13. CLASSIFICATION OF LINTELS Lintels are classified into the following types, according to the materials of their construction: 1. Timber lintels. 2. Stone lintels. 8. Brick lintels. 4. Steel lintels, 5. Reinforced concrete lintels.El TIMBER LINTELS ‘Timber lintels are oldest types of lintels, though they are not commonly used now-a-days, except in hilly areas. Timber lintels are relatively costlier, structurally weak and vulnerable to fire. ‘They are also liable to decay if not properly ventilated. Figure 13.1(a)showsa wooden lintel provided over the full width of the wall, by jointing together three timber pieces with the help of steel bolts. Figure 13.1(b) shows wooden intel for a wider wall. The lintel is composed of two wooden pieces kept at a distance with the help of wooden distance pieces. Sometimes, timber lintels are strengthened by the provision of mild steel plates at their top and bottom, such lintels (Bap at are called flitched lintels. Figure 13:1. Wooden Linte! bEe) STONE LINTELS ‘Stone lintels are the most common types. Specially where stone is abundantly available. A stone lintel consists of a simple stone slab of greater thickness. Stone lintels can also be provided over openings in brick walls. Dressed stone lintels give good architectural appearance. Stone lintels may be used in the form of either one piece or more than one piece along the width of the wall. The depth of stone lintel is kept equal to 10 em per metre of span, with a minimum of 15 em. They are used up to spans of 2 m. For wider spans, stone slabs are kept on edge. Stone is, very weak in tension. Also, it cracks Figure 13.2. Stone Lintel if subjected to vibratory loads. Hence, stone lintels should be used with caution where sheck waves are quite common. Ea BRICK LINTELS Brick lintels are not structurally strong, and they are used only when the opening is small (less than I'm) and loads are light. A brick lintel consists of bricks placed on end or edge, as shown in Fig. 13.3(@). A better way of forming brick lintel is shown in Fig. 13.3(6).— “Opening: <1 -—— opening ——o 1 @ » Figure 13:3. Brick Lintets The depth of brick lintel varies from 10 to 20 cm, depending upon the span. It is constructed over temporary wooden centering. The bricks with frogs are more suitable for the construction of lintel since the frogs, when filled with mortar, from joggles which increase the shear resistance of end joints. Such lintel is known as joggled brick lintel Reinforced Brick Lintel Where loads are heavy, ores or span is more, lintels Soup may be made of reinforced brick work. The depth of tain L Stmps Brick Hot such lintel is kept equal to I—Iyrne- oT 10 em, or in multiple of = (©) Cross secson 10 cm. Sometimes, a 15 cm (a) Longitudinal section thick brick lintel may be Figure 13.4. Reinforced Brick Lintel obtained by using 5 em thick tiles in conjunetion with 10 em thiek bricks. Alternatively, bricks can be placed on edge. The bricks are so arranged that 2 to cm wide space is left length wise between adjacent bricks for the insertion of reinforcement (mild steel bars). The gap or joint is filled with 1: 3 cement mortar. Vertical shear stirrups of 6 mm dia. Wire are provided in every third vertical joint. Main reinforcement, provided at the bottom of the lintel, consists of 8 to 10 mm dia., bars, which are cranked up at the ends. Mscauces Steel lintels are provided where the opening is large and where the super imposed loads are also heavy. It consists of rolled steel joists or channel sections either used singly or in combination of two or three units. When used singly, the steel joist is either embedded in concrete, or cladded with stone facing, so as to increase its width to match with the width of the wall. When more than one units are placed side by side, they are kept in position by tube separators. (Fig. 13.5) == ae 0 E-B. Giew EG & + (2) Elevation (6) Cross-section Figure 13.5. Steel LintelsEi REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE LINTELS Reinforced cement concrete lintels have replaced practically all other types of lintels because of their strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and ease in construction. ‘These can be used on any span. Its width is kept equal to the width of the wall. The depth of R.C.C. lintel and the reinforcement depends upon the span and the magnitude of loading. Longitudinal reinforce- ‘ment, consisting of mild steel bars, are provided near the bottom of lintel to take up tensile stresses. Half these bars are however cranked up near the ends. Shear stirrups are provided to resist transverse shears, Figure 13.6 shows a typical RCC. lintel. Figure 13.7 shows a R.C.C. lintel over a window, along with a chhajja projection. R.C.C. lintels are also available as precast units. For cast-in-situ units, which are quite common, from work is required for construction. R.C.C. Boot lintels RCC. boot lintels are provided over cavity walls. Such a lintel gives better appearance, and reduces quantity of conerete. However, the toe section of the boot lintel should be strong enough to sustain the loads. A flexible DPC. (damp-proof course) is provided above the lintel, as shown in Fig. 13.8 El LOADING ON LINTELS Figure 13.8. R.C.C. Boot Lintel Lintels usually support the load of the wall over it and sometimes also the live load transferred by the slab-roof of the room. The following five cases may arise from point of view of distribution of load over the lintels: 1. When the length of wall on each side is more than half the effective span (L) of the lintel. 2. When the length of wall on each side is less than half the effective span. 3. When the length of walls to each side is less than half the effective span. 4. When there are openings on the lintel. 5. When there is load-carrying slab falling within dispersion triangle.[Ell res oF watts ‘Wall is one of the most essential components of a building. The primary function of a walll is to enclose or divide space of the building to make it more functional and useful. Walls provide privacy, afford security and give protection against heat, cold, sun and rain. Walls provide support tofloors and roofs. Walls should therefore be so designed as to have provision of adequate (@ strength and stability (Gi) weather resistance Gi) durability (iv) fire resistance (v) thermal insulation and (vi) sound insulation. A wall may be defined as a vertical load-bearing member, the width (i., length) of which exceeds four times the thickness. In contrast to this a column is an isolated load-bearing member, the width of which does not exceed four times the thickness. Walls may be basically divided into two types: (@ Load-bearing, and (© Non-load bearing. Each type may further be divided into external (or enclosing) Beam walls and internal or divide walls. § ——————-"—_— Load-bearing walls are those ~, which are designed to carry super- imposed loads (transferred through | Panel roofs, etc.), in addition to their own wat weight (self weight). Non-load- bearing walls carry their own-load only. They generally serve as divide ® walls or partition walls. The external non-load-bearing wall, common related to framed structures. is Figure 8.4 termed as panel wall (Fig. 8.1(a)).A partition wall is a thin internal wall which is constructed to divide the space within. the building into rooms or areas. It may either be non-load-bearing or load bearing. A load- bearing partition wall is called an internal wall. A party wall is a wall separating adjoining buildings belonging to different owners or occupied by different persons. It may, or may not, be load-bearing. A separating wall is a wall separating different occupancies within the same building. A curtain wall is a self-supporting wall carrying no other vertical loads but subject to lateral loads. It may be laterally supported by vertical or horizontal structural members where necessary [Fig. 6.1(6)]. Cross-wall construction is a particular form of load-bearing wall construction in which. all the loads are carried by internal walls, running at right angles to the length of the building. Load bearing walls may further be divided into the following types: (@) Solid masonry wall 46) Cavity wall (©) Faced wall (@) Vencered wall. ‘Solid masonry walls are the one most commonly used. These walls are built of individual blocks of material, such as bricks, clay or concrete blocks, or stone, usually in horizontal courses, cemented together with suitable mortar. A solid wall is constructed of the same type of building units throughout its thickness. However, it may have openings for doors, windows, ete. A cavity wall is a wall comprising two leaves, each leaf being built of structural units and separated by a cavity and tied together with metal ties or bonding units to ensure that the two leaves act as one structural unit. The space between the leaves is either left as a continuous cavity or is filled with non-load-bearing insulating and water proofing material (See Fig. 9.1). A faced wall is a wall in which the facing and backing are of two different materials which are bonded together to ensure common action under load (See Fig. 7.2). A veneered wall is a wall in which the facing is attached to the backing but not so bonded as to result in a common action under load.