ende's Chwice: NEET Edge Series BIOLOGY: oa BOY TORS Cla itd) Sa v (CONCEPT OF - , Date Ye tl yaa id yah ~~) re ed. eee ei yest en: =eeeaanencente Evolution NEET EDGE SERIES MOCK TEST PAPER (Zoology -3] (BOTANY -3 } CROSSWORD PUZZLE NEET BOOSTERS A @AMRITA: IDYAPEETHAM dmission based on Amrita Engineering Entrance Examination 2020 (AEEE 2020) or JEE Mains 2020( Jan / April Session)Lttps:( (tne MAGAZINE SKING _ Biology Times | April isa SRI ABHAY PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: Eswar Reddy Alla, Bangalore (Alumni from IIT Guwahati) Associate Editors Viswanadha Sharma, Bangalore G.Bhagya Lakshmi, Bangalore Keshav Pai, Bangalore Editorial Board Dr. GA. Prasad Rao, Viayawada Dr. B. Kalyana Swamy, Hyderabad Indrani Sengupta, Banglore Kezia Carey, Bangalore Dr. Sailabala, Bangalore MN. Alam, Kolkata T.C'S. Naga Babu, Erode wor (te) e aN 2 | CONCEPT OF THE MONTH ‘Sex Determination 8 | MOCK TEST PAPER-3 (BOTANY) Exwne Rec Al. From Fat No'310, Fo House Apartment, ‘a Layo Kacigenal, Bangoke SE0062 LJAYAM PRINT SOLUTION, S.NO: 77IA. Naw Raa Rajaswarget. Ath Singh Nagar. 18 ‘Vravomada, Anva Pradesh 52001 ySPUTES ARE SUBJECT TO BANGALORE JURISDICTION ONLBiology Times | Aptilfils:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SING SEX DETERMINATION EE Concept of the month SS This column is aimed at preparing students for all competitive exams like AIMS, NEET, JIPMER etc. Every concept has beendesigned by highty qualified faculty to cater to the needs of the students by discussing the most complicated and confounding concepts in Biology. © The phenomenon of Sex-differentiation on | the basis of morphological, Physiological, | behaviourial aspects is known as Sexual | dimorphism. 2 Biologically, sex in an aggregate of those morphological, physiological and behaviroural qualities that differentiate the organism producing eggs from those organisms producing sperm. © The organisms producing eggs are known as female and the those producing sperms are males. 2 The sex behaves as a Mendelian character. O Its inheritance follows law of segregation. (1) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SEX DETERMINATION : © Environment determines sex in some | potentially hermaphrodite animals. Marine | mollusc Crepidula becomes female when | reared alone but produces male in company ! of an adult, O Marine worm Bonellia turns female in isolation or attached to substratum. © The newly hatched worm develops into male + if it happens to get attached to proboscis of | female. Such a male enters the female and stays there | as a parasite. By: Anurag Tiwari (Hisar, Haryana) (1) NON ALLOSOMIC SEX DETERMINATION : 2 In bacteria sex determination is controlled by feritility factor, called F-factor, located on a plasmid 2 Lederberg and Tatum found that male or donor cells possess a fertility factor and are designated as F~ cells while the females or recepient cells as F. © During conjugation the F factor may be transfered to recepient cells converting them into F' or donor cells, (IH) CHROMOSOME THEORY OF SEX DETERMINATION OR ALLOSOMIC SEX DETERMINATION ; In most animals and plants sex is determined sex chromosome /allosomes. 2 X-body or X-chromosome discovered by Henking when he found that in the testes of male bug one chromosome has no homologue. 2 Stevens discovered Y-chromosome. 2 Mc Clung observed that in Squash Bug (Anas), male has 21 chromosomes while female has 22 chromosomes. 2 He stressed that X-chromosomes has role in sex determination. 2 Wilson and Stevens put forward the chromosome theory of sex with X and Y chromosomes being named as scx chromosomes.Lttps://tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April (1) XX - XY technique or Lygacus type : © At first studied in milkweed bug, Lygaeus heterogametic. turcicus by Wilson and Stevens, So it is called Lygaeus type. (a) In Drosophila total number of chromosomes is 8 of which 6 are autosomes, common to both male and female. The fourth pair is of sex chromosomes. O In male is represented by XY i.e., karyotype Male Female of male Drosophila 6 + XY and in female Gametes XX ie, 6 XX. x Y © Ova produced by female are all similar possessing 3 + X chromosomes, whereas the sperm produced by male are 3-+X and 3+ in equal numbers. ; (b) In Man total number of chromosomes is 23; Ofprings xx xY ‘ ‘ ' ‘ 1 : ' ' \ ' ‘ ' ' pairs or 46. ‘ In Male (man) 44+XY ' ‘5 In female (woman) 44 + XX 1 © Sperm produced by male are of two types: | (a) 22 + X (Gynosperm): (This type is \ \ ' ' ‘ ‘ ‘ : ‘ ‘ 1 ' ' \ ‘ Female Male Fig. Human sex-determination mechanism known as Gynosperm). (b) 22 + ¥ (Androsperm): (This type is known as endorsperm) OiWhersssskeovesil havelll-Riclizamasomes, » © Bt Metandbina plant’ (Gia pani se. determined by a pair of XY chromosomes just as in animals. 2 In Melandrium (Lychnis) the Y- chromosome is longer than X-chromosomes. (d) In Coccinia indica the pistillate plants are 2A + XX and staminate plants are 2A+ XY. © The presence of Y-chromosome is essential for the sex has been verified by Prof. R.P. Roy and his colleagues. (2) XX - XO technique : © Found in Ascaris, Cockroach, Grasshopper, True bugs © In this method the females have two sex chromosome, XX while the males possess a single sex chromosome, X. O The female are homogametic (A + X). 2 Y chromosome have a spacial type of gene ‘TDF itis called Testes determining factor. © This factor inhibit the development of mullerian duct, So female reproductive organs are not form. © Mullerian Duct form- Uterus and fallopian duct. Wolffian duct developes when mullarian duct inhibited and it form male reproductive organ. © Wollfian duct forms testies & seminal vesicle. Found in mammalsBiology Times | Aptilfils:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SING ‘2 The males are heterogametic producing | androsperms (A + 0) and gynosperms (A +! X). ' ‘2 Amongst angiosperms, Dioscorea sinuata has | XX - XO sex complement. ' (3) ZW-ZZ techni ; ‘2 Found in birds, some reptiles and fishes, ' the females (hens) have heteromorphic sex | chromosomes and are hence hetergametic (A | + Z,A + W). W - chromosomes determines ' the females sex. The males have homomorphic sex! chromosomes (ZZ) and are _ hence! homogametic (A +Z). The condition is just the | opposite found in mammals. Fragaria eletior | is the plant having ZW sex determination. 1 (4) Haplo diplody method (Honey Bee Method or Hymenopteran type): t © Hymenopterous insects, such as bees, wasps, | saw flies, and ants, showa unique phenomenon | in which an unfertilized egg develops int a male and « fertilized egg develops into a | female. Fertilization restores the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote which gives rise to the female. 2 If the egg is not fertilized, it will still develop but into a male. Thus, the sex is determined by the number ofchromosomes. 2 In honeybee, the quality of food determines whether a diploid larva will become a fertile queen or a sterile worker female, © A larva fed on royal jelly, a secretion from the mouth of nursing workers, grows into a queen, whereas a larva fed on pollen and nectar grows into a worker bee. Thus, the environment determines fertility or sterility of the bee but it does not alter the genetically determined sex. 1 (L¥) QUANTITATIVE RATIO THEORY OF SEX DETERMINATION OR GENIC BALANCE THEORYOF 2 Given by Bridge. © This theory is used in sex determination of drosophilla O Therefore, the female is diploid (2N), and! Sex — otal number of X chromosome the male is haploid (N). eggs are formed by | No. of haploid sets of autosomes meiosis and sperms by mitosis. : ' Diploid Male 2A+X Triploid female r—> 3A+XXX| AX AY a 3A+ XXX 3A + XXY ®2A+XX | Tiploid Female —_ interest K 2A+ XX 2A+XY a Diploid Female Diploid Male }—» 2A+X 3A+XX 3A+XY Intersex Super Male Lr A+XX | 2A+ 2A+XXY Supe le Diplo’ S.No No. of Set of |Sex-index ratio] Sex X-chromosomejautosomes (X/A) 1, XXX AA _|1.5 super female] Super female 2. Normal female| XXXX AAAA 1.0 Tetraploid AAA 1.0 Triploid AA 10 Diploid as AAA 67 Intersex AAAA 75 4 AA 50 Normal male 5 AAA 33 Super maleQ The number of autosome also effect the sex ‘© In this method we find out the sex ratio. GYNANDROMORPHS IN DROSOPHILA © In Drosophila, occasionally flies are obtained © Such flies are known as gynandromorphs. Lttps://tme/MAGAZINESKING Biology Times | April Bl) Less then .5 = Super male, More then 1 = Super female is lost during the division of the cell with the result that one of the daughter cells possesses 2A +2X chromosomes and the other 2A + x, © If this event happens during first zygotic division, two blastomeres with unequal number of X- chromosomes are formed. 2 The blastomere with 2A + 2X - chromosomes develops into female half, while the second blastomere with 2A + X chromosomes produces male half and the resultant fly is a bilateral gynadromorph. 2 Gynandromorphs may exhibit different proportions of male and female parts. 2 These may be formed of several cell lines, 2 These are formed due to misdivision of | each with different chromosome number. chromosomes. \ Q These are called sex-mosaics or chiamaeras. ratio. 2 According to genie balance theory sex determination in Drosophila affected by autosome along with the allosome. in which a part of the body exhibits female characters and the other part exhibits male 1 1 characters, 1 ' © The zygote starts as female with 2A +} 2X-chromosomes. One ofthe X-chromosomes ' Drosophila gynandromorphs (genetic mosaics) Has been used to study where X-linked genes are expressed Gamete from Gamete form ®& male female Male caries arsesive P= cae mutation for a behavior dominant for that behavior on his X choromosome (e.g, for normal wings and flight) (eg., wings up) ZYGOTE X Ring X is lost during the first cell division These cells are male and have only the These cells are female and have. a dominant allele, Cells of the gynandromorph embryo A gynandromorh that might result from this embryoBiology Times | Apbltillps:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SING SEX DIFFPRENTIATIC i OQ The sex determination theories of | chromosomes and genic balance successfully | apply to the lower animals but in higher ! vertebrates and under certain conditions in | invertebrates The embryo develops some characters of the opposite sex together with the characters of its own sex. © The sex changes under specific circumstances. ! © This is due to the hormones secreted by the | gonads of that animal. ‘2 The theory is based upon the observations of | Crew in chicks. © He found that a hen which laid fertile eggs, | accidentally lost its ovary, stopped laying eggs, | and developed male comb, male plumage and | became a cock. It finally functioned as male | and became father of two chickens. ' FREE MARTINISM ' © Lillie and others found that where twins of | opposite sex (one male and other female) are | born, the male is normal but female is sterile with many male characteristics. ‘ 2 Such sterile females are known as free martins, ! © Iris due to effect of hormones of the male sex | on the female. p © In cattle , the foetal membranes of the twins | are fused in such a manner that they have a | common circulation of blood. ! © The female hormone is produced at a slightly | later stage in the development and guides its | development towards females side. But since | the twin have acommon circulation and =| blood passes form one twin into the body of | other twin. 1 © The male hormone, which is produced slightly | in advance of female hormone, enters the | body of female twin and before tha female ! hormone onsets the development of female | characteristics, female embryo is already | differentiated under the guidanceof male i hormones © Asa result the developing female is sterile | Barr body in sex determination ‘2 Murray Barr (1949), a geneticist noticed a ‘small body in the nucleus of the nerve cells of female cats which stained heavily with nuclear stains. © Further investigations showed that not only nerve cells, but many other cells from female cats only, had these bodies, now known as sex chromatin or Barr bodies. 2 It was soon learnt that such bodies can be found in females of many mammals including human. 2 In women the Barr body lies against the nuclear membrane like a round disc in the neutrophil blood cells, skin cells, nerve cells, cells of mucous membrane, cells of lining in vagina and urethra. 2 They are absent in man. These bodies are thus named after the discover Barr. 2 Barr bodies are used to determine the sex of unborn human embryos. 2 In this technique called amniocentesis sample of the amniotic fluid is examined for Barr bodies. © The sex is determined by the presence or absence of Barr bodies in epithelial cells of embryo present in the amniotic fluid sample. Mary Lyon hypothesis : According to the British geneticist Mary Lyon (1961), one of the two X-chromosomes of a normal female becomes heterochromatic and appears as Barr body. 2 This inactivation of one of the two X-chromosomes of a normal female is the dosage compensation or Lyon’s hypothesis. MES be = 1. Sex is determined in human beings (1) by ovum (2) at time of fertilizationLittps://tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April (3) 40 days after fertilization (4) seventh to eight week when genitals differentiate infoetus Following complement will form intersex Drosophila (1) Two sets of autosomes and two X chromosomes (2) Three sets of autosomes and one Y chromosome (3) Three sets of autosomes and two X chromosomes: (4) Two sets of autosomes and three X chromosomes . In case of Bonellia, a marine worm, the sex determinationmechanism is (1) Epigamic (2) Syngamie (3) Haploidy — diploidy (4) None of these The *X” body of Henking was observed in (1) All sperms during spermatogenesis (2) Alleggs during oogenesis (3) Half ofthe sperms during spermatogenesis (4) Half of the eges during oogenesis Larva of Bonellia setting near the proboscis of adult femaledevelops into male due to (2) electrolytes in water (2) oxygen in environment (3) substance secreted by proboscis (4) carbon dioxide in the environment Sex chromosomes are found in the cells of (1) testes (2) ovaries (3) kidney and liver (4) all of the above How many chromosomes are there in a spermatid of man? () 24 @)23 3) 484) 46 The total number of autosomes a in a fertilized egg of human beings is bo a a x e ql) 44 (2) 22 (3) 46 (4) 23 NSWER KEY 1,2 2.3) 3.1 4.3 3,4) 6.4 8.1 9.3 10.3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 HINTS & SOLUTIONS L.Sol: Sex is determined in human beings at time of fertilization. In such cases the Y-chromosome is male determining, and the absence of Y-chromosome determines the femaleness. ‘2.Sol: Intersex Drosophila are formed by three sets of autosomes and two X chromosomes because X chromosomes are carriers of genes for femaleness and autosomes are carriers of genes formaleness, so it is the ratio of number of X chromosomes and autosomal sets, which determine sex. : Marine worm Bonellia tums female in isolation or attached to substratum. So, in case of Bonellia the sex determination mechanism is Epigamic. 4Sol; Henking (1896), which workiig on Squash Bug (Pyrrocoris) and other insects traced a nuclear structure all through the spermatogenesis and observed that 50% of the sperms received this structure and other 50% did not. Henking called it X-body. 5.Sol: In Bonellia viridis, the male (~ 3-4 mm) lives symbiotically inside the uterus of female individual (~ 100 mm). The fertilized eggs, when released from the body, can form male or female individual depending on the micro environment in which they develop. If a fertilized egg comes in contact ofa substratum like rock or vegetation it becomes a female individual, and if the egg comes in contact of proboscis of a developing female individual, it becomes a male individual. 6.Sol: Sex chromosomes are found in the cells of all cells. Spermatid contain 23 chromosomes as it is formed by meiosis. 8.Sol: The total number of autosomes a in a fertilized egg of human beings is 44 & 2 X-chromosomes. 3. iBiology Times | Antilfilps:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING 2020 MOCK TEST PAPER NEET -3 BOTANY . Growth is a (i) ofall living organisms and it is regarded as (ii) property in them. Select the correct option to fill in the blanks (i) and (ii). (1) (i)-Fundamental characteristic (ii)-Extrinsie (2) @-Fundamental characteristic (ii)-Intrinsic (3) (i)-Defining property (ii)-Extrinsic (4) (i)-Defining property (ii)-Intrinsic The seedcoat has 2 layers, the outer- and inner- the is a scar on the seed are attached to the fruit. Above the isa small pore called the (1) Tegmen, testa,hilum,hilum, micropyle (2) Testa, tegmen, hilum, hilum, micropyle (3) Tegmentesta, micropyle, micropyle, hilum (4) Testa, tegmen,micropyle micropyle,hilum In unfavourable conditions, plasmodium of slime mould forms (1) Fruiting body (3) Mycelium (4) Billagellate spores Members of liverworts (a) Never have leaf like appendages (b) Have free living sporophyte (c) Have stomata and food conducting elements (d) Have sporophyte differentiated into foot, seta and capsule (1) (d) only (2) (a)&(b)only (3) (c) & (d) (4) (a), (b) & (c) Allium and Colchicum are the related genera of family (2) Wall-less spores (1) Anacardiaceae (2) Solanaceae (3) Liliaceae (4) Poaceae The number of cells that consist the egg apparatus in angiosperms is (2)Five (3) Three (4) Four ‘ous spore like stage is present in the ‘of a protozoan which causes (1) Sleeping sickness (2) Measles (3) Poliomyelitis (4) Malaria ‘The pteridophytes that show the event precursor to seed habit are (1) Lycopodium and Dryopteris (2) Selaginella and Dryopteris (3) Lycopodium and Salvinia (4) Selaginella and Salvinia How many of the given plants have marginal placentation? Pea, Tomato, Marigold, Muliathi, Petunia, Indigofera, Lupin (1) Two (2)Four (3)Five (4) Six 10. Match the following columns and select the correct option. Column | China rose Argemone Dianthus Sunflower 1 ' 16. 7. 8. Column Il (i) Basal placentation (ii) Axile placentation (iii) Parietal placentation (iv) Free-central placentation (1) a(ii), bi), e(iv), di) i ), (iii), di) (3) ai), b(ii), effi), d(iv) (A) atiii), b(ii), civ), ati) IL. Exarch condition of xylem Bese ' ' ' X ' ' 1 , 1 ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' ' 19. ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' ' ' 1Litt ps: /+.me/ MAGAZINE SKING (A) Is found in roots: (B) Show protoxylem towards periphery (C) Is found in monocot stem (D) Is found in radial vascular bundles How many of the above statements are incorrect? (1) Two (2)Four (3) One 12. Well developed pith is present in (1) Monocot stem and dicot root (2) Monocot leaf and dicot leaf (3) Dicot stem and monocot root (4) Dicot stem and monocot stem 13. Mark the odd one (wart. perigynous flower), (1) Pea (2)Rose (3) Peach (4) Plum ‘14, Vascular cambium in stem is formed of (a) Cork cambium (b) Interfascicular cambium (c) Intrafascicular cambium (1) Only (a) and (b) (2) Only (b) and (c) (3) Only (c) and (a) (4) Only (a), (b) and (c) 15. Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching Ow & (1) A-Red blood cells (round and biconcave), B-White blood cells (amoeboid) (2) A- White blood cells (amoeboid), B- Red blood cells (round and biconcave) (3) A-Columnar epithelial cells (long and narrow), B- Red blood cells (round and biconcave) (4) A- Red blood cells (round and biconcave), B- Red blood cells (amoeboid) 16. Read the following statement and find out the incorrect statement: (1) Bacterial cells may be motile or non motile (2) Bacterial flagellum is composed of two paris — filament and basal body (3) The fimbriae are small bristle like fibres sprouting out of the cell (4) The pili are elonagated tubular structures of special protein (4) Three logy Times | April OD 17. Fill in the blanks: i, Leaves originate from....1.... metistems and are arranged in an ...2...order. ii. Leaf develops at the node and bears as 3. it its axil iii, The lamina or the ...4... is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets (1) 1—imtercalary, 2— acropetal, 3—leaflet, 4 leaf base (2) 1—shoot apical, 2—acropetal, 3— bud, 4—leaf blade (3) 1- shoot apical, 2-acropetal, 3—leaflet, 4leat blade (4) 1— Secondary, 2— basipetal,3—bud , 4—leaf blade 18. The beginning of diplotene is recognised by (1) Appearance of chiasmata (2) Terminalisation of chiasmata (3) Formation of recombination nodule (4) Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex 19, Mark the incorrect statement for apoplastic movement of water. (1) Itisasystem of interconnected protoplasts (2) The movement occurs exclusively through the intercellular spaces and walls of the cells (3) It does not involve crossing of cell membrane by water molecules (4) It does not provide any barrier to the water movement 20. Choose the incorrect match. (1) Leucoplast — Colour pigments (2) Chromoplast — Presence of carotenoids (3) Chloroplast — Storage of starch (4) Peroxisome — ['-oxidation of fats 21, Find out the correct statement wart. the structure of stomata, (1) Guard cells are always ellipsoidal indicots (2) Cellulose microfibrils are oriented radially in bean shaped guard cells. (3) The inner wall of the guard cell is thin (4) Dumb-bell shaped stomata have thick end walls. 22. Mark the similar feature between meiosis I and meiosis Il. (1) Both are equational divisionsBiology Times | Apblfifos:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SING (2) Both meiosis | and Il are homotypic divisions (3) Prophase of both the stages is divided into substages (4) Meiosis I and II both occur at the time of gamete formation in higher plants 23.Which of the following is not a significance of hydroponics? (1) Itcan regulate the pH at optimum for a particular crop. (2) Useful in areas having thin, infertile and dry soil. (3) It increases the possibility of algal contamination and reaction of roots to sunlight. (4) Employed as a technique for commercial production of seedless cucumber, lettuce ete, 24, Select the incorrectly matched pair. (1) PS-L- P.,, as reaction centre (2) PS-Il —P.,, as reaction centre (3) Non-cyclic photophosphorylation— ‘Occurs in both stroma lamellae and grana thylakoids (4) Cyclic photophosphorylation — Occurs mostly in stroma lamellae 25. Which of the following is/are not product(s) of Z-scheme of photosynthesis? (a) ATP (b) NADPH (c) CO, (d) 0, (1) Only (ec) (2) Only (a) (3) Both (b) and (d) (4) (a), (b) and (d) 26. The experiment performed by Jan Ingenhousz concludes that (1) Plant restores air whatever breathing animals and burning candles remove (2) Sunlight is essential for the plant process that helps to somehow purify the air fouled by burning candles (3) Glucose is produced when plants grow and glucose is usually stored as starch (4) Oxygen evolved by the green plants comes from H,O, not from carbon dioxide 27. If there is prominent toxicity of micronutrient Mn in plants, there will be (1) Appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins (2) Increased absorption of Ca® from soil (3) Increase in binding of Mg with enzymes (4) Inhibition of nitrogen uptake and its transiocation to shoot apex 28. Identify the correct statement w.r lac operon. (1) Regulation of lac operon by repressor is referred to as positive control (2) Operator gene has the site for binding of RNA polymerase (3) lac z gene codes for - -galactosidase (4) Regulator gene binds with repressor protein molecule, prevents the transcription of structural genes 29. Excessive growth of algae, plants and animals in water bodies due to nutrient enrichment is called (1) Biomagnification (2) Eutrophication (3) Bioprospecting (4) Ecosanitation 30. Identify the correct features for flowers pollinated by wind a. Light and non sticky pollen grains. b. Well exposed stamens. c. Large coloured flowers. d._ Single ovule in each ovary. e, Formation of nectar. (1) a,b, and e (2) a,b andd (3) b.cande (4) o,dande 31. Select the incorrectly matched pair. (1) Bulbil — Agave (2) Offset — Eichhornia (3) Rhizome ~ Potato (4) Sucker — Pineapple 32. Identify the incorrect statement w.r.t transcription in eukaryotes (1) Primary transcript undergocs splicing for the removal of introns (2) RNA polymerase II catalyses the formation of most abundant RNA of the cell (3) Synthesis of RNA occurs in the nucleus (4) Mature mRNA contains multiple adenylate residues at its 3° end 33. Meristems are grown in-vitro to obtain (1) Biofortified plants (2) Plants which are resistant to pests (3) Virus free plants (4) High yielding plants MM, Vitamin A rich variety of rice produced through RDT is calledLttps:/ /tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April HI) (1) Atlas-66 (2) Jaya (3) Golden rice (4) Basmati Choose correct statement w.r.t, restriction endonucleases. (1) Identify single stranded palindromic sequences (2) Hydrolyse sugar-phosphate backbone of ds DNA (3) Are produced by eukaryotes only (4) Abways produce cohesive ends within the palindromic sequence 36, Select a nucleoside from the options given below (2) Uracil (2) Uridylic acid (3) Uracil monophosphate (4) Uridine 37. Molecular diagnostic technique based on antigen antibody interaction is (1) PCR (2) Gel electrophoresis (3) ELISA (4) Autoradiography 38. Cloning vector, pBR322 lacks (1) Cloning site (2) Begalactosidase encoding gene (3) ‘Orv site (4) Selectable markers 39. RNA interference prevents translation by (1) Ceasing transcription of all genes (2) Silencing of specific mRNAs (3) Promoting post-transcriptional modifications (4) Inhibiting formation of dsRNA 40. The given figure shows relative contribution of various green house gases to total global warning. Identify the correct option for ABC &D = NOD % C-14% B-20% Carbon dioxide-A % A B Cc D a) 80 N20 CFCs 14 Q) 40 CFCs N20 6 GB) 60 CFCs = Methane20 ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' (4) 60 MethaneCFCs 6 41.Which of the following is not an example of ex-situ conservation ? (1) Zoological parks (2) Botanical garden (3) Biodiversity hot-spots (4) Wild life Safari park 42. The phenomenon ef occurrence of more than ‘one embryo in a seed is known as :- (1) Parthenocarpy (2) Apomixis (3) Polyembryony —_ (4) Parthenogenesis 43. Connecting link between carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolist (1) Pyruvate (2) PGAL (3) Acetyl - CoA (4) @ -keto glutrate 44. Which of the following represents correct matching pair? (a) Cytokinin (i) Weed free lawns (b) Auxin (ii) Brewing industry (c) Abscisic acid (iii) Root hair formation (d) Ethylene (iy) Overcome apical dominance (e) Gibberelin (v) Stress hormone: (1) aciv, b-i, c-v, d-ii, e-iii (2) ai, b-ii, ¢-y, d-iii, e-iv (3) a-iii, b-iv, cv, d-i, e-ii (4) a-iv, b-i, cov, d-iii, e-ii 45. Arithmetic growth can be mathematically expressed as := () baat W,=We" aN Q) ANSWER KEY 2 22 a 41 a 3 7.4 8.4 2 10.1 3 12.30 13.1 14.2 15.1 2 17.2 181 191 20.1 4 22,2 23:3 24,3 25.1 2 27.1 28.3 29.2 30.2 3 32.2 33.3 34.3 35.2 4 37.3 38.2 392 40.4Biology Times | Antilfiljs:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING 41.30 4230 43:30 444 48.1 (b) Terminalisation of chiasmata occurs in diakinesis. (c) Recombination nodules are formed at pachytene stage. 19.Sol: Symplastic pathway is a system of interconnected protoplasts. 20.Sol: Conceptual 21.Sel: Mitochondria and peroxysome are Sol: Conceptual involved in?-oxidation of fats. 4.Sok: Conceptual 22.S0l: Conceptual ‘ ' HINTS & SOLUTIC ' ' ‘ ‘ ' ‘ : : S.Sel: Conceptual { 23.Sol: Conceptual ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ‘ NS [.Sol: In living organisms growth is intrinsic property 2.Sol: Conceptual Sol: Egg apparatus consist 2 synergids and 1 + 94 Soi: Non-cycle photosystem occur only in egg cell Grana thylakoid. 7.Sol: Conceptual 25.Sol: In Z scheme end products are ATP, 8,Sol: Conceptual 9.Sol: The marginal placentation is a characteristic feature of Fabaceae family. ‘The given four plants such as pea, muliathi, Indigofera and lupin are the members of Fabaceae family. 10.Sol: China rose — Axile placentation_ Argemone ~ Parietal placentation Dianthus ~ Free-central placentation Sunflower — Basal placentation ILSol: Exarch xylem are found in monocot and dicot roots. 12.Sol: Pith is absent in monocot stem. 13.Sel: Plum, peach and rose planis have perigynous flowers while pea plants have superior ovary. 14.Sol: Both interfascicular cambium and intrafascicular cambium form the vascular cambium, 15.Sol: A-Red blood cells (round and biconcave), B-White blood cells (ameoboid) 16.S0l: Bacterial flagellum is composed of three parts- filament, hook and basal body. 17.Sol: i, Leaves originate ftom shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order. ii, Leaf develops at the node and bears as bud in its axil iii, The lamina or the leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets 18.Sol: (a) Chiasmata appears by the end of diplotene, Dissolution of the syneptomal comple appear at begining diplotene. NADPH and O, 26.S0l: Conceptual 27.Sol: Conceptual 28.S0l: lac z - galactosidase, Y gene - permease, Agene - Transacetalase 29.Sol: Conceptual 30.Sol: Conceptual Potato has tuber as their underground stem. 32.Sol: Most abundant RNA ina cell is tRNA which is synthesised with the help of RNA. polymerase 1. 33.Sol: Virus free plants are produced by meristem culture. 34.Sol: Golden rice is rich in B-carotene (precursor of Vitamin A) 35.Sol: Type II Restriction endonucleases recognises specific palindromic sequence (dsDNA) and hydrolyse sugarphosphate backbone 36.Sol: Uridylic acid is a nucleotide 37.Sel: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay is based on antigen-antibody interaction ‘i: pUCS has lac z gene which codes for {3 -galactosidase enzyme. 39.Sol: RNAi forms ds RNA and inhibits the translation of specific mRNA. 40.Sol: Conceptual 41.Sol: Conceptual 42.Sol: Conceptual 43.Sol: Conceptual 44.Sol: Conceptual 45.Sol: Conceptual 3Lttps://+. me MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April 4 omen “MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Introduction ‘At the time of Mendel, the nature of the factors inherited from generation to generation was not clear. Over the next hundred years, the nature of the putative geneti¢ material was investigated culminating in the realisation that DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the genetic material in most of the organisms. Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) are the building blocks of genetic material. RNA is the genetic material in some viruses. RNA mostly functions as messengers . The DNA Structure of Polynucleotide Chain Polynucleotides are the polymer of nucleotides, DNA & RNA are polynucleotides. A nucleotide has 3 components: ;. Anitrogenous base . i. A pentose sugar (ribose in RNA & deoxyribose in DNA). . A phosphate group. Nitrogen bases are 2 types: Purines: It includes Adenine (A) and Guanine (G). . Pyrimidines: It includes Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) & Uracil (U). Thymine (5-methyl Uracil) present only in DNA and Uracil only in RNA. A nitrogenous base is linked to the pentose sugar through an N-glycosidic linkage to form nucleoside, © Nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate group = Nucleotide (deoxyribonucleotide). In RNA, every nucleotide residue has an additional-OH group present at 2°-position in the ribose (2’- OH). Two nucleotides are linked through 3°-5° phosphodiester bond to form dinucleotide When more nucleotides are linked, it forms polynucleotide . Structivie of The DNA Friedrich Meischer (1869): Identified DNA and named it as ‘Nuclein’. e¢ James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) proposed double helix model of DNA. It was based on X-ray diffraction data e Wilkins & Rosalind Pitch of helix = 3.4nm (34 A°) Number of base pairs in each tum = 10 Distance between adjacent base pairs = 0.34nm (3.4 A% * DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains coiled in a right- handed fashion. Its backbone is formed of sugar & phosphates. The bases project inside.Biology Times | Apbltilos:/ 7+ me/ MAGAZINE SKING © The two chains have anti-parallel polarity, ie. one chain has the polarity 5°3” and the other has 3’+5’. © The bases in two strands are paired through H bonds forming base pairs (bp). A=T (2 hydrogen bonds) C=G (3 hydrogen bonds) * Purine comes opposite to a pyrimidine. This generates uniform distance between the 2 strands. ‘© The base pairing confers a very unique property to the polynucleotides chain * They are said to be complimentary to each other and therefore is sequence of bases in one strand is known then the sequence in other strand can be predicted. © The plane of one base pair stacks over the other in helix. This in addition to H-bonds confers stability of the helical structure. Erwin Chargaff’s rule: «In DNA, the proportion of A is equal to T and the proportion of G is equal to C. i, Purine and pyramidine base pairs are equal in | amount ie, A+ G=T+C i. Molar amount of purine (A) is equal to T and of G is equal C i, A+G/C+T=1; AFT/G+Cis constant fora species eg for human itis 1.52 and for E.coli is 0.93 Sugar-deoxyribose and phosphate are equimolar in proportion. The length of DNA is usually defined as number of nucleotides or base pair (bp) present in it, The length of DNA is characterstic of organism. [A] + [G] = [1] + [C] or [A] +[G]/[T]+[C]=1 Il. Packaging of DNA Helix «DNA isa long molecule which has to be accomodated in a small area in a cell. E.coli and Human DNA lengths are 1.56mm and 2.2m respectively. DNA of E.colt ina area of about jum and of Human in Sm nucleus are to be accomodated, ' A. Packaging in prokaryotes 1 Inprokaryotes (e.g. E. coli), the DNA is | not scattered throughout the cell. DNA, ' being negatively charged, is held with {some positively charged proteins and form | ‘nucleoid’. A defined nucleus is absent in 1 prokaryotes. ' B. Packaging in eukaryotes |e Incukaryotes DNA is coiled at different ! levels to form chromonema of chromosomes. {© In cukaryotes, there is a set of positively | charged, basic proteins called histones. 'e Histones are rich in positively charged | basic amino acid residues lysines and ' arginines. 'e Eight histones form histone octamer. Negatively charged DNA is w rapped around histone octamer to give nucleosome. A typical nucleosome contains 200bp. Therefore, the total number of nucleosomes in human = (6.6x10%p)/200= 3.310 Nucleosomes constitute the repeating unit of chromatin. Chromatin is the thread-like stained bodies. © Nucleosomes in chromatin = ‘beads-on- string’. Chromatin is packaged — chromatin fibres — coiled and condensed at metaphase stage — chromosomes. Higher level packaging of chromatin requires non-histone chromosomal (NHC) proteins. © Chromatins include Euchromatin: Loosely packed and transcriptionally active chromatin and stains light. Heterochromatin: Densely packed and inactive region of chromatin and stains dark. The search for Genetic Material The experiments given below prove that DNA is the genetic material. Griffith's Transforming Principle experiment Griffith (1928) used mice & Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae has iwo strains-Lttps://+. mel MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April Bl) Smooth (S) strain (Virulent): Has polysaccharide mucus coat. Cause pneumonia - pathogenic. Rough (R) strain (Non-virulent): No mucus coat. Does not cause Pneumonia - non pathogenic. Experiment stages i, S-strain — Inject into mice + Mice die ii, R-strain — Inject into mice — Mice live iif, S-strain (Heat killed) —> Inject into mice + Mice live train (Hk) + R-s train (live) —> Inject into mice — Mice die He concluded that some ‘transforming principle’, transferred from heat-killed S-strain to R-strain. It enabled R-strain to synthesize smooth polysaccharide coat and become virulent. This must be due to the transfer of genetic material. I. Biochemical characterization of transforming principle Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maelyn MeCarty worked to determine the biochemical nature of ‘transforming principle’ in Griffith’s experiment, They purified biochemicals (proteins, DNA, RNA etc.) from heat killed S cells using suitable enzymes. They discovered that digestion of protein and RNA (using Proteases and RNases) did not affect transformation. So, the transforming substance was not a protein or RNA. Digestion of DNA with DNase inhibited transformation. It means that DNA caused transformation of R cells to S cells, ie. DNA was the transforming principle JIL, Hershey-Chase Experiment (Blender Experinent) © The unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material come from the experiments of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) Hershey & Chase grew some bacteriophage viruses on a medium containing radioactive phosphorus (P) and some others on medium containing radioactive sulphur (S*), ne Viruses grow n in P,, got radioactive DNA because only DNA contains phosphorus. Viruses grown in S,, got radioactive protein because protein contains Sulphur. These preparations were used separately to infect E. coli. Afier infection, the E. coli cells were gently agitated in a blender to remove the virus particles from the bacteria. Then the culture was centrifuged to separate lighter virus particles from heavier bacterial cells. Bacteria infected with viruses having tadioactive DNA were radioactive. i.e., DNA had passed from the virus to bacteria. Bacteria infected with viruses having radioactive proteins were not radioactive. i.e., proteins did not enter the bacteria from the viruses. This proves that DNA is the genetic material. }. Properties of Gencti¢ Material (DNA v/s RNA) A genetie material may have the following properties: Ability to generate its replica (Replication), Chemical and structural stability. Provide the mutations that are required for evolution, Ability to express as “Mendelian Characters”. Reasons for stability Reasons for (less reactivity) of DNA. aT EA Double stranded Single stranded Presence of thymine Presence of uracil Absence of 2’-OH in sugar | Presence of 2'-OH in sugar RNA is unstable. So, RNA viruses (e.g. bacteriophage, Tobacco Mosaic Virus etc.) mutate and evolve faster. DNA strands are complementary. On heating, they separate. In appropriate conditions, they come together. In Griffith’s experiment, some properties of DNA ofBiology Times Apbltils:/ /+ mel MAGAZINE SKIING the heat killed bacteria did not destroy. It indicates the stability of DNA. * For the storage of genetic information, DNA is better due to its stability. But for the transmission of genetic information, RNA is better. «RNA can directly code for the protein synthesis, hence can easily express the characters. DNA is dependent on RNA for protein synthesis. IL RNA world «RNA was the first genetic material. * Itacts as genetic material and catalyst. ¢ Essential life processes (metabolism, translation, splicing etc.) evolved around RNA. « DNA evolved from RNA for stability. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology It is proposed by Franeis Crick . It states - that the genetic information flows from DNA — RNA — Protein Note! In some viruses, flow of information is in reverse direction (from RNA to DNA). It is called reverse transcription. Central Dogma 1. DNAreplication ‘© Replication is the copying of DNA from parental DNA. «Watson & Crick proposed Semi- conservative mode of replication. It suggests that the parental DNA strands act as template for the synthesis of new complementary strands. Afier replication, cach DNA molecule would have one parental and one new strand. ‘© Matthew Messelson & Franklin Stahl (1958) experimentally proved Semi- conservative model. A. Messelson & Stahl’s Experiment « They cultured Z. coli in a medium containing "NH,Cl ('°N: heavy isotope of a Transcription, RNA —Lamslatons, Proteins! N).°N was incorporated into both strands of bacterial DNA and the DNA became heavier. © Another preparation containing N salts labeled with “N is also made. ''N was incorporated in both strands of DNA and became lighter. These 2 types of DNA can be separated by centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. * They took £. coli cells from '"N medium and transferred to “N medium. After one generation (i.c. after 20 minutes), they isolated and centrifuged the DNA, lis density was intermediate (hybrid) between ‘SN DNA and “N DNA. This show s that the new ly formed DNA one strand is old (°N type) and one strand is new ('*N type). This confirms semi-conservative replication. After Il generation (i.e. after 40 minutes), there was equal amounts of hybrid DNA and light DNA. © Taylor & colleagues (1958) performed similar experiments on Vicia faba (faba beans) using radioactive thymidine to detect distribution of newly synthesized DNA in the chromosomes. It proved that the DNA in chromosomes also replicate semi- conservatively, ' B. The Machinery and Enzymes for Replication 23 Template DNA (Parental strands) Continuous synthesis Discontinuous synthesis Newly som 7S strands 7s Fig: Replicating Fork © DNA eplication starts at a point called origin (ori).Lttps://tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April A unit of replication with one origin is called a replicon. During replication, the two strands unwind and separate by breaking H-bonds in presence of an enzyme, Helicase which is ATP dependent. Unwinding of the DNA molecule at a point forms a ‘Y'-shaped structure called replication fork. ‘These exposed single strands are stabilised by a protein called Single Strand Binding Protein (SSB). Due to unwinding, supercoiling develops on the end of DNA opposite to replication fork. The tension is released by topoisomerase. The separated strands act as templates for the synthesis of new strands. DNA replicates in the 5°-+3" direetion. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, dGTP, dCTP & ATTP) act as substrate and provide energy for polymerization. Firstly, a small RNA primer is synthesized in presence of an enzyme, primase. In the presence of an enzyme, DNA dependent DNA polymerase HH, is true replicase in E.coli. 1t performs polymerisation in 5’—» 3° direction. It has high polymerisation speed (about 2000 bp per sec) many nucleotides join with ‘one another to primer strand and form a polynucleotide chain (new strand), DNA polymerase II also perform polymerisation in 5” —» 3° direction. Its speed is only 50 bp per minute. It has supporting role. DNA polymerase | (Kornberg enzyme). It takes part in repairing of replication and also removes RNA primer. The DNA polymerase forms one new strand (leading strand) ina continuous stretch in the 5S’—3° direction (Continuous synthesis). The other new strand is formed in small stretches (Okazaki fragments) in 5’—3" direction (Discontinuous synthesis). The Okazaki fragments are then joined together to form a new strand by an enzyme, DNA ligase. This new strand is called lagging strand. © Ifa wrong base is introduced in the new | strand, DNA polymerase can do proof reading. «E.coli completes replication within 38 minutes. i.e. 2000 bp per second. * In eukaryotes, the replication of DNA takes | place at S-phase of the cell cycle. Failure in | cell division after DNA replication results in | poly ‘HL. Transcription It is the process of copying genetic information from one strand of the DNA into RNA. © Here, adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine. During transcription, both strands are not copied because © The code for proteins is different in both | strands, This complicates the translation. | Iftwo RNA molecules are produced ' simultaneously, this would be complimentary | to each other. It forms a double stranded | RNA and prevents translation. A, Transcription Unit | © It is the segment of DNA between the sites of | initiation and termination of transcription. It ' consists of 3 regions: i. A promoter (Transcription start site): Binding site for RNA polymerase. ii, Structural gene: The region between promoter and terminator w here transcription takes place. A terminator: The site where transcription stops. * The DNA- dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the polymerization only in 5’+3" direction. The strand with polarity 3°» 5” acts as template strand and other one with polarity 5°—» 3 having sequence similar to RNA except T at place of uracil (U) is called coding strand. Coding strand does not codeBiology Times | Apbltilos:/ /+ mel MAGAZINE SKIING for anything, But all the reference point while defining a transcription unit is made with coding strand. eg: Promotor is at S° end of structural gene and terminator is at 3° end. Promoter Structural gene Transcription start site © Some additional regulatory sequences are also present further upstream or downstream to promotor. Terminator Template strand Coding strand Fig: Schematic structure of a transcription unit © 3°45’ acts as template strand, 5’—3’ acts as coding strand. 3*-ATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATG| 5°-TACGTACGTACGTACGTACGTACt B. Transcription unit and gene Gene: Functional unit of inheritance. It is the DNA sequence coding for (RNA tRNA molecule. Cistron: A segment of DNA coding fora polypeptide or one which codes for M - RNA Structural gene in a transcription unit is nwo ivpes: + Monocistronie structural genes : Code for single polypeptides. It is seen in eukaryotes. ‘These sequence are split having coding sequence called exons and intervening sequences called introns. * Polycistronic structural genes: It is seen mostly in prokaryotes. Here, there are no split genes. It codes for several polypeptides. «The split gene arrangements represent probably an ancient feature of the genome. * The presence of introns is reminiscent of antiquity. «The process of splicing represent the dominance of RNA-world. * Steps of Transcription in Prokaryotes In bacteria, there are three major types of RNAs: mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Enzyme: There is single DNA dependent RNA polymerase that catalyses transcription of all types of RNAS in prokaryotes. 5 template strand. -3° coding strand. © The steps in transcription are: Here, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds at the promoter site of DNA. This causes the local unwinding of the DNA double helix. An initiation factor (c factor) present in RNA polymerase initiates the RNA synthesis. RNA polymerase uses nucleoside triphosphates as substrate. * Elongation: RNA chain is synthesized in 5°-3' direction, In this process, activated bonucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP & CTP) are added. This is complementary to the base sequence in the DNA template. ‘Termination: A term ination factor (p factor) binds to the RNA polymerase and terminates the transcription. In bacteria (Prokaryotes), transcription and translation can be coupled (Translation can begin before mRNA is fully transcribed) because mRNA requires no processing to become active. ‘Transcription and translation take place in the same compartment (no separation of cytosol and nucleus). In eukaryotes, there are two additional complexities: There are 3 RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase L: Transcribes TRNAS (28S, 18S & 5.8S).ai. it, Lttps://+. mve/ MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April 8) RNA polymerase Il: Transeribes the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). It is the precursor of mRNA. RNA polymerase III: Transcribes tRNA, 5S RNA and snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs). The primary transcripts (hnRNA) contain exons and introns and are non-functional. Hence introns must be removed. For this, it undergoes the following processes: ‘Capping: Here, a nueleotide methyl guanosine triphosphate (eap) is added to the 5’ end of hnRNA. ‘Tailing (Polyadenylation): Here, adenylate residues (200-300) are added at 3°-end. Splicing: From hnRNA introns are removed (by the spliceosome) and exons are ligated hnRNA now becomes m - RNA (joined) together. . Genetic Code It is the sequence of nucleotides (nitrogen bases) in mRNA that contains information for protein synthesis (translation). The proposition and deciphering of ‘genetic code was exciting and challenging and required chemists, biochemists and geneticists, ‘The sequence of 3 bases determining a single amino acid is called codon. The codons for the various amino acids Second letter uUU) uuc! uUA} uual uu CC | Ley cua cu ‘ANU AUC Ine ava} AUG Third letter First letter Guu GUC May GUA A GCG GAA) GAG) Gu GuG George Gamow suggested that for coding 20 amino acids, the code should be made up of 3 nucleotides. Har Gobind Khorana developed the chemical method synthesizing RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases (homopolymers & copolymers). UUU UUU UU(Only Phenylalanine) UCU CUC UC (UCU—Serine: CUC-+Leu) Marshall Nirenberg developed cell-free system for protein synthesis. Severo Ochoa (polynucleotide phosphorylase) enzyme is used to polymerize RNA with defined sequences in a template independent manner. Salient Features of Genetic Code ‘Triplet code (three-letter code), 61 codons code for amino acids . 3 codons (UAA, UAG & UGA) do not code for any amino acids. They act as stop codons (Termination codons or non-sense codons). Genetic code is nearly universal. E.g. From bacteria to human UUU codes for Phenylalanine. Some exceptions are found in mitochondrial codons, and in some protozoans. No punetuations b/w adjacent codons (comma less code). The codon is read in mRNA ina contiguous fashion. Genetic code is non-overlapping. A single amino acid is represented by many codons (except AUG for methionine & UGG for tryptophan). Such codons are called degenerate codons Genetic code is unambiguous and specific. i.e. one codon specifies only one amino acid. AUG has dual functions. It codes for Methionine and acts as initiator codon. In eukaryotes, methionine is the first amino acid and formyl methionine in prokaryotes i. Mutations And Genetic Code Relationship between genes & DNA are best understood by mutation studies. Deletions & rearrangements in a DNA may cause loss or gain of a gene and so a function Insertion or deletion of one or two bases changes the reading frame from the point of insertion or deletion. Insertion/ deletion of three or its multiple bases insert or delete one or multipleBiology Times | Apbltilos:/ /+ mel MAGAZINE SKIING codon. Hence one or multiple amino acids are inserted/deleted. The reading frame remains unaltered from that point onwards. Such mutations are known as frame-shift insertion or deletion mutations. It proves that codon is a triplet and is read contiguously. E. Translation (Protein Synthesis) Translation refers to the process of polymerisation of amino acid to form a polypeptide. «The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA. «The amino acids are joined by peptide bond. It takes place in ribosomes. It includes 4 steps: i. Charging of RNA i. Initiation iii, Elongation iv. Termination i Charging (aminoacylation) of RNA «Formation of peptide bond needs energy obtained from ATP. ¢ For this, amino acids are activated (amino acid + ATP) and linked to their cognate 1RNA in presence of aminoacyl RNA synthetase. Thus, the RNA becomes charged. Grow mRNA ji, Initiation It begins at the S’-end of mRNA in the presence of an initiation factor. * The mRNA binds to the small subunit of ribosome. Now the large subunit binds to iii. the small subunit to complete the initiation complex. Large subunit has two binding sites tRNA- aminoacyl tRNA binding site (A site) and peptidy! site (P site). Initiation codon for methionine is AUG. So methionyl tRNA complex would have UAC at the Anticodon site. Elongation At the P site, the first codon of mRNA binds with anticodon of methionyl t2NA complex. Another aminoacyl tRNA complex with an appropriate amino acid enters the ribosome and attaches to A site. Its anticodon binds. to the second codon on the mRNA and ‘a peptide bond is formed between first and second amino acids in presence of an enzyme, peptidyl transferase (Ribozyme - 23 s RNA in prokaryotes and 28 s tRNA in eukaryotes) First amino acid and its (RNA are broken. This tRNA is removed from P site and second tRNA at the A site is pulled to P site along with mRNA. This is called translocation, ‘Then 3rd codon comes into A site and a suitable tRNA with 3rd amino acid binds at the A site. This process is repeated. Termination When aminoacyl tRNA reaches the termination codon like UAA, UAG & UGA, Release factor binds to stop codon and it results the termination of translation occurs. ‘The polypeptide and tRNA are released from the ribosomes. The ribosome dissociates into large and small subunits at the end of protein synthesis. A group of ribosomes associated with a single mRNA for translation is called a polyribosome (polysomes). An mRNA has additional sequences that are not translated (untranslated regions or UTR). UTRs are present at both 5'- end (before start codon) and 3°-end (after stopLittps:/ /+.me/ MAGAZINE SKING codon). They are required for efficient translation process. 6. Regulation of Gene Expression Jn eukaryotes, gene expression occurs by following levels: © Transcriptional level (formation of primary transcript) Processing level (splicing etc.) + Transport of mRNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm. © Translational level (formation of a polypeptide). The metabolic, physiological and environmental conditions regulate expression of genes. E.g. © InE. coli, the beta-galactosidase enzyme hydrolyses lactose into galactose & glucose. In the absence of lactose, the synthesis of beta- galactosidase stops. © The development and differentiation ‘of embryo into adult are a result of the expression of several set of genes. © Ifa substrate is added to grow th medium of bacteria, a set of genes is switched on to metabolize it. It is called induetion. When a metabolite (product) is added, the genes to produce it are turned off. This is called repression. 1. Operon Concept “Each metabolic reaction is controlled by a set of genes” All the genes regulating a metabolic reaction constitute an Operon. E.g. lac operon, trp operon, ara operon, his operon, val operon ete Jacob and Monod were the first to elucidate a transcriptionally regulated system. Lac Operon in E.coli: The operon controlling lactose metabolism. It consists of A. A regulatory or inhibitor (i) gene: Codes for the repressor. B. Three structural genes: © zgene: Codes for B galactosidase (hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose). © y gene: Codes for permease (increase permeability of the cell to lactose). logy Times | April 2 a gene: Codes for a transacetylase. ‘The genes present in the operon function together in the same or related metabolic pathway. There is an operator region for each operon. If there is no lactose (inducer), lac operon remains switched off. The regulator gene synthesizes mRNA to produce the repressor protein. This protein binds to the operator genes and blocks RNA polymerase movement. So the structural genes are not expressed. If lactose is provided in the grow th medium, the lactose is transported into the E. coli cells by the action of permease. Lactose (inducer) binds with repressor protein, So repressor protein cannot bind to operator gene. The operator gene becomes free and induces the RNA polymerase to bind with promoter gene. Then transcription starts, Regulation of lac operon by repressor is called negative regulation. Human Genome Project (HGP) ‘The human genome project was the international, collaborative research programme where goal was to complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human being. The entire DNA in the haploid set of chromosomes of an organism is called a Genome. In Human genome, DNA is packed in 23 chromosomes. Human Genome Project (1990- the first mega project in identi sequence of nucleotides and mapping of all the genes in human genome. ‘Human genome contains about 310° bp. H.G.P was coordinated by the U.S Department of Energy and National Institute of Health and then Welcome Trust (U.K) Japan, France, Germany and got associated. The first draft of consortium was published in Journal Nature (Feb 2001)Biology Times | Apbltilos:/ /+ mel MAGAZINE SKIING & ‘The cost of sequencing 3 x 10 bp would be approximately 9 billion US dollars (US$3 per bp) . Goals of HGP Identify all the approximately 20000 - 30000 genes in human DNA. i. Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. i. Store this information in databases. Improve tools for data analysis. ‘Transfer related technologies to other sectors. , Address the ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. |. Methodologies of HGP Two major approaches. Expressed Sequence Tag (ESTs): Focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA. i, Sequence amnotation: Sequencing w hole set of genome containing all the coding & non-coding sequence and later assigning different regions in the sequence with functions. Jil. Procedure: Isolate total DNA from a cell + Convert into random fragments + Clone in suitable host (e.g. BAC & YAC) for amplification — Fragments are sequenced using Automated DNA sequencers (using Frederick Sanger method) > Sequences are arranged based on overlapping regions—Alignment of sequences using computer programs *BAC= Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes *YAC= Yeast Artificial Chromosomes HGP was closely associated with Bioinformatics Bioinformatics: Application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology & medicine. IN. Salient features of Human Genome i ii, Human genome contains 3164.7 million nucleotide bases. Total number of genes= about 30,000. iii. Average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary. Largest. known human gene (dystrophin on X- chromosome) contains 2.4 million bases. iv, 99.9% nucleotide bases are same in all ¥ people. Only 0.1% (3%10° bp) difference makes every individual unique Functions of over 50% of discovered genes are unknown. vi, Chromosome | has most genes (2968) and Y has the fewest (231), vii, Less than 2% of the genome codes for proteins. viii. Very large portion of human genome is made ix 8. DNA L of Repeated (repetitive) sequences. These are stretches of DNA sequences that are repeated many times. They have no direct coding functions. They shed light on chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution. About 1.4 million locations have single- base DNA differences. They are called SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphism or ‘snips’). ingerprinting (DNA Profiling) The chemical nature of everyone’s DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any organism) is the order of the base pairs. 99.9 percent of base sequence among all humans is the same. The difference lies in 3x 10° bp sequence. It is these differences in sequence of DNA which make the individual unique It is the technique to identify the similarities and differences of the DNA fragments of 2 individuals. Developed by Alec Jeffreys (1985). Dr. V.K. Kashyap and Dr Lalji singh started this technology in India Basis of DNA fingerprinting DNA carries some non-coding repetitive sequences called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). Number of repeats is specific from person to person.a ii. iit, in vi. Lttps://+. me MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April 2 ‘The size of VNTR varies from 0.1 to 20 kb. | Repetitive DNA are separated from bulk genomic DNA as different peaks during t density gradient centrifugation. v The bulk DNA forms a major peak and the | small peaks are called satellite DNA. ‘ Satellite DNA is classified as micro- ' satellites, mini- satellites etc, based on base | composition (A:T rich or G:C rich), length of | segment and number of repetitive units. ' Microsatellites (1-6 bp) and minisatellite has | 11-60 bp. VNTR belongs to mini-satellite DNA. ‘ Any difference in the nucleotide sequence | (inheritab le mutation) observed in a ! population is called DNA polymorphism | (variation at genetic level). t Polymorphism is higher in non-coding ! DNA sequence because mutations in these sequences may not have any immediate i effect in an individual's reproductive ability. | These mutations accumulate generation after | generation and cause polymorphism. For evolution & speciation, polymorphisms play important role. Steps of DNA fingerprinting (Southern Blotting Technique) Isolation of DNA. Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases. Separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis. Transferring Southern Blotting DNA fragments to synthetic membranes such as. nitrocellulose or nylon. Hybridization using radioactive labelled VNTR probe. Detection of hybridized DNA by autoradiography. ‘The image (in the form of datk& light bands) obtained is called DNA fingerprint. It differs from individual to individual except in monozygotic (identical) twins. ‘The sensitivity of the technique has ' been increased by use of polymerase chain | reaction (PCR). Therefore, DNA from a single cell is enough for DNA fingerprinting. UL. Application of DNA fingerprinting Forensic tool to solve paternity, maternity, rape, murder etc. Criminal identification Personal identification For the diagnosis of genetic diseases. To determine phylogenetic status of animals. To determine population and genetic diversities. QwrD # se p< ag = UAAGCUAC (2) Synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase occurs only in 5’ 3° direction. One starnd is leading strand is copied in the direction of unwinding of the helix. Another strand islagging strand. Replication of lagging strand is in discontinuous way, synthesizing short segments of DNA which are always in 5°3° direction. T hese segments are called Okazaki segments. 2B: ° 22 Loading the sample 6M CsCl Centrifuging solution —_— . (2) Because in RNA thymine is replaced by Uracil . (4) Non-coding strand & Antisense strand 26. (1) RNA poly merase I - rRNA Q RNA poly merase II - hnRNA (mRNA) RNA poly merase II - tRNA 27. (3) Conceptual 28. (1) Conceptual a 29. (2) © Both introns and exons are present in 6 mRNA and tRNA does not possess exons An intron is any nucleotide sequence aon age agnn meno (4) Meselson and Stahl began their experiment by choosing two isotopes of nitrogen the common and lighter 14N, and the rare and heavier 15N (so-called “heavy” nitrogen)—as their labels and a technique known as cesium chloride (CsCl) equilibrium density gradient centrifugation as their sedimentation method. Meselson and Stahl opted for nitrogen because it is an essential chemical component of DNA; therefore, every time a cell divides and its DNA replicates, it incorporates new N atoms into the DNA of cither one or both of its two daughter cells. In density gradient centrifugation particles are separatedon the basis of their density. Particle size only affects the rate at which particles move untiltheir density is the same as the surrounding gradient medium. of normal and heavy DNA normal 14N - DNA heavy 1SN - DNA within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product Prokaryotes can’t have introns, because they have transcription coupled to translation. ‘They don’t have time/space for that, since intron splicing will stop the coupling. Eukaryotes evolved the nucleus, where splicing can be done. (4) Statement II and V are correct remaining statements are wrong.oh 32. 34, 35. 36, 37. 38. 39. 40. Lttps:/, St rvel MAGAZINE SIGNG — Biology Times | April BD. (4) (sigma) factor acts as initiator codon | during transcription in prokaryotes. i (2) In Eukaryotes, coding sequence are e expressed as exons. [Exons are interrupted 1 by Introns which are also called non ‘ coding sequence . These does not appear in ! mature or processed RNA. ' (3) Prokaryotes genome doesn’t have | Introns hence the splicing mechanism doesn’t takes place in it. ' (1) Conceptual ' (2) Conceptual 1 (2) Conceptual ' (1) Conceptual ‘ (1) Conceptual Ms (3) Conceptual 1 (1) Mutation is sudden change in { chemical structure of gene or altering ! ‘ ' position of chromosomes. They occur in somatic cells or gametes genetic mutation. Hence they lead to variation in organisms. 41.(2) Translation is the process of synthesizing protein from the present in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule . (1) Conceptual (4) Conceptual (3) Concepmal (2) Conceptual (4) haploid content of human DNA is 3.3 x 109 bp. (4) A-Core of histone molecule, B-DNA, ‘C-HI histone, D- Octamer of histones (2) A-hydrogen bonds, B-purine, C-pentose sugar, D-phosphate Hence answer is 27.5%" (1) Conceptual (3) Conceptual £66 Be * = & 49, 50. We request Readers to send their views/suggestions. ‘The feedback given by you will help us to serve you better. E-mail your feedback to : (eedback@pcmbtimes.comBiology Times | Antilfiljs:/ /+nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING 2020 MOCK TEST PAPER NEET -3 Select the option which shows correct combination of an organism and its feature. (1) Echinus Well-developed excretory system Metamerie segmentation External fertilisation Body is divided into proboscis, collar and trunk (2) Dentalium — — (3) Bombyx (4) Balanoglossus Frogs have a (1) Shorter intestine because they are carnivores (2) Longer intestine because they are carnivores (3) Shorter intestine because they are herbivores (4) Longer intestine because they are herbivores Seral communities in hydrarch succession are (i) Phytoplanktons (ii) Shrubs (iii) Floating plants (iv) Lichens (v) Marsh-meadows (D Gi), Gi), (iv), (v) (2) (i, (iii), (v) and (ii) G) ©, (iv) (4) @, Gi), () A woman whose father was haemophilic, marries a normal man. What will be the probability of their son to be haemophilic? (1) 50% (2)0% (3) 100% (4) 25% 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' ' 6. e * 5, Select a population interaction from the following, in which neither of the interacting species get harmed, (1) Goats and Abingdon tortoise of Galapagos islands (2) Cuscuta growing on hedge plants (3) Orchid growing on the mango branch (4) Plants and herbivorous animals Decomposition is higher if the (J) Detritus has more lignin and cellulose content (2) Aeration of soil is less (3) Soil has less moisture content (4) Temperature of soil is slightly higher than 25°C and contains optimum moisture IVF is followed by the transfer of an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres into (1) Uterus (2) Fallopian tube (3) Ovary (4) Vagina Select the primary lymphoid organ (1) Spleen (2) Peyer’s patches (3) Lymph nodes (4) Thymus Choose the hormone that binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and stimulates the formation of secondary messenger in the target cell. (1) Estradiol (2) Cortisol (3) FSH (4) ProgesteroneLttps://+. mme/ MAGAZINE SKIING Biology Times | April 2D ‘10. Choose the correct match w.r.t. location of given epithelial tissues (1) Fallopian tubes — Ciliated cuboidal epithelium (2) PCT — Simple cuboidal epithelium (3) Buccal cavity — Pseudostratified epithelium (4) Meum — Brush-bordered columnar ‘11, Method that offers benefit of protection against ST] transmission along with achieving contraception is (1) LNG 20 (2) Nirodh (3) Saheli (4) Diaphragm 12. During repolarisation of neural membrane (1) Potassium voltage gated channels in axonal membrane are open (2) Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse (3) Sodium ions move out to the axoplasm (4) Potassium ions move into the axoplasm 13, Sexual stages called gametocytes of Plasmodium appears in (1) Hepatocytes of human (2) Salivary glands of mosquito (3) Human red blood cells (4) Hepatocytes and WBCs of human blood 14. What is true regarding menstrual cycle? (1) Follicular phase is followed by menstrual phase. (2) Lack of menstruation may be an indicative of pregnancy, (3) Menstrual cycle is absent in monkeys. (4) Progesterone surge induces ovulation, 15, In 1953, S.L.Miller, an American scientist, created electric discharge in a closed flask containing A,B,C and water vapour at D°C. Identify A,B,C and D. (1) CH, N, , NH,, 800 (2) CH, H, , NH, 800 (3) H,, NH,, CH,, 600 (4) NH,, H,, CH, 800 16. Which one of the following options gives one correct example each of divergent evolution and convergent evolution ? Divergent evolution Convergent evolution (1) Sting of bee and of scorpion Raddish and carrot (2) Mouth parts of insect Thorns of Bougainyillea and Tendrils of cucurbita (3) Wings of Butterfly Vertebrate hearts and of Birds (4) Potato and Ginger Eye of octopus and of mammals 17, Under normal conditions which are most important factors that influence population density ? (1) Births, Deaths, Immigration & Emigration: G) 4) (3) Births & Deaths are haploid? Spermatid, Secondary oocyte, Primary spermatocyte, Ovum, Sperm, Oogonia, Spermatogonia, Polar body (1) Six (2) Four (3) Two (4) Five 0. The clitoris is a tiny finger like structure which lies at the upper junction of := (1) The two labia majora (2) The two labia minora (3) The mons pubis (4) The hymen and vagina (4) Immigration & Emigration 18. In which of the following embryonic stages does the zygote appear as a little mulberry? ' ‘ ' (2) Only Births ' 19, How many structures in the list given below ‘ ' ' oy Q)Biology Times | Antilfiljps:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING 21. Reflexes related to cardiovascular system is controlled by (1) Cerebral cortex (2) Limbie system (3) Thalamus (4) Medulla oblongata 22. When readymade antibodies are given to protect the body against foreign agent it is called (1) Primary immune response (2) Passive immunity (3) Secondary immune response (4) Both 1 and 2 23, The person shown in the pictures is affected by certain disease. Identify the correct options related to the disease (1) aecaused by Wuchereria bancrofti and W. malayi, b-caused by Epidermophyton and Microsporum (2) a-Elephantiasis, b-ringworm (3) a-caused by helminth, b-caused by fungi (4) All of the above 24, Select the correct match :- (1) Fibrous joint Between adjacent vertebrae Between carpal and metacarpals of thumb (2) Saddle joint (3) ankle bone =— 1 innumber (4) Thoracic = — 3 in number vertebrae 25. Which of the following statements is correct about the diagram shown below? (1) The body of animal can be divided into equal halves by any longitudinal plane passing through the centre. (2) The body can be divided into two equal halves by only a single longitudinal plane passing through the centre (3) There are no left and right sides observed in the given animal. (4) Sea anemone represents this type of symmetry 26. Read the two statements regarding Aschelminthes a. Members have a true body cavity. b. Sexual dimorphism can be established based on presence of excretory pore. Select the correct option. (1) ‘a’ is correct but *b’ is incorrect. (2) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are correct. (3) ‘a’ is incorrect but *b’ is correct. (4) Both ‘a’ and *b’ are incorrect. 27. Closed circulatory system is present inal except (1) Petromyzon (2) Ascidia (3) Pavo (4) Felis 28. Read the following statements : 1. Epithelial cells rest on a non-cellular layer. IL, Single unit smooth muscle possesses cell junctions. IIL Brush bordered columnar epithelium of intestine help in absorption of food. IV. Saliva is an exocrine secretion. Select the correct statements. (1) Mand I (2) L, Mand 11 (3) Only I and TV. (4) 1,11, 1 and 1V 29. Consider the given diagram and select the correct identification and description of the labelled structure in options belowLitt ps: /+.me/ MAGAZINE SKING (1) B~ Contracts under the influence of gastrin hormene (2) A~Secretes sodium bicarbonate under the influence of secretin (3) C— Longest part of small intestine (4) D— Duets from liver, bringing dexoygenated blood to small intestine 30. Alll the given factors are favourable in formation of oxyhaemoglobin, except (1) High po, (2) High temperature (3) Low pCO, (4) High pH 31, The deciduous dentition of a seven year old girl child lacks (1) All molars (2) All premolars (3) First two molars (4) All premolars and molars 32. Protein coated fat globules formed in enterocytes are (1) Micelles (2) Chyme (3) Chyle (4) Chylomicrons 33, Filtrate obtained in Proximal convoluted tubule is (1) Hypertonic to blood plasma (2) Isotonic to urine (3) Hypotonie to blood plasma (4) Isotonic to blood plasma 34, Arrange the events which occur during muscle contraction (a) Action potential causes the release of Ca® ions into the sarcoplasm, (b) Activated myosin head binds to the exposed active sites on actin to form cross bridge (c) A neural signal at neuromuscular junction causes the release of ACh which generates action potential (d) Increase in Ca levels leads to the binding of calcium with T,Con actin filaments there by unmasking active sites of actin. Choose the correct option ()a>c>bod (2) ded >b (3) CPa>d>b (4) C9 dab logy Times | April BD 435, Axial skeleton does not include the bone named (1) Atlas (2) Sphenoid (3) Pubis (4) Sternum 36. Select the event responsible for micturition in man. (1) Contraction of external urethral sphincter (2) Relaxation of involuntary sphincter (3) Contraction of internal urethral sphincter (4) Contraction of penile sphincters. 37. Select the correct statemenet (1) P.wave represents repolarisation of atria (2) QRS complex represents return of ventricles to excited state (3) By counting QRS complexes, one can determine the breathing rate of a person (4) The end of T wave marks the end of ventricular systole 38. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin to attain hemostasis in the presence of (1) Fibrin (2) Fibrinogen (3) Thrombokinase (4) Sodium ions 39. What proportion of PAR is captured by plants in synthesis of organic matter? (1) 1-5% (2) 20% (3) 2-10% (4) 1% 40. Outcross is an individual produced from mating between which of the following? (1) Same breed and closely related individuals (2) Different breed and closely related individuals (3) Same breed and not closely related individuals (4) Different breeds and not closely related individuals 41. Which of the following points should be kept into consideration for successful bee keeping? i, light management according to the habitats ‘of honey bees ii. selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives iii. knowledge of the behaviour of honey bees iv. handling and collection of honey and bee wax,Biology Times | Antilfils:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING () iii, ii (2) i. ii, iv (3) iii, ii, iv (4) iii, iv 42. Read the statements and Identify which of them is True / False. i, Release of oxytocin due to uterine contraction is positive feed back control. ii. Hormones are also secreted by diffused cells. iii, Hormones are intracellular messengers. iv, Some hormones are produced in inactive form. A B c D ()E OF TOT QT 7 FOOT GF T TT @T F FOOT 43. Which one of the following statement in regard to the exceretion by the human kidney is correct? (1) Descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water. (2) Distal convoluted tubule is incapable of reabsorbing HOO, | (3) Nearly 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. (4) Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes. 44, Find out the correct match from the following columns. Column 1 Column H ‘A. Orthopnoea 1. Normal breathing B. Cyanosis 2. Difficulty in breathing while lying down C. Hypoxia 3. Bluish discolouration of skin D. Eupnea 4. Rapid shallow breathing E. Tachypnea 5. Deficiency of oxygen in tissue (1) A-2, B-2, C-5, D-4, E-1 (2) A-2, B-4, C-5, D- 1, E-3 (3) A-2, B- 1, C-2, D-4, E-5 (4) A-2, B-3, C-5, D- 1, E-4 45, ABO blood groups in human beings are controlled by gene 1. Gene I has three alleles in which (1) IB and i produce identical sugars (2) 1A, IB, and i produce a slightly different form of sugar (3) Only allele i produce sugar (4) IA and IB produce slightly different form of sugar BUNKD 31404 Ob 1.4 2.1 3.2 41° 5.3 6.4 WA 84 9.3 10.2 1.200 12.1 13.3 14,2 15.2 16.4 17.35 18.4 19.4 20.2 21.4 2.2 2.4 24.2 25.2 26.4 27.2 WA 2 30.2 31200 32.40 33.4 34,3 35.3 36.2 S74 3893. 39.3 40.3. 44°92 2 433 4404 45.4 HINTS & SOLUTIONS Sol: Balanoglossus is a hemichordate. In hemichordates, body is divided into a proboscis, collar and a long trunk. Echinus is an echinoderm, Special excretory organs are absent in echinoderms, Dentalium is a mollusc. Molluses are unsegmented. Fertilization is mostly internal in arthropods (e.g. Bombyx), except a few aquatic forms. : Frogs have a shorter intestine because they are carnivores. The diet of herbivores contains cellulose and other substances which are relatively indigestible. Hence herbivores have a longer intestine to provide a large surface area to absorb fully of what little they digest. 3.Sol: Conceptual 2SLitt ps: /+.me/ MAGAZINE SKING 4.Sol: XY (Woman)X’X —_¥ XY(Normal man) v ' x ! x’ hexh’y] i X [Xx] XY] haemophilic } Drchid growing on mango branch as | 50% of the son are S.Se epiphyte is an example of commensalism, which is a +,0 relation. Where neither of the interacting species are harmed. 6.Sol: Decomposition is higher at temperature higher than 25°C. 7.Sol: This technique is called as UT (Intra uterine transfer) 8.Sol; Bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs. 9.Sol: FSH is a water soluble hormone and interacts with membrane bound receptor 10).Sol: PCT-cuboidal ' 11.Sol: Condoms and femshields prevent ' transmission of STIs by covering the surface | of external genitalia completely. ! 12.Sol: K’ ion moves out due to opening of | voltage gated K* channels i 13.Sol: Gametocytes are present in RBCs of infected human blood which is sucked by | mosquito. 4 14,Sol: Usually ouring pregnancy period 1 menstruation does not occur. Therefore ' lack of menstruation may be indicative of — | pregnancy. ' 15.Sol: S. L. Miller created electric discharge in | a closed flask containing CH,, H,,NH, and} water vapour at 8000C ' 16.Sol: Both are modified shoot system. ' 17.Sol: Under normal conditions births 1 and deaths are most important factors ' influencing population density. Immigration | and Emigration are important in special conditions. ' 19.Sol: Conceptual ‘ logy Times | April BD 19.Sol: Spermatid, Secondary oocyte, Ovum, Sperm and polar body 5 are halpoid. 20.Sol: Conceptual 21.Sol: Medulla contains cardiovascular reflexes. 22.Sol: The performed antibodies when given to a person (antibodies against snake venom) is passive immunity 23.Sol: a+ is Elephentiasis, caused by helminth parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti and W, malayi b- is Ringworm disease caused by fungi, Epidermophyton and Microsporum. 24.Sel: Saddle joint is present between Carpal and metacarpal of thumb. 25,Sol: In bilateral symmetry the body can be divided into identical left and right halves in only one plane. 26,Sok: Aschelminthes are pseudocoelomates. In sexual dimophrism, the females are longer than males. 27.Sol: In Ascidia ‘open’ circulatory system and remaining all have closed circulatory system. 28.Sol: Conceptual 29, Pancreas secretes bicarbonate ions in response to acidic food in small intestine. 30.Sol: High temperature favours dissociation of oxyhaemogolbin. 31.Sok: In milk or deciduous teeth all premolar and last molar tooth are absent. In the intestinal mucosa cells, the smal! fat globules are coated with fat to form chilomicrons. Conceptual 33: 34.Sol: Conceptual 35.Sol: Pubils is bone of pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton. 36,Sol: CNS passes om motor signals to initiate contraction of smooth muscles of bladder & simultaneous relaxation of vrethral (involuntary) sphineter Sol: Conceptual Sol: Thrombin is formed from inactive substance called prothromb in the presence of thrombokinase.Biology Times | Antilfiljs:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING 39,Sol: 1-5% of total incident radiation or 2-10% of PAR is captured by plants 40.Sol: Outcross is an individual produced from | mating between same breed and not closely | related individuals. 41.Sol: Conceptual 42.Sols Hormones are intercellular messengers 43.Sol: Urine formation involves three main process called, glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion. A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formedper day (which is 180 liters per day) with that of urine released (about 1.5 liters) suggests that nearly 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but impermeable to electrolytes. ‘The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes. Reabsorption of sodium ions and water takes place in distal convoluted tubule. Also, it is capable of reabsorption of HCO,. 44.Sol: Orthopnoea refers to difficulty in breathing in lying down posture. Cyanosis refers to bluish discolouration of skin due to rise in level of deoxyhaemoglobin more than 5 gm/ dL. Hypoxia refers to deficiency of oxygen in tissues. Eupnea refers to normal breathing while tachypnea refers to rapid shallow breathing. 45.Sol: The allele i doesn’t produce any sugar since it is recessive allele. Confirm your discounted cost today ! SUBSCRIBE @ [aer = Lttps://+. me MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April Bi) EVOLUTION . Introduction Evolution is an orderly change from one form to another. Evolution means the act of unfolding or unrolling Eyolutionaty Biology evolutionary history of Origin of Life Big Bang Theory states that universe originated about 20 bya by a singular huge explosion. ‘The earth was formed about 4.5 bya. There was no atmosphere on early earth. Water vapour, CH,, CO, & NH, released from, molten mass covered the surface. The UV rays from the sun broke up water into H, and O,. Oxygen combined with NH, & CH, to form water, CO, ete. The ozone layer was formed. As it cooled, the water vapour fell as rain to form oceans. Life appeared almost four bya. Theories of Origin of Life the study of forms. . Theory of sjomaneous generation (Abiogenesis): It states that, life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud etc. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life and disproved this theory. S He showed that in pre-sterilized swan neck flasks, life did not come from killed yeast. In another flask open to air, new living organisms arose. Biogenesis. Proposed by Francisco Redi, Spallanzani & Louis Pasteur. It states that, life originates from pre- existing life *. Cosmic theory (Theory of Panspermia). It states that, the units of life (spores, seed, sperm) were transferred to different planets including earth, Theory of chemical evalution. Proposed by Oparin & Haldane. It states that, the first form of life was originated from non-living inorganic, H,, H,O, NH,, CO, & organic molecules such as CH, HCN, H,O, sugars, fats, proteins, nucleic acids etc. i.e. “Abiogenesis first, but biogenesis ever since”. ‘The energy and stimulus were provided for their chemical reaction by high temperature, UV rays, present on the early earth. Early atmosphere was reducing, because no free oxygen was present on early earth. Urey-Miller experiment Harold Urey & Stanley Miller (1953) experimentally proved theory of chemical evolution, They created a condition like thatBiology Times | Anbi¥ips:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING 3 J. Paleontological evidences of primitive earth (ie. high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere with CH,, NH,, H,O, H, etc). ‘They made electric discharge of 75000 volt ina closed flask containing CH,, NH,, H, in 2:1:2 ratio and water vapour at 800°C. They observed some amino acids In similar experiments, others observed formation of sugars, nitrogen bases, pigment and fats. First non-cellular form of life originated three billion years agi They were RNA, proteins, Polysaccharides etc. Perhaps first macromolecules were RNA molecules got surround by microspores and started duplication. The first cell used RNA as heredity material (Ribovirus) and the DNA evolved from an RNA template. Formation of the earliest cell needed organic | molecules for their nutrition present in hot soup and thus they were Heterotrophs anaerobes, Heterotrophs might have evolved into autotrophs. These might be Chemoautotrophs followed by Photoautotroph (non oxygenic) and then oxygenic Photoautotroph like Blue green algae (B.G.A). Due to B.G.A earth atmosphere become oxidising and aerobic respiration started and Ozone layer was formed to block ultraviolet light. Eukaryotic cells, About 1.5 bya prokaryotic cells gradually modified into eukaryotic cells which led to the evolution of protista, plantae, fungi and animalia. Evidences for Evolution Paleontology: It is the study of fossils. Fossils are remnants of life forms found in rocks (earth crust). Significance of fossils: To study about extinet animals. E.g. Dinosaurs, ii, To study about geological period in which the fossils existed. The study showed that life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time spans. I, Morphological & Anatomical evidences * Comparative anatomy and morphology shows that different forms of animals have some common structural features. This can be explained as follows: A, Homologotis organs * Homologous organs are the organs havi fundamental similarity in structure and ori but different functions. This phenomenon is called Homology. © Eg. Human hand, Whale’s flippers, Bat’s wing & Cheetah’s foot. ¢ These forelimbs have different functions but similar anatomical structures such as bones (e.g. humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals & phalanges). Homology is also seen in heart, brain ete. Homology in plants: E.g, Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita. * The origin of homologous organs is due to Divergent evolution. * Itis the evolution by which two species or popular to become more different each other Homology indicates common ancestry. B. Analogous organs These are the organs having similar function but different structure & origin. This phenomenon is called Analogy. Eg: © Eyes of Octopus (retina from skin) and mammals (retina from embryonic brain). Flipper of Penguins and Dolphins. © Sweet potato (modified root) & Potato (modified stem) * Itis the evolution by which unrelated species become more similar to survive and adapt in similar environmental condition, IIL, Adaptive radiation (Biogeographical evidences) © Adaptive radiation (evolution by adaptation) is the evolution of different species in a ii.Lttps://+. me/ MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April Bi) geographical area starting from a point literally radiating to other areas. E.g. Darwin's finches in Galapagos Islands. © Australian marsupials (Marsupial radiation), Placental mammals in Australia. When more than one adaptive radiation is appeared in an isolated geographical area, it results in convergent evolution. E.g, Australian Marsupials and Placental mammals, electrodes spark discharge [P—-> Water out !| condenser E+ Water in Boiling water Liquid water in trap Fig 7.1 Diagrammatic representation IV. Biochemical evidences ® Organisms show similarities in proteins, genes, other biomolecules & metabolism. It indicates common ancestry. K, Evidences for evolution by natural selection * Natural selection is the process by which the organisms that are best suited for their environment survive and reproduce. Some evidences are given below. 1. Industrial melanism: «In England, before industrialization (1850s), there were more white-winged moths (Biston hetularia) on trees than dark winged or melanised moths (Biston carbonaria). * After industrialization (1920), more dark~ winged moths and less white winged moths were developed. organic compound Reason: Before industrialization: ‘There were white lichens on the trees. In that background, white winged moths survived but dark winged moths were picked out by predators. After industrialization: The tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soot. Lichens disappeared due to air pollution, Under this condition the white winged moth did not survive because the predators identified them easily. Dark winged moth survived because of suitable dark background. B. Natural selection by anthropogenic action: It is the development of resistant varicties in organisms due to human action. E.g, Excess use of herbicides, pesticides, antibiotics or drugs ete. Theories of Biological Evolution Lamarckism (Theory of liheriuince of Acquired characters) It is proposed by Lamarck. (1809) It states that evolution of life forms occurred by the inheritance of acquired characters. Acquired characters develop by use and disuse of organs. Evolution by use of organs: E.g. Long neck of Giraffe is due to continuous elongation 10 forage leaves on trees. This acquired character was inherited to succeeding generations. Giraffes slowly over the years came to acquire long necks, |. Darwinism (Theary of Natural selection) Proposed by Charles Darwi It was based on observations during a sea voyage in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle. Work of Thomas Malthus on populations influenced Darwin. Darwinism is based on 2 key concepts: Branching descent: Wt explains that all organisms are modified descendants of previous life forms.Biology Times | Apbi¥ilis:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING B. Nanival selection: Consider a bacterial colony growing on a given medium. If the medium composition is changed, only a part of the population can survive under new condition. This variant population (B) outgrows the others and appears as new species, i.e. B is better than A under new condition, « Thus, nature selects for fitness. * Natural selection is based on the following facts Heritable minor variations: It is either beneficial or harmful to the organisms. These ate continuous variations and get accumulated from generation to generation It leads to a change in population characteristics and new forms appear. Darwin ignored about origin of variation and mechanism of evolution or speciation. JM, Mechanism of Evolution Hugo de Vries proposed Mutation Theory of evolution. «He conducted experiments on Oenothera Jamarckiana (evening primrose) and believed that evolution takes place through mutation and not by minor ‘variation. Mutation is sudden, random and directionless variation. Here, speciation is by saltation (single step, large mutation, saltation) Mutation is the origin of variation for evolution. Darwinian variation is minor, slow and directional. Hardy - Weinberg Principle ‘+ It states that allele frequencies ina ii, iii. * population are stable and constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic equilibrium (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). © Sum total of all the allelic frequencies * Eg. Ina diploid, p and q are the frequencies of alleles ‘A’ & ‘a’ respectively. ‘The frequency of AA = p? The frequency of aa = q? The frequency of Aa = 2pq Hence p? + 2pq + q? = 1 [binomial expansion of (p+a)] Change of frequency of alleles ina population causes disturbance in genetic equilibrium, © This is due to evolution. 1. Factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium A. Gene migration: Gene flow from one population to another. Here gene frequencies change in both populations. Genetic drifi: The accidental gene flow causing change in frequency. Sometimes, the change in frequency is so different in the new sample of population that they become a different species. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called founder effect, \urevion: Mutations result’ in formation of new phenotypes. Over few generations, this leads to speciation. Genetic recombination: Reshuflling of gene combinations during crossing over resulting in genetic variation. Natural selection: Itis 3 types. i. Stabilizing selection: Here, more individuals acquire mean character value and variation is reduced * Ex. Body size of organisms. Directional selection: Here, individuals of one extreme are more favoured. ; Disruptive selection: Here, individuals of both extremes are more favoured. A Brief Account of Evolution * The geological time scale includes 4 eras: Proterozoic, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic & Cenozoic Proterozoic era: 2500 - 541 million yrs ago (nya) «First cellular forms of life appeared (2000 mya). B. D.Lttps://+. me MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April Bi) Some of the cells had the ability to release , as the light reaction in photosynthesis. Single celled organisms became multicellular organisms. H. Paleozoic era (540 - 252 mya) * thas 6 periods: Cambrian (540 - 490 mya), Ordovician (490 - 443 mya), Silurian (425 mya), Devonian (405 mya), Carboniferous (360 mya) & Permian (285 mya). 500 mya: Invertebrates were formed. 450 mya: First land organisms (plants) appeared. 400 mya: Arthropods invaded the land. 350 mya: Jaw less fishes were evolved. Fishes with stout and strong fins could move on land and go back to water. In 1938, a Coelacanth fish (lobefins) was caught in South Africa which was thought to be extinct, This fish was evolved into first amphibians (ancestors of modern-day frogs and salamanders). 320 mya: Sea weeds and few plants were existed, * Amphibians evolved to reptiles. They lay thick-shelled eggs (do not dry up in sun). Giant ferns (Pteridophytes) were present but they all fell to form coal deposits slowly. IL, Mesozoic era (252 - 66 mya)—Age of reptiles Ithas 3 periods: Triassic (230 mya), Jurassic (208 mya) & Cretaceous (144 mya). 200 mya: Some of the land reptiles went back into water to evolve into fish-like reptiles (Eg. Ichthyosaurs). The land reptiles were dinosaurs (Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, Pteranodon, Stegosaurus, Brachiosaurus ete.) © Frrannosaurus rex was the largest dinosaur (20 feet in height, huge fearsome dagger-like teeth), First toothed birds were emerged. Cenozoic era (66-0 mya) Age of Mammals & Angiosperms. It has 2 periods: Tertiary (66 mya) & Quaternary (2 mya). Mm 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b Age of man. 65 mya: Dinosaurs suddenly disappeared. First mammals were shrew-like. Their fossils are small sized. In South America, there were mammals resembling horse, hippopotamus, bear, rabbit etc. Due to continental drift, when South America joined North America, these animals were overridden by North American fauna. Due to continental drifi, Australian marsupials survived because of lack of competition from any other mammals. . Origin and Evolution of Man Prior to Ape Man 15 mya: Dryopithecus & Ramapithecus Hairy: Walked like gorillas & chimpanzee. Dryopithecus: ape-like. Ramapithecus: man-like. 3-4 mya: Man-like primates. Height upto 4 feet. Fossils of man-like bones found in Ethiopia & Tanzania. Ape men including pre-historic man 2 mya: Australopithecus. Lived in East African grass lands. Hunted with stone weapons, ate fruits. Homo habilis: First human-like being (hominid). Brain capacity: 650-800 ce, Did not eat meat. 1.5 mya: Homo erectus (Java man). Large brain (900 cc). Ate meat. Homo erectus has erect posture about 1.5- 1.6 meters height. Male were larger than female. He made more elaborate tools of stone and sapiens bones, perhaps know use of fire. HL True men including the living modern men B. 1 lakh- 10 40,000 yrs ago: Homo neanderthatensis (Neanderthal man). Brain capacity: 1400 cc. Lived in East & Central Asia, Used hides to protect their body. Buried their dead Cromagnon man; Emerged about 34000 years ago, about 1.8mt tall well built body with 1650 cc cranial capacity. It is belived that it wasBiology Times | Anbi¥ilips:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING @) more intelligent than present modern men. A number of cave paintings done by cromagnon men, about 18000 years ago. 25,000 - 10,000 yrs ago (ice age): Homo sapiens (Modern man). Agriculture & settlements: 10,000 years ago.He went under cultured evolution development of language, reading, writing. Darwinism Darwin’s finches are a good example of (1) Convergent evolution (2) Industrial melanism (3) Connecting link (4) Adaptive radiation Industrial Melanisn is a example for (1) Defensive adaptation of skin against ultraviolet radiations Drug resistance Darkening of skin due to smoke from industries Protective resemblance with the surroundings The change of the lighter coloured variety of peppered moth, Biston betularia to its darker variety (Carbonaria) is due to (1) Deletion ofa segment of genes due to industrial pollution (2) Translocation of a block of genes in chromosomes in response to heavy carbons Industrial carbon deposited on the wings of the moth resulting in darker variety (4) Mutation of single mendelian gene for survival in smoke laden industrial environment. Darwin’s finches are best example of adaptive radiation which of the following best describe this adaptive radiation? (1) The evolutionary process that allows for the change that occur within the same lineage. Q) Q) (4) 6. 8. % (2) The genetic variability that can be found among individuals of same species. A sudden diversification of a group of organism from closely related species. The evolutionary process by which different forms, adapted to different niches, arose from a common ancestors. @) (4) Neo Darwinism Which of the following is correct? (1) Natural selection is not necessary for evolution Natural selection is the basis for evolutionary change Natural selection discriminates variations Natural selection is just a imaginative concept which don’t work in the real world According to Neo-Darwinism theory which of the following is responsible for the origin of new species? (1) Useful variations (2) Hybridisation @). Mutations (4) Mutation together with natural selection Giraffes have long neck this length will not further increase any more from generations to generations this is because of natural selection. (1) Directional (3) Disruptive (2) GB) (4) (2) stabilizing (4) centrifugal Lamarkism According to Lamarck, a giratfe has a long neck because (1) Acreator designed it that way. (2) Catastrophes eliminated short-necked forms. Its ancestors stretched their necks to get food Ancestral giraffes with slightly longer necks than others got more food and left more surviving offspring. Lamarckism states that GB) (4)10. 12. 13. 14. Littps:/ /+.me/ MAGAZINE SKING Biology Times | April) (1) Organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (2) Individuals lose characteristics if they do not require or use (3) Acquired traits were heritable (4) All the above Lamarckism cannot explain (1) Heterophylly (2) Webbed toes in aquatic birds (3) Weak muscles in the son of a wrestler (4) long narrow and limbless body of snakes Origin of life Select the correct order of geological time seale of earth. (1) Palaeozoic—»Archaeozoie —> Cenozoic Archaeozoie —» Palaeozoic —> Proterozoic Palaeozoic —> Mesozoic —> Cenozoic Mesozoic —> Archaeozoic —> Proterozoic What is true regarding industrialization in England? (1) The white-winged moths were completely wiped out after industrialization. Since lichens grow abundantly in polluted area, the number of melanized moths got reduced. ‘Moths that were able to camouflage themselves, survived and produced more progeny. During post-industrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark due to which dark-winged moth did not survive According to Oparin, which one of the following was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth? (1) Methane (2) Oxygen (3) Hydrogen (4) Water vapour The first mammals were like Q) Q) (4) (2) Q) (4) 16. i (1) Chimpanzee (2) Gorilla (3) Shrews (4) Reptiles The origin of life on earth has been because of chemical evolution. It can be justified by the Statement. (1) Every organism is a special creation of god, hence there is no scope for evolution of one form of life from another Meteorites falling on earth have been found to contain a number of laevorotatory amino acids as are found in living beings Torrential rains falling on earth for years brought N,, CH,, NH, CO,, H, etc, into sea water where they reacted in presence of UV rays to form Sugars, Purines, Amino acids, Pyrimidines etc Frothing appeared in nutrient broth kept in open afier some days of sterilization, while no frothing appeared in closed jar Q2) GB) 4) ‘Theories of evolution Single step large mutation leading to speciation is also called (1) Founder effect (2)Saltation (3) Branching descent (4) Natural selection Hugo de Vries gave his mutation theory on organic evolution while working on (1) Pisum sativum (2) Drosophila melanogaster (3) Oenothera lamarckiana (4) Althea rosea Adaptive radiation refers to (1) Power of adaptation in an individual to a variety of environment Migration of members of a species to different geographical areas Evolution of different species from a common ancestor Adaptation due to geographical isolation Q) Q) (4)Biology Times | Anbi¥ilps:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING 19, 20. 21, Presence of gill slits in the embryo of all vertebrates supports the theory of (1) Biogenesis (2) Metamorphosis (3) Recapitulation (4) Organic evolution Evidences of evolution Given below are four statements (i - iv) each with one or two blanks. Select the option which correctly fills up the blanks in two out of four statements. i. Wings of butterfly and birds look alike and are the results of (A) , evolution. ii, Miller showed that CH,, H,, NH, and (A), when exposed to electric discharge ina flask resulted in formation of (B) . iii. Vermiform appendix is a (A) organ and an (B) evidence of evolution. iy. According to Darwin, evolution took place due to (A) and (B) of the fittest. (1) (iy) —(A) small variations, (B) survival (i) —(A) convergent () (i)—(A) convergent (ii) — (A) oxygen, (B) nucleosides (3) (i) —(A) water vapour, (B) amino acids (iii) — (A) rudimentary, (B) palacontological (4) Gili) —(A) vestigial, (B) anatomical (iv) (A) mutations, (B) arrival Analogous organs are (1) Different in origin but perform similar functions. Common in origin and perform common functions. Common in origin but perform different functions. Different in origin and perform different functions. Tasmanian Wolt is a marsupial while Wolf is a placental mammal. This is an example of (1) Convergent evolution (2) Divergent evolution (3) Inheritance of acquired characters (4) Adaptive radiation (4) 23. 24, a ‘The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform similar function. This is an example of (1) Homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution. Analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution, Analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent evolution, Homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent evolution. Identify the correct conclusion regarding the given statements. i, There are biogeographic patterns in the distribution of species, for instance distinct bird species on an island tend to resemble one another, suggesting a common ancestor. ii, There are common stages in the early embryological development of organisms representing several distinct vertebrate groups. iii, Anatomical structures, such as forelimbs, in different groups appear to be modified versions of structures that might have been present ina common ancestor. (1) These are the example of spontaneous generation, (2) They are the evidences for the mechanism of origin of life. (3) They are the evidences for the theory of organic evolution. (4) They are the examples of artificial selection which occurs within populations, where natural selection does not occur. Which one of the following describes correctly the homologous structures? (1) Organs appearing only in embryonic stage and disappearing later in the adult Organs that have no function now, but had an important function in ancestors Organs with anatomical dissimilarities but performing same functions Q) (4)27. 28: 29, 30: Lttps://+. me/ MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April Bi) (4) Organs with anatomical similarities but performing different functions Jurassic period of Mesozoic era is characterized by (1) Dinosaurs become extinct and angiosperms appear Flowering plants and first dinosaurs appear Radiation of reptiles and origin of mammal like reptiles Gymnosperms are dominant plants and Q ' first birds appear ' 3 (4) Read the following three statement (A to C) and mark the right option i. The thors in Bougainvillea and tendrils in cucurbits represent divergent evolution . The similarity in the eyes of Octopus and monkeys is the result of convergent evolution . The potato and sweet potato are the examples of homology (1) iiand iii correct (2) i and ii correct (3) i and iii correct (4) Alli, ii and iii correct ii Evolution of Man or Human Evolution Which of the following is true about Australopithecus? (1) The first human like hominid (2) Probably lived in East African grasslands about 2mya (3) Commonly known as Java Man (4) Had a brain size of 1400 cc The extinct human ancestor who ate only fruits and hunted with stone weapons was (1) Ramapithecus (2) Austratopithecus (3) Drvopithecus (4) Homo habilis Which of the following features are correct for Homo erectus? 1, Hada brain size of around 900 ¢,c. Il. Probably ate meat. 32. 33, II. Appeared about 1.5 mya IV. Evolved from H. habilis. (1) Tand It (2) Hand IID (3) All of these (4) None of these Which of the following not true about Neanderthal man? (1) They had a brain size of around 900 ec. (2) They lived in near east and central Asia between 1,00,000-40,000 years back (3) They used hides to protect their body (4) They buried their dead Which of the following is true? (1) Homo erectus lived in east and central Asia and used hides to protect their bodies. Agriculture came around 18,000 years back and pre-historic cave art developed about 10,000 years ago. The skull of modern human resembles more closely to baby chimpanzee than to adult chimpanzee. Neanderthals made beautiful cave paintings. Select the incorrect match from the given option. (1) Homo habilis— Q) GB @) Their brain capacities were between 650-800ce Its fossil was discovered in Java in 1891 about 1.5 mya (3) Neanderthal man-They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead. Arose in Africa and moved across continents and developed into distinct races What was the most significant trend in the evolution of hominids? (2) Homo erectus (4) Ramapithecus~Biology Times | Anbi¥ps:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SIING as. (1) Shortening of jaws (2) Binocular vision (3) Increasing cranial capacity (4) Upright posture The first human-like hominid was (1) Australopithecus (2) Homo habilis (3) Neanderthal man (4) Cro-Magnon man Match the hominids with their average cranial capacity. Column | Column II . Homo habilis i. 1350.cc . Homo sapiens ii, 1400 ce |. Homo neanderthalensis iv. 900 cc a. b, ©. Homo erectus iii, 650-800 ce d Select the correct option. a b c a () iii ii iv i 2) iv i iti ii Q) iif i iv ii (4) iv iii ii i . Fossils of Homo erectus were discovered in () Africa (2) France (3) India (4) Java The chronological order of human evolution from early to the recent is (1) Australopithecus —» Ramapithecus —+ Homo habilis —» Homo erectus Ramapithecus —> Australopithecus —> Homo habilis—» Homo erectus Ramapithecus —» Homo habilis —> Australopithecus —» Homo erectus (4) Australopithecus —» Homo habilis —> Ramapithecus —> Homo erectus Q) @) 39. Select the correct statements from the following. 1. Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing about 15 mya. Il. They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. IIL Ramapithecus was more ape-like. IV. Dryopithecus was more man-like. () Land Il (2) Wand 1V 41. 44. @) Hand 11 (4) 1,11, Hand IV Which of the following is correct order of the evolutionary history of man? (1) Peking man, Neanderthal man, Homo sapiens, Heidelberg man Peking man, Heidelberg man, Neanderthal man, Cro-Magnon man Peking man, Heidelberg man, Cro- Magnon man, Neanderthal man Peking man, Homo sapiens, Neanderthal man, Cro-Magnon man Match the following Column I Column If A. First to use fire 1. Homo erectus B. Ape like primate 2. Dryopithecus C. Ancestor of modern 3, Australopithecus apes 4. Propliopethecus between ape and @ (3 (4) D. Connecting link man (1) A-i,B-4, C-2,D-3 (2) A2,B-3,C-1,D4 (3) A-2, B-4, C-3, 4-1 (4) A-3, B-l, C-4, D-2 H.W.Equilibrium A population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with only two alleles. If the gene frequency of an allele A is 0.7, the genotype frequency of Aa is (1) 0.21 Q) 0.42 (3) 0.36 (4) 0.7 Choose the wrong statement regarding Hardy-Weinberg principle. (1) Allele frequencies in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation, Sum total of all the allelic frequencies in a population is 1. Variation due to genetic drift results in changed frequency of genes and alleles in future generations. Genetic recombination helps in maintaining Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. Random genetic drift in a population R (3 (4Ltt ps://+me/ MAGAZINE SKING logy Times | April probably results from (1) Large population size (2) Highly genetically variable individuals (3) Constant low mutation rate (4) Interbreeding within this population 45. According to Neo-Darwinism theory which of the following is responsible for the origin of new species? (1) Useful variations (2). Hybridisation (3) Mutations (4) Mutation together with natural selection The following graph shows the range of variation among population members for a trait. LAN Ifthis population is subject to stabilizing selection for several generations, which of the distributions (1 - 4) is most likely to result? (1) Homologous organs (2) Convergent evolution (3) Analogous organs (4) Vestigial organs 48. The given bones in the forelimbs of three mammals figure shows. 46. For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have (1) Developed in a common environment. (2) Developed from the same earlier species. (3) Identical genotype (4) Identical methods of obtaining food. 49, ‘The given diagram of marsupials of Proportion Proportion oo) (2) Australia provides an example of 5 5 2 2 Tasmanian 5 3 Flying Wolf Banded anteater a) (4) phalange 47. The given figure shows an example of Marsupial rat sia Kangroo (1) Convergent evolution (2) Parallel evolution (3) Recapitulation (4) Divergent evolution 50, The given figure represents Bougainvillea CucurbitaBiology Times | Anbiltilps:/ /+.nre/ MAGAZINE SKING serene Tasmanian wolf Tiger eat qa) Adaptive Radiation of marsupials of Australia (2) Convergent evolution of Homo erectus (3) Divergent evolution of Marupials of Australia (4) Family tree of Homo ereems L4 2.4 $.2 64 22 10.3 M3 12.3 18.3 16.2 17.3 20.1 21.1 22.1 4 26.4 27.2 30.3 3h 32.3 35.2 36.3 37.4 40.2 41.1 42.2 45.4 46.1 47.1 $0.1 HINTS & SOLUTIONS 1. (4) Darwin finches area good example of adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation is a process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other areas of geography. ee 10. (4) Conceptual (1) Conceptual (4) Presence of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other habitats is called Adaptive Radiation. (2) Conceptual (4) Neo-Darwinism is theory of evolution that represents a synthesis of Charles darwins theory in terms of natural selection and modern population genetics. (2) Once the average value of fitness (Phenotype) meets the enivornmental changes, directional selection will be over taken by stabilizing natural selection. (3) According to Lamarckism an organism can pass on the characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime. According to Lamarck, a giraffe has a long neck because its ancestors stretched their necks to get the food. (4) Lamarcks theories comprises of mainly four propositions of assumptions i) Internal vital force: Living organism and their parts tend to increase in size continuously due to internal forces of life ii) Effect of environment and new needs — A change in environment brings about changes in organisms . It gives arise to new needs. New needs or desire produce new structures and change habits of the organisms. iii) Use and disuse of organs: If an organ is used continuously and constantly, it will tend to become highly developed, whereas disuse result in its degeneration iv) Inheritance of acquired characters: Modifications which are acquired during the life time of an individual are inherited by its offspring . It means changes are cumulative over a period of time. (3) Lamarckian theory is also called as theory of inheritance of acquired characters or use and disuse theory. These theories. cannot explain weak muscles in the son of a wrestler .Littps:/ /+.me/ MAGAZINE SKING Biology Times | April 11. (3) The correct geological time scale of | 12. EY 14. earth is Precambrian (Era/Age of eatly life) Palaeozoic (Age of fishes) Mesozoic (Age of reptiles dinosaurs and cyeads) Cenozoic (Age of mammals) (2) During post-industrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark. The dark- winged moths that were able to camouflage themselves, survived and produced more progeny. (2) The first scientific explanation of origin of life was put forward by A.1. Oparin in 1923. J.B.S. Haldane (1928), also made similar observation regarding the origin of life. According to them primitive atmosphere was reducing atmosphere because hydrogen atoms (most numerous and most reactive) combined with all available oxygen atoms to form water and leaving no free oxygen. Therefore oxygen was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth. (3) Mammals evolved during the Triassic period. The earliest mammals were tiny, shrew-like animals. The shrew is a small, mouse-sized mammal with an clongated snout, a dense fur of uniform colour, small eyes, and five clawed toes on each foot. Shrews are among the world’s smallest mammals. 15. (2) Conceptual 16. 17. (2) Hugo de Vries proposed mutation theory of evolution. He conducted some experiments on Ocnothera lamarckiana (evening primrose) and believed that evolution takes place through mutation and not by minor variation but by saltation (single step large mutation). (3) Hugo de Vries, a Dutch botanist, one of the independent rediscoverers of Mendelism, put forward his views regarding the formation of new species in 1901, According to him, new species are not formed by continuous variations but by sudden appearance of variations, which he named as mutations. Hugo de Vries stated that mutations are heritable and persist in successive generations. He conducted his experiments on Oenothera lamarckiana (evening primrose). 18. (3) Adaptive radiation is a process in 19. (3) Recapitulation theor 20. ah which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenge states that before they are born, organisms pass through developmental stages that look like adult animals of other species. (1) 1, Wings of butterfly and birds look alike and are the results of convergent (A) evolution. ii, Miller showed that CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapour (A) when exposed to electric discharge in a flask resulted in the formation of amino acids (B). iii, Vermiform appendix is a vestigial (A) organ and an anatomical (B) evidence of evolution. iv. According to Darwin, evolution took place due to small variations (A) and survival (B) of the fittest. (1) The analogous organs are different in origin or basic plan, but have similar functions or adaptations. Wings of butterfly and wings of bird and fins of fishes and flippers of whale are some of the examples of analogous organs. (1) Marsupials in Australia and placental mammals in North America show convergent evolution. These two subclasses of mammals have adapted in similar ways to a particular food supply, locomotor skill or climate.Biology Times | Anbi¥ils:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING 23. (2) The eye of octopus and eye of cat show different patterns of structure, yet they perform similar functions. This is an example of analogous organs. Analogous organs have evolved due to convergent evolution. Analogous organs have developed in the evolutionary process through adaptation of quite different organisms to similar mode of life. 24. (3) The given statements are the evidences for Darwin’s theory of common descent. A group of organisms share common descent, if they have a common ancestor. There is strong quantitative support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in the Origin of Species 25. (4) Homologous organs are the organs which are similar anatomically but yary functionally. 26. (4) In Jurassic period, gymnosperms were dominant and the plants included Cycads, Ginkgo and conifers. 27. (2) Conceptual 28. (2) Australopithecus evolved 2 mya and had a cranial capacity of 450 cm anda height of 1.5 m. They were herbivorous, hunted with stone weapons. 32. 33. 34. 35. 137, 39. (3) The skull of modern human resembles more closely to baby chimpanzee than to adult chimpanzee. Neanderthal man lived in east and central Asia and used hides to protect their bodies. Agriculture came around 10,000 years back and pre-historic cave art developed about 18,000 years ago Cro-Magnon man was known for cave paintings. (4) Homo sapiens arose in Africa and moved across continents and developed into distinct races. (3) The most significant trend in the evolution of hominids is the increase in cranial capacity. (2) The first human-like hominid was Homo habilis. (3) (NEET 2019 Question) Home habilis. — 650 to 800 ce Homo sapiens — 1350 cc (average) Homo erectus — 900 ce Honio neanderthalensis 1400 ce (4) Fossils of Homo erectus were discovered in Java in the year 1891 (2) Ramapithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus (1) About 15 mya, primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing. They were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. Ramapithecus was more man-like while Dryopithecus was moreape-like. 29. (2) Evidences shows australopithecines 3 hunted with stone weapons but essentially | *- (2) Conceptual 41. (1) Conceptual 42. (2) p= 0.7 and q= 0.3 (given) 30. (3) Homo erectus is an extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene, with the earliest first fossil evidence dating to around 1.5 million years ago, They had a large brain capacity around 900 ce and probably ate meat 1. (1) Neanderthals had a brain size of 1400 cc and lived in near cast and central Asia between 1,00,000 - 40,000 years back. They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead. 1 a 1 ate fruits 1 1 1 1 1 Frequency of heterozygotes = 2pq~ = 0.42 43. 44, 45. x 0.7% 0.3 (4) Genetic recombination leads to variation and results in changed frequency of genes and alleles in future generation. (4) Interbreeding within this population results in Random genetic drift . (4) Neo-Darwinism is theory of evolution that represents a synthesis of Charles darwins theory in terms of natural selectionLttps St. mel MAGAZINE SIING Biology Times | April and modern population genetics. (1) Stabilizing selection eliminates individuals from both the extremes of phenotypic distribution and preserves individuals in the mean. The peak becomes taller. (1) The given figure of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita shows an example of homologous organs or divergent evolution, Homologous organ are those organs which are dissimilar in shape, size and function but their origin, basic plan and development are similar. (2) The given figures show the forelimbs of three mammals which indicate the homology among themselves. Homologous organs are those organs which are dissimilar in shape, size and function but their origin, basic plan and development are similar. Such differences are due to divergent evolution or adaptation for varied conditions, 4) The given diagram of marsupials of Australia provides an example of divergent evolution. Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species. It is usually due to diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flowBiology Times | Anéi¥lips:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING EXCRETORY PRODUCTS & THEIR ELIMATION 1. Substances like amino acids and glucose in the | filtrateare reabsorbed....A . in the tubular + epithelial cells whereas the nitrogenous | wastes are absorbed by. (a) A-actively; B-passive (b) A-passively; B-active (c) A-actively: B-active (d) A-passively; B-passive 2. Which one of the following options gives the correct categorization of six animals B.... transport, according to the principal nitrogenous waste they excrete? Ammonotelic Ureotelie Uricotelic (a) Clarias, Catla Cockroach, Shark Crow Camel (b) Catla, Shark Clarias, Cockroach, Crow Camel (©) Clarias, Catla Shark, Cockroach, Crow amel (d) Shark, Camel Clarias, Cockroach, Crow Catla 3. Which one of the following options gives the correct categorisation of six animals according to the type of nitrogenous wastes (A, B, C), they give out? (a) 1 Ammonotelic Pigeon Humans, (b) 1. Ammonoielic Frog Lizards, (c) l. Ammonotelic Aquatic Amphibia, (d) 1. Ammonotelic Aquatic Amphibia, Cockroach Humans 4. In peritoneal dialysis (a) Blood is removed from the body and a natural filter is employed (b) Blood is removed from the body and an artificial filter is employed (c) Blood is not removed from the body and an artificial filter is employed (4) Blood is not removed from the body and natural filter is employed 5. Choose the least toxic nitrogenous among the following IL. Ureotelic Aquatic Amphibia, lizards Il. Ureotelic Aquatic Amphibia, Humans II. Ureotelic Frog Humans, IL. Ureotelic Fro; Ill. Uricotelic Cockroach, Frog HL. Uricotelic Cockroach, Pigeon IIL. Uricotelic Pigeon, lizards Cockroach III. Uricotelic Pigeon, lizards, (a) Urea (b) Uric acid (c) Ammonia (d) Carbon dioxide A terrestrial animal must be able to (a) Excrete large amount of water in urine (b) Actively pump salts out through the skin (c) Conserve water (4) Excrete large amount of salts in urine The enteronephric nephridia of earthworm are mainly concerned with (a) Digestion (b) Respiration (c)Osmoregulation —_ (d) Deamination. 10. In which pair, both the organisms are 12. Which of the following groups have similar 13. Consider the following statements. Lttps://tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April If the average hydrostatic pressure in the | glomerular capillaries is 50 mm Hg, the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's space ; is 12 mm Hg, the average colloid osmotic ! pressure in the glomerular capillaries is 30 mm | Hg, and there is no protein in the glomerular | ultrafiltrate, what is the net pressure driving ! glomerular filtration? (a) 8mm Hg (b) 9mm Hg (c) 10 mm Hg (d) 11 mm Hg Ammonia is changed to uric acid in the liver in (a) Ammonotelic animals (b) Uricotelic animals (c)Ureotelic animals (d) All Amniotes ammonotelic? (a) Salamander and tadpole (b) Frog and human () Bony fish and toad (d) Frog and toad Kidney of amniotes is of belongs to the following type (a) Pronephros (c) Metanephros (b) Mesonephros (d) Archaenephros function? (a) Typhlosole in earthworm, intestine villi in Rat and contractile vacuole in Amoeba (b) Nephridia in earthworm, malpighian tubules in cockroach and urinary tubules in rat (c) Antennae in Cockroach, tympanum of Frog and clitellum of earthworm (d) Incisors of Rat, Gizzard (proventriculus) of Cockroach and tube feet of Starfish i, Flame cells are only excretory structures in flat-worms. ii, Green glands are excretory organs in animals like prawn. iii, Columns of Bertin are conical projections of renal pelvis into renal medulla 1 1 1 1 \ ' \ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' \ ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' ! \ between the renal pyramids \ (a) ii and iii correct (b) i and ii correct (c)iandiiicorrect —(d) i, id and iii correct 14, Find out the names of the following i. Achordate animal having flame cells as excretory structures. ii, Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in the human kidney. iii, A loop of capillary running parallel to the Henle’s loop. (a) i-Planaria; ii-duct of Bellini; iii- peritubular capillary (b) i- Amphioxus; ii-collecting duct: iii-vasa recta (c) i-Lancelet; ii- Columns of Bertini: iii-vasa recta (4) i-Amphioxus: ii-columns of Bertini; iii-peritubular capillary 15. Which one of the following statement in regard to the exceretion by the human kidney is correct? (a) Descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water, (b) Distal convoluted tubule is incapable of reabsorbing HCO-. (c) Nearly 99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. (d) Ascending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to electrolytes. 16. The principal events of urination are given below in unordered manner: i. Stretch receptors on the wall of urinary bladder send signal to CNS ii, The bladder fills with urine and becomes distended Micturition CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder and simultaneous relaxation of urethral sphincter (a) iv iti = i i (b) i ii iii — iv (©) iii ii i— iv (d) ii i + iv ii 17.Which of the following is not correct about the functioning of kidney tubules in a healthy man?Biology Times | Apéilfiljos:/ /t.nne/ MAGAZINE SIKING (a) Glucose is filtered but not excreted (b) Large proteins are neither filtered nor exereted (c) Sodium is filtered and excreted (d) Urea is filtered but not reabsorbed 18.Constriction of the afferent arteriole would result in (a) A decrease in glomerular filtration (b) An increase in blood flow into the efferent arteriole (c) An increase in the protein concentration of the glomerular filtrate. (d) An inerease in hydrostaic (blood) pressure in the glomerulus 19. A man’s heart rate is 75 beats per minute and stroke volume is 70 mL. About how much of blood passes through his kidneys every minute? (a) 1,050 mL (b) 5,250 mL (c) 1,750 mL, (d) 875 mL 20). Which of the following correctly explains the function of human nephron’? (a) Podocytes: create minute spaces (slit pores) for the filtration of blood into the bowman’s capsule, (b) Henle’s loop : most reabsorption of the major substances from the glomerular filtrate. (c) Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of K+ ions into the surrounding of blood capillaries, (d) Afferent arteriole : carries the blood away from the glomerulus towards renal vein. 21. Which one of the following enables the mammalian kidney to regulate water reabsorption during states of dehydration? (a) The cells of the tubules detect the osmotic pressure of the blood. (b) Water is extracted from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal tubules. (c) The kidney produces a hypotonic urine. (d) ADH increase the permeability of the DCT and collecting ducts to water. 22. Which of the following is correct with respect to salt balance in body? (a) When water is not available, camels do not produce urine but store urea in tissues (b) Salmon fish excretes lot of stored salt through gill membrane when in fresh water (c) Paramoecium discharges concentrated salt by contractile vacuole (d) Body fluids of fresh water animals are generally hypotonic to surrounding water 23. Loss of mitochondria in the ascending limb of theloop of Henle would result in, (a) Increased Na* and Cl ions in the urine (b) Decreased Na* and CI ions in the urine (c) Decreased only CI ions the urine, (d) Decreased Ca** ions in the urine ‘24.Concentration of inorganic salts in normal urine of a human being is about (a) 0.15% (b) 0. (c) 1.5% (d) 2.5% 25. A person, who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have (a) More sodium in his urine (b) Less amino acids in his urine (c) More glucose in his blood (4) Less urea in his urine 26. Go through the following statements. i, Least concentration of urea is present in renal vein, ii, The highest concentration of urea is found in Hepatic vein. iii, Vasa recta is well developed in cortical nephrons. iv. Urethra is not the part of kidney. v. Liver is the site of urine formation. How many of the above statements are correct? (aj2 (b)3 27. Fill in the blanks i. On an average _a_ of blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute which constitute roughly _b__ of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart ina minute, ii, The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through 3 layere, .c., the _c _ of glomerular blood vessels, (c)O (d) 5Lttps://+. mme/ MAGAZINE SIING _ Biology Times | April the _d_ of Bowman’s capsule and a basement __e between these two layers. (a) a-1000 to 1100ml, b-1/Sth, c-endothelium,dmesothelium, e- membrane (b) a-- 1000 to 1100ml, b-1/4 th, c-mesothelium, (c) a-1100to 1200 ml, b-1/Sth, c-endothelium, d- epithelium, e-membrane (d) a-1100t0 1200 ml, b-1/4th, c-endothelium, d- epithelium, e- substance 28. A man takes large amount of proteins. He is likely to excrete a greater amount of (a) Urea (b) Uric acid (c) Sugar (d) None of these 29. If liver is removed, which component of blood will increase? (a) Protein (b) Amino acids (c) Urea (d) Uric acid 30.Glomerular filtration rate would be increased by (a) Constriction of the afferent arteriole (b) A decrease in afferent arteriolar pressure (c) Contraction of mesangial cells (d) A decrease in the concentration of plasma protein 31, Which of the following factors decreases renin secreton? i. Increased BP ii, Increased plasma Na‘ concentration iii, Prostaglandins iv. Angitotensin ii (a) Only iii is correct (b) i,ii and iv are correct (c) All are incorrect (d) Alll are correct 32. Net filtration pressure is determined by (a) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (b) Colloid osmotic pressure of blood (c) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (d) Alll of the above 33. What will happen if the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are totally removed? (a) Micturition will continue (b) Urine will continue to collect normally in the bladder (c) There will be no micturition (d) Urine will not collect in the bladder 34. Which of the following statement is/are truc? i, Urine is hypertonic in distal convoluted tubule. ii, When the urine passes into the collecting tubule, it becomes hypotonic. iii, Urine is isotonic in proximal convoluted tubule iv. Urine becomes more and more hypotonic as it passes through the descending limb of Henle’s loop. (a) i and iy only (b) i, ii and iii only (c) ii and iii only (d) iii only 35, Ammonia is a very toxic substance especially to the brain cells. Injection of very dilute solutions of it in the blood can comatose a person. this is because (a) Neutral molecules of ammonia readily combine with glutamate in the blood to yield toxic glutamine molecules (b) Toxic NH," ions are formed which penetrate easily through the plasma membrane of brain cells (c) NH," ions affect the brain cell function by changing the polarity of the cell membranes (d) Molecules of ammonia readily pass through the mitochondrial membranes cells and consume a-ketoglutrated 36. Which factor helps in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium? i, Counter current pattern in vasa recta ii. Counter current pattern in Henle’s loop iii, Proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa rectal (a) i, iiand iii (b) i and ii (c) i and iii d) La 2.6 4d Sb 6c ie ob lta Ihe 2b l4c 15.¢Biology Times | Anéi¥ips:/ /+.nne/ MAGAZINE SING 16.d Wd Bal Ma 20a 21d 2a Wea le 23a 26.b 0 27%¢ 2a 29.6 © Od 31.b 32.d 33a 34d 35. 36a HINTS & SOLUTIONS Lay . (c) Bony fishes (e.g. Clarias and Catla) are ammonotelic, Cartilaginous fishes (e.g. shark) and mammals (e.g. camel) are ureotelic. ; Insects (e.g. cockroach), reptiles and birds ! (e.g. crow) are uricotelic, 4. (¢) On the basis of nitrogenous metabolic waste, the animals are of four types ‘2 Ammonotelic: excreted ammonia eg., aquatic animals, bony fishes, frog, toad and crocodile ete. © Aminotelic: excreted amino acids eg., Mollusca and echinoderms © Ureotelic: excreted urea eg., frog, toad and mammals © Uricotelic: excreted uric acid eg., insects, land reptiles and birds - (@) During peritoneal dialysis, a cleansing fluid (dialysate) is circulated through atube (catheter) inside part of your abdominal cavity (peritonealeavity). The dialysate absorbs waste products from blood vessels in your abdominal lining (peritoneum) and | then is drawn back out of your body and ! discarded, 5.(b) © Ammonia has only one nitrogen per molecule, but it is quite toxic, © Itrequires a great deal of water to be flushed out of the body. © Animals such as fish and amphibians, which have constant access to water, have not suffered natural selection that led to more “water conservative” measures, and flush their nitrogenous waste primarily as ammonia, S 6.40) 2 Terrestrial animals have limited access to water. 2 Henee, they have to secrete hypertonie urine and conserve water. © Choices (c) and (d) are characteristic of marine animals who need to overcome the problem of preventing entry of salts and loss of water. 2 Choice (a) is characteristic of fresh water animals. 7. (b) The waste collected by the nephridia is discharged through the excretory canals and ducts into the lumen of the intestine. Such nephridia opening into the intestine are called enteronephric nephridia. 8a) 9.(b) 10. (a) Hcy © Metanephros are either member of the final and most caudal pair of the three successive pairs of vertebrate renal organs that functions, as a permanent adult kidney in reptiles, birds, and mammals but is not present at all in lower formscompared to mesonephros, pronephros. 12.(b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (¢) © Urine formation involves three main process called glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion. A comparison of the volume of the filtrate formedper day (which is 180 liters per day) with that of urine released (about 1.5 liters) suggests that nearly99% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. 2 The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but impermeable to electrolytes. © The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes. 2 Reabsorption of sodium ions and water takes place in distal convoluted tubule. > Also, it is capable of reabsorption of HCO3. 16. (d) OLttps://tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April I) 17. (@) Collecting duct allows passage of ‘small amounts of urea into the medullary interstitium to keep up the osmolarity. 18. (a) 19. (a) About 1/Sth of the cardiac output is supplied to kidneys. Cardiac output = Heart rate x stroke volume = 75x 70 = 5,250 mL Renal blood flow = 5,250 x “20” /100 = 1,050 mL 20. (a) Podocytes are highly specialized cells with a complex cytoarchitecture plays a major role in establishing the selective 10 o o permeability of glomerular filtration barrier. 21,(d) 22.(a) 23.(a) 24. (c) Inorganic Constituent of Urine Constituent Concentration (Gidays) ( Chlorides 10-15 ' Sodium, 3-5 Potassium 2.25 Calcium ' Phosphates : Sulphates Ammonia 0.7-0.8 25.(a) 261 (b) 27. (¢) On an average 1100 to 1200 ml of blood! 34. is filtered by the kidneys per minute which constitute roughly 1/Sth of the blood pumped ‘out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute, 28. (a) 29. (b) If liver is removed, the concentration of NHS inreases because omithine cycle is not operating, 0. (a) The rate at which plasma is filtered (measured in ml/ min) is known as glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The primary driving force for GFR is glomerular capillary pressure opposed by fluid pressure in Bowmna’s capsule and colloid osmotic pressure due to plasma protein. With fewer plasma proteins, the plasma has lower than normal colloid osmotic pressure with less colloid osmotic pressure opposing, GFR, GER increases. 31. (by 32. (d) Ultrafiltration in uriniferous tubules is determined by glomerular hydrostatic pressure(GHP=60mmHlg), blood colloidal ‘osmotic pressure(BCOP=32mmHg) and capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP=18mmHg). 33. (8) Micturition is same as urination. Urination or micturition is the act of passing urine which is a reflex phenomenon. As urine accumulates in bladder the stretch receptors are activated that pass the stimulus to the spinal cord. In the absence of stretch receptors, the urine would get collected and probably over flow (ad) 35. (€) 6. (a) The Proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an increasing ‘osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium i.e. from 300 mOsmolL-1 in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmolL-1 in the inner medulla,Biology Times | Antilfiljs:/ /+nve/ MAGAZINE SIKING OOO) P| UZ IZLE) By: Dr. Chaitrali sahu (Pune) ¥ 15 u 3 4 20 a 6 a 25 4 3 7 i ee ee é 7 8 Horizontal: Vertical: 1. Heterosporus spores are produced by salvinia | 1. Aquatic fern in which one leaf modifies into ' ' and : Spores in pteridophyta germinate to form haploid, multicellular, free living, mostly | photosynthetic gametophyte : Equisetum belongs to this class t ' ' ' t . Smallest angiosperm Fertilisation with pollen tube A greenalgae whose antheridium is present below archegonium Tallest gymnosperm An important step in evolution started with ' pteridophyta : t : root . A moss that serves as a hydrocolloid . . Endangered plant from class psilopsida. 4. Structure containing starch and protein in green algae Leaf like appendages surrounding sporangia Photosynthetic structure in phaeophyceae . Root like structures in bryophyta 8. spores develop into in bryophyta 9. Eg .of dioceous liverwort 10. Though most algae is haplontic, this one is diplontic 11. Walking fern Solution to the above puzzle will be published in the May month issue.N 16P. t A 15M. A uP R Lttps://tme/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April ZI) g|<[a]ul—lo 2| [slelo + Cf v EEE &Biology Times | Aptlflljs:/ /+.nve/ MAGAZINE SIING This are important terminologies and concepts valuable for your neet preparations. 1. Phylogeny: classification based on evolutionary relationships. 2, Cladistic: taxonomy that searches similarity due to common phylogeny. 3. Tivo -kingdanr classification - Linnaeus (kingdom Plantae and Animalia). 4. Three kingdom classification - Haeckel (kingdom Protista included). S. Four kingdom classification - Copeland (kingdom Monera included). 6. Five kingdom classification -R.H.Whittaker (kingdom Fungi included). 7. Six kingdom classification - Carl Woese 8. Tlie domain classification - Carl Woese. Domuin Archae : contains archaebacteria. Domain Bacteria : contains prokaryotes. Puharve : comains kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 9. Jenner : discovered vaccination for smallpox. 10. SS-D.NA : bacteriophage $x174 HH. Rerovirus: stranded RNA 12: Capsid of TMK Domain have two copies of single has 2130 capsomeres. lass XI: Biological Classification eas By: Di.Chaitrali Sahu (Pune) 113. L when the virus is able to replicate inside a bacteria and destroy it . 14. Lysogenic eyele - when the virus introduces its genome into bacterial genome but the bacteria survives.it does not form viruses . Transtuction : Lederberg and Zinder: when the virus is destroyed by the bacteria by its enzymes like restriction emdonuclease. 16. Tiunsformation -Griffith :the bacteria picks up foreign DNA and incorporates into itself. 17. Conjugarion: Lederberg and Tatum ; two bacteria exchange their genetic material with the help of sex pili. 18. Archue bacteria :contains histones. 19. Mycoplasma is pleomorphic its shape as it has no cell wall. can change 120. Pliytoplankton’s and zooplanktons : protist » they {donot have histones, noctiluca produces ! bioluminescence . 1 121, Dirioflagellates are mesokaryotic 122. Euglenotds :mixotropic mode of nutrition. 23, Slime moulds : only spore has cellwall made of cellulose. 24. Neurospora crassa Drosophila of plant kingdom. 25. Claviceps :produces ergot of rye- LSD.Lttps://tmne/MAGAZINESKING _ Biology Times | April 4 TIPS FOR NEET PREPARATION Hello dear students with hardly few days for your NEE exams 2020, here are a few learnings based on previous year’s papers. 1, A total of 38 chapters from XI and XII NCERT biology, 90 questions, 36°) marks total, 4 marks for every correct answer and negative one for every wrong answer. Each chapter is equally important, a minimum of atleast 2 questions from each topic, so we must not drop any single topic. 2. Question weightage based on neert concepts directly from ncert books (figures, number, scientist, facts ) based on application and logic tom ncert concepts 3. You need to spend an approaimaiely less than a minute for each bio questions which includes reading question and options and the bubbling too. while bubbling make sure to bubble the cc question number. Do not jumble. 4. Above all, be highly patient, be compassionate, avoid the chaos from your enviroment, think of your parents and the most wonderful moment of your life ,this will help you release happy hormones like eyotonin ete.Thank your near and dear ones for helping you be who you are today. Thank the almighty. Make sure you are not in slightest panic or else you will have adrenaline rush. Switch your decision making ability on. ‘At a point you may feel there are more than one options correct call forth your highest potential -wisdom to choose correctly and aptly, courage to take the decision and highest life state overall. 5. In your free time(which you hardly have), meditate, go for a walk, do gardening, do things that make you happy. away fra God bless you all, 9890884260,