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Fluid Power1 (AutoRecovered)
Fluid Power1 (AutoRecovered)
قسم :ميكاترونكس
(γAv)1=(γAv)2
Where γ= specific weight of fluid (KN/m3),
A = cross-sectional area of pipe (m2),
v = velocity of fluid (m/s).
and because the specific weight of fluid is constant for the same fluid we used that
form
Q =AV
(Av)1=(Av)2
Bernoulli's equation is one of the highest useful equation for performing of hydraulic circuit
analysis.it allow us to size components like valve, pump.
If we divide the both side of equation by W because the amount of fluid is constant
Friction is the biggest element of losses in energy in fluid power system the losses of energy
because of the friction is transferred into heat which is transfer to the surrounding air. Result to
that cause loss in potential energy in the system and shows up as a losses in head or pressure.
The head losses consist of two main component
1) Pipes losses
2) Fitting losses
The head losses can be represent in equation called darcy’s equation
L v2
H L=f ( )( )
D 2g
Where f = friction factor (dimensionless),
L = length of pipe (m),
D = pipe inside diameter (m),
V= average fluid velocity (m/s),
G = acceleration of gravity (m/s2).
FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN LAMINAR FLOW
Darcy's equation is used to calculate head losses in pipes experiencing laminar flow
by notice that for laminar flow that the friction factor equals to constant 64 divided by
Reynolds number
64
f=
NR
64 L v 2
H L= ( )( )
NR D 2g
Darcy's equation is used for calculate the losses of energy in turbulent flow fluid.
But, the friction factor cannot be represented by a simple equation as the case of
laminar flow. This is due to the random and fluctuating movement of the fluid
particles.
For turbulent flow the experiments showed that the friction factor is a function of
not the Reynolds number only but too the relative roughness of the pipe. The
relative roughness can be defined as the pipe inside surface roughness,
ε
relative roughness=
D
Pipe relative roughness values depend on the material of the pipe as well as a
method of manufacturing. The table blow give us values of absolute roughness for
various types of pipes.
And with the ε we go to the chart called Moody Diagram to calculate the friction
factor by knowing the factor of the type of the material and with the number
we get the value of the friction factor
Hydraulic pumps.
Hydraulic pumps are the machines that act to increase liquid energy that are
flowing through them. The three main types of the pumps are rotodynamic,
displacement,special effect pumps. Hydraulic pumpsis convert mechanical energy
to hydraulic energy []
Types of pump
1) External gear pump
disadvantage
Heating of very high presure
High noise come from vibration
Decreasing pressure from internal
leakage between input and output
2) Screw pump
Advantage
High flow rate
Pressure up to 200 bar
Speed up to 3500 rpm
Disadvantage
Too expensive
It is maintenance to difficult
3) Piston pump
Axial Piston-Pump is the biggest on with high efficiency but the cost of it is very high
much expensive than screw pump
Pump cavitation
Cavitation can be happen due to entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or the
hydraulic fluid is vaporized. That occurs the suction term. Simply defined,
cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in areas of
relatively low pressure around an impeller. The imploding or collapsing of these
bubbles trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to
the impeller and/or the pump housing.
Hydraulic cylinders
They extract energy from the fluid and convert it to mechanical energy to perform useful work.
They also called linear Hydraulic actuator
the single-acting cylinder
The simplest type of hydraulic cylinder is the single-acting cylinder, it consist of a piston inside
a cylindrical housing called a barrel. Attached to one end of the piston is a rod, which extends
outside one end of the cylinder (rod end). At the other end (blank end) is a port for the entrance
and exit of oil
3) Unloading Valves
This valve is used to permit a pump to build pressure to an adjustable pressure setting and then allow it to
discharge oil to the tank
4) Sequence Valves
this valve used to play every cylinder actuator by sequence
3) Pressure-Compensated Valves
Conclusion
After study some part of the hydraulic system I found the advantage of it can be
says as
A hydraulic system is an efficient transmitter of power for many reasons. Firstly,
its simple levers and push buttons make it easy to start, stop, accelerate and
decelerate. This also allows for control accuracy. Also, because it is such a fluid
system, without any cumbersome gears, pulleys or levers, it easily copes with a
huge weight range. It provides a constant force, regardless of changes in speed.
For the most part, hydraulic systems are simple, safe and economical because
they use fewer moving parts compared to mechanical and electrical systems,
which makes them easier to maintain. Hydraulic systems are safe to use in
chemical plants and mines because they do not cause spark.
And Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Handling hydraulic fluids is
messy, and it can be difficult to totally get rid of leaks in a hydraulic system. If
hydraulic fluid leaks in hot areas, it may catch fire. If hydraulic lines burst, they
can cause serious injuries. Take care when handling hydraulic fluids, as too
much exposure can lead to health issues. Hydraulic fluids are also corrosive, but
some types are less so than others. For example, two main types of brake fluid
are available for hydraulic mountain bikes, DOT fluid and mineral oil. Due to its
non-corrosive properties, mineral oil is less likely to destroy a bike's paintwork.
To keep your hydraulic system in its prime, periodically check hydraulic systems
for leaks, lubricate when necessary, and change filters and seals as required.
Solution:
(a) Cylinders 1 and 2 are identical and are connected by identical lines. Therefore, they receive equal
flows and sustain equal loads (F1 = F2).
Q (m3 / s)
v=
A (m2)
Head loss in the systems is given by
13
F LP V2
H L=∑ ( +K )
1 DP g
Reynolds number is given by
VDρ VD VD
Re = = =
μ μ/ρ v
Flow through path 4 is given by
Q 0.00252
4= =0.0016m3 / s
2
0.00252(m 3 /s )
v1 = 2
=1.24 m/s
π ( 0.0508 ) 2
(m )
4
0.00252(m3 /s)
v 2,3= 2
=3.19 m/s
π ( 0.0317 ) 2
(m )
4
0.00126(m3 /s )
v 4= 2
=2.49 m/s
π ( 0.0254 ) 2
(m )
4
0.000945(m 3 /s)
v 6= 2
=1.86 m/s
π ( 0.0254 ) 2
(m )
4
0.00189(m 3 /s)
v 8,9= 2
=2.39 m/s
π ( 0.0317 ) 2
(m )
4
Reynolds number calculation:
1.24∗0.0508
ℜ(1)= =677
0.000093
3.19∗0.0317
ℜ(2,3) = =1087
0.000093
2.49∗0.0254
ℜ(4) = =680
0.000093
1.86∗0.0254
ℜ(6)= =508
0.000093
2.39∗0.0317
ℜ(8,9) = =815
0.000093
All flows are laminar; hence we can calculate the losses in each branch. The general formula is
13
F LP V2
H L=∑ ( +K )
1 DP g
where
64
f=
ℜ
Hence the losses are
Total force can now be calculated as
[ ( 6900000 ) ( 2560 85500120000 32500 ) ] ∗π ( 0.203 )2 ( 20900 100500 )∗π (0.2032 −0.1022)
F1 =F =
2 −[ ]
4 5
F 1=F2= [216000]-[2940] = 213000 N
(b)We have
Heat generation rate (power loss in W) = Pressure × Discharge
={(2560+ 85500 +120000)*(0.00252)+ (2*20900*0.000945)+
(2*32500*0.00126)+ (100500*0.00189)} = 524 + 39.5 + 81.9 + 190 = 835W =
0.835 kW
π (0.203)2 2
Area of piston = A P= m
4
Cylinder rod diameter = 0.102 m
π (0.1 0 2)2 2
Area of rod = m
4
v= 2
A (m )
where each cylinder receives one half of pump flow because of the configuration of cylinder. Extension
velocity is given by
Q(m /s )
3
0.00253
V ret = 2
= =0.0521 m/ s
A P annulus (m ) π ( 0.203 )2 π ( 0.102 )2
−
4 4
Refrences
[1] fluid power with Application by anthoney eesposito