Table of Contents
Pages
Preliminaries
Chapter I.

Questions and Answers on Comparative Police System 1

 
Chapter II.
Multiple
Choice Questions 23
 
Test I Comparative Police System 23
 
Test II Comparative Police System 39
 
Suggested Answers 53
 Test III Law Enforcement
 Administration 54
 
Suggested Answers 73
 
Previous Questions 74
 
Test IV Law Enforcement Administration75
 
Chapter III.
Matrix on Police Force Highest to Lowest Rank in A
sian Countries 93
 
Chapter IV.
 
List of Police Ranks 98
 
Chapter V.
 
Types of Police 110
 
Guidelines in Reviewing 113
 
References 115
 
Chapter I Questions and Answers
Chapter I contains introductory questions and answers on the salient features of comparative police system (cps). It
is focused on the basic terms and topics covered on this subject prior to the actual comparison of police system.
Most questions in this chapter begins with the word what.

1.What is Comparative Police System?

-It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of police
organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

2.What is the Comparative Criminal Justice?

- It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice systems worldwide. Such study can take a
descriptive, historical, or political approach. It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment
and emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems.

3.What are the 3 basic functions of criminal justice system?

policing
adjudication
corrections

4.What is the International Criminal Justice?

It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice
(Erika Fairchild). Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one
country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture, or institution.

5.What is transnational crime?

-It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the
complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception,
proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country. Examples are:
Money laundering
Drug trafficking
Terrorism
Human trafficking
Cyber crimes

6.What is International Crime?

 
Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). The UN has
identified the following as international crimes.
Aggression (by one state against another)
Treat of aggression
Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
Terrorism
Drug trafficking

7.What is meant by model system?

-Model system is used to described the countries being used as topics of discussion. These countries are chosen not
because they are greater than others but because they are the focus of comparison being studied.

8.Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice?

-According to Harry Damner there are many reasons why we need to compare but the basic reasons are:
To benefit from the experience of others
To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to problems
To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today
9.What are the 4 types of societies?
-The following are the four types of societies in the world that comparativists study:
1.Folk-communal societies are also called primitive societies. A folk-communal society has little codification law,
no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until
things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is resorted to. Classic examples include the early
Roman gentles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements
in North America (with the Salem “with trials”).

2.Urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of their market system. An urban-commercial
society has civil law (some standards and customs are written
down), specialized police forces (some for religious offenses, others for enforcing the King’s
Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe developed
along this path.

3.Urban-industrial societies, which produce which produce most of the goods and services they need without
government interference.
 
An urban-industrial society not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibit) but laws that prescribes good behavior,
police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market
principles of creating incentives and disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.

4.Bureaucratic societies are modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon
technique or the “technologizing”
of everything, with the government. A bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers),
police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by
over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other nations fit the bureaucratic pattern.
Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in a bureaucratic society.10.
Comparativists in criminal justice study four different kinds of societies: Folk-communal,
Urban-commercial, Urban-industrial, and bureaucratic.[3] 
1. Folk-communal societies are often seen as primitive and barbaric, they have little
specialization among law enforcers, and let many problems go unpunished to avoid
over-criminalization however, once tempers “boil over” and the situation becomes a
larger issue, harsh and unusual punishment may be administered. Examples are
African or Middle Eastern Tribes,
2. Urban-commercial societies have few written laws and some specialized
enforcement for religious or king’s law enforcement. Punishments are inconsistent
and usually harsh.
3. Urban-industrial societies enforce laws that prescribe good behavior and give
incentives and disincentives for behavior and police are specialized in property
crimes such as theft. Finally,
4. bureaucratic societies are today’s modern society. They feature fully developed
laws, lawyers, and police forces trained for multiple types of crime. Different “side
effects” of these societies include over-criminalization, overcrowding, and even
juvenile delinquency due to the extended age of adolescence these societies bring on
 
What are the 4 types of criminal justice law in the world?
1.Common Law System -These are also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most English-speaking
countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, and New Zealand. They are distinguished by a strong
adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent. Common law systems are distinctive
in the significance they attach top recedent (the importance of previously decided cases). They primarily rely upon
oral systems of previously in which the public trial is a main focal point.

2.Civil Law System-Also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice, and practice throughout most
of the European Union as well as elsewhere, in places such as Sweden, Germany, France, and Japan. They are
distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where fewer rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is
taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation. For example, a French maxim goes like this: “If judge knows the answer, he
must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence. By contrast,
the common law method is for a judge to at least suspend belief until the sporting event of a trial is over. Legal
scholarship is much more sophisticated and elitist in civil law systems, as opposed to the more democratic common
law countries where just about anybody can get into law school. Romano-Germanic systems are founded on the
basis of natural law, which is a respect for traditional and custom. The sovereigns, or leaders, of a civil law system
are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law.

3.Socialist Systems -These are also known as Marxist-Leninist justice, and exist in many places, such as Africa and
Asia, where there has been a Communist revolution or the remnants of one. They are distinguished by procedures
designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state. It is the ultimate expression
of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is also
primarily
 
characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions. For example, in a
socialist state, neither judges nor lawyers are allowed to make law. Law is the same as policy, and an orthodox
Marxist view is that eventually, the law will not be necessary.

4.Islamic System -Are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures and practices from
interpretation of the Koran. These are exceptions, however. Various tribes (such as the Siwa in the desert of North
Africa) are descendent of the ancient than the harsher Shariah punishments. Islamic systems in general are
characterized by the absence of positive law (the use of law to move societies forward toward some progressive
future) and are based more on the concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with
tradition). Religion plays an important role that Islamic systems, so much a role that most nations of this type are
theocracies, where legal rule and religious rule go together.

1.What are the Comparative Research Methods?

Comparative research is usually carried out by the following:

A. “Safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the

researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).
B.Published works tend to fall into three categories:
Single–culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed)
Two-culture studies (the most common type) Comprehensive textbooks (it covers three or more countries). The
examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often requires an historical perspective since the
phenomena under study are seen as having developed under unique social, economic, and political structures.

C. Historical-comprehensive method the most often employed by researchers. It is basically an alternative to both
quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism.

12.What are the Countries with lesser or no crime?

a. Switzerland - For many years used to have travel brochures saying “there is no crime in Switzerland”,
and criminologist were stumped on why this was so, whether because of the high rate of firearm ownership or the
extensive welfare system. It turned out that the Swiss (along with some other welfare nations, like Sweden) were not
reporting all their crime rate. However, it was true that their crime rate was fairly low. Reasons of having low crime
rates
They did not remarkable job managing their underclass population, the poor people who lived the ghettos and
slums.
Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove”
approach toward those who commit crime and come from the bottom echelons of Swiss society. For example, when
a poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work analyzing the family, educational, and employment
needs of everyone in that poor person’s family. Then, after some punishment (which the offender frequently agrees
with as deserved, a long term treatment plan is put into effect to raise that family out of poverty.
b. Japan-Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are not
necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes. Some reasons of having low crime rates
are the characteristics of this country which include:
community policing
a patriarchal family system
the importance of higher education,
and the way businesses serve as surrogate families. Asian societies
are also “shame-based” rather than guilt-based” as Western societies are. For
example, it is unthinkable to commit a crime in such places because of shame it would bring
upon one’s family and the business or corporation with which that family is associate
d with.
c. Ireland-Ireland is another place with a unexpectedly low crime rate. Despite a serious unemployment, the
presence of large urban ghettos, and a crisis with religious terrorism, the Irish pattern of urban crime is no
higher than its pattern or rural crime. The key reason of having low crime rate is the factor that appears to
be:

a. A sense of hope and confidence among the people Legitimate surveys, for example, show that 86% of
more of the population believe that the local authorities are well-skilled and doing everything they can.
b. People felt like they had a high degree of population participation in crime control.

 
d. Egypt-The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of 23,000consists
of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks, and it is said that Plato himself fashioned his model
or perfect government in the Republic there. The inhabitants practice a moderate form of Islamic justice,
rejecting Shariah punishment and embracing Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a
tribal council, and there are no jails or prisons. The last known crime occurred around 1950, and was an act
of involuntary manslaughter. The typical punishment of wrong doing is social ostracization (shunning).
This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-communal, or informal justice system.

13.What are the 6 Theories of Comparative Criminology?

According to Scheider (2001), the various theories that exist with empirical support are the following theories of
comparative Criminology:
1. Alertness to crime theory is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they
report more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems.
2. Economic or migration theory is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over
population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity theory is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply
4. Demographic theory is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because as
these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. Deprivation
theory holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
5. Modernization theory sees the problem as society becoming too complex. 
6. Theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values), suggests that
progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people
together (anomie means the lack of normal ethical or social standards.

14. What are the types of police in the world? The following are some of the types of police
1.Uniformed police
2.Detectives
3.Auxiliary
4.Special police
5.Military police
6.Religious police
7.Border police
8.Transport police

15. Differentiate centralized from decentralized system of law enforcement? Decentralized Law Enforcement
Decentralized police refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state
to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

In many countries, particularly those with a federal system of government, there may be several police or police-like
organizations, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the applicable law. The
United States has a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement, with over 17,000 state and
local law enforcement agencies. Germany and UK have also decentralized law enforcement agencies.

Countries with Centralized policing system Simply means on police force operating in a country. Some countries,
such as Chile, Israel, Philippines, France, Austria, use a centralized system of policing. A country with only one
recognized police force which operates entire that country is called is called centralized police. Thus, Philippines is
an example of centralized police because the Philippine National Police has one central office with many regional,
provincial and local branches throughout the country.

16.What can the Philippines National Police Adopt?

-As to organization, decentralization of regional or city police office that can be financially support its operation.
This is to do away with the scenario that the fault of Manila is the fault of the entire officers of the PNP.As the
responsibilities, the specific functions of officers assigned in the Koban and Chuzaizho can be applied hence, the
new PNP officers can be assigned to

A. Gather data related to his jurisdiction (for city police officer) like list of people who are
-working late at night who might be of help as witnesses to crime
-not engage in formal employment (stand by)
-owns gun or swords-with mental illness
-old living in the area alone who should be visited periodically
-leaders of legitimate organizations
-leaders of illegitimate organization
-total population-list of households, rented homes and apartments
 
B. Conduct the following (for provincial or municipal police officer) like
Visit each house twice a year to be acquainted and to determine their needs related to law enforcement

Seminars among barangay leaders related to peace and order as to the general entry qualification, height must not
be a requirement (from UK Law Enforcement) when the applicant has an above average intelligent quotient. As to
participation of civilian, accreditation of individuals who are not members of the PNP but with specialization in the
fields related to law enforcement is encourage. For example, priest, pastors and ministries may be involved in values
trainings of the PNP Biologist, Ballisticians and other related profession may be accredited to help in law
enforcement exercises.
Another on organization and supervision, the PNP may be separated and be fully controlled and supervised by the
National Police Commission without interference of local executives.
For example, a City Chief of Police could have same position as a City Mayor. The former is in charge with peace
and order and law enforcement concerns while the last later is more an administration of the city’s concern not
covering the concern of the chief of police. Coordination and cooperation are imperative in this recommendation.
This idea will empower the PNP to initiate a more constructive and practical ways to improve peace and order. This
recommendation may also reduce the incidence of taking orders from the whims and caprices of corrupt politicians,
examples is the Maguindanao Massacre.

17.What are the 2 Types of Court Systems of the World?

1.Adversarial System-In adversarial the accused is innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial, where the
accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated. The U.S. adversarial system is unique in the world. No other
nation, not even the U.K. places as much emphasis upon determination of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S.
does. Outside the U.S. most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone knows the offender did it, and the
purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate
sentence for themselves.
2.Inquisitorial Systems-Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and
subject to little interpretation.

18.What is Globalization?
- Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and government of different
nations, as process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process
has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on
human physical well-being in societies around the world. In economic context, it refers to the reduction and removal
of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate to flow of goods, capital, services and labor. Although
considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor.

19.What are Effects of Globalization to La w Enforcement in the Philippines? (V. Delos Santos)
The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is vital.
Training instructional for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare them as
cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cybercrimes.
Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory of crime.

20.What are the Threats to Law Enforcement Brought by Globalization International

-criminal networks have been quick to take advantage of the opportunities resulting from the revolutionary changes
in world politics, technology, and communication that have strengthened democracy and free markets, brought the
world’s nations closer together,
and given some countries unprecedented security and prosperity. Globalization allowed international criminals to
expand their networks and increase their cooperation in illicit activities and financial transactions. Criminals have
taken advantage of transitioning and more open economies to establish front companies and quasi-legitimate
businesses that facilitates smuggling, money laundering, financial frauds, intellectual property piracy, and other
illicit ventures. Criminal groups have taken advantage of the high volume of legitimate trade to smuggle drugs,
arms, and other contraband across national boundaries.
 
Criminals are able to exploit the complexity of the international system to hide drugs or other contraband or to
conceal the true origin and ownership of cargo within contraband is hidden. Through the use of computers,
international criminals have an unprecedented capability to obtain, process, and protect information and sidestep law
enforcement investigations. They can use the interactive capabilities of advanced computer and telecommunications
systems toplot marketing strategies for drugs and other illicit commodities, to find the most efficientroutes and
methods for smuggling and moving money or banking security. International criminals also take advantage of the
speed and magnitude of financial transactions and the fact that there are few safeguards to prevent abuse of the
system to move large amounts of money without scrutiny. More threateningly, some criminal organizations appear
to be adept at using technology for counter intelligence purpose and for tracking law enforcement activities.

21. What are the Different Police Global Organizations?

The different police international associations in the world are
ASEAN Chiefs of Police
Europol
IACP
Interpol
UN policing

22.When was ASEAN Chiefs of Police Establish?

- Aseanapol (ASEAN Chiefs of police) was established in 1998.

23.Who are the member countries of ASEAN CP?

Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Vietnam
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Cambodia

24.What are the objectives of ASEANAPOL?

1.Enhancing police professionalism
2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship among the police officers
of ASEAN countries.
 
25.What is EUROPOL?
-It means European Police Office or Europol
-Europol is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It became fully operational
on 1 July 1999.

26.What is the aim of Europol?

Europol’s aim to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities of the member states
primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious international organized crime. Its
mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement efforts targeting
organized crime.

27.What is the mission of Europol?

-The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law
enforcement action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.

28. How does Europol Assist Member States Investigations?

- Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states by: Facilitating the exchange of information
between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELO’s) are seconded the Europol by the Members States as
representatives of their national law enforcement agencies, thus they are not under the command of Europol and its
Director as such. Furthermore, they act in accordance with their national law. Providing operational analysis and
support to Member States operations; Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations
carried out within the EU, under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States; Generating
strategic reports (e.g. threat assessment) and crime analysis on the basis of information and intelligence supplied by
Member States or gathered from other sources.

29.What is Europol’s mandate?
 Europols supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:
Illicit drug trafficking
Illicit immigration networks;
Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of payment;
Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);
Illicit vehicle trafficking;
Money laundering.

30.Does Europol only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the 28 November2002 amending the Europol
convention, allows Europol to request the competent authorities of  the Member States to investigate. Article 3 b) of
the Protocol states that “Member States should be deal with any request from Europol to initiate, conduct or co-
ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such requests due consideration. Europol should be
informed whether the requested investigation will be initiated”.

31.What is the added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency?
-There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community. Europol is unique in this field as it
is multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular price officers but staff members from the various law
enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialized areas such as customs, immigration services,
intelligence services, border and financial police.

32.What is IACP?
-It stands for International Association of Chiefs of Police. The International Association
of Chiefs of Police is the world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police
executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80 different countries
. IACP’s leadership consists
of the operating chief executes of international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.

33.What are the Missions of IACP?

The IACP shall;
1.Advance professional police services;
2.Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices, foster cooperation and the exchange
of information and experience among police leaders and police organizations of recognized professional and
technical standing throughout the world.
34.What is Interpol?
- Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923, and at the same time its
name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International Criminal Police
Organization. The word Interpol was a short of International Criminal Police Organization. This short form served
as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this international organization became famous as Interpol.
Now, Interpol is the second biggest international organization; the United Nations is the first. Some important
information about Interpol: Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police department. Instead,
they help other member countries that need to co-operate by connecting all members of 
Interpol by a network of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182
nations need them.
 
35.What does Interpol do?
-Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal case, example: information on criminals,
type of crime, vehicles, anything to help any police officer with information about a certain crime.

36.Why was Interpol created?

-The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because criminals would
commit crimes in one country in Europe and then skip to another country to avoid prosecution. Since Europe is a
tightly packed continent, police didn’t have
enough time to catch criminals, and the idea was created.

37.What UN Police Do?

-One of the objectives of the Philippine National Police Officers being deployed in the UN mission is for mentoring
other law enforcement of foreign countries like East Timor and Kosovo. Assistance to host-state police and other
law enforcement agencies. United Nations Police Officers support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of
domestic police and other law enforcement agencies through training and advising. Direct assistance is also
provided, often through trust funds, for the refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles,
communication equipment and other law enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the past, for
example, by the police components of peace operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cote d'ivoire,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia and Sierre Leone.

38.What is Transnational Organized Crime?

-Transnational organized crime involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by groups or
networks of individuals working in more than one country. These criminal groups use systematic violence and
corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes commonly include money laundering; human smuggling; cybercrime; and
trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species, body parts, or nuclear material. Transnational crime ring
activities weaken economies and financial systems and undermine democracy. These networks often prey on
governments that are not powerful enough to oppose them, prospering on illegal activities, such as drug trafficking
that bring them immense profits. In carrying out illegal activities, they upset the peace and stability of nations
worldwide, often using bribery, violence, or terror to achieve their goals.

39.What the Major Transnational Organized Crime Groups?

-Transnational crime often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally united to carryout illegal actions. Groups
typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. These transnational organized crime
groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally, their activity is a
threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors.
Well-known organized crime groups include:
 
Russian Mafia
-Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly 60 countries worldwide. They have been involved in
racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery and murder.

La Cosa Nostra.

-Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia. The most prominent organized
crime group in the world from the 1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been
involved in violence, arson, bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health insurance fraud, and
political and judicial corruption.

 Yakuza Japanese criminal group.

- Often involved in multinational criminals’ activities, including human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and
undermining illicit businesses.

FukChing.Chinese
- organized group in the United States.
-They have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and human trafficking.

Triads
-.Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong.
- They control secret markets and bus routes and are often involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.
HeijinTaiwanese gangsters
-who are often executives in large corporations.
- They are often involved in white collar crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for
public office.
Jao Pho.Organized crime group in Thailand.
-They are often involved in illegal political and business activity.

Red Wa.Gangsters from Thailand.

-They are involved in manufacturing and traffickingmethamphetamine.

40.What is Human Trafficking?

-Human Trafficking is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced
labor: a modern-day form of slavery. It is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world, and tied with the illegal
arms industry as the second largest, after the drug, trade. Human Trafficking is a crime against humanity. It further
defined as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force,
coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall
into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Every country in the world is affected by trafficking,
whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims. UNODC, as guardian of the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and the Protocols thereto, assists States in their
efforts to implement the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person (Trafficking in Persons
Protocol).

41.What are the Elements of Human Trafficking?

 
On the basis of the definition given in the trafficking in persons protocol, t is evident that trafficking in persons has
three constituent elements;
The Act (What is done) Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons

The Means (How it is done) Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or
vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim

The Purpose (Why it is done) For the purpose of exploitation, which include exploiting the prostitution of others,
sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs. To ascertain whether a
particular circumstance constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in
Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the offence, as defined by relevant domestic legislation
.42. What is Drug Trafficking?
-Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is its local exchange between a user and a
dealer or a major international operation. Drug trafficking, I a problem that affects every nation in the world and
exists in many levels. Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This include
any equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them.

43.What are Cybercrimes?

-Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or public
network, or an in-house computer system. While many forms of cybercrime revolve around the appropriation of
proprietary information for unauthorized use, other examples are focused more on a invasion of privacy. As a
growing problem around the world, many countries are beginning to implement laws and other regulatory
mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the incidence of cybercrime.

44.What is Terrorism?

1.The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes.
2.The state of fear and submission produced by terrorism for terrorization
3.A terroristic method of governing or of resisting a government. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially
as a means of coercion. At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a university agreed,
legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent
acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal, and
deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians).
 
Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. This history of terrorism organizations suggest that
they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire
for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives,
which are often murky and undefined.

45.What is Money Laundering?

-Money Laundering is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money obtained from serious
crimes, such as drug trafficking, originated from a legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying
definitions. It is a key operation of the underground economy.

46.Who is the only Filipino Former President of the Interpol?

-Jolly R. Bugarin was the Filipino President of the Interpol in 1980 –1984 after the term of Carl G. Persson of
Sweden.