Surface structure relations is represented by W.

Nelson Francis in different way in The Structure of American English

published in 1958. Francis presented IC (Immediate constituent) structure using the Chinese box program. In his study,
Francis introduced a way to indicate IC structure putting the constituents in the boxes which increase in size as they
combine. Although the diagram seems to be easy in enclosing patterns in simple sentences, it is mystifying to do so in
complicated sentences.