Shell and tube heat exchanger system control scheme

 Disturbance is a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a

pronounced change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect,
to alter the physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. Disturbance
can also occur over a long period of time and can impact the biodiversity within an
ecosystem.
 Error (from the Latin error, meaning "wandering")[1] is an action which is inaccurate or
incorrect.[2] In some usages, an error is synonymous with a mistake. In statistics, "error"
refers to the difference between the value which has been computed and the correct
value.[3] An error could result in failure or in a deviation from the intended performance
or behavior.

 OFFSET is whenever a process load change occurs and makes the process deviate from
the steady state condition, the controller will respond and limit the excursion of the
controlled variable.

 Proportional control, in engineering and process control, is a type of linear feedback

control system in which a correction is applied to the controlled variable which is
proportional to the difference between the desired value (setpoint, SP) and the measured
value (process variable, PV).

 Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller can be used to make a simple system track

some reference point. The suspension in a car is an analogue example: the spring and
damper work together to hold the car at some desired height.

 Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller (PID controller or three-term

controller) is a control loop mechanism employing feedback that is widely used
in industrial control systems and a variety of other applications requiring continuously

modulated control. A PID controller continuously calculates an error value   as

the difference between a desired setpoint (SP) and a measured process variable (PV) and
applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms (denoted P, I,
and D respectively), hence the name.
In practical terms it automatically applies accurate and responsive correction to a control
function. An everyday example is the cruise control on a car, where ascending a hill
would lower speed if only constant engine power were applied. The controller's PID
algorithm restores the measured speed to the desired speed with minimal delay and
overshoot by increasing the power output of the engine.