Reinforced Concrete II Hashemite University

The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering

Lecture 6 – Biaxial Bending

of Short Columns

Dr.
Dr Hazim Dwairi

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Biaxially Loaded Column

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Interaction Diagram

Uniaxial Bending
about y-axis

Uniaxial Bending
about x-axis

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Approximation of Section
Through Intersection Surface

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Notation

• Pu = factored axial load, positive in compression

• ex = eccentricity measured parallel to the xx-axis,
axis positive to
the right.
• ey = eccentricity measured parallel to y-axis, positive
upward.
• Mux = factored moment about x-axis, positive when causing
compression in fibers in the +ve y-direction = Pu.ey
• Muy = factored moment about y-axis, positive when causing
compression in fibers in the +ve x-direction = Pu.ex

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Analysis and Design

• Method I: Strain Compatibility Method

Thi is
This i the
th mostt nearlyl theoretically
th ti ll correctt methodth d
of solving biaxially-loaded-column (see Macgregor
example 11-5)
• Method II: Equivalent Eccentricity Method
An approximate method. Limited to columns that
are symmetrical
t i l about
b t ttwo axes with
ith a ratio
ti off side
id
lengths lx/ly between 0.5 and 2.0 (see Macgregor
example 11-6)

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Strain Compatibility Method

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Equivalent Eccentricity Method

• Replace the biaxial eccentricities ex & ey by an
equivalent eccentricity e0x
ex e y
if ≥ then design column for Pu and M 0y = Pu e 0x
lx l y
αe y l x
e0 x = ex +
ly

for Pu Ag f c' ≤ 0.4 for Pu Ag f c' > 0.4

⎛ P ⎞ f y + 276 ⎛ P ⎞ f y + 276
α = ⎜⎜ 0.5 + u ' ⎟⎟ ≥ 0.6 α = ⎜⎜1.3 − u ' ⎟⎟ ≥ 0.5
⎝ Ag f c ⎠ 696 ⎝ Ag f c ⎠ 696
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Analysis and Design

• Method III: 45o Slice through Interaction Surface

(
(see Macgregor
M page 524)
• Method IV: Bresler Reciprocal Load Method
ACI commentary sections 10.3.6 and 10.3.7 give
the following equation, originally presented by
Bresler for calculating the capacity under biaxial
bending.
b di 1 1 1 1
≅ + −
Pu φPnx φPny φPn0
• Method V: Bresler Contour Load Method
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Bresler Reciprocal Load Method

1. Use Reciprocal
Failure surface S2
(1/Pn,ex,ey)
2. The ordinate 1/Pn on
the surface S2 is
approximated by
ordinate 1/Pn on the
plane S’2 (1/Pn ex,ey)
3. Plane S2 is defined
by points A,B, and C.
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Bresler Reciprocal Load Method

P0 = Axial Load Strength under pure axial

compression (corresponds to point C )
Mnx = Mny = 0
P0x = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial
eccentricity, ey (corresponds to point B )
Mnx = Pn ey
P0y = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial
eccentricity, ex (corresponds to point A )
Mny = Pn ex

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Bresler Load Contour Method

• In this method, the surface S3 is approximated

by a family of curves corresponding to constant
values of Pn. These curves may be regarded as
“load contours.”
where Mnx and Mny are the nominal biaxial
moment strengths in the direction of the x-
and y-axes, respectively.
Note that these moments are the vectorial
equivalent of the nominal uniaxial moment
Mn. The moment Mn0x is the nominal
uniaxial moment strength about the x-axis,
and Mn0y is the nominal uniaxial moment
strength about the y-axis.
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Bresler Load Contour Method

• The general expression for the contour curves
can be approximated as:
α β
⎛ M nx ⎞ ⎛ M ny ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1.0
⎜ ⎟
⎝ M n0 x ⎠ ⎝ M n0 y ⎠

• The values of the exponents α and β are a

function of the amount
amount, distribution and location
of reinforcement, the dimensions of the column,
and the strength and elastic properties of the
steel and concrete. Bresler indicates that it is
reasonably accurate to assume that α = β
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Bresler Load Contour Method

• Bresler indicated that, typically, α varied from 1.15

to 1.55,
1 55 with a value of 1 1.5
5 being reasonably
accurate for most square and rectangular sections
having uniformly distributed reinforcement. A
value of α = 1.0 will yield a safe design.
⎛ M nx ⎞ ⎛ M ny ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1.0
⎜M ⎟
⎝ M n 0 x ⎠ ⎝ n 0 y ⎠

• Only applicable if:

Pn < 0.1 f c' Ag
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Biaxial Column Example

66mm

The section of a short tied

column is 400 x 600 mm
and is reinforced with 6φ32 234mm
bars as shown. Determine

600mm
the allowable ultimate load
on the section φPn if its 234mm
acts at ex = 200mm. and ey
= 300mm. Use fc’ = 35
MPa and fy = 420 MPa. 400mm
66mm

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Biaxial Column Example

• Compute P0 load, pure axial load

Ast = 6 × 804 = 4824mm 2
Ag = 400 × 600 = 240000mm 2
P0 = 0.85 f c' (Ag − Ast ) + Ast f y
P0 = 0.85 × 35 × (240000 − 4824 ) + 4824 × 420
P0 = 9023kN
Pn 0 = 0.8 × 9023 = 7218kN Pn 0 = 7218kN
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Biaxial Column Example

• Compute Pnx, by starting with ey term and

assume that compression controls
controls. Check by:
e y = 300mm < 2 / 3d = 2 / 3(534) = 356mm OK!
• Compute the nominal load, Pnx and assume
second compression steel does not contribute
Assume = 0.0
00

Pn = Cc + C s1 + C s 2 − T
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Biaxial Column Example

• Brake equilibrium equation into its components:

Cc = 0.85(35)(0.81c)(400) = 9639c
Cs1 = (1608)(420 − 0.85 × 35) = 627715 N
534 − c 534 − c
Ts = (1608)( )(600) = 964800( )
c c
• Compute the moment about tension steel:
β c⎞
⎛
Pn .e ' = Cc ⎜ d − 1 ⎟ + C s1 d − d ' ( )
⎝ 2 ⎠
Pn (300 + 234) = 9639c(534 − 0.405c ) + (627715)(534 − 66)
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Biaxial Column Example

• The resulting equation is:

Pn = 9,639c − 7.311c 2 + 550,132
• Recall equilibrium equation:
Pn = 9,639c + 627715 − 1608 f s
• Set the two equation equal to one another and
solve for fs:

f s = 0.0046c 2 + 390.4

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Biaxial Column Example

• Recall fs definition:
⎛ 534 − c ⎞
f s = 600⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
• Combine both equations:
⎛ 534 − c ⎞
0.0046c 2 + 390.4 = 600⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
0.0046c 3 + 990.4c − 320400 = 0
• Solve cubic equation by trial and error
Î c = 323 mm
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Biaxial Column Example

• Check the assumption that fs2 = 0.0

⎛ 323 − 300 ⎞
f s 2 = 600⎜ ⎟ = 42.72 MPa
⎝ 323 ⎠
C s 2 = 68.7 kN TOO SMALL
• Calculate Pnx
Pn = 9,639(323) − 7.311(323) 2 + 550,132

Pnx = 2900kN
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Biaxial Column Example

• Compute Pny, by starting with ex term and

assume that compression controls
controls. Check by:

ex = 200mm < 2 / 3d = 2 / 3(334) = 223mm OK!

• Compute the nominal load, Pny

Pn = Cc + C s1 − T

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Biaxial Column Example

• Brake equilibrium equation into its components:

Cc = 0.85(35)(0.81c)(600) = 14458.5c
Cs1 = (2412)(420 − 0.85 × 35) = 941283 N
334 − c 334 − c
Ts = (2412)( )(600) = 1447200( )
c c
• Compute the moment about tension steel:
β c⎞
⎛
Pn .e ' = Cc ⎜ d − 1 ⎟ + C s1 d − d ' ( )
⎝ 2 ⎠
Pn (200 + 134) = 14458.5c(334 − 0.405c ) + (941283)(334 − 66)
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Biaxial Column Example

• The resulting equation is:

Pn = 14,458.5c − 17.50c 2 + 755,281
• Recall equilibrium equation:
Pn = 14,458.5c + 941,283 − 2,412 f s
• Set the two equation equal to one another and
solve for fs:

f s = 0.0073c 2 + 77.12

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Biaxial Column Example

• Recall fs definition:
⎛ 334 − c ⎞
f s = 600⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
• Combine both equations:
⎛ 334 − c ⎞
0.0073c 2 + 77.12 = 600⎜ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
0.0073c 3 + 677.12c − 200400 = 0
• Solve cubic equation by trial and error
Î c = 295 mm
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Biaxial Column Example

• Calculate Pny
Pn = 14,458.5c − 17.50c 2 + 755,281
Pn = 14,458.5(295) − 17.50( 295) 2 + 755,281

Pny = 3498kN

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Biaxial Column Example

• Calculate Nominal Biaxial Load Pn

1 1 1 1
= + −
Pn Pnx Pny Pn 0
1 1 1 1
= + −
Pn 2900 3498 7218

Pn = 2032kN
Pu = φPn = (0.65)(2032) = 1321kN
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Design of Biaxial Column

1) Select trial section

Pu
Ag (trial ) ≥ ; use ρ t = 0.0015
(
0.40 f c' + ρ t f y )
γlx
2) Compute γ
3) Compute φPnx, φPny, φPn0
A ly
ρ t = st
l xl y
ex M uy ey M ux
= = lx
l x Pu l x ly Pu l y
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Design of Biaxial Column

φPn0

φPnx

φPny

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Design of Biaxial Column

4) Solve for φPn

1 1 1 1
= + −
φPn φPnx φPny φPn 0
5) If φPn < Pu then design is inadequate, increase
either area of steel or column dimensions

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