PAPER

" STAR AND CONSTELLATION "

Arranged By :
Name : Nia Audina Sitanggang
Ruth Sondang
Class : Bilingual Physics 2017
Course : Earth and Cosmics

BILLINGUAL PHYSICS EDUCATION’17

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2020
 FOREWORD

We should thank God Almighty, because for His blessings, inclusion and guidance,
we were able to complete our paper entitled STAR AND CONSTELLATION well. We also
thank everyone, both directly and indirectly for assisting us in completing our paper.
This paper contains and discusses one of the main celestial bodies, namely stars, along with
dynamics and related explanations about stars, including the sun which is one of the stars in a
solar system.
Hopefully this paper can be useful and can be used as it should. thanks.

Medan, April 06, 2020

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD …....................................................................................................................... 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 3
1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION .......................................................................................... 3
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROBLEM …................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER III CLOSING....................................................................................................... 21
CONCLUSION................................................. ..................................................................... 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................... 21

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

I.I BACKGROUND
The sun is a giant ball formed from hydrogen and helium gas. The sun is a white star
that acts as the center of the solar system. All components of the solar system including 8
planets and satellites respectively, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and space dust revolve
around the sun. Aside from being a center of circulation, the sun is also a source of energy for
sustainable living. The sun's heat warms the earth and forms the climate, while the light
illuminates the Earth and is used by plants for photosynthesis. Without the sun, there will be
no life on earth because many chemical reactions cannot take place.

1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. Why is the sun called a star?
2. What is the distance of the star and the motion of the star?
3. What is the star's magnitude and its constellation?

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

1. To find out the understanding of the sun as a star
2. To find out the distance & motion of stars
3. To find out about the star's magnitude and its constellation.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

SUN AS A STAR
1. Sun As One Star
There are a lot of celestial objects in the universe. Some can emit their own light,
there are also those who cannot emit their own light, but only reflect light from other objects.
Stars are celestial bodies that emit their own light (light source). The sun and stars have
something in common, which can emit their own light. The sun is a star that looks very large
because it is located closest to the earth.
The sun emits enormous energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The
electromagnetic waves are visible light waves, X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared
rays, and microwaves.
Stars are celestial bodies that emit their own light (light source). The sun and stars
have something in common, which can emit their own light. The sun is a star that looks very
large because it is located closest to the earth.
The sun emits enormous energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. The source of
solar energy comes from fusion reactions that occur in the sun's core. This fusion reaction is a
combination of hydrogen atoms into helium. The fusion reaction will produce enormous
energy. The sun is composed of various gases, including hydrogen (76%), helium (22%),
oxygen and other gases (2%).

2. Layers of the Sun.

The sun is a very hot incandescent gas ball. The sun consists of four layers, namely the
sun's core, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona.

Figure 1. Illustration of parts of the sun.

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(1) Nucleus (2) Radiative zone (3) Convective zone (4) Photosphere (5) Chromosome (6)
Corona (7) Sunspots (8) Granules (9) Prominensa.
a. The core of the sun
The inside of the sun, the sun's core. In this section the fusion reaction occurs as a source of
solar energy. The temperature in the sun's core can reach 15 million degrees Celsius. Based
on the radius / diameter ratio, the core is a quarter of the distance from the center to the
surface and 1/64 of the total solar volume. Its density is around 150 g / cm3. Such high
temperatures and pressures allow the splitting of atoms into electrons, protons and neutrons.
An uncharged Neutron will leave the nucleus towards the outer portion of the sun.
Meanwhile, the heat energy in the nucleus causes the movement of electrons and protons
very quickly and collides with each other causing nuclear fusion reactions (often also called
thermonuclear). The sun's core is where the helium nuclear fusion reaction takes place into
hydrogen. The energy produced by the thermonuclear reaction in the core in the form of
gamma rays and neutrinos provides enormous power while producing all the heat and light
energy received on earth. The energy is carried out from the sun through radiation.
b. Radiative zone
The radiative zone is the area that surrounds the sun's core. Energy from the nucleus in the
form of radiation gathers in this area before it is transmitted to the outer sun. The density of
the radiative zone is around 20 g / cm3 with temperatures from the inside outwards between 7
million to 2 million degrees Celsius. The temperature and density of the radiative zone are
still quite high, but it is not possible for nuclear fusion to occur.
c. Convective Zone
The convective zone is the layer where the temperature begins to decrease. The temperature
of the convective zone is around 2 million degrees Celsius (3.5 million degrees Fahrenheit).
After exiting the radiative zone, energy atoms from the sun's core will move towards the
outer layers which have lower temperatures. The decrease in temperature causes a slowing of
atomic movement so that the radiation movement becomes less efficient. The energy from the
sun's core takes 170,000 years to reach the convective zone. When in the convective zone, the
movement of atoms will occur by convection in an area along several hundred kilometers that
is composed of giant gas cells that continue to circulate. High-temperature atoms just coming
out of the radiative zone will move slowly toward the outer layers of the cooler convective
zone causing the atoms to "fall" back to the upper layers of the radiative heat zone which then
rise again. This event keeps repeating causing a back and forth movement that causes the

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transfer of energy as happens when heating water in a pan. Therefore, the convective zone is
also known as the boiling zone. Energy material will reach the top of the convective zone
within a few weeks.
d. Photosphere
Photosphere is part of the surface of the sun. This layer emits light so that it can provide daily
lighting. The temperature in this layer can reach approximately 16,000 degrees Celsius and
has a thickness of about 500 km.
e. Chromosomes
A chromosome is the layer above the photosphere and acts as the sun's atmosphere. The
chromosome has a thickness of 16,000 km and the temperature reaches approximately 9,800
degrees C. It is seen as a red ring around the moon at the time of a total solar eclipse.
f. Corona
Corona is the outer layer of the sun's atmosphere. Corona temperatures can reach
approximately 1,000,000 degrees C. The grayish color that results from the ionization of
atoms due to very high temperatures. Corona is seen when there is a total solar eclipse,
because at that time almost all sunlight is covered by the moon. Corona shape, like a crown
with a grayish color.

3. The movement of the sun

The sun has two kinds of movements, which are as follows:
• The sun rotates on its axis for about 27 days to reach one rotation. This rotational motion
was first known through observations of changes in sunspot position. The axis of rotation of
the sun is tilted as far as 7.25 ° from the axis of Earth's orbit so that the north pole of the sun
will be more visible in September while the south pole of the sun is more visible in March.
The sun is not a solid ball, but a ball of gas, so the sun does not rotate at a uniform speed.
Astronomers suggest that the rotation of the interior of the sun is not the same as its surface.
The core and radiative zones rotate together, while the convective and photosphere zones
rotate together but at different speeds. The equatorial part (center) takes about 24 days of
rotation while the poles rotate for about 31 days. The source of the difference in solar rotation
time is still being studied.
• The sun and the entire contents of the solar system move in its orbit around the Milky Way
galaxy. The sun is located 28,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The

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average speed of this movement is 828,000 km / hour so it is estimated that it will take 230
million years to reach a perfect rotation around the galaxy.

4. Disturbances in the Sun.

Active symptoms of the sun or solar activity often cause disturbances to the sun. These
disorders, which are as follows.
a. Clots in Photosphere (Granulation)
These lumps arise due to the propagation of hot gas from the sun's core to the surface. As a
result, the surface of the sun is not flat but lumpy.
b. Sun Spots
Sunspots are areas where very strong magnetic fields emerge. These spots form holes in the
surface of the sun where hot gas gushes from inside the sun's core, so that it can disrupt the
telecommunications of radio waves on the surface of the earth.
c. Sun's Flame Tongue
The solar flares are scattering of gas from the edge of the sun's chromosomes. Flame tongues
can reach heights of 10,000 km. Flame tongues are often called prominence or protuberan.
Flametounge consists of proton-135 masses and electrons of hydrogen atoms moving at high
speed. The mass of these particles can reach the surface of the earth. Before entering the
earth, the emission of these particles is blocked by the earth's magnetic field (Van Allen belt),
so that the speed of these particles decreases and moves towards the poles, then over time the
incandescent particles called auroras. The scattering of these particles disturbs the radio wave
communication system. Aurora in the southern hemisphere is called Aurora Australis, while
in the northern hemisphere it is called Aurora Borealis.
d. Blast
Flares are explosive gases above the surface of the sun. Flares can cause radio
communication system interference, because the gas eruption consists of electrically charged
gas particles.

DISTANCE STAR
For comparison, the closest star after the Sun is the star Proxima Centauri, which has a
distance of about 40 trillion km from Earth.
The distance of stars is very large numbers, so astronomers no longer use the unit of
kilometers to express the distance of stars, just as we no longer declare the distance between

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cities with millimeters. Therefore, astronomers use another unit, the Light Year (TC) unit.
Lightyears are defined as the distance of light in a one-year period.

1 Tahun Cahaya = 1 Tahun × besar kecepatan cahaya

= (365 × 24 × 60 × 60) detik × 3 · 105 km/detik

= 9,46 · 1012 km

There are 3 units of distance which are often used to express the distance between
heavenly bodies, namely:
• Astronomy Unit (SA)  average distance from Earth to the Sun.
1 SA = 149.6 • 106 km
• Light Year  the distance that light travels in one year
1 TC = 9.46 • 1012 km
= 63,420 SA
= 0.307 parsec
• Parsec (parallax second)  the distance of the star if the parallax angle is 1 second
1 parsec = 206,265 × 1 SA
= 206265 × 149.6 • 106 km
= 3,086 • 1013 km
= 3.26 TC

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 A star is a celestial body in the form of a giant ball of gas that emits its own energy
from the reaction of the nucleus in the star, whether in the form of heat, light or various other
radiation. In astronomy, the method used in determining distance is the parallax method.
Parallax is the background difference that appears when a stationary object is seen from
two different places. We can observe how parallax occurs in a simple way. Point your index
finger at a certain distance (eg 30 cm) before our eyes. Then observe the finger with just one
eye alternately between the right eye and the left eye. Our silent fingers will appear to be
shifting because the direction of view from the right eye is different from the left eye, causing
a change in the background scenery. That "displacement" indicates parallax.
The parallax of a new star could be observed for the first time in 1837 by Friedrich
Bessel, along with telescope technology for astronomy that was developing rapidly (since
Galileo used his telescope to observe celestial bodies in 1609). The star he observed was 61
Cygni (a star in the constellation Cygnus / swan) which had a parallax of 0.29 ″. It turns out
that parallax in stars does exist, but with very little value. Only the limitations of the
instrument made people before Bessel unable to observe it. Because parallax is one of the
proofs for the heliocentric universe model (which was re-popularized by Copernicus in
1543), the discovery of this parallax makes the model stronger than the geocentric model of
Ptolemy which has been widely used by people since 100 BC.
Parallax stars can be interpreted as a shift in a star that arises due to the movement of
the earth around the sun. Numerically the parallax of the star is the angle forming a distance
of 1 SA. The farther away the star is, the smaller the ellipse's path, the smaller the parallax.

Figure 2. Relationship of Star Parallax with Distance

Using the triangle geometry, which is the relationship between an angle and two sides, the
equation can be written:

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 p r
=
360 2 πd
°

p 1 SA
⟺ =
360 ° 2 πd
360 ° 1 SA
⟺ d= ×
2π p
1
⟺ d= (¿ parsec )
p

1 SA
=tan p
d
because the value of p is very small (the angle is in units of seconds), then the value of
tan p ≈ p (rounded to p).
The distance d is calculated in SA and the angle p is calculated in radians. If we use the
arc seconds as a unit from the parallax angle (p), we will get d is 206,265 SA or 3.09 • 1013
km. A distance of this magnitude is then defined as 1 pc (parsec, parsek), which is the
distance of a star that has a parallax of 1 arcsecond. This trigonometric parallax method can
only be used to get the distance of the nearest stars (for distances of hundreds of parsecs).
In fact, the biggest star parallax is 0.76 dimiliki which is owned by the closest star of
the solar system, the star Proxima Centauri in the constellation Centaurus which is 1.31 pc
away. An angle of this size would be the same as a 1 meter long stick observed from a
distance of 270 kilometers. While the 61 Cygni star has a parallax of 0.29 "and a distance of
1.36 TC or 3.45 pc.

STAR MOVEMENTS
In the movement of stars there are two outlines of motion on the star, namely the true
motion of the star (caused by the movement of the star itself) and the apparent motion of the
star (the star appears to be moving due to the movement of the earth, namely the rotation and
revolution of the earth).
When observed, stars always move in the night sky, both every hour and every day due
to the movement of the Earth relative to stars (rotation and revolution of the Earth). Even so,
the star actually really moves, mostly because it surrounds the center of the galaxy, but the
motion is so small that it can only be seen in observations for centuries. This kind of motion

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is called the true motion of a star. The true motion of a star can be divided into two based on
the direction of its motion, namely:
Radial velocity: The velocity of the star away from or approaching the observer
(parallel to the line of sight).
Tangential speed: The speed of a star moving in a celestial ball (in the field of view).
Total speed: The true speed of the actual star (all components).
Radial Velocity
Radial velocity is the speed of a star approaching or moving away from the Sun. This
speed is usually quite large, resulting in a wavelength shift event. The radial velocity of a star
can be measured by the Doppler Effect method.

∆λ c +v r
λo
=
√
c−v r
−1

or with the approach to vr << c the non-relativistic version can be used, namely:
∆λ
v r= ×c
λo

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 Most of the motion of the stars that can be observed has a speed far below the speed
of light, so that the non-relativistic formula can be used.
Radial velocity is expressed in km / s, is positive if the star is away from the Sun and
negative if the star approaches the Sun. In fact, both the motion of the star or the
motion of the observer and both will produce a Doppler shift. The radial velocity
itself does not infer whether the star or the Sun is moving, but what is measured is the
speed at which the distance of the star and the Sun increases or decreases. Radial
speed is also actually not determined directly, because we observe the motion of stars
from the earth that rotates and orbits, and of course this will contribute to the Doppler
shift.
1. Tangential velocity
Tangential velocity is the motion of a star along the line of sight. For example in one year, the
star is in the coordinates α, δ so, but in the following year the position changes. The change in
coordinates in each year is called proper motion (μ) which is the angular velocity of the star
(change in angle per time change). The linear velocity is expressed in units of kilometers per
second (km / s). This linear velocity is said to be tangential velocity, which can be searched
by using the formula of the circumference of a circle. For example changing the position of
stars from x to x ', which is equal to μ (arc seconds) each year. Earth-star distance is d (in
parsec), and μ (in seconds)

Figure 3. Illustration of Tangential Speed Determination

μ
x−x ' =s= × keliling
360 °
μ
s= × 2 πd
1296000 ' '
and given the definition of angular velocity, v = ω d, so :

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 μ 2π
v t= × parsec /tahun
1296000 ''
p

μ 3,086 ∙ 1013 km
v t= ×
1296000'' ( 365 ×24 ×60 ×60 ) s

4,74 μ
v t=
p

1. Total Speed (total velocity)

Total velocity or space velocity is the resultant of radial velocity and tangential
velocity. Because the direction of the radial and tangential axes are perpendicular, it can be
solved easily using the Pythagorean proposition or trigonometry. The angle formed between
the radial axis and the velocity vector of the star is called the β angle.
v=√ v 2r +v 2t
v r=v cos β
v t=v sin β
Due to the motion of the Earth around the Sun, a star can move by forming a path in the
form of a straight line, circle, or ellipse, depending on the position of the star. The motion is
caused by two things, namely the ecliptic plane (the field of the earth's orbit around the sun)
and the ecliptic pole (the line through the center of the earth's orbit, namely the sun, and is
positioned perpendicular to the ecliptic plane).
• Stars which are located in the ecliptic plane, if they are observed for a full year, their
trajectories will form a straight line
• Stars located at the ecliptic pole, if observed for one full year, the trajectories will
form a circle

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 • Stars that lie between the ecliptic plane and the ecliptic pole, if observed for one full
year, the path will form an ellipse

2. Local Standards of Rest (LSR)

The sun is a member of the Milky Way galaxy consisting of hundreds of billions of
stars. The galaxy itself is disk-shaped and rotates. The sun participates in galactic rotation at a
speed of 250 km / s, once orbiting the galactic center with a period of 200 billion years. Our
observations of proper motion and radial velocity do not directly provide a picture of the
motion of the galactic center.
Astronomers have defined a reference system in which the difference in the motion of
the stars where the sun is on average is zero or in other words, the environment is relatively
stationary. This framework is called the Local Silent Standard (Local Standard of Rest, LSR).
By definition, the LSR is a point in space near the Sun, where the stars around that point are
uniformly distributed, and the total speed at that point is zero.
The sun moves towards the LSR at a speed of 20 km / s. This speed is measured by
observing the movements of the stars around the Sun. The motion of the stars around the Sun
is a reflection of the movements of the Sun and the stars themselves. So, the speed of the Sun
is measured against a point that is relatively stationary with respect to the stars around the
Sun.

MAGNITUDO STAR
Around the year 150 BC, a Greek astronomer named Hipparchus created the first star
brilliance classification system. At that time, he grouped the brilliance of the stars into six
categories in a form that was more or less like this: the brightest, the brightest, not so bright,
not so dim, faint and the faintest. This is done by making the first star catalog. The system
then develops with the addition of numbers as a determinant of brilliance. The brightest has a
value of 1, the next 2, 3, so that the faintest value is 6. This classification is what became
known as the magnitude system. The scale in this magnitude system has reversed since it was
first created. The brighter a star, the smaller the magnitude. And conversely the fainter the
star, the greater the magnitude.
The system then progressed after Galileo and his telescope found that there were even
more stars that were fainter than those of magnitude 6. The scale also changed until a
magnitude of 7.8 appeared, and so on. However, the assessment of star's brightness has not

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been done quantitatively. Everything is only based on visual assessment with the naked eye
only.
In 1856 developed mathematical calculations for the system of magnitude. Norman
Robert Pogson, a British astronomer, gave a logarithmic formulation that is still used today
with the following rules. In general, a difference of 5 magnitudes shows a brightness ratio of
100 times. So, a star with magnitude 1 is 100 times brighter than a star with a magnitude of 6,
and 10,000 times brighter than a star of magnitude 11, and so on. With this Pogson formula,
the calculation of the star's magnitude becomes more precise and more reliable.
As telescope technology advances, the magnitude of the faintest stars we can observe is
even greater. For example, the Hubble Space Telescope has the ability to observe objects
with a magnitude of 31. But even though it is no longer the largest value, magnitude 6
remains an important value until now because this is the faintest magnitude limit of stars that
can be observed with the naked eye. Of course, with the conditions of the sky, the
environment, and eye conditions are still good.
Just as developments occur at large magnitudes, small magnitudes also experience
expansion along with the advancement of detector technology. In the magnitude 1 group, it
was later discovered that some stars appeared brighter than others, so that a magnitude 0. It is
now known that the brightest star in the night sky is Sirius, with a magnitude of -1.47. The
magnitude of Venus can reach -4.89, the full Moon -12.92, and the magnitude of the Sun
reaches -26.74.
The magnitude we talked about above is also called pseudo magnitude, because it
shows the brilliance of stars seen from Earth, no matter how far away. So, a star can look
bright because it is close or far but large. Conversely, a star can look dim because the
distance is far or close but is small in size. This system makes the brilliance of the stars we
see not the real brilliance of the stars. To correct this, the distance factor must be removed.
Then comes the absolute magnitude system.

Absolute magnitude is the magnitude of a star if the star is at a distance of 10 parsecs.

The value can be determined if the apparent magnitude and distance of the star are known.
By "placing" stars at the same distance, we can know which stars are really bright. In
comparison, the Sun, which has an apparent magnitude of -26.74, only has an absolute
magnitude of 4.75. Much dimmer than Betelgeuse which has an apparent magnitude of 0.58
but has an absolute magnitude of -6.05 (135,000 times brighter than the Sun).

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 Magnitude is the level of brightness of a star. The magnitude scale is inversely
proportional to the brightness of the star, meaning that the brighter a star is, the smaller the
magnitude scale. In the past, the brightest star was given magnitude 1 and the weakest light
that can still be seen by the eye was given magnitude 6. Now given the provision of a star
with a magnitude difference of one having a brightness difference of 2.512 times (a
difference of five magnitudes means a difference of brightness one hundred times), so if star
A has magnitude 1 and star B has magnitude 3 means that star A is 6.25 times brighter than
star B. Comparison of apparent pseudo magnitudes of stars can use the following Pogson
formula:
E1
m 1−m 2=−2,5 log
E2
Magnitude measurement based on the apparent condition from Earth as above is
apparent magnitude (m). Absolute magnitude (M) is a comparison of the actual starlight
values. As you know, the distance between one star and another star is not the same. As a
result, even bright stars will appear dimmer if the distance is very far. Therefore, an absolute
magnitude calculation is made, which is the level of brightness of the star when the star is
placed up to 10 parsec from Earth. By remembering the radiation equation E = L / 4πr2 ,
where E is the radiation energy, L is the luminosity (power) and r distance, then the
calculation of the star's distance, apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude are:
E1
m−M =−2,5 log
E2
L
4 π d2
m−M =−2,5 log
L
4 π 102
2
10
m−M =−2,5 log ( ) d
m−M =−2,5× 2 (1−log d )
m−M =−5+5 log d
Keep in mind the distance in the modulus equation above (d) must be expressed in
parsec units. One parsec is the distance of a star that has a parallax angle of one arc second,
which is equivalent to 3.26 light years (TC) or 206,265 astronomical units (SA). If the
distance is asked, then the formula above can be reversed to:
d=100,2(m− M +5)

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 If the absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude are known, the distance can be
calculated. The quantity m - M is known as distance modulus. As for the relationship
between absolute magnitude and luminosity (power) of stars, L can be applied based on the
Pogson formula.
L1
M 1−M 2=−2,5 log
L2
Suppose the apparent magnitude of the sun appears from Earth, m = -26.83, then the
absolute magnitude of the sun, M is:
M =m+5−5 log d
considering the distance from Earth to the Sun. = 1 SA = 1 / 206265 parsec, maka:
1
M =−26,83+5−5 log
206265
M =4,74

STAR CONSTELATION
Constellations or Constellations are groups of stars that appear to be related to form a special
configuration.
In three-dimensional space, most of the stars we observe have no connection with each other,
but can look like a group on a globe of night sky. Humans have a very high ability to
recognize patterns and throughout history have grouped stars that appear close together into
constellations.

International Astronomy Association

has divided the sky into 88 official constellations with clear boundaries, so that each direction
is only owned by one constellation. In the northern hemisphere, most of the constellations are

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based on Greek tradition, which was passed down through the Middle Ages, and contains
Zodiacal symbols.

The function of the constellation as a pointer to the cardinal direction

Nature has provided all its unlimited resources for the livelihood of all human beings. It's just
that, sometimes humans are not too observant to be able to uncover various secret veils that
nature has provided for him.
The direction of the wind, a fundamental need for every human being traveling. Currently,
there are various kinds of sophisticated and modern navigation tools to facilitate us in reading
the direction of the compass. However, we need to remember that ancient humans who were
the pioneers of earlier civilizations have been able to use nature as their navigational guide in
the form of constellations.

The constellations are identified to mark the direction of the cardinal direction (of course,
which will function especially at night) in various forms. An ancient method that has proven
accurate until now.
Here are some constellations that can be used as a reference as a pointer to the compass:

1. Constellation Ursa Major, as a north direction.

The constellation Ursa Major or also called the Great Bear constellation / Big Dipper which
shows the north is shaped like a dipper, and consists of 7 stars, because it is also sometimes
called this constellation as a seven star constellation. This constellation is seen all year in the
northern sky. In this constellation, there is one of the brightest stars, and usually in the
constellation map is given the symbol α (look at the constellation map below).

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 Peta Rasi Bintang Ursa Major (simbol α)

Gambar Seni Rasi Bintang

Great Bear/Beruang Besar/Biduk/Ursa Major

2. The constellation Crux, as a southern direction

These constellations are shaped like stingrays, kites, or crosses and can be seen in the
night sky slightly to the south. So that this one constellation desbut also as the constellation
of the South Cross. In this constellation, there is one of the brightest stars, and usually in the
constellation map is given the symbol α (see image below).

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 Peta Rasi Bintang Crux

Gambar Seni Rasi Bintang Crux/Pari/Layang-layang/Salib Selatan

3. The constellation Orion, as a pointer to the West.

This constellation can be seen in the western sky. Also called the Hunter Constellation or
Waluku Constellation. Named Orion, which means Greek hunter, this constellation is
dedicated to Orion, son of Neptune, the best hunter in the world.

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 Gambar Seni Rasi Bintang Orion

Orion Constellation Art Picture

Orion is easily recognized by the existence of 3 twin stars that line up to form the Orion Belt
(Orion Belt). One more interesting thing in this orion constellation is the existence of the stars
Bellatrix and Betelgeuse in their constellations. Bellatrix is identical to the characters in
Harry Potter, while Betelgeuse is one of the titles of children's films of old.
Aside from being a clue to the west, this orion constellation in the Indonesian language is
often used as a sign for ancient farmers to start working on their fields and fields.

4. Scorpius / Scorpion constellations, as a Southeast direction.

The fourth constellation that can be recognized and used as directions is the scorpion or
Scorpio constellation. This one-star constellation is rather difficult to find, because the
number of stars that make up the constellation is quite a lot.

Scorpio Constellation Art Pictures

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 Gambar Seni Rasi Bintang Scorpius

This Scorpio constellation is a southeast direction. In ancient Greek mythology, Scorpio is

the messenger of Apollo to kill the Hunter, Orion. In this constellation there is also the
Antares star, one of the brightest stars ever discovered.

CHAPTER III CLOSING

CONCLUSION

The sun and stars have something in common, which can emit their own light. The
sun is a star that looks very large because it is located closest to the earth.
1 Light Year = 1 Year × the speed of light
= (365 × 24 × 60 × 60) seconds × 3 • 105 km / sec
= 9.46 • 1012 km
Stellar movements are known to have two outlines of motion on the star, namely the true
motion of the star (caused by the movement of the star itself) and the apparent motion of the
star (the star appears to be moving due to the movement of the earth, namely the rotation and
revolution of the earth).

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 The brighter a star, the smaller the magnitude. And conversely the fainter the star, the
greater the magnitude. Constellations or Constellations are groups of stars that appear to be
related to form a special configuration.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.Hasyimy, Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam, cet V, Jakarta : Bulan Bintang, 1995

Esposito, John L. (Ed), Sains Sains Islam, Depok : Inisiasi Press, cet. I. 2004.
HK Tjasyono Bayong. 2009. Ilmu kebumian dan Antariksa. Bandung : UPI & PT Remaja
Rodaskarya
Hafez, Kumpulan Ilmu Islam, Era Muslim, 14 Maret 2005.
Kerrod, Robbin, Astronomi. Jakarta : Erlangga. 2005.

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