tol ato eabee URE ate Onset abstrid | absum sepa mg enn mie geht sop) a ene cctiere SET a enn SSeS Emcee Seinen te cer oe ye Sii dao Sie ape oe) oe dan & (with f, procul, and sim). ogee a Sieg Cy on Ak eS Se me sane See eae paheah ee ae nge Pees Sa Sees ber ei eee ar ces TESS Eee Santee Cla" cie abr ieee ce ee ene oeds soca hat ima Pa Rad Soy ak Sarctee Sees cece en Ce SEE as susiiecieaeete Seema ees bo foeetalr nde ea ale Bu alee et Ae te Soar ae Beeterio tee Ga etc Soe ac aes Seatac lee ee a eS LOT era et Ae eS hae Sat Sty PR) Rind loon pen gs eae ce He peer reeren ‘Bot plonoe erst € Masts cant nspe coma fiom a “pate a! fa “ampere Shari eeaer Get Bae riper am et ABC. FE ge ete Se teeabsimad® | absurdé a inde mn ae Lae ab Seca ai * (aber poet (nih oes tc) qin cannot Seb tat toting prevents oometing beg tet nmin reas ye at oan pe, nth a pats beer setae eran aes ‘Vivir atic Cans Cass trhand sie eee line eeees ae +E, ter ‘eri tafe oe dcr wl Ge At RS PERE eerie Perec sei apace el Sag SLE eth anette ee EE assent! moraeale Sere ge 8" seller (0) bel abenadegtes Sane ‘Sina aan gece one set ‘Serene ieee eee I ed or, nin ieee Ry Set erp ethene nar Sea i an a ries aera Tera ee are SEES cs beet Spiros ees. 1 Tobe free (from blame, detect, etc). See Ere ae bem i an a tment abn erent eee Sore Se etre egies Goer ‘fe sa fies dom yarns dre Soe ai era tees te Sean tenon) tp hae ale nl pote ses ethan ‘emoeter x34; (net mem bo fe set ieee AW (or abe. qualiies,cacunstances etc) To be beet, be lacing; ao (wr. proc et) io be ar wemorid ‘Tamale maton mln nde set ‘merborabft vege open rere grt ‘Tete ig isnot er et na er ac wo ent Rae nora 2a) tempt ans cnc ag et Soe Be eased ae any ge ses peed abt dav nao ZS ees Sivlomemimere cee eee Cepehctserte itl dre cea re ee 1 Tobe lacking (ims persons characte, ee), be Set Sc ors ag ers Sew a ho “ce | ae ier a en Se se 13 To be ising of abent (om a tot whole, one. ater ht ul Sepreaterte mina aes STEED Ree tt dies ‘Selatan gy, erin be ‘eta gona has fig erred dls EET Geese ted Jee cede ages Seer ee eee ee Exninget oo pan bese “ponerse Fine et rt Seca Ta meng ial See ear mate omar hee oeemrr aoe Pa Ben ee inate ee taba weenie can eS ne ietrerarmncies sane cpt Teter einay SE SEES et can te ttn Soir eS a os hg ese Spree sat ‘tate gue ats ote ye n.'Be Sree ee ot ic fer ie it wt abawmat, quod pudestedicere PL Pu 20 Se ae ce aise ees Sree See SRE ree Seen aes etn on tg oe cee een rose enn rere tan Yash bee os bre we pa seer Sta oe le Soteide gw sei cps adem mt hee ee Sacesmem mene Se topttnones bas pes Gott yah, geile tse i tone le iy Sa oe eee Caermricieneer ees Eo eige temas {eens prem et —pae ine Sn mn ft ‘Siu ope = pina “ 2 Tecoma des ond, gio ay ces ee yet i oa ene Seite anne iemrasaecinncuene ee a Liciepemnstags lata ach oma 1 See serge on Iya ose Shee pe ate a Ca Se vec os 4 Gt bee To estoy, cone scone Sree tm wi wt ieee Pe a Shae ects eke eer Sel! “ate oe ote ot es el sO er tem ns ltt eet lineal Tasty ssh oer ee on % (oaks Source gece) sell ete gar pools Solas cp we “plat fet Eagar, oa te oa le a 5 (a pss) Tobe tier edu be ciate, Sasppet Gn sh) Tost ‘Spe ie acd esha oe ESE 2S Seman eat accra Soteitefede seeGtameifatsiae Sera pens ty ares: ones me eteae Un grt + 08] Orrnoas ccd. Ena sco 247 and lew in 2044 ecad Se Sua 6 1 Tofal dwn, descend, (ao By offortane) ‘Smnpurt Seba hres guy tapos eee es goa Se Nat ass} sd) ding de col Sterne Soot Rel B's ager imoge ners conte Sanne, se Uplnenae ant rpertiems ws gas » (efor tatoo down. Lee ee SoS SAREE oS ey 2 fa dow (aa peor el), prose ree Se aes genta tea Erie trance aE ea ones ems ss fsa do epoins gair ert. pr ‘pram en og 2's Gtround news, et.) To allon (he eas), tess is sats iP St 1 Ee eee Ee as ata ‘ewnonie vom ai CIES (eo) Sse od (Soe arma, 9 Foe ra gece ‘Eterna roc omy Se een sie fe optim of bn ree efor tpanat mtu ot) ber toe sak Lv aan; nhl poole ures Nereis ine ie vir se abe soar ‘inchmorsonmanestum verges Meshes ‘Stine que pote weed specie qr bien ‘Sater. wen'{ut di) deo atin’ come BE Shorl A eee Ses eos a a eakects.te ore tm ‘ue mage mend na eam can eee at Len. sate = ce Satis pate boce racy Sear etn ae imere ead Seaton ioe At phon ie sits mfp ed ud tab ER ie a oe ae Be a a i Snecma Sar eae Si otecme dees See aoe Spsore eee Tei tte Cee eS oa sepa (an) ee ae Ne = “ea oun SSeS TSS ‘4 (ow emphasis on cause) to happen (as the ata Ea caren ceeetnee rags See Saree Fie pace ete) arp Seo bell Basesee et feces tis it SiaEbicm noe” goer cs come reir pitt ae it eats ‘tetas at Ei hye eet open nehaerne pied (mn si cundcninaata enasdets oh (gf) nue que Secopinet sont Pek. Fein er qin ear dentet se a) Bg) ol hg pen el el a iar ces Se teen ag annie i haves miata eee PE (acemphaion cue oc get). ares eee CO are Spi ee Seared et 30 ewe (+ sab), happens o€ comes about bo he Shetne (sens, tami) icra nd sac ent inna Se ean [Ricco Ban e's es ‘Seat conse eerucertomcaen) i a ‘Sendai prometenar Bur yee Shoe eet iade ee gemacht oe ne sede) iors "e (geam) to be inflectional pats (of), tira est fas e250 ae nts [oe cd) * Tpen gay eh sad See Seite canes ea Saar rence by sag co 2 Soeur lab as ty aor ot ace “pte reduce the milter power of weaken pUigadhardethate wecone ie Pee see emia A rd et st saeas 5a owe dminih esr) SSE Spt lsc te setingS ge =~ +n] eg mic ano gi op (oot eis! sti ee tans ae ay A = ee Exouaar secu Tope ibeord ee) EE eee al sete ‘sand pods serue Zap, oe 337 =. Wr grice ed see er aaa natn ae i ul (wth ds pp). ee eee ere ann moe Sm be ta serene a Sa cetera ae Eee a tis & caer peat Fe actin haasie aah oe PRegened pear arte) 2 dam pet si a rete fen as Tans hen sei oe Sus meriemmae Ee ae ear fae ced pec oats Ee eee eee eae sma ik at ‘ose adhe Ee aa abeol) ave tne seer tats Sot ome ear eae Se onan com ej gor ornerope Vine sae sang g nrc fo Sacchi leat se adie le pa "To summon send for fetch vite ‘matures ope toe Siero COC“ Ary ears ae Salus Szom bec: sae geamgu sre ‘eat we np reer Stony Reet cane Lin cay Bath sgt pace Tae dee ‘tio bee, en prod tone et "Tier tn sce BA sept e bees rio eae te ear are Sguatceemeccan ae oe Feeae altel weir Sig TAc Heth faut gen compacta Pepe pe mtncte ven teem sod eprom Ren Canes Higa eer, eee ‘en dacarteane eet nee eae Soe caec nase een ‘ics cance Saitek Ent iner ‘cipib—ipwe, otk, ep [oc RSE Oe ec Sete ce a aa 1 To take in one grasp (a thing offered or given), coasts ences Seah aegis Teens tc woe or peetn p m Cn eek hapa ee Sp ES ee Eitneeiate ieaara Breede geen tae Ftecerite Gen ca atapeet Ste cua wt atl Cao aa SPB ec ui na "epere Aes ee Eee aes SESE ee Fite at mee) Eevee ae at See Pll FBockeme enya oommtyree “oer itenwcrantay mye Dla ped ty Bee oe ere cree atin terpenes Repeat es SES pose iment ee Pee need to commit vide accid6 | accipié SPER Cee er tase Soh a am te mart a Sepa ag Che $67—(Gp ch} Sous don elmo en wipe ase Vike Ed ap ‘to ake (ara bribe) Bien tenrtcipe sede es comai abet, seer nto one, segue, gets econem “perso an action ranted one Ietafr recrenscept pr gos et abst Hon ep ster wt tc rn de ple ie a aes Bie Sle Sh ee ST ret (rege peta ee ~poe Sains Sear Pst nde “pe Say ride Ea on, Epes Bay pinees contain spe eee “Scag dea erst eo n'a Bats Spat ae co tt ‘Ctrecet (orders) oh ge rasan plein mundane spat Say sig cgwant at imprint ip Saeaiees eee “Stove provided with have (gaat) imparted, eure SSNS ater cam pe sb hee mores ait St, ‘die see "eto concave, become posesed with 2 sate of saad). re um nT wine mn nine, seu teen mt freaks {1'To take over rom another tae charg of sats Supe 9 ination recprorgmnatee STimatum ipa ob damooro ene Pe Ep yn, “epiiapew teak Tac ip og tte fare soso Red op yi pon ot eps Fis mines ‘astray spe Ca ete Pe mute gn eee ap ‘eos ppc a= set 3 dra (ta aca (po) tacts Sa St eerie today ‘Began “aha Sea oprah Se pi sont ese SS eee ered cB 3 Tearehndd Sow on here Ree ea asc Speer nee Stepan Soe SS SD vB a ahateet