=) eee Sees! CHAPTER Eh INTRODUCTION The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of a building, furniture, equipment and sometimes, internal partitions. To perform this funetion, and in addition, others which may vary according to the situation of the floor in the building and the nature of the building itself, a floor must satisfy the following requirements: () Adequate strength and stability (fi) Adequate fire resistance Gii) Sound insulation (iv) Damp resistance and (v) Thermal insulation, ‘The floors resting directly on the ground surface are known as ground floors, while the other floors of each storey, situated above the ground level are known as upper floors. The problems of strength and stability are usually minor ones at ground and basement levels full support from the ground is available at all points. However, major problem of ground floors is damp exelusion and thermal insulation, Moisture is generally present in the ground, which may pass into the building through the floor unless measures are taken to check it. ‘The upper floors have the major problems of strength and stability since they are supported only at their ends, on walls, beams, etc. The structural design of a floor has to be such as to support the loads set up by the use of the building, in addition to the self weight and the weight of partitions, ete. Upper floors do not have problems of damp resistance, though sound insulation is generally an important factor in the design. The prablem of fire resistance does not arise for the lowest floor of a building, but is often important for upper floors. Ei COMPONENTS OF A FLOOR A floor is composed of two essential components: (i) Sub-floor base course or floor base (ii) Floor covering, or simply, flooring. ‘The floor base is a structural component,which supports the floor covering. For the ground floors, the object of floor base is to give proper support to the covering so that it does not settle, and to provide damp resistance and thermal insulation.Ye CK Ground floor joists RK Rene Wall plate Bsteak4 Damp proof BRU eo Sate | sleeper wall = Figure 11.2. Suspended Timber Ground Floor Ground floors may either rest directly on the ground, or may be supported a little distance above the ground. The floors supported directly on the ground are known as solid floors (Fig. 11.1) while the floors supported above the ground level are called suspended floors (Fig. 11.2), Suspended floors are generally made of timber. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION Materials used for construction of ground floor base are: Coment concrete Lime eonerete ‘Stones (iv) Bricks (v) Wooden blocks (for wooden flooring only). ‘The floor base for a solid ground floor is shown in Fig. 11.1, The lowest layer, just above ground surface is that of compacted earth fill. The second layer may either of lean cement concrete or lime concrete or sometimes broken brick bats or stones rammed properly. The third course may be either of cement concrete ar of bricks or stones arranged and packed properly, ‘The third layer of cement concrete is more common since it gives proper rigidity to the floor base. Over the third layer of floor base, floor finish or flooring is laid,‘The materials used for floor finish or floor covering or flooring are: 1, Mud and Muram 9. Granolithie finish 2. Bricks 10. Wood or timber 3. Flag stones 11. Asphalt 4, Conerete 12. Rubber 5. Terrazzo 13, Linoleum flooring 6. Mosaic 14. Cork 7. Tiles 15. Glass 8. Marble 16. Plastic or P.V.C. | 11.4 | SELECTION OF FLOORING MATERIAL Following are the factors that affect the choice of a flooring materials: 1. Initial cost. The cost of the material should be in conformity with the type of building, and its likely use. Floar coverings of marble, etc., are very costly and may be used only for residential buildings. 2. Appearance. Covering should give pleasing appearance, i.e., it should produce a desired colour effect and architectural beauty. Floorings of terrazzo, mosaic, tiles, and marble give a good appearance. 8. Cleanliness. The flooring should be capable of being cleaned easily, and it should be non-absorbent. It should have effective resistance against absorption of oil, grease, etc. 4. Durability. The flooring should have sufficient resistance to wear, temperature changes, disintegration with time and decay, so that long life is obtained. From this view, flooring of marble, terrazzo, tiles, concrete, mosaic ete. are considered to be of best type. 4. Damp resistance, Flooring should offer sufficient resistance against dampness, so that healthy environment is obtained in the building. Flooring of concrete, terrazzo, mosaic, ete,, are preferred for this purpose, while flooring of cork, waod, rubber, linoleum, brick, ete., are not suitable for damp conditions, 6. Sound insulation. Flooring should insulate the noise, Also, it should not be such that noise is produced when users walk on it, Cork flooring, rubber flooring and timber flooring are good from this point of view. 7. Thermal! insulation. The flooring should offer reasonably good thermal insulation so that comfort is imparted to the residents of the building. Floor eovering of wood, rubber, cork, P.V.C. tiles are better for this purpose. 8. Fire resistance. This is more important for upper floors. Flooring material should offer sufficient fire resistance so that fire barriers are obtained between different levels of a building. Conerete, tiles, terrazzo, mosaic, marble have good fire resistance, Cork, asphalt, rubber, and P.V.C, coverings, if used, should, be laid on fire resistance base only, 9. Smoothness. The flooring material should be smooth, and should have even surface. However, it should not be slippery, 10. Hardness. It should be sufficiently hard so as to have resistance to indentation marks, imprints, ete. likely to be caused by shifting of furniture, equipment, ete. 11, Maintenance. The flooring material should require least maintenance. However, whenever repairs are required, it should be such that repairs can be done easily, with least possible expenditure, Hard coverings like tiles, marble, terrazzo, concrete, etc., require less maintenance in comparison to materials like cork, wood, ete,MUD FLOORING AND MURAM FLOORING Mud and muram floorings are used only in low cost housing, specially in villages. Mud flooring Such flooring is cheap, hard, fairly impervious, easy to construct and easy to maintain. It has good thermal insulation property due to which it remains cool in summer and fairly warm in winter. The method of construction is very easy. Over a well-prepared ground, a 25 em thick selected moist earth (mastly impervious) is spread and is then rammed well to get a compacted thickness of 15 em, In order to prevent cracks due to drying, small quantity of chopped straw is mixed in the moist earth, before ramming. Sometimes, cow-dung is mixed with earth and a thin layer of this mix is spread over the compacted layer. Sometimes, a thin paint of cement: cow-dung (1:2 to 1: 8) is applied. Muram flooring Muram is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material. This flooring has practically the same properties as that of mud flooring. To construct such a floor, a 15cm thick layer of muram is laid over prepared subgrade. Over it 2.5 cm thick layer of powder muram (fine muram) is spread and water is sprinkled over it. The surface is then rammed well. After ramming, the surface is saturated with a 6 mm thin film of water. The surface is well-trampled under the feet of workmen till the cream of muram rises to the top. The surface is levelled and then kept in that state for a day, and then rammed again with wooden rammers called thappies for 3 days, so that dry hard surface is formed. This surface is then smeared or rubbed with thin paste of cow-dung and rammed again for two days, during morning hours. Finally, a coating of mud. cow-dung mix or cement-cow-dung mix is applied over the surface. Such flooring is used in cheap construction, specially where good bricks are available. This flaoring is specially suited to warchouses, stores, godowns, etc. Well-burnt bricks af good colour and uniform ahapes are used. Bricks are laid either flat or on edge, arranged in herring bone fashion or set at right angles to the walls, or set any other good looking pattern. ‘The method of preparing the base course for brick flooring varies from place to place. In one method, the subgrade is compacted properly, to the desired level, and a 7.5 cm thick layer of sand is spread. Over this, a course of bricks laid flat in mortar is built, This forms the base course, over which the brick flooring is laid in 12 mm thick bed of cement or lime mortar, in the desired pattern. In the second method, 10 to 15 em thick layer of lean cement concrete (1: 8 : 16) or lime concrete is laid over the prepared subgrade. This forms the base course, over which bricks are laid on edge (or flat) on 12 mm thick mortar bed in such a way that all the joints are full with mortar, In both the eases, the joints are rendered flush and finished, The work is then properly cured, Figure 11.3. Brick Flooringfa FLAG STONE FLOORING Flag stone is any laminated sand stone available in 2 cm to 4 em thickness, in the form of stone slabs of square (30 cm x 30 cm, 45 em 45 cm or 60 em = 60 cm) or rectangular size (45 em * 60 cm ). This type of work is also called paving. The stone slabs are laid ‘on concrete base. The subsoil is properly compacted, over which 10 to 15 em thick lime concrete or lean cement concrete laid. This forms the base course of the floor. ‘The flag stones (stone slabs) are then laid over 20 to 25 mm thick layer of bed mortar (Fig. 11.4). In laying the slabs, work started from two diagonally opposite cornes and brought up from both sides. A string is stretched between two corner slabs laid first to correct level, Other slabs are then so Figure 41.4, Flag Stone Flooring laid that their tops touch the string. If any ilar slab falls lower than the string level, it is re-laid by putting fresh layer of stiff mortar. When the stone slabs are properly set, mortar in the joints is raked out to a depth of about 15 to 20 mm and then flush pointed with 1:3 cement mortar. Proper slope is given to the surface for drainage. The work is properly cured. Ee CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING This is commonly used for residential, commercial and even industrial building, since it is moderately cheap, quite, durable and easy to construct. The floor consists af two camponents: (i) base concrete, and (fi) topping or wearing surface, The two components of the floor ean be constructed either monolithically (i.e., topping laid immediately after the base course is laid) or non-monolithically, When the floor is laid monolithically, good bond between the two components is obtained resulting in smaller over all thickness. However, such a construction has three disadvantages: () the topping is damaged during subsequent operations, (ii) hair cracks are developed because of the settlement of freshly laid base course which has not set, and (iii) work progress is slow because the workman has to wait at least till the initial setting of the base course. Hence in most of the cases, non-monolithic construction is prefer ‘The base course may be 7.5 to 10 cm thick, either in lean cement concrete (1 to 1:65:10) or lime concrete containing 40% mortar of 1: 2 lime-sand (or 1 lime : 1 surkhi : 1 sand) and 60% coarse aggregate of 40 mm nominal size, The base course is laid over well-compacted soil, compacted properly and levelled to rough surface. It is properly cured. When the base concrete has hardened, its surface is brushed with stiff broom and cleaned thoroughly, It is wetted the previous night and excess water is drained. The topping is then laid in square or rectangular panels, by use of either glass or plain asbestos strips or by use af wooden battens set on mortar bed, The panels may be 1 * 1 m, 2 2 mor 1x 2m in size, The topping consists of 1 : 2: 4 cement concrete, laid to the desired thickness (usually 4 em) in one single operation in the panel. Alternate panels are laid first, Prior to laying the concrete in the panel, a coat of neat cement slurry is applied. This cement slurry laid on rough-finished base course ensures proper bond of topping with the base course. Glass strips or battens shouldhave depth equal to thickness of topping. Topping concrete is spread evenly with the help of a straight edge, and its surface is thoroughly tamped and floated with wooden fioats till the cream of concrete comes at the top. Steel trowel is used for something and finishing the top surface. Further troweling is done when the mix has stiffened. Dusting of the surface with neat cement and then troweling results in smooth finish at the top. Other alternate layers are then laid after 72 hours, so that initial shrinkage of already laid panels take place, thus, eliminating the cracks, The prepared surface is protected from sunlight, rain, other damages for 12 to 20 hours. The surface is then properly cured for a period of 7 to 14 days. ‘When monolithic construction is laid, the topping is laid 1 hour to 4 hours after placing the base concrete. Granolithic finish In industrial building, hard wearing surface is sometimes required, This can be achieved by applying granolithic finish over the concrete topping described above, Granolithie finish consists of rich concrete made with very hard and tough quality coarse aggregate (such as granite, basalt, quartzite, ete.) graded from 13 mm to 240 No, LS. sieve. The concrete mix proportion varies from 1:1:2to1:1:3 for heavy duty floors 1:2: 3 for public buildings. The thickness of finish may be minimum 26 mm when laid monolithically with the top concrete, and 35 mm when laid over hardened surface. However, for public buildings such as schools, hospitals etc., the thickness of the finish may be 15 mm to 20 mm using small size aggregate. If exceptionally hard surface is required, sand may be replaced by fine aggregate of crushed granite, and/or abrasive grit may be sprinkled uniformly over the surface (@ 1.5 to 2.5 kg/m*), during floating operation. ‘Terrazzo flooring is another type of floor finish that is laid in thin layer over concrete topping. [t is very decorative and has good wearing properties, Due to this, it is widely used in residential buildings, hospitals, offices, achools and other public buildings. Terrazzo is a specially prepared concrete surface containing cement (white or grey) and marble chips (of different colours), in proportion to 1:1 ; to 1: 2. When the surface has set, the chips are exposed by grinding operation. Marblechips may vary from 3 mm to 6 mm size. Colour can be mixed to white cement. to set desired tint. The flooring is, however, more expensive. ‘The sub-base preparation and concrete base laying is done in a similar manner, as explained for cement conerete flooring. The top layer may have about 40 mm thickness, consisting of (i) 34 mm thick cement concrete layer (1: 2: 4) laid over the base concrete, and (ii) about 6 mm thick terrazzo topping. Before laying the flooring, the entire area is divided into suitable panels of predetermined size and shape. For this, aluminum or glass strips are used, The strips have the same height as the thickness of the flooring (i.e., 40 mm). The strips are jointed to the base concrete, with the help of cement mortar, and their tops are perfectly set to level and line. Alternate panels are filled. The width of the strips may be 1.5 to 2.0 mm, The surface of base concrete is cleaned of dirt, etc., and thoroughly wetted. The wet surface of the base concrete is smeared with coment slurry, Concrete of grade 1 ; 2; 4 is then laid in alternate panels levelled and finished to rough surface, When the surface is hardened, the terrazzo mix (containing cement, marble chips and water) is laid and finished to the level surface, Additional marble chips may be added during tamping and rolling operation, so thatat least 80% of the finished surface show exposed marble chips. The surface is then floated and trowelled, and left to dry for 12 to 20 hours. After that, the surface is cured properly for 2=3 days. ‘The first grinding is done, preferably by machine, using coarse grade (No. 60) earborundum. stones, using plenty of water, The ground surface is then scrubbed and cleaned, Cement grout of cream-like consistency, of the same colour, is then applied on the surface so that pores and holes, ete., are filled. The surface is cured for 7 days and then second grinding is done with carborundum stones of fine grade (No. 120). The surface is scrubbed and cleaned thoroughly, and cement grout is again applied. The surface is cured for 4 to 6 days and final grinding is done with carborundum stones of 320 grit size. The surface is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned, using plenty of water. The floor is then washed with dilute oxalic acid solution. Finally, the floor is polished, with polishing machines the wheels of which are fitted with felt or hessian hobs, to got fine shine, Wax polish is also applied with the help of the polishing machine, to get final glossy surface. ibm) MOSAIC FLOORING Mosaic flooring is made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement, or of marble, arranged in different pattern. These pieces are cut to desired shapes and sizes. A concrete base is prepared as in the case of concrete flooring, and over it 5 to 8.cm thick lime-surkhi mortar is spread and levelled, over an area which can be completed conveniently within working period so that the mortar may not get dried before the floor ia finished. On thia, a3 mm thick cementing material, in the from of paste of two parts of slaked lime, one part of powdered marble and ‘one part of puzzolana material, ia spread and ia left to dry for about 4 hours. Thereafter, amall pieces of broken tiles or marble pieces of different colours are arranged in definite patterns and hammered into the cementing layer. The surface is gently rolled by a stone roller of a 30 cm dia, and 40 to 60cm long, sprinkling water over the surface, so that cementing material comes up through the joints, and an even surface is obtained. The surface is allowed to dry for 1 day, and is, thereafter, rubbed with a pumice stone fitted with a long wooden handle, to get smeoth and polish surface, The floor is allowed to dry for two weeks before use. 11.11 | TILED FLOORING ‘Tiled flooring is constructed from square, hexagonal or other shapes, made of clay (pottery), cement concrete or terrazzo. These are available in different sizes and thicknesses, These are commonly used in residential houses, offices, schools, hospitals and other public buildings, as an alternative to terrazzo flooring, specially where the floor is to be laid quickly. The method of laying tiled flooring is similar to that for flag stone flooring except that greater care is required, Over the concrete base, a 25 to 40 mm thick layer of lime mortar 1; 3 (1 lime and 3 sand or surkhi) is spread to serve as bedding. This bedding mortar is allowed to harden for 12 to 24 hours, Before laying the tiles, neat cement slurry is spread over the bedding mortar and the tiles are laid flat over it, gently pressing them into the bedding mortar with the help of wooden mallet, till levelled surface is obtained. Before laying the tiles, thin paste of cement is applied on their sides, so that the tiles have a thin coat of cement mortar over the entire perimeter surface. Next day, the joints between adjacent tiles are cleaned of loose mortar, ete. to a depth of 5 mim, using wire brush, and then grouted with cement slurry of the same colour shade as that of the tiles, The slurry is also applied over the flooring in thin coat, The flooring is then cured for ‘7 days, and then grinding and polishing is done in the same manner as that for terrazzo flooring.Hg MARBLE FLOORING It is a superior type of flooring, used in bath-rooms and kitchens of residential buildings, and in hospitals, sanitariums, temples, etc. where extra cleanliness is an essential requirement. Marble slabs may be laid in different sizes, usually in rectangular or square shapes. The base conerete is prepared in the same manner as that for conerete flooring. Over the base conerete, 20 mm thick bedding mortar of either 1: 4 cement : sand mix or 1 (lime putty) : 1 (surkhi coarse sand mix is spread under the area of each individual slab. The marble slab is then laid over it, gently pressed with wooden mallet and levelled. The marble slab is then again lifted up, and fresh mortar is added to the hollows of the bedding mortar. The mortar is allowed to harden slightly, coment slurry is spread over it, the edges of already laid slabs are smeared with coment slurry paste, and then the marble slab in question is placed in position. It is gently pushed with wooden mallet so that cement paste oozes out from the joint which should be as thin as possible (paper thick). The oozed out coment is cleaned with cloth. The paved area is properly cured for about a week, iK}) TIMBER FLOORING ‘Timber flooring is used for carpentry halls, dancing halls, auditoriums, ete, They are not commonly used in residential buildings in India, because timber flooring is also quite costlier. However, in hilly areas,where timber is cheaply and readily available, and where temperature drops very low, timber flooring is quite common. One the major problems in timber flooring is the damp prevention. This can be done by introducing D.P.C. layer below the flooring. ‘Timber floors can either be of ‘suspended type" (i.e., supported above the ground) or ‘solid type’ (fully supported on the ground), The suspended type timber flooring is shown in Fig. 11.2. An Voids Sleeper wall alternative sketch of ‘suspended’ (a) (by or ‘supported” timber flooring is Figure 11.5. Supported Type Timber Floor shown in Fig. 11.5. The hollow space between the flooring and aver site concrete is kept dry and well-ventilated by providing air bricks in the outer walls, and voids in the sleeper wall. The flooring consists of boarding supported on bridging or floor joists of timber, which are nailed to the wall plates at their ends, Sleeper walls are not spaced more than 1.8 to 2m. Where the problems of dampness is not acute, timber floors may be supported on the ground all along. For this type of construction, base concrete is first laid in 15 to 20em thickness. Over it, a layer of mastic asphalt is applied, Wooden block flooring is then laid over it, as shown.in Fig. 11.6. Wooden blocks are short but thick (with sizes 20x 8 em to 30 x8 em and thickness 2 to 4em) and are Inid in suitable designs. In order to fix the wooden floor on conerete slabs, longitudinal nailing strips, with bevelled section, are embedded in concrete at suitable interval. Sometimes, special conerete, called nailing concrete may be used as an alternative to the nailing strips. Special flooring nails are used for nailing down the flooring. Asphalt flooring are of many types: 1, Asphalt mastic flooring, 2. Asphalt tiles flooring, 8, Asphaltic terrazzo, and 4. Acid proof mastic flooring. 1, Asphalt mastic flooring Asphalt mastic is a mixture of sand (or grit) and asphalt in the ratio of 2 ; 1, mixed hot and then laid in continuous sheets, It can also be applied cold, by mixing with mineral oil and asbestos. The thickness of the asphalt mastic may be 2.5 em for ordinary construction, It is laid on cement concrete base course. The mix is poured on the concrete base, and is spread by means of trowel to get levelled surface. On the top of the surface, a thin layer of sand is spread, which is then rubbed with a trowel, The joints of mastic asphalt laid on successive days are properly lapped. 2, Asphalt tiles flooring ‘These are prepared from asphalt, asbestos fibres, inert materials and mineral pigments, by pressing the mix in different sizes (20 cm square to 45 cm square), with thickness varying from 3 ta 6 mm. These tiles are either directly cemented to concrete base or are fixed to wooden floors by using an intervening layer of mastic asphalt or asphalt saturated felt, Asphaltie tiles are cheap, resilient, sound proof, non-absorbent and moisture proof, 8. Asphaltic terrazzo This is prepared similar to mastic asphalt, except that marble chips are used in the place of sand/grit, Asphalt may be either in black or other suitable colour, and is laid in hot condition.4. Acid proof mastie flooring Acid proof blocks of asphalt are available, which are manufactured from moulding acid proof asphalt and inert crushed rock aggregate under high pressure. The asphalt blocks are first laid on concrete base then acid proof asphalt is uniformly spread over the surface of the blocks. Find sand is spread over the liquid asphalt before it hardens. a RUBBER FLOORING It consists of sheets or tiles of rubber, in variety of patterns and colours with thickness varying from 8 to 10 mm, The sheet or tile is manufactured by mixing pure rubber with fillers such as cotton fibre, granulated cork or asbestos fibre. The sheets or tiles are fixed to concrete base or wood by means of appropriate adhesives, rubber floorings are resilient and noise proof. However, they are costly. They are used only in office or public buildings. Ha LINOLEUM FLOORING (COVERING) Strictly speaking it is covering which is available in rolls, and which is spread directly on conerete ot wooden flooring. Linoleum sheet is manufactured by mixing oxidized Hnseed ofl In gum, resins, pigments, wood floor, corkdust and other filler materials. The sheots are either plain or printed, and are available in 2 to 6 mm thickness, and 2 to 4m wide rolls. Linoleum tiles are also available, which can be fixed (or glued) to concrete base or wood floor, in different patterns, Linoleum sheet is either spread as such, or also may be glued to the base by inserting a layer of saturated felt. Linoleum covering are attractive, resilient, durable and cheap, and can be cleaned very easily. However, it is subjected to rotting when kept wet or moist for some time, It cannot, therefore, be used for bathrooms, kitchens, ete, Such type of flooring is perfectly noiseless, and is used in libraries, theatres, art galleries, broadcasting stations ete. Cork, which is the outer bark of cork oak tree, is available in the from of cork carpet and cork tiles. It is fixed to concrete base by inserting a layer of saturated felt, Cork carpet is manufactured by heating granules of cork with linseed oil and compressing it by rolling on canvass. Cork tiles are manufactured from high grade cork bar or shearings compressed in moulds to a thickness of 12 mm and baked subsequently. ‘They are available in various sizes (10 cm * 10 em to 30cm * 90 cm), various thicknesses (5 to 15 mm) and various shades. GLASS FLOORING ‘This is a special purpose flooring, used in circumstances where it is desired to transmit light from upper floor to lower floor, and specially to admit light at the basement from the upper floor. Structural glass is available in the form of tiles or slabs, in thicknesses varying from 12 to 30 mm, These are fixed in closely spaced frames so that glass and the frame can sustain anticipated loads. Glass flooring is very costly, and is not commonly used.{276 Building Construction | 11.19 | PLASTIC OR PVC FLOORING It is made of plastic material, called Poly-Vinyl-Chloride (PVC), fabricated in the form of tiles of different sizes and different colour shades. These tiles are now widely used in all residential as well as non-residential buildings. The tiles are laid on concrete base. Adhesive of specified make is applied on the base as well as on the back of PVC tile with the help of a notched trowel. ‘The tile is laid when the adhesive has set sufficiently (say within 30 minutes of its application); it is gently pressed with the help of a 5 kg weight wooden roller and the oozing out adhesive is wiped off. The floor is washed with warm soap water before use. PVC tile flooring is resilient, smooth, good looking and can be easily cleaned. However, it is costly and slippery, and can be damaged very easily when in contact with burning objects. PROBLEMS 1. (a) Explain, in brief the essential requirements of a floor. () Enumerate various types of flooring materials. 2. Explain the method of laying the fallowing types af flooring: (0 Flag stone flooring (i) Brick flooring (iid) Marble flooring. 8, Explain the method of constructing cement concrete flooring. What is the use of geanolithie finish and how is it made? 4. Explain the procedure of constructing the following types of flooring: (i) Terrazzo flooring (i) Mosaic flooring (ii) Tiled flooring. 5. Write short notes on the following types of flooring: (i) Asphaltie flooring (i Linoleum flooring, iil) PVC flooring (iv) Cork flooring (v) Rubber flooring. 6, Explainywith the holp of sketches, the method of constructing timber flooring. 7. Explain with reasons what type of floor finishing will be required for (i) Operation theatre (i) Dancing hall (ii) Library (ic) Warehouse (v) Factory hall/workshop (vi) Grain store (vii) Testing laboratory (viii) Hostel. 8 Explain in brief the factors that affect the selection of floor a finish.