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    130 views17 pages

    Sets Relations and Functions DPP PDF

    Uploaded by

    Arnabi Dutta

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CONTENTS SET Operation of Sets Applications Exercise 1 Relation Exercise 2 Answers to Exercises Solved Problems Subjective Assignments Level - | Level — Il Answers to Assignment Problems ‘on of well defined objects i.e. the objects follow a given rule or rules. If we say that we tare ao of short students in a class, then this collection is te a set as “short students” is not well: represents a cet "” “© S2¥ that we have a collection of students whose height is less then 5 fest, themit Elements of a set oe Of a set are called its elements. A set is usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C etc, ere 2s the elements of a set are generally denoted by lower case letters a, b, ¢, d etc. If an element x ‘s In set A, we say that x belongs to A and write x < A. If the element x is not in A then we write x € A. Examples of sets: 1 The set of vowels in the alphabet of English language. 2. The set of all points on a particular line, 3 The set of all lines in a particular plane. 4 The set of all odd natural numbers. 5 The set of all real numbers. The elements in a set can be written in any order e.g. A={1,3, 5, 7,9, ...}, B= (11,9, 5, 7}, C= {..,— 2, 1,0, 1, 2, «-. D = (Amar, Aman, Ajay}. This is called the roster method of representing a set. A set can also be represented by stating the properties within braces, which are satisfied by the elements of the set e.g. A= {x:x=2n+1,n21,n © Nj A={x:6 minimum (AUB) =n(A)+n(B)— maximum n(AoB) =3+6-3=6. The number of elements in A UB is maximum when A and B are disjoint = n(AUuB)=n(A)+n(B)=3+ Mustrations 7: In a certain examination, the candidates can offer papers in English or Hindi or both the subjects. The number of candidates who appeared in the examination is 1000 of whom: 650 appeared in English and 200 both in English and Hindi. Find the number of candidates who offered paper in (i) Hindi, (i) English only, (ii) Hindi only. Let A= The set of candidates who offered paper in English and B = The set of candidates who offered paper in Hindi. Hence n(AUB) = 1000, n(A) = 650, n(AB) = 200 and from n(AUB) =n(A)+n(B)-n(AnB), we have 1000 =650+n(B)-200 = n(B)=550. Also the number of candidates who offered paper in English only =n(A-B)=n{candidates AxB={(a,b); acA, beB} In general AxB +BxA and if Aor Bis anull set then AxB = Moreover, n(AxB) =n(A)-n(B) Note : © Ax(BUC) =(AxB)U(AxC) ) Ax(BAC) = (AxB)O(AxC) (i) Ax(B=C)=(AxB)-(Axc) (iv) (A=B) x =(AxC)-(8xC) (v) (ANB)xC=(AxC)a(BxC) (vi) (AuB)xc =(AxC)u(BxC) Iustrations 8: if A={2, 6}, B=(3, 4,7} and C={3, 4, 8} then evaluate AxB, BxA, AxA and verify that (i) Ax(B-C) =(AxB)-(AxC), ve (AxB)U(AxC)- 4), (2.7); (5,3): (5 4). (7h. Solution: Here AxB ={2,5}«{3, 4, 7}={(2 BxA ={3, 4, 7}x{2, 5} ={(3, 2), (3, a a 2), (4,5), (7, 2),(7.5)} and es 7 (22). 3) (6.2), 6.5} Also AxC ={2, 5}x{3, 4, 8} = {(2, 3), (2 4), (2.8), (5.3), (64), (6 8} ={3, 4, 7} ae {7} => Ax (B-C)={2, 5x (= {2 76.7 AxB-(AxC)=((2.3), (2.4). (27). 6.3) 6469} ={(2, 3), (2, 4), (2,8), (5. 3), (5. 4), 6 8)} ={(2.7). 5. 7}=AxB-C). To verify (ii), we write BUC = {3, 4, 7, 8} => Ax(BUC)={2.5}«{3 47 me) = (23), (2 4), (2, 7), (2.8), ( 3), (5, 4), (5, 7), (6. 8)}, and (AxB)U(AxC)= ) = {2 3). (2.4). e 7), (2,8), (5,3), (5 4) © 7), (5,8) =Ax(BUC). a Prove thatA UB= =AnBifand only if A=B. 2 HA=fa,6)1,0, u}, B={b, © d), then find (AB) OB. tS = {a,b 0,4, ef, gh, A={a,b, 6, d}, B={c,d, ef, (AUB) =A B.. 4, IfAand Bare any sets, prove 5. A= {2}, B= {5 C={3, 4, 8, Ina conference attended by of delegates who drink tea is 400 and th is 200. Find (a) how many of them drink coffee, (b) how many drink coffee only. then verify that that An (B-A)=9. then verify that A x (B.C) = (Ax B) 0 (Ax ©). "26560493, Fax 26513942 [0 046, Ph 46106000, FIITUGE Lea, FLITIEE House 29-A, Kalu Sara, Sarvaprive Viner, Nir Delhi -12 jebsite : www.flijee.com 550 delegates tea and coffee are served. The number e number of delegates who drink tea only is, Relations & Functions RSM-1915-P4-MA-Set: 8 RSET 1 A to set B Is a subset of the cartesian product AB ind write this relation as x Ry. Hence Let A and B be two sets. A relation R from the set Further, I (x y)eR, then we say that x Is Rrrelated 10 Y 8 R(x yixeA, yeB, xR y} As an example, consider A 4,2, 3} and B= {1, 8 27}, so that AxB={(4.1), (4.8): (4 27), (2 1) (2.8). (2 27), 1) (3,8).(3 27)} Consider now a subset R of AxB, as R={(1, 1), (2.8). (3 27)} R, the second element is t -ommon relation- ship which is “cube” the cube of the first element i.e. the We notice that in every ordered pair of element of the ordered pairs of R have ac Incase we take A = {2 4, 6}, B={1, 5}, then A xB = {(2,1),(2, 5), (4,4), (4.5). (6.1), (6. 5)}- Consider now a subset R of AxB as R= {(2, 1), (4, 1),(6 1), (6,5)} is greater than the second element. Hence the 7 x Ry and y Rx are not the same, since Here the first element in each of the ordered pal relationship is “greater than’. Obviously, from the definition, R={(xy):xeA, yeB, xRy} and {Qu y):xeB yer xRy} are different. a relation defined from a set A to a set B, Le. RG AxB. domain of R. The set of all second Domain and Range of a relation: Let R be = domain of R= {x:(x, y) eR} or Then the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R. Thatis, {x:xeA and (x, yeR}. R* =range of R = {y: (x,y) eR} or {y:ye Band(x, y)eR}. Clearly Dc A and R’ cB. For example, for R given in {(1, 1),(2, 8), (3, 27)} above, domain of R = {4, 2, 3} Range of R = {1, 8, 27}. Note: 1 Every subset of A x Ais said to be a relation on A. 2 if Ahas m elements and B has n elements, then A x B has mn elements and total number of relations from A to B is 2™. Identity Relation Ris an identity relation such that (a, b) < Riffa=b, a a=b,Va,beA. Transitive, ifa Rb and bRe=aRo,Va,b,ceA ie, (@, b) € Rand (b,c) e R= (a,c) eR, Va,b,ceA Equivalence Relation Arelation R on a non-empty set A is called an equivalence relation if and only i tis Refl and Transitive, Thats, R satisfies following properties , Symmetric 1 aRaVacA eI aRb=bRa,Va,baRo,Va,b,ceA fa, b) : a, be Zand (a ~ b) is divisible by Mustrations 9: Let m be a given fixed positive integer. Let R = m}. Show that R is an equivalence relation on Z. Solution: R={(a,b):a, b, < Zand (a ~ b)/s divisible by m} (a, a) eR, Va eZ = Ris reflexive (a, b) e R= (a —b) is divisible by m => (b—a) is divisible by m = (b, a) eR ie., Ris symmetric. (@,b) e Rand (b, c) « R= (a—b) and (b ~ c) both are divisible by m. = {(a—b) + (b —o)} is divisible by m = (a — ¢)is divisible by m S@aoeR So, Ris transitive. Hence, Ris an equivalence relation on Z. Ilustrations 10: Show that the relation ‘is parallel to! on the set $ of all straight lines in a plane Is an equivalence relation. Let S be the set of all straight lines in a plane. Then, the relation, S is Reflexive, since L || L for all Lin S Symmetrio, since L || M=> M || forall L, MS Transitive, since for all L, M, N in S, L||Mand M || N= L{|N Hence, it is an equivalence relation on S. Solution: Let R={(1, 3), (2,5), (3, 7), (4, 0), (5, 11)} be a relation in the set A={1, 2, 3, Find the domain and range of R. Find the domain and range of the relation R= {(x, x) :x<4,x €N.. ‘Naw Delhi 110 056, Ph 46106000, 26569499, Fax 26513942 Website : www. fitje.com FIITI€€ Ld, PITTIEE House,29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vibar, RSM-1315-P4-MA-Sets, Relations & Functions 10 _Rsw-131 5 swans: Exercise 1. Be 4 6. (a) 350 (b) 150 Exercise 2. 3! Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, range = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11} 2. Domain ={1, 2, 3, 4}, range ={1, 4, 9, 16} FUTIEE ta, FIITIEE House 29-A, Kalu Saral, Sarvapriya Vian New Dali Webslee: wurntitjencom 1” 16?" 46406000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 sis a Problem 1: Solution: Problem 2: Solution: Problem 3: Solution: Problem 4: Solution: Problem 5: Solution: FIITS€E Lta., FITTZEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi -110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569493, Fax 26513942 fA and B are two sets, then prove that A° - B? = B- A. Letx and y be the elements of A° —B° and B—A respectively. Then xe A°—B’and yeB-A > Xe A’, x gBe => x¢A, xeB => xeB x¢A > xeB-A. Hence A° -B’ —-veB, yea => yea, yeB? = ye At _Be => B-AcA®_Be (2) From (1) and (2) we find that A° -B° =B-A IfA and B are two sets, prove that A (B- A) = We know that Am (B- A) = {x:x € A, and x < (B-A)} ie. An (B-A)= :x

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