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‘The Limit of a Function Limit is a number such that the value of a given function remains arbitrarily close to this number when the independent variable is sufficiently close toa specified point. Theorems on Limits Differentiation of Algebrake Functions 4 ye 1 Le-0 4 ye 2 dent 4 ayo Oe ag ae 4. fury +8 ae a 4. (gy = dulde 6 Ze) - Soe re 5. Ew) = mes (ase 4) aD (duc fds) 1 (4 fd) ” A v 1c). ~e(de/ dx) ya to, Hw BY du, dy du ax du dx dx/du de/dy Differentiation of Trgonometric Functions 1 Lins = cos # 2 A (osu) =-sinu # 4 du ) 5 A (eccn) = secu tan 6 A tecu)=-ceucotu Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Funetlons L seein) LE 4 (arccosy) «felt 2 dorconny nates du/dx Tee du / de TH? a aude 5 - rec = A sf dx a 6. 4 (arcese u) =~ « whet Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions 4 dogs = $42 . 1 loge w= du {dx Las, 3. Leerctan w= a 4. 4 (arccoty) = - (arccot u) 2 fone uno M (du /dx) w where M = loge =1/ . ‘M = modulus of common logarithrn Differentiation of Exponential Functions: ire du ‘ 1 Leeyeeine 3. Ag = dene tt 2 tenet 3 Ze yrvwe B surtnn B ‘The Derivative Derivative of y = ffx) is the limit of the ratio of the incremental change of x to the incremental change of yas the incremental change of x approaches zero. * In symbol: He, 3 i Le y= Bepey-oy ‘The Differential The differential of a variable is equal to the increment of that variable. That is, for variable y, the differential is Ay or dy and for variable r, the differential is Ax or dx, The ratio Ay/Ax is called difference quotient. 1. Slope of the Curve The slope of the curve y = f(z) at any point is identical to the derivative of the function or y. 2 Rate of Change ‘The derivative of a function is identical to its sate of change. Thus, the rate of change of the volume V of a sphere with respect to its radius risdV/dr. Scanned with CamScanner Curvature and Radius of Curvature’ 1. Curvature, «= nea 2. Radiué of Curvature, p = kt x ~ fea P? PROBLEMS _ omsyer Key = pice Situation 1, Evaluate the following: / inn (3? =x+2) 3. Limit of (x? - 1)/(x- 1) as x approaches 1. Limit of (x3 - 22 + 72/QX0 + x = 3) asx approaches infinit . lim [( = cos 23/ (23) 10. Soe erey 4x-1 . _fve-4 itx>4 12 lin 0) given ta yf 8 ee ‘ 72-2 x22 23, Given teak so BS ifxe2 a Find Tim f(s) eat Situation 2. Find the first derivative of the following functions, 44, y= sett tant 45. y= sect x~tantz 16. x ~ 2cos? (t/2) i 47, y= tan (xsin x) 48. r= cos tcost 49. y= arctan (4/2) 20, y= arcsec J4e+T 24. y= arccot x + arctan [(2+x)/(1-22)] 22. y=log 2x45 23. y = log sin? 24, In (xy?) =2y 25. y= 5 26, y= ecorze 27, ete + coy a1 28. y= x 29. y= x 30, y= tanh (4x +1)/5 34 y=sechtdx’ 32. fx? + y2 =a, find y". 83, If y = cos x, find y™ ny"... 36, Ify =, find, 36. Find the slope of the curve y = 29+ 3x +14 where the curve crosses the x-axis. ‘37, Find the slope of the curve x?+ 2y2- 3x -4y +2 =Oat (1,2). Ans. ay! = ye and y#0. 38, Find the slope of y(3x - y2) = 10 at (3,2). ‘39. Find the points on the curve y=2r- 33? 12x + 6 where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, 40, Find the vertex of the parabola by means of the derivative: : a. 9xt+ 6x -18y -35=0 1, 2yt=6x+3y-11=0 For the curve y= (1 2)2/4, find the rate of change of slope at (2, 4) 44, Given the function y = x(x +1). Determine the value ofits second derivative at x= 1. 42. If f(x) = x(2), then f’(1) is equal to: 43, Determine the derivative of y with respect tox _ of the equation x = °/3. A Gx? By Bx” D. Gx) 44, What is the slope of y=2sin.xatr=1°? , 45. Find the 24 derivative of y= x?2atx™= 2. 46, Determine the slope of the polar curve r = : ato = x/3, oe 47, Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = y' at (1,1) : 48, What is the equation of the tangent to the curve y= 30 ~ 15 atx=2? 49, Given the following curves: Curve: y=x2+72 +6 Curve 2: x-2y=6 What are the slopes of Curve 1 at points of intersection? 60, At what value of x will the slope of the curve x? —9x—y = Obe 18? 51, Given the function f(x) = (33? + x)/(3x? - 2). Find the value of f(x). i 2, The function f(2) satisfies f(x) = 3x? sin (ma). Then the slope of the line tangent to the graph. of flz) at the point x = is: 53, The parametric equation of the curve is x= 2, cos? 0, y = 2 sin? 8. Find the equation of the normal to the curve at 0 = x/4. 54, At the point (1, 2) of the curve x2 ~ xy + y*=3, find the rate of change with respect to x of the slope of the tangent line to the curve. 55. Determine the second derivative of y in terms of x of the equation 2° - y?=B 86, What are the equations of the tahgents to the curve y = x*- 7x + 6 at its points of intersection with the x-axis? 57, Find the equation of the'tangent and normal line to the curve y = 3z*-2y at (1, 1): 58, Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola = 6x-3 perpendicular to the line x + Sy =7. ‘59, Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse 2? Gag 2e 8 127 *2 =O parallel tothe tne =~ y= 60, Find the rate of change of y with respect to x at the point @, 2) if 7y2 = xy! = 4, : 61. Make the cubic y = ux? + ba? + cx + d be tangent to the line y = 12 + 13 at 1, 1) and havea horizontal tangent line at the point (1,5). f Scanned with CamScanner Maxima and Minima (Critical Points) Consider the graph of y= fix). At the maximum and minimum points, the slope is zero or the tangent is horizontal Hye ay ‘These are the highest and lowest points relative to the adjacent points. Rate of Change of Slope ‘The second derivative is the rate of change of the slope. y"'=rate of change of slope + If y">0, the curves concave upward + If y"<0, the curve is concave downward Points of Inflection Point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes its rotation from concave upward to concave downward or vice versa. y"=0 at poinis of inflection ‘SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 4. Identify the locations of all local minima and maxima of the function fix) = 233/3 + 3/2 - 3x +4 2. Suppose that x years after founding in 1975, a certain employee association had a membership of f(t) = 100(2x"3 - 4522 + 2642), at what time between 1975 and 1989 was the membership smallest? 4.1979 C1986 B. 1980 D. 1982 3. Determine the shortest distance from point (4, 2) to the parabola y= Bx. A283 cat B. 3.54 D. 632 4. Theline y= 2x + 8 intersects the parabola y* x? at points A and B. Point C is on the parabolic arc AOB where Q is the origin. Locate C to maximize the area of the triangle ABC. .. Find the point on the parabola 4? 2. Aman sat point 4 on abankof A. (4, 1.21) C. (09,081) B. (1) D.(1.2,1.44) ‘A man on an island 12 km south of a straight beach wishes to reach a point on shore 20 km. west. If a motorboat, making 20 kph, can be hired at the rate of P1000 per hour for the time it is actually used, and the cost of land transportation is P30 per kilometer, how much must he pay for the trip? A, P908 C. P1000. B. P1,080 A store has been selling 200 DVD players a week at P15,750 each. A market survey indicates that for each P450 rebate offered to the buyers, the number of sets sold will increase by 20a week. How large a rebate should the store offer to maximize its revenue? A. P6655 , P5,625 B, P6525 D. P5,566 . Find the highest and lowest points on the curve ) )- closest to the point (1, 4). 3 km wide, and wants to reach point B, 8 km downstream on the opposite bank, as quickly as possible. He could row his boat to point C directly across the river and then run to B, or he could row directly to B, orhe could row to some point D between C and B and then run to B. If he can row at 6 km/hr and run at 8 km/hr, find the time for quickest possible route? ). A woman at point A on the shore of a circular lake with diameter 4 mi wants to arrive at point C diametrically opposite A on the other side of in the shortest possible time. She can the rate of 4 mi/hr and row a boat at 2 mi/hour. At what angle to the diameter A\ should she row? : ‘A. 0° (row all the way). 30° B. 90°(walk all the way) D. 45° 44, A S-meter line AD is perpendicular.to another S-meter line BC. The two lines intersect at pou D so that BD = 2 meters and DC = 3 meter Point P on line AD is x meters away from «1 The total length of the lines linking P to points A, Brand Cis minimized. Find x. A. 3.593 m C2983 B. 2017m D.1.407 A certain travel agency offered a tour that will cost each person P1500.00 if not more thant 150 persons will join, however the cost per person will be reduced by P5.00 per person in excess of 150. How many persons will make the revenue amaximum? A75 ©. 225 B. 150 D. 250 3. A tour bus has 80 seats, Experience shows that when a tour costs P28,000, all seats on the bus will be sold. For each additional P1,000 charged, however, 2 fewer seats will be sold, Find the largest possible revenue. ‘A. P29,000 C. P2800 B. P28,500 D. P28,700 |The cost, in dollars, of producing x yards of certain fiber optics is C(x) = 1200 12x ~ 0.122 + 0.0005: and the company finds that if it sells x yards, it can charge P(x) = 29 - 0,00021x dollars per yard for the optical fiber. Find the production level for maximum profit. 418, A piece of wire 24 inches long is to be used to form a square and/or a rectangle whose length is three times its width. Determine the dimensions of the square to minimize the combined area. 416. Two vehicles, A and B, start at point P and travel east at rates of 10 km/h and 30 km/h, respectively. An observer at Q, 1 kmnorth of P, is able to observe both vehicles. What is the maximum angle of sight between the observer's view of A and B? . Make the curve y = ax? + ba? + ox + d pass through and have at (1, 3) an inflection point with inflectional tangent 4x ~ y = 1, Scanned with CamScanner If a quantity x is a function of time ?, the time rate of change of xis given by dx/dt, ‘When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are related by an-equation, the relation between their rates of change may be obtained by differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to f. Basic Time Rates 1. Velocity, v= 4 * where sis the distance 2 2. , Acceleration ax 4 a 2 at dt where v is velocity and s is the distance. 3. Discharge or Flow, Q= a where V is the volume at any time, 4. Angular Speed, o = a where dis the angle of rotation at any time. do _ 20 5. Angular acceleration, a= 22 = <> where o 16 the angular speed and 8 is the angle. Problems 4. A street light is mounted 15-ft above the even yund: A man 6 ft tall walks away from the ight witha speed of 6 ft/s alonga straight path. a.” Find the length of his shadow when he is 30 ft horizontally away from the light. b, How fastis his shadow lengthening? <._ How fasts the tip of his shadow moving? 2, Abhemispherical dome has a diameter of 100m. A searchlight was placed ata point A located at the circu at the base. At the middle of the dome at B, a balloon was released vertically of 4 m/s. How fast is the shadow jon move along the roof when the ‘m high? 3. Water flows at the rate of 10 f/min into a vertical cylindrical tank. The water surface in the tank is rising at the rate 4 in/mun. Find the radius of the tank. 4. Aninverted conical tank has a base radiug of 10 mand height of 20 m. Water flows out from the tank at 150 liters per second. How fast is the water surface falling when the depth of water in the tank is 8 m? 5. Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at the ~ rate of 2 cm!/min. Find the rate at which the surface area sis decreasing, in cm?/min, when the radius is 8 cm. 6. A particle moves according to the equation S = #4 68 ~ 12+ C, where tis in seconds and Sin meters. : a. What is the time when the particle is at + rest? 1b. ‘What is the time range when the particle's speed is increasing? What is the time range when the particle's speed is decreasing? 7. A car starting at 12:00 noon travels west at a speed of 30 kph. Another car starting from the shite point at 200 P.M. travels north at 45 kph Find how fast the two are separating at 4:00 PM. 31 8, A girl ona wharf is pulling a rope tied to a raft at the rate of 0.9 m/s. If the hands of the girl pulling the rope are 3.8 m above the level of ‘water, how fast is the raft approaching the wharf when there is 6 m of rope out? 1.168 mvs 9, A Ferris wheel with radius of 10 mas its center ‘12 mabove the ground. The seats of the wheel have vertical speeds of 1.81 m/s when it is 17 m above the ground. How fast is the wheel rotating in revolutions per minute? 2 40. A wheel 1 m in diameter is rolled away froma light placed on the ground toward a vertical wall 5m from the light. The linear speed of the Wheel is 1 m/sec. Find the rate at which the length of the shadow on the wall is changing at an instant when the wheel is midway between the light and the wall. 090 ay 44, A lighthouse is 2 km off a straight shore. A search light at the lighthouse focuses to a car moving along the shore. When the car point nearest to the lighthouse, the searchlight rotates 0.25 rev/hour. Find the speed of the car in kph, 30 42. 13. 14, B 45, 1 a7. 18. 19. = ‘A car drives east from point A at Another car starting from B at the sam drives $30" W toward A at 60 kph. Bi away from A . a. How far apart are the two cars after 15 minutes? , we? 'b, How fast in kph is the distance between ti two cars changing after 45 minutes? 757 ‘c Alter how many minutes will the two cars, nearest to each other? ns At 3:00 pm, boat A left the port in the direction N45° Eat 26 knots. At 3:30 pm, boat B left the ‘same port in the direction $ 30° E at 32 knots. 2. How farapart are the boats at 4 pm?628 im 'b. How fast are the two boats separating at 430 pm? 456knot ‘How fast are the two boats separating after a very long time? 46:16 knots One leg of a right triangle is always 6 feet long, and the other leg 1s increasing at a rate of 2 feet Fypotenuse when 1 base of an iso: the altitude is 6 ft long and is increasing 3 inches per minute, at what rate are the base angles changing in rad/min.? V2 radia: A conical tank is 10 feet across the top and 12 feet deep. If oil 1s poured into the tank at the rate of 1 cut. per second, how fast is the surface rising when the oil ts 8 feet deep? + 20.83 mtin A light is placed on the ground 32 ft from a buil tall walks from the light ling at a rate of 6 feet per rate at which his shadow on decreasing when he is 16 feet’ from the building, 5p Asa bicyclist at 6 m/s passes a point, a balloon 8 m directly above him rises at the rate. of 2 m/s. How fast is the distance between the balloon and the bicyclist changing after 3 sec? ms An airplane, flying at a constant speed of 360 mph and climbing at an angle of 45°, passes over a point P on the ground at an altitude of 10560 ft. Find the rate at which its distance from. Pis changing 1 minute later. 353.8 mv Scanned with CamScanner 20. A tank contains 80 Ms of pure water A brine solution with 5 lb/ gel of salt enters at 2 gal/min, and the well-stirred mixture leaves at, the same rate. Determine the limiting value for the amount of salt in the tank after a very long time. 1601 24. A body moves along a trajectory described b the parametric equations x = 1 and y= 8 - 2 What are the values of the velocity and acceleration when t = 1.5 sec? 22. Ina circular arena, there is a light L.A boy. starting fromB runs at the rate of 10 t/s toward the center at O. At what rate will his shadow be approaching along the side when he is halfway from B to 0 “1608 23. Given the parametric equations: x= ®-1 and y = P+ 1, find the first and second derivatives. yre er D798 24. Given the parametric equations x= cos*f and = sin’ |. Find the equation of the normal line at the point where t= 7/4. eye 26. Find y’ if y = xe at the point x = -1 “Ye 26. Find the angle of intersection between the curves xy+ y= Land y= (+ 1). 7865 27. Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve: a. r= tan6 atO=n/$ 3 b. resin atO=2/3 33 ¢. = cos 28 at8= 2/6 ° 28. Wy= (1-24) / + x4), find a y'(05) 3375 b. y°(03) 64735 c ¥%(05) 609/625 29. Find the radius of curvature for each of the following curves at the point indicated, a y= pat (1/4, 1/8) r b. y=sinxat(x/2,1) 1 ‘30. Find the center of curvature for each of the following curves at the point indicated. . y=x/ et Tat 0,0) at) ys er zat (0,1) om) ‘34. Find the first partial derivatives of the given function: a re3ry-ytsy-7 b. usin? (x-2y) e z=inge+ 3y) 1296 32, 33, 34. 36. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Make the cubic y= ax? + x? + cx + d be tangent to the line y = 12x 1) and have a horizontal tangent line at the point ‘The radius of a sphere initially zero mcreases at the rate of 4 mm/s. Find how fast is the volume increasing at t= 2 sec 3eeeminYs ‘The dimensions of a box arex,x+1,x+4, Find how fast a. the total ‘surface area A increases as x increases and aMde= 12420 b. ° the volume increases as x increases. AV/bcm 3+ 1064 ‘Thesum of two positive numbers isk. What are the numbers if the product of the first by the cube of the other is a maximum? iW ‘The sum of five positive numbers is 10. What is their maximum product? 3 ‘The sum of two positive numbers is 10. What is the maximum sum of their cubes?” 1060 ‘A rectangular building is to be erected inside a lar sides triangular lot with perpen: treasoring 30 my 40m. the bus face the longest side of the lot, w! largest floor area of a building th erected? Would the answer matter if the building 1s laid on the perpendicular sides of the lot? 300m No Determine the ratio of height to diameter of the most economic rica can, 1 Find the shortest distance between (#, 2) and the curve y? = Bx. at 44, Two towns A and B are to get their water 42. supply fram the same pumping station to be Jocated on the bank of a straight river thatis 15 km from town A and 10 km from town B. Ifthe points on the river nearest to A and B are 20 km ‘apart and A and B are on the same side of the river, where should the pumping station be located so that the least amount of piping is required? ‘2 ln from a point on the bank closest to touch ‘A powerhouse is on one edge ofa straight river ‘and a factory on the other edge, 100 m downstream. ‘The river is 50 m wide. It costs 400 per meter to run electric cable across the river and P280 on land. What length of cable should be run om land to minimize the cost”, 48. A wall 10 it high is 6 ft from a house. Find ‘47. 64. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made fro of metal ‘wide, by bending uj If the base is 1 :, what width acros- *>- top gives the greatest carrying capacity? 16 - length of the shortest ladder that will reach the house, when one end rests on the grounc uniform ro 3R rests hemispher radius Ras. shi 5 Neglecng — iricton, j= determine the angle 8 ——————— corresponding to equilibrum. The cube has an edge of bm. Us proximate the volume of ‘oat thickness of 0.18 mm. rude of a certain ri 38.881 it carcular cone is resistance of a wire of g) from a measurement of the diameter with @ possible 2 percent error. Find the possible percent error in the computed value of the resistance a The stiffness of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the cube of the Gepth. Find the shape of the stfest beam that can be cut from a log of given size Depth = vx breadth ‘The radius of a sphere is claimedt to be 6 inches, with a possible error of 0.02 inch. Use Shfteentils to approvinate the maximum possible error m calculating: the sphereand 9.048 face area of the sphere. 3.016 et Whats the relative error in parts (a) & (b)?- ae vise Scanned with CamScanner Common Maxima and Minima 1. Minimumlength of ladder Jeaning against a wall DBa BB+ en . Longest horizontal beam that can pass through 2 90° intersection Pisa pre yn For minimum perimeter of a rectangle of known area or for maximum area for known perimeter xey {asquare) |. Closed cylindrical tank. For minimum total surface area for known total surface area D D=H For a rectangle of maximum area or perimeter that can be cut from a circle of radius r x=y —— (@square) For maximum volume of a rectangular box with given sum of all edges or given total area xayez (acube) 1 12. 1. For a trapezoidal gutter of ). For maximum volume of For maximum area of a WAY rectangular window by aright jangle of known h perimeter. hey For minimum perimeter of arectangular lot of known, area to be fenced on three sides only 4 x=2y an open top rectangular box of known surface area’ x=2h Open cylindrical tank. For volume or maximum volume for known total surface area 0 D=2H For maximum area (to admit the most light) of a Norman h window of given perimeter x=2y t rex/2 13. 16. . For maximum. viewing of angle ® 3h ob Largest rectangle that can,be cut froma given triangle bade x=b/2 h=dy dyeh/2 eS For the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in an ellipse <= xma/¥2 yad/y2 Smallest smallest cone Dn circumscribing a sphere of ome hx sin8=1/3 For minimum length of wire running from the top of one post to the stake on the ground and to the top of another post ae ae Scanned with CamScanner 139% derivative of y = cos x, derivatives y™ of the function y=1/ 3. What is the order and degree of the equation dy, (dy (dy Fea( 2) oo Sheer srentiate the equation partially: F= sin (xy) te the arbitrary constants c and «2 of y t+ ae, in the plane according to 2tand y= 28-61. Find dy/dx equations x= ey = 2cos 3t, z= 2sin3t, where is the time,, Find the acceleration at t= 0. constructing a condominium is the first floor. Every floor thereafter, the cost will be P3M more than the floor directly below. The fixed costs for lot, plans, etc, amount to P37.5M. If the annual income is P3M per floor, find the number of floors which will give the maximum rate of return on the investment. 9. A closed cylindrical tank having a volume of 71.87 m® is to be constructed. If the surface area is to be minimum, what is the required diameter of the tank? 40. Two posts, one 16 feet and the other 24 feet are" + 30 feet apart. If the posts are to be supported bya cable running from the top of the first post toa stake on the ground and then back to the top of the second post, find the distance from the lower post to the stake to use the least amount of cable. 44, A ‘comer lot, triangular in shape, has perpendicular sides measuring 90 m and 120 m, respectively. It is required to construct the largest rectangular bull ‘with sides parallel to the longest side. s the largest area of the building in square meter? 12. A triangle has a.variable sides x, y, and z subject to the constraint that the perimeter P is 44, 16, 41. 18, 19. 20. 24. fixed to18 cm, What is the maximum possible area of the triangle? ‘Awall 10 igh along the property line is 8 ft use. A ladder the other end and the other end rests on the ground outside the wal. Find the lng ofthe shortest adder t A Norman window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circle. What is the ratio of the wi total height so the rectangle to the ill yield a window (or a given perimeter? available to make a A ship lies 6 miles from opposite a point 10 miles another ship lies 18 miles offshore. A boat from the first ship is to land a passenger ‘on the shore and then proceed to the other ship. What is the least distance the boat can travel? [26m¢] Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse 2/25 + 161 0 Aright circular cylinder of radius r and height his inscribed in a right circular cone of radius 6 m and height 12 m. Determine the ‘maximum volume of the cyl ‘A concrete culvert is to be by a semi-circle. The area of the cross-section 2.4 square meters. Find the width so that its perimeter is minimurn. {1.639 m] Find the volume of the largest circular cone inscribed in a sphere of radius 30cm. 15351032] ‘A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a rectangular field that borders a straight river. He needs no fence along the river. What are the dimensions of the field that has the largest area? [1200 tx 600] 22. A cylindrical can is to be made to hold 1 liter of oil. Find the radius that will minimize the cost of the metal to manufacture the f 23, Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed ina semi-circle of radius 10 cm. [00 c= 24,” A steel pipe is being carried downa hallway 9 ftwide. Atthe end of the hallway thereis right pe that can ? 25, t rectangle that can rectangle lie along the legs. (3

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