EXAMPLE 4-5.1 Calculate the skip distance for flat earth with MUF of 10 MHz ifthe wave is reflected from a height of 300 km where the maximum value of n is 0.9. i Solution Inview of (!), = 081=(1-81N/f%) Naa = (11?) f?/81 = ((1 ~ 0.81)x10" 81 = (19/81) x10! = B45x10 fe = 9 Naax = 923.45 x10") = 9x4, 8425. 10° = 4.36 MHz hy = 2h fel fe)” ~ I] = 2300 /|10/4.36)— 1] = 600%0.527 = 3916.2kmEXAMPLE 4-5,2 The critical frequencies at an instant observed for E, F and F, layers were found tobe 3,5 and 9 MHz. Find the corresponding concentration of electrons in these layers. BE Solution fe=9VNnax ot Now = f2/81 ForElayer, fp =3MH2 Nog = f2/81 =9x10!2/81 = 0.11 x10" ForF;layer,f;=5MHz Nagy = f2/81 = 25x 107/81 = 0.3086x10" ForFplayer,f,=9MHz Nugy = f2/81 = 8lx10!/8i = 10"EXAMPLE 4-5.3 Calculate the critical frequencies for E, F, and F, layers if Nyoy for each corresponding layer reduces to 80% of the values obtained in Problem 4-5.1. I Solution For Elayet Nun =O8XO111x10 — f.=9/Wgay = 0.0888. 10!"=2.68 MHz ForFlayer Npax=08x03086,c10!2 f.=9/Nax=9 /0:24688 10!°—4.47 Mz For layer Nga =08K102 ——f=9YNggy =9/08x10!2=8.05 Me4. Calculate the value of frequency at which an electromagnetic wave must propagate through the Deegion with and index of refraction 0.5 and an electron density of 3.24 x 10° electrons‘? Solution: wo SIV in use eq. Refractive index, n= (1- Pp =" 10.5, N=3.24x 10°, gives 1.87 KHz 5, Whats the critical frequency for reflection, if the maximum value of electron density is 1.243 10%m’ Solution: weeg. f= BIN = 10022 Miz (since Nis in MHz).1, Two points on earth separated by a distance of 1500Kmn are to communicate using single bop communication link. Calculate the maximum usable frequency (MUF) for these points, assuming plasma frequency is 7MHz and height of ionosphere layer is 300Km. (May 2017, BGSBU) Solution: Given that D=1500kms, h=300 kms, f7MHz use the eq, f= =f (le) =1$.4MHz 2. Find the skip distance forthe case given in QNNo.L. (assume Flat earth) Solution: Day = 2h, (2) -1= 1489 Kin © Ing 2 f