3
Unit Opener
Fit as a Fiddle
page 31
3.1 fit as a fiddle (expr) /fɪt əz ə ˈfɪdl/
very fit and healthy ● Grandma walks five
miles every day so she’s as fit as a fiddle.
Reading pages 32-33
3.2 longevity (n) /lɒŋˈʤevətɪ/
long life ● People from Crete are well-known
for their longevity and many live to be over
100.
3.3 religion (n) /rɪˈlɪʤn/
a belief in a god or gods ● Christianity is the
biggest religion in Europe. ➣ religious (adj)
3.4 gene (n) /dʒiːn/
a part of a cell in your body that you get from
your parents and controls what you look like
● Your eye colour is controlled by genes.
➣ genetic (adj)
Word Focus page 32
3.5 t rait (n) /treɪt/
a quality, good or bad, in sb’s character
● A sense of humour is a family trait.
3.6 consumption (n) /kənˈsʌmpʃn/
eating or drinking sth ● The consumption
of food on the Metro is not allowed.
➣ consume (v), consumer (n)
3.7 life expectancy (n) /laɪf ɪksˈpektənsi/
the length of time that a person is likely to live
● In the West, women have a longer life
expectancy than men.
3.8 dementia (n) /dɪˈmenʃə/
a serious illness of the mind, especially in old
people ● Grandma has got dementia and she
often forgets who we are.
3.9 fast (n) /fɑːst/
a period of time when no food, or only certain
food, is eaten ● The fast before Easter lasts
for forty days and people don’t eat meat.
➣ fast (v)
Reading pages 32-33
3.10 contribute (to) (v) /kənˈtrɪbjuːt (tuː)/
be one of the causes of an event or situation
● Eating well and exercising contribute to a
long life. ➣ contribution (n)
3.11 (the) norm (n) /(ðə) nɔːm/
the usual way sth happens ● Eating potatoes
almost every day is the norm in parts of
Britain. ➣ normal (adj)
16
3.12 Sardinian (n) /sɑːˈdɪnɪən/
sb from Sardinia ● My friend Lela is a
Sardinian and she loves the island she comes
from. ➣ Sardinia (n)
3.13 rate (n) /reɪt/
how often sth happens or how many people
sth happens to ● The rate of people living
beyond 80 has increased over the last fifty
years.
3.14 average (n) /ˈævrɪʤ/
a number or amount calculated by adding
several amounts together and then dividing the
total by the number of amounts ● Most people
live to about 80 years old, but the average in
this remote village is 95. ➣ average (adj)
3.15 milk (v) /mɪlk/
get milk from a cow, goat or sheep using your
hands or a machine ● Every morning the
farmer milks the cows. ➣ milk (n)
3.16 chop (v) /ʧɒp/
cut with an axe ● We will need to chop a lot of
wood because it’s going to be a cold winter.
3.17 nutrition (n) /njuːˈtrɪʃn/
the food that you eat and the way it affects
your health ● Good nutrition is important if you
want to be healthy. ➣ nutritious (adj)
3.18 dairy product (n) /ˈdeəri ˈprɑːdʌkt/
food made from milk, such as cheese
and yoghurt ● My sister is allergic to dairy
products, so she never drinks milk.
3.19 genetic (adj) /ʤəˈnetɪk/
having to do with genes ● The colour of your
eyes is a genetic trait.
➣ gene (n), genetically (adv)
3.20 favour (v) /ˈfeɪvə/
support ● Exercising is one thing that favours
a long life. ➣ favour (n)
3.21 motorway (n) /ˈməʊtəweɪ/
a long wide road used by traffic travelling fast
● We drove on the motorway to Thessaloniki
and got there quickly.
3.22 commitment (n) /kəˈmɪtmənt/
a promise or decision to do sth ● I can’t visit
you on Tuesday because I have a previous
commitment; I'm taking Mrs Jones to the
doctor. ➣ commit (v)
3.23 weight (n) /weɪt/
sth that is heavy ● Andy lifts weights twice
a week at the gym and he has become very
strong.
3.24 forbid (v) /fəˈbɪd/
tell sb that they are not allowed to do sth,
or that sth is not allowed ● The doctor has
forbidden him to eat junk food.
3.25 discourage (v) /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ/
make sb not want to do sth ● Her friend
discouraged her from leaving her job.
➣ discouraging (adj)
✎ Opp: encourage
3.26  affeinated (adj) /ˈkæfɪneɪtɪd/
c be enjoyable or useful to have ● Life is worth
with caffeine (a substance that makes you feel
more active) ● I can’t drink caffeinated drinks
like coffee because they make my hands
shake. ➣ caffeine (n)
✎ Opp: decaffeinated
3.27 spice (n) /spaɪs/
a powder from a plant that you put in food to
make it taste better ● My mum uses a lot of
spices in her cooking. ➣ spicy (adj)
3.28  ut (n) /nʌt/
n affect badly ● Grandma is afflicted by arthritis
a dry brown fruit in a hard shell that grows
on a tree ● Cashews and almonds are her
favourite nuts.
3.29 whole wheat (adj) /həʊl wiːt/
Whole wheat flour is made from all of the
wheat grain, including the outer layer. ● I think
whole wheat bread is nicer than white bread.
3.30  oy (n) /sɔɪ/
s sleep for a short time during the day ● My dad
a kind of bean ● Dina doesn’t eat any animal
products, so she drinks soy milk instead of
cow’s milk.
✎ soy = American English;
soya = British English
3.31 lower (v) /ˈləʊə(r)/
make sth less or smaller ● Exercise can help
lower your blood pressure. ➣ low (adj)
✎ Opp: raise
3.32  et together (phr v) /ˈget təgeðə/
g 3.47 blood pressure (n) /blʌd ˈpreʃə/
meet ● Our whole family often gets together
at the weekend to have lunch.
➣ get-together (n)
3.33  ocialise (v) /ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz/
s 3.48 affect (v) /əˈfekt/
spend time enjoying yourself with other people
● George usually socialises with his friends at
the local café. ➣ sociable, social (adj)
3.34 relieve (v) /rɪˈliːv/
reduce sb's pain or unpleasant feeling ● I went
for a run before the exam to relieve my stress.
➣ relief (n)
3.35 reveal (v) /rɪˈviːl/
make known sth that was secret or unknown
● The scientist revealed the results of his
experiments to the public. ➣ revelation (n)
3.36 predictable (adj) /prɪˈdɪktəbl/
happening or behaving as expected ● She
is so predictable! She always phones me on
Saturday morning. ➣ predict (v), prediction (n)
✎ Opp: unpredictable
3.37 in moderation (expr) /ɪn mɒdəˈreɪʃn/
If you do sth in moderation, you do not do it too
much. ● Drinking coffee in moderation won’t do
you any harm.
3.38 network (n) /ˈnetwɜːk/
a group of people who know each other and
socialise ● Kelly has a large network of friends
on Facebook.
3.39 (be) worth (expr) /(biː) wɜːθ/
living when you are healthy and happy.
3.40 nod (v) /nɒd/
move your head up and down as a way of
saying ‘yes’ or ‘hello’ ● When I asked her if she
was happy, she nodded.
3.41 party (v) /ˈpɑːti/
go to parties ● Fred parties hard every
Saturday and then sleeps most of Sunday.
3.42 afflict (v) /əˈflɪkt/
so she finds it hard to walk. ➣ affliction (n)
3.43 observe (v) /əbˈzɜːv/
do things and obey laws that are part of a
religion or custom ● Harry had to observe
a strict diet for six months in order to lose
weight.
3.44 nap (v) /næp/
always naps after lunch. ➣ nap (n)
3.45 ingredient (n) /ɪnˈgriːdɪənt/
a quality you need to achieve sth ● The main
ingredient of a good relationship is trust.
3.46 herb (n) /hɜːb/
a plant used in cooking to add flavour ● The
chef’s favourite herb is oregano and he uses
it in many dishes. ➣ herbal (adj)
force with which blood flows around your body
● High blood pressure is dangerous but a
healthy diet and exercise can reduce it.
make sth change in a particular way ● The
decisions you make now will affect your future.
Vocabulary page 34
3.49 ward (n) /wɔːd/
a room in a hospital for patients ● Larry is
in Ward 3, which is on the third floor of the
hospital.
3.50 surgeon (n) /ˈsɜːʤn/
a doctor who performs operations ● The
surgeon who replaced Grandma’s hip did an
excellent job. ➣ surgery (n)
17
 3.51 meditation (n) /medɪˈteɪʃən/
emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings in
order to relax completely ● Doug does some
meditation every night before he goes to sleep.
➣ meditate (v)
3.52 additive (n) /ˈædɪtɪv/
a chemical added to food to make it taste better
or keep it fresh ● Many food additives are bad
for your health. ➣ add (v)
3.53 mineral (n) /ˈmɪnərəl/
a natural substance found in food which your
body needs to stay healthy ● I drink bottled
water because it has minerals in it which are
good for you.
3.54 optician (n) /ɒpˈtɪʃn/
sb who tests your eyesight ● He had an eye
test at the optician's yesterday and was told
he needs reading glasses.
3.55 dietician (n) /daɪəˈtɪʃn/
sb who gives you advice about what to eat
● Janet cannot lose weight, so she has decided
to see a dietician for advice. ➣ diet (v, n)
3.56 vaccination (n) /væksɪˈneɪʃn/
sth given to you to prevent you from getting
a disease ● You will need some vaccinations
before you go to Africa so that you don’t get ill.
➣ vaccinate (v)
3.57 operation (n) /ɒpəˈreɪʃn/
the process of cutting into sb's body to repair it
or remove a part that is damaged ● Steve had
a heart operation and he stayed in hospital for
two weeks. ➣ operate (v)
3.58 injection (n) /ɪnˈʤekʃn/
putting a drug into sb's body using a needle
● When Harry was bitten by a dog he had to
have a tetanus injection. ➣ inject (v)
3.59 prescription (n) /prɪˈskrɪpʃn/
a piece of paper which a doctor writes saying
what medicine sb needs so that they can get
it from a pharmacist ● Sally has pneumonia
so the doctor gave her a prescription for some
antibiotics. ➣ prescribe (v)
3.60 treadmill (n) /ˈtredmɪl/
an exercise machine you walk or run on ● How
many kilometres did you do on the treadmill at
the gym today?
3.61 bandage (n) /ˈbændɪʤ/
a long piece of cloth that you tie around a a
part of the body that has been injured
● He cut his knee so he tied a bandage round it
to stop the bleeding. ➣ bandage (v)
3.62 tablet (n) /ˈtæblɪt/
a pill ● If you have a headache, take two of
these tablets and it will go away.
3.63 crutch (n) /krʌʧ/
a stick you put under your arm to help you walk
when you have hurt your leg ● Sam has got a
broken leg and he can only walk on crutches.
18
3.64 diagnose (v) /daɪəgˈnəʊz/
identify what is wrong with sb’s health ● She
went to the doctor, who diagnosed that she had
pneumonia. ➣ diagnosis (n)
3.65 organic food (n) /ɔːˈgænɪk fuːd/
food grown without the use of chemicals
● Organic food is good for you because it
doesn't have dangerous chemicals in it.
3.66 twist (v) /twɪst/
turn a part of your body suddenly and injure it ●
I fell and twisted my ankle.
3.67 wound (n) /wuːnd/
an injury made by a knife or bullet ● The soldier
was shot and his wound is very serious.
➣ wound (v), wounded (adj)
3.68 infected (adj) /ɪnˈfektɪd/
If a part of your body or a wound is infected, it
has bacteria in it that prevent it from healing.
● This cut on my hand must be infected.
➣ infect (v), infection (n)
3.69 X-ray (n) /ˈeks-reɪ/
a photograph of part of sb's body taken using
X-rays to see if anything is wrong ● She had an
X-ray to see if her arm was broken.
3.70 preservative (n) /prɪˈzɜːvətɪv/
a chemical which stops food going bad ● You
can keep fish in salt for a long time because
it is a natural preservative. ➣ preserve (v),
preservation (n)
3.71 plaster (n) /ˈplɑːstə/
a hard cover around an arm or leg to keep a
broken bone in place while it mends ● Anna
has her arm in plaster because it’s broken in
two places.
3.72 heal (v) /hiːl/
If a wound or a broken bone heals, the flesh,
skin or bone grows back together and becomes
healthy again. ● That cut has healed so well
that you can’t see where it was.
3.73 recover (v) /rɪˈkʌvə/
get better from an illness ● Grandpa has
recovered from his bad cold and now he feels
as fit as a fiddle. ➣ recovery (n)
3.74 saying (n) /seɪɪŋ/
a sentence that many people use, which
expresses sth a lot of people believe is true
● ‘Money makes the world go round’ is an old
saying.
3.75 reject (v) /rɪˈʤekt/
refuse to accept or agree with sth ● I told the
teacher I had been too ill to do my homework,
but he rejected what I said as a lie.
➣ rejection (n)
3.76  ld wives’ tale (n) /əʊld waɪvz teɪl/
o
a belief based on old ideas that are now
considered to be untrue ● Have you heard the
old wives’ tale that it's bad luck to open an
umbrella indoors?
3.77 indeed (adv) /ɪnˈdiːd/
really; truly ● Jeremy Smart is indeed a good
surgeon who cares about his patients.
3.78 wisdom (n) /ˈwɪsdəm/
good sense and judgment ● Grandma’s words
of wisdom are to drink chamomile tea for a
stomach ache, and it really works. ➣ wise (adj)
3.79 in (good) shape (expr) /ɪn (gʊd) ʃeɪp/
fit and healthy ● John has been in good shape
ever since he took up swimming.
3.80 figure (n) /ˈfɪgə/
body shape ● Nancy has a nice figure because
she works out at the gym three times a week.
3.81 physically (adv) /ˈfɪzɪkli/
to do with the body ● If you take up a sport,
you will feel better physically. ➣ physical (adj)
3.82 starve (v) /stɑːv/
make sb suffer or die because they do not have
enough food to eat ● He starved the poor dog
to death. ➣ starvation (n)
3.83 fever (n) /ˈfiːvə(r)/
when your body is too hot because you are ill
● She had a high fever and had to stay in bed.
3.84 limit (v) /ˈlɪmɪt/
to stop sb from doing what they want ● He
limited himself to two small meals a day while
he was on a diet. ➣ limit (n)
3.85 well-balanced (adj) /wel-ˈbælənst/
A well-balanced diet has all the different kinds of
food you need to be healthy. ● She has a well-
balanced diet with plenty of fish, chicken, fruit
and vegetables.
3.86 nourishing (adj) /ˈnʌrɪʃɪŋ/
providing good nutrition ● This nourishing meal
will give me a lot of energy. ➣ nourish (v)
3.87  rescribe (v) /prɪˈskraɪb/
p sth that makes you better when you are in pain
When a doctor prescribes medicine, they say
that you must take it. ● The doctor prescribed
some medicine for her stomach problem.
➣ prescription (n)
3.88 treat (v) /triːt/
try to make a sick person better by using
medicine, hospital care, etc ● Don’t worry. The
doctor will treat that burn. ➣ treatment (n)
3.89 r emedy (n) /ˈremədi/
a medicine to cure an illness or pain ● Hot tea
with lemon and honey is my mum’s remedy for
a cold.
3.90 medication (n) /medɪˈkeɪʃn/
medicine ● He takes medication prescribed by
the doctor for his heart problems. ➣ medicate (v)
3.91 runny nose (n) /ˈrʌni nəʊz/
A runny nose has liquid coming out of it
because you have a cold. ● I think I’ve got a
cold. I’ve got a runny nose.
3.92 sniffles (pl n) /ˈsnɪflz/
a mild cold that makes you sniff because you
have a runny nose ● Every winter I get the
sniffles. ι
3.93 sore throat (n) /sɔː θrəʊt/
when the area at the back of your mouth and
inside your neck hurts ● A spoonful of honey
might help your sore throat go away.
3.94 tender (adj) /ˈtendə/
painful ● I cut my finger and now it’s so tender
that I can’t touch it.
3.95 flu (n) /fluː/
an illness that makes you feel tired and weak,
makes you cough and gives you a sore throat
● If you've got the flu, you should stay in bed.
✎ NB: flu is the abbreviated form of influenza
3.96 infection (n) /ɪnˈfekʃn/
a disease in a part of your body caused by
bacteria ● Lyn has an ear infection
➣ infect (v), infected (adj)
3.97 herbal tea (n) /ˈhɜːbl tiː/
tea made of herbs like chamomile ● Would you
like a cup of herbal tea before you go to bed?
People who can help
dietician optician surgeon
Grammar page 35
3.98 fitness (n) /ˈfɪtnɪs/
the condition of being strong and healthy
● People can achieve fitness if they exercise
and eat the right food. ➣ fit (adj)
3.99 remedy (n) /ˈremədi/
or sick ● Chamomile tea is a good remedy for a
sore tummy.
3.100 sneeze (v) /sniːz/
If you sneeze, air suddenly comes from your
nose, making a noise, when you have a cold, for
example. ● Every spring she sneezes because
she is allergic to flowers. ➣ sneeze (n)
3.101 treatment (n) /ˈtriːtmənt/
medical attention given to sb who is ill ● The
treatment for pneumonia is antibiotics.
➣ treat (v)
Listening page 36
3.102 at least (adv) /ət liːst/
not less than a particular number or amount
● You might have to wait at least an hour for
the doctor to see you.
3.103 partly (adv) /ˈpɑːtli/
not completely ● Both drivers were partly to
blame for the accident. ➣ part (n)
19
 3.104 be to blame /bi tə bleɪm/
be responsible for something bad that
happens ● They’re trying to find out who was
to blame for the mistake.
3.105 sense (v) /sens/
feel and understand sth ● If you sense you’re
going to get sick, then you should rest.
➣ sense (n)
3.106 t end (to) (v) /tend (tuː)/
often do a particular thing ● Grandpa tends
to sleep more in the middle of the day as he
grows older. ➣ tendency (n)
3.107  leep patterns /sliːp ˈpætnz/
s a snack made of nuts, fruits and grains ●
how often, how long, etc you normally sleep
● Your sleep patterns affect your health.
3.108 carry out (phr v) /ˈkæri aʊt/
do or complete sth ● Research is being carried
out into sleep patterns.
Speaking page 37
3.109 stressed (adj) /strest/
so worried or tired that you cannot relax
● Most students get stressed before exams.
➣ stress (v, n)
3.110 deal with (phr v) /diːl wɪð/
take action to achieve or solve sth ● Exercising
or doing a sport might help you deal with stress.
3.111 get rid of (expr) /get rɪd ɒv/
do sth so that you no longer have sth
unpleasant that you do not want ● He can't get
rid of his headache even though he took some
aspirin.
Grammar page 38
3.112 recreation (n) /rekrɪˈeɪʃn/
an activity that you do for pleasure ● He plays
football for recreation. ➣ recreational (adj)
3.113 encouraging (adj) /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒɪŋ/
giving sb help or hope so that they do sth
● She’s getting better – that’s very
encouraging.
➣ encourage (v), encouragement (n),
encouraging (adj)
✎ Opp: discouraging
3.114 dizzy (adj) /ˈdɪzi/
feeling that you can't stand steadily, for
example because you are ill ● He felt dizzy
after he hit his head so he went to the hospital.
➣ dizziness (n)
3.115  emorable (adj) /ˈmemrəbl/
m 3.128 pick sb’s brains (expr)
which can be remembered easily;
unforgettable ● My first day at work was a
memorable experience and I will never forget
it. ➣ memory (n)
20
3.116 harm (v) /hɑːm/
hurt; damage ● Eating too much food will harm
you and make you put on weight. ➣ harm (n),
harmful (adj)
3.117 dental (adj) /ˈdentl/
to do with teeth ● She has dental problems
because smoking has damaged her teeth.
3.118 calorie (n) /ˈkæləri/
a unit for measuring the amount of energy we
get from food ● An apple has fewer calories
than a bar of chocolate.
3.119 cereal bar (n) /ˈsɪərɪəl bɑː/
Her favourite cereal bar has lots of nuts and
berries.
Use your English page 39
3.120 cholesterol (n) /kəˈlestərɒl/
a substance in your blood ● Too much
cholesterol is bad for you and can cause a
heart attack.
3.121 get into shape (expr) /get ˈɪntʊ ʃeɪp/
keep fit ● He jogs every day because he wants
to lose weight and get into shape.
3.122 vaccinate (v) /ˈvæksɪneɪt/
protect sb from a disease by giving them a
substance that contains a weak form of the
bacteria or virus that causes the disease
● Have you had your baby vaccinated yet?
➣ vaccination (n)
3.123 as fresh as a daisy (expr) /əz freʃ əz ə ˈdeɪzi/
lively and energetic ● After ten hours' sleep
she woke up feeling as fresh as a daisy.
3.124 under the weather (expr) /ˈʌndə ðə ˈweðə/
ill; not feeling very well ● Ever since he caught
a cold, he’s been feeling under the weather.
3.125 do (me) the world of good (expr)
/duː (miː) ðə wɜːld əv gʊd/
make me feel very well ● That holiday has
done me the world of good and I’m ready to go
back to work.
3.126 spa (n) /spɑː/
a place where people go to relax or improve
their health ● You’ll feel better after a day at
the spa.
3.127 recharge (my) batteries (expr)
/rɪˈʧɑːʤ (maɪ) ˈbætəriz/
get your energy back ● I'm tired. I’ll take a
break to recharge my batteries.
/pɪk ˈsʌmbədiz breɪnz/
ask sb who knows a lot about a subject for
information ● I have to write an essay about
Ancient Greek philosophers. Can I pick your
brains?
3.129 vegetarian (adj) /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/
for people who do not eat meat or fish ● Have
you been to that new vegetarian restaurant?
➣ vegetarian (n)
3.130 unwell (adj) /ʌnˈwel/
ill; not well ● He was feeling unwell, so he
stayed in bed.
3.131 r egain (v) /rɪˈgeɪn/
get back ● Have you regained your health after
the flu you had last month?
Writing: an article (1)
pages 40-41
What doctors offer
bandage plaster vaccination
crutch prescription X-ray
injection remedy
medication tablet
operation treatment
Things you consume
nut protein preservative
whole wheat additive herbal tea
soy mineral cereal bar
herb organic food
3.132 light-hearted (adj) /laɪt-ˈhɑːtɪd/
not too serious ● She wrote a light-hearted
email to her friend with all her good news.
3.133 critical (adj) /ˈkrɪtɪkl/
saying sth is wrong ● Our teacher was critical
of our homework and said we should have
tried harder. ➣ criticise (v), criticism (n)
3.134 addicted (to) (adj) /əˈdɪktɪd (tuː)/
not able to stop eating or drinking sth or taking
a drug ● Betty is addicted to sugar and can't
stop eating sweets.
3.135 announcement (n) /əˈnaʊnsmənt/
an important statement that is made to give
people information about sth ● We arrived at
the airport in time to hear the announcement
that our flight was cancelled.
➣ announce (v), announcer (n)
3.136 common sense (n) /ˈkɒmən sens/
the ability to behave sensibly ● It’s common
sense to stay at home if you have a bad cold.
3.137 the common cold (n) /ðə ˈkɒmən kəʊld/
a cold that is not very bad and which many
people get ● Most people suffer from the
common cold at least once a year.
3.138  ome down with (phr v) /kʌm daʊn wɪð/
c 3.152 benefit (n) /ˈbenɪfɪt/
get ill ● I can’t go out with you. I’ve come down
with a cold again.
3.139 handy (adj) /ˈhændi/
useful ● It's handy to keep a torch near your
bed.
3.140 head start (expr) /ə hed stɑːt/
an advantage ● Dina’s got a head start on this
diet as she began a week before us. Children
who eat a healthy diet have a head start in life.
3.141 recovery (n) /rɪˈkɒvəri/
getting better after an illness or injury ● His
recovery from the flu took two weeks but he’s
better at last. ➣ recover (v)
3.142 resistance (n) /rɪˈzɪstəns/
a person's natural ability to stop getting ill
● People who eat badly have less resistance
to disease and get ill more easily. ➣ resist (v)
3.143 fight off (phr v) /faɪt ɒf/
prevent sth from happening ● Since I started
exercising I’ve been able to fight off illness
much better.
3.144 last, but not least (expr) /lɑːst bʌt nɒt liːst/
used to emphasise that the last person or
thing in a list is still important ● A healthy diet,
exercise and a good home are important to a
child. And last, but not least, there's love.
3.145 ensure (v) /ɪnˈʃɔː/
make sure sth is done or happens ● Ensure
that you follow a healthy lifestyle so that you
live a long life.
3.146 hygienic (adj) /haɪˈʤiːnɪk/
very clean so that bacteria can’t spread ● You
should keep food in hygienic conditions.
➣ hygiene (n)
3.147 surface (n) /ˈsɜːfɪs/
the top or outside part of sth ● You must wash
kitchen surfaces well before you prepare food
on them.
3.148 germ (n) /ʤɜːm/
an organism that causes disease ● Wash
your hands before you eat so there aren’t any
germs on them.
3.149 handle (n) /ˈhændl/
the part of a door, window, etc that you use to
open or close it ● I can’t open the door – the
handle is broken.
3.150 button (n) /ˈbʌtn/
a small thing on a machine that you push to
make it work ● No, don’t touch the red button!
It’s the alarm!
3.151 prevention is better than cure (expr)
/prɪˈvenʃn ɪz ˈbetə ðən kjʊə/
it is better to avoid getting ill than to try and
get better after you have become ill ● Wash
your hands before you eat or you might get ill.
Prevention is better than cure.
an advantage ● There are many benefits to
healthy living, longevity being one of them.
➣ benefit (v), beneficial (adj)
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 3.153 drawback (n) /ˈdrɔːbæk/
a disadvantage ● One drawback of taking
exercise is that you get really hungry!
3.154 r efer back (to) (expr) /rɪˈfɜː bæk tuː/
read or mention sth again that you have read
or mentioned before ● When you revise for
exams, you must refer back to the previous
units in your book.
3.155 prone (to) (adj) /prəʊn (tuː)/
likely to suffer from sth ● Chuck is prone to
3.156
colds, so he often has the sniffles.
 ave therapeutic qualities (expr)
h
/hæv θerəˈpjuːtɪk ˈkwɒlətiz/
have qualities that make you feel better
● Herbal tea has therapeutic qualities, so drink
some if you have a sore throat.
3.157 on form (expr) /ɒn fɔːm/
performing well ● The athlete was on form
today and won the race.
3.158 be out of shape (expr) /biː aʊt əv ʃeɪp/
be unfit ● Bob never exercises and eats a lot
of sweets so he’s really out of shape.
3.159  urn up calories (expr) /bɜːn ʌp ˈkæləriz/
b let a substance flow out ● The body releases
use energy by exercising ● Let’s run another
kilometre and burn up some more calories.
3.160 flexibility (n) /fleksəˈbɪləti/
the ability to move and bend easily ● Many old
people lose flexibility and find it hard to bend
down. ➣ flexible (adj)
3.161  peed up (phr v) /spiːd ʌp/
s amount ● He only bought a small quantity of
increase ● If you speed up your metabolism,
you should lose weight.
3.162  etabolism (n) /məˈtæbəlɪzm/
m the time of day when the roads are most full
the chemical process which changes food into
energy in your body ● She put on weight when
she stopped exercising and her metabolism
slowed down.
3.163 stretch (v) /stretʃ/
put your arms and legs out as far as you can
● Ben stretched and got out of bed.
3.164 warm up (v) /wɔːm ʌp/
do gentle exercise to prepare your body for
more intensive exercise ● The football players
warmed up before the match started.
➣ warm-up (n)
3.165 work out (phr v) /wɜːk aʊt/
do exercise ● How many times a week do you
work out at the gym? ➣ workout (n)
3.166  ug (n) /bʌg/
b
an illness; a bacteria or virus that causes an
illness ● Sue caught a bug and she has to stay
in bed.
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Feeling unwell
bug sneeze
common cold sniffles
dizzy sore throat
flu stressed
infection under the weather
runny nose wound
Video: The Science of Stress
page 42
3.167 physiological (adj) /fɪzɪəˈlɒʤɪkl/
having to do with how the body works physically
● Fred is fine and he doesn’t have any
physiological problems. ➣ physiology (n)
3.168 sample (n) /ˈsɑːmpl/
a small quantity of sth to show what it is like
● She wants to try a sample of the new
perfume before she buys it. ➣ sample (v)
3.169 release (v) /rɪˈliːs/
adrenaline when a person is scared.
➣ release (n)
3.170 lean (adj) /liːn/
slim, but strong and healthy ● The marathon
runner was very lean.
3.171 quantity (n) /ˈkwɒntɪti/
coffee as he’s trying to drink less.
3.172 rush hour (n) /rʌʃ aʊə/
because people are travelling to or from work
● It took Dad an hour to drive home in the rush
hour traffic today.
3.173 show up (phr v) /ʃəʊ ʌp/
appear ● The problem only showed up when
the doctor carried out some tests.
3.174 r eact (v) /rɪˈækt/
behave in a particular way because of sth that
has happened ● The tennis player reacted
slowly and didn’t manage to hit the ball.
➣ reaction (n)
3.175 force (n) /fɔːs/
power ● It took force to push the car out of the
garage when it broke down.
➣ force (v), forceful (adj)
3.176 effect (n) /ɪˈfekt/
a change that happens because of sth;
a result ● The way you sleep can have an
effect on your health.
3.177 minimal (adj) /ˈmɪnɪml/
very small ● She is on a diet and eats only
minimal amounts of sugar. ➣ minimum (n)
3.178 series (n) /ˈsɪəriːz/
a number of things, one after the other ● He
has had a series of operations to fix his broken
leg.
3.179 get through (phr v) /get θruː/
survive ● He had a terrible headache but
managed to get through the day.
3.180 hormone (n) /ˈhɔːməʊn/
a chemical substance produced by your body
that influences its growth, development and
condition ● When you are a teenager, your
hormones can cause mood changes.
➣ hormonal (adj)
3.181 put together (phr v) /pʊt təˈgeðə/
prepare sth by collecting pieces of information,
ideas etc ● Her dietician has put together a list
of meals she can eat each week.
3.182 have an impact (expr)
/hæv ən ˈɪmpækt/
affect ● Not eating properly when you are
young can have an impact on your health
when you get older.
3.183 put (sb) through (phr v) /pʊt (ˈsʌmbədi) θruː/
make sb experience sth ● Our PE teacher
put us through forty minutes of intensive
exercises.
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