TABLE OF CONTENTS

Synopsis
Salient Features of the Subproject
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Context of the Present Study..........................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Historical Background...................................................................................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE SUBPROJECT..........................................................................................1
1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................2
1.4 SUB PROJECT AREA...............................................................................................................................2
1.4.1 Location and Accessibility.............................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Climate, Topography and Soil.......................................................................................................3
1.4.3 Socio-economic Background..........................................................................................................3
1.4.4 Existing Irrigation Infrastructures.................................................................................................4
1.4.5 Issues related to infrastructures and Institutions...........................................................................4
2. TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN..........................................................................................5
2.1 WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Water Source..................................................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Maximum Flood Discharge............................................................................................................5
2.1.3 Present Water Utilization...............................................................................................................5
2.2 CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................5
2.2.1 Air Temperature, Rainfall, ETo, Eo and Humudity.......................................................................5
2.2.2 Crop Coefficients and Irrigation Efficiency...................................................................................6
2.2.3 Diversion Requirement Computations...........................................................................................7
2.2.4 Sub basin Water Balance – existing Scenario................................................................................7
2.2.5 Water balance with the Sub Project...............................................................................................7
2.2.6 Possibilities of water augmentation...............................................................................................7
2.2.7 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................7
2.3 SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATION CONCLUDED...........................................................................................7
2.4 ENGINEERING SYSTEM DESIGN...............................................................................................................8
2.4.1 Headwork.......................................................................................................................................8
2.4.2 Canal Network...............................................................................................................................8
2.4.3 Structures.......................................................................................................................................8
2.4.4 Drainage Consideration.................................................................................................................8
2.4.5 System Operation Plan...................................................................................................................8
3. AGRICULTURE..........................................................................................................................................9
3.1 OPERATIONAL LANDHOLDING AND TENANCY STATUS..........................................................................9
3.2 LAND USE...............................................................................................................................................9
3.3 CROPPING AREA, CROPPING INTENSITY, CROP YIELD AND PRODUCTION..............................................9
3.3.1 Cropping Area and Cropping Intensity..........................................................................................9
3.3.2 Crop Yield and Production............................................................................................................9
3.3.3 Present Cropping Patterns and Cropping Calendar.....................................................................9
3.4 FARM INPUTS........................................................................................................................................10
3.4.1 Seed and Fertilizer Use................................................................................................................10
3.4.2 Farm Labor Use...........................................................................................................................10
3.4.3 Prices of Farm Product and Farm Seeds.....................................................................................10
3.4.4 Farm Inputs..................................................................................................................................10
3.4.5 Labor Wages................................................................................................................................10
3.5 PRESENT CROP BUDGET AND PRODUCTION VALUE.............................................................................11
3.6 AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUBPROJECT AREA...................................................................11
3.6.1 Change in Land Use.....................................................................................................................11
3.6.2 Proposed Cropping Patterns........................................................................................................11
3.6.3 Crop Yields and Production.........................................................................................................11
3.6.5 Proposed Farm Inputs and Labor................................................................................................11
3.6.6 Future Crop Budget.....................................................................................................................12
3.6.7 Future Agriculture Production Value..........................................................................................12
4. SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE...............................................................................................................12
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS.......................................................................................................12
4.2 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND WUA......................................................................................................12
4.3 ECONOMY AND OCCUPATION...............................................................................................................12
5. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT.....................................................................................................................13
5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM..................................................................................................................13
5.2 CURRENT STATUS OF WUA..................................................................................................................13
5.2.1 Membership Criteria and Water Allocation................................................................................13
5.2.2 Conflicts Management.................................................................................................................13
5.2.3 Resource Mobilization for System O & M...................................................................................13
5.3 INSTITUTIONAL LINKAGES TO SUPPORT SERVICES...............................................................................13
5.4 LEVEL OF COOPERATION AND WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE IN SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT.................14
5.5 EXTERNAL SUPPORT.............................................................................................................................14
5.6 POTENTIAL EXTENSION.........................................................................................................................14
5.7 PROPOSED ORGANIZATIONAL /INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS.........................................................14
5.8 SYSTEM MAINTENANCE PLAN..............................................................................................................14
6. INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION..................................................................................15
6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AFFECT DUE TO SITE SELECTION..............................................................................15
6.1.1 Encroachment in forest................................................................................................................15
6.1.2 Impediment to the movement of wildlife.......................................................................................15
6.1.3 Impediment to historical / Cultural monument, Building and Values.........................................15
6.1.4 Conflicts in Water rights..............................................................................................................15
6.1.5 Regional Flooding and Drainage Hazards..................................................................................15
6.2 PROBLEMS FROM OVERSIGHTS IN PLANNING AND DESIGN..................................................................16
6.2.1 Watershed Erosion and Sedimentation........................................................................................16
6.2.2 Downstream Water Quality and Quantity Problem.....................................................................16
6.2.3 Suitability of Water Quality for Irrigation Purpose.....................................................................17
6.2.4 Adequacy of Drainage Planning..................................................................................................17
6.2.5 Land Use Conflicts.......................................................................................................................17
6.2.6 In-adequate Canal System............................................................................................................17
6.2.7 Passageways................................................................................................................................17
6.2.8 Scouring Hazards.........................................................................................................................17
6.3 PROBLEMS DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGES.........................................................................................17
6.3.1 Soil Erosion and Landslides.........................................................................................................17
6.3.2 Uses of Blasting Materials...........................................................................................................17
6.3.3 Monitoring during Construction Stage........................................................................................18
6.4 PROBLEMS STEAMING FROM DEFICIENCIES IN OPERATION...................................................................18
6.4.1 In-adequate Operation and Maintenance....................................................................................18
6.4.2 Adverse Soil Modification and Changes in Water Table.............................................................18
6.4.3 Water Borne Disease Hazards.....................................................................................................18
6.4.4 Use / Misuse of Agro-Chemicals..................................................................................................18
6.5 REALIZATION OF ENHANCEMENT POTENTIAL.......................................................................................18
6.5.1 Community Water Supply.............................................................................................................18
6.5.2 Micro-Hydro Electricity...............................................................................................................18
6.5.3 Industrial Water Supply and Aqua-Culture in Service Area........................................................19
7. RESETTLEMENT PLAN.........................................................................................................................19

8. SUBPROJECT COST AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.........................................................................19

8.1 ANALYSIS OF RATES.............................................................................................................................19
8.2 QUANTITY AND COST ESTIMATES........................................................................................................19
8.3 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT COSTS AND BENEFITS......................................................................................19
9. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND CONTRACT MANAGEMENT....................................20

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................20

10.1 CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................................................................20
10.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................................................20
 Synopsis
The feasibility study of Damarabesi irrigation project has been conducted by technical staffs of the
IDD Arghakhanchi together with the assistance from the technical staffs of the District Agriculture
Development Office, Arghakhanchi.

The proposed Damarabesi Irrigation project is a Rehabilitation scheme located in ward no. 3 of Jaluke
VDC of Arghakhanchi district. At present, the proposed command area is cultivated with crops such
as Maize, Wheat, Potato, and Monsoon-paddy. Maize is cultivated together in the same season as
inter-crop. Yield of these crops is very low due to lack of irrigation facilities. Farmers have to depend
on Rainfall for irrigating their crops. In spite of hard working, farmers are unable to make surplus
production.

The proposed gross command area of Damarabesi Irrigation project is 40 ha within which CCA is
38ha. Command area composes of mostly of mild slope with sufficient depth of soil. Climate of this
project area is warm and is suitable for irrigated agriculture.

The proposed source of water for this project is Sit Khola. It is a perennial river having catchment
area of 101 square km. Average bed slope of river course is 1: 12 which is considered as mild slope.
Catchment area consists mainly of Grassland and Forest area. Cropping pattern for the proposed
irrigation project is designed for optimum use of water.

Paddy, Wheat & Maize are the major crops grown in the command area. Most of the farmers are
using local varieties. Farmers are reluctant to use improved varieties because of un-availability of
irrigating water and also partly because, they like local varieties for consuming. Present cropping
pattern for summer season is Monsoon paddy in irrigated and areas having adequate moisture in the
soil and Maize and Millet in highlands with not enough moisture in soil. Wheat and Potatoes are the
winter crops grown in irrigated patch of land. Present cropping pattern with respective crop yields is
mentioned in the table as below.

Sn Crop Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (tons) Planting – Harvesting

1 Paddy 28 2.50 95.00 Jun/July - Oct./Nov
2 Maize 10 1.60 40.00 April/May – Aug/Sept
3 Wheat 18 1.75 10.50 Nov/Dec – March/April
4 Pulses 3 0.60 0.60 Jul/Aug - Nov/Dec

Inputs used for the production in the present contest is listed in the table as below

Sn Crop Seed Fertilizers Kg/ha Pesticides Labor

Kg/ha Organic Chemical NRs./ha Mandays Animaldays
1 Paddy 45 2500 70:60:0 100 105 55
2 Maize 20 2500 20:60:20 200 75 32
3 Pulses 30 2000 20:0:0 0 70 20
4 Wheat 120 2000 75:40:30 100 90 42
5 Potato 1400 2500 70:60:50 140 90 34

Agriculture inputs in the form of seed, manure, fertilizer, agro-chemicals are of almost importance to
increase crop production in addition to irrigation and hard work of cultivators. Besides these, there is
need of providing well coordinated support services to the farm by integrating those inputs with
credit facilities and extension works. It is necessary to make Agro-inputs available on a regular basis
to increase production from crops after irrigation facility. The proposed sub-project seeks to increase
the yield of the farm products with an application of integrated inputs in the farm along with the use
of irrigation water. Proposed future cropping pattern with respective crop yield is listed in the table
as below.

Sn. Crop Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (tons) Planting – Harvesting
1 Paddy 36 3.1 130.20 Jun/July - Oct./Nov
2 Early Paddy 20 2.9 34.80 Feb/March - Jun/July
3 Wheat 18 1.8 36 Nov/Dec - March/April
4 Pulse 7 0.65 5.20 Oct/Nov-Dec/Jan
5 Maize 10 2 20 March/April – June/July
6 Potato 7 12.5 137.50 Nov/Dec - March/April

Inputs proposed in the future (with project) condition is tabulated as below

Sn Crop Seed Fertilizers Kg/ha Pesticides Labor
Kg/ha Organic Chemical NRs./ha Mandays Animaldays
1 Paddy 40 2000 70:30:5 120 80 40
2 Early Paddy 50 2000 80:30:20 200 100 50
3 Wheat 55 2000 75:25:25 0 70 40
4 Pulse 25 2000 20:10:0 0 70 20
5 Maize 15 3000 25:20:20 150 80 32
6 Potato 1400 2000 75:40:30 200 95 34

Crop water requirement for this project has been calculated after designing future cropping pattern.
Et0, Eo data Ave.of Bhairahawa & Lumle was taken and rainfall data of Khanchikot 715 has been
considered for fixing 80% reliable rainfall. Finally water balance has been worked out based on
available water resources and crop water requirement on half monthly basis to determine the
potential irrigable crop area and design capacity of canal. The result of water balance shows that
water resource is adequate for the proposed cropping pattern.

The feasibility has been conducted with the involvement of beneficiaries' farmers. Several meetings
were held with them during field study period and the principles and procedures of Irrigation policy
and their responsibilities during various stages of the project have been discussed in detail. The
farmers are ready to take over the responsibility of providing land along the alignment, involve in the
supervision of construction work, share the cost of construction, and take over the responsibility of
operation and maintenance after completion of the project. Moreover, their demands relating to the
physical system have been duly considered in this study.

The construction of this proposed sub-project includes the following components;

 Head works (side intake) - 1 no.

 Covered Canal - 90 m
 Double lined canal - 100 m
 Earthen canal - 395 m (Including all branches)
 Superpassage - 1 no.
 Siphon - 1 no.
 Pipe Outlet – 1 no.
 Division Box – 1 no.
The total estimated financial cost for the construction of this project is NRs. 16,463,000.00and cost
per ha Nrs 433,000.00

According to the Environment Protection Rules 2054, the command area of this sub-project being
less than 500 hectares, no Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies is necessary. However,
on evaluation of this sub-project by the checklist of environmental parameters recommended by
procedure guideline, this proposed sub-project is found to be environment friendly.

Estimate of the investment and the future net benefit at different discount rates for this sub-project is
carried out by making economical analysis. The result of economic analysis is presented in terms of
Internal Rate of Return (Economic) EIRR, Benefit – Cost Ratio (B/C ratio). EIRR of the proposed
project is estimated as 30.58 % and B/C ratio is estimated as 3.67 & 3.34 at 10 % & 12 % discount
respectively.

The current feasibility study comes with conclusion that the proposed sub-project is technically
feasible, economically and socially viable and environmentally sound for implementation.
 Salient Features of the Subproject
Damarabesi ISP :

1. Sub-Project Classification : Rehabilitation

2. Location (VDC and Ward No.) : Jaluke-3
3. District : Arghakhanchi
4. District Headquarter : Sandhikhark
5. Province : 5
6. Development Region : Western
7. Nearest Road to Project : Gorusinghe-sandhikharka
8. Nearest Market : thada
9. Beneficiaries Household : 70 no
10. Beneficiaries Population : 434 nos.
11. Main Canal Length (new) : 585m
12. Gross Command Area (GCA) : 40 ha
14. Net Cultivable Command Area (CCA) : 38 ha.
15. Name of Source : Sit Khola
16. Type of Source : Perennial
36. Catchment Area : 101 Sq.km.
18. Canal Type : Earthen rectangular & Lined
19. Canal Discharge : 131.34 lps
20. Maximum Flood Discharge : 1500 cumecs
21. Diversion Structure : Cut off & Side Intake
22. Canal Structures : - Intake structure
- Covered canal 90m
- Lined canal -100 m
- Superpassage- 1 no.
- Siphon – 1 no.

23. Total Cost Estimate : NRs. 16,568,000.00

24. Cost per Hectare : NRs. 436,000.00
25. Hydrology :

Measured discharge : 1100 lps.(25 Dec. 2018)

26. Geological and Environmental
features of canal alignment : Hard rock, BMS, Ordinary soil etc. at
the different chainages of the canal
alignment.

No any adverse environmental

problem in the alignment.
27. Crop Yields (t/ha) : Present Future
Rain fed Irrigated
Main Paddy 2.5 3.1
Early Paddy - 2.9
Wheat 1.75 1.8
Pulse 0.6 0.65
Potato 0.0 12.5
Maize 1.6 2.0

28. Agriculture Input (Kg/ha)

Present – little amount of chemical fertilizer use

Future : Urea DAP Potash Seed

Main Paddy 70 60 0 40
Wheat 75 40 30 120
Maize 20 60 20 20
Pulse 20 0 0 30
Potato 70 60 50 1800

29. Existing and proposed cropping pattern :

Crops Without Project With Project

Area(ha) Rainfed Area(ha) Irrigated
Main paddy 28 36
Early paddy - 20
Wheat 10 18
Pulses 3 7
Potato 7
Maize 18 10
Total 25 50
CI 250 % 294 %

30. Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) : 30.58 %

31. B/C Ratio at 10 % & 12% discount rate : 3.67 & 3.34
32. Recommendation : The project is found feasible and
recommended for implementation.
1. Introduction
1 Background

1.1.1 Context of the Present Study

The Damarabesi Irrigation System is one of the sub-projects requested by the farmers. It lies
in Jaluke VDC ward no 3 of Arghakhanchi district. This project falls under rehabilitation
type irrigation project. The proposed command area of this project is mainly the leveled
terraces. The slope of the command area ranges from 5 degrees to 10 degrees with sufficient
soil depth and is suitable for irrigated agriculture. Currently, farmers are growing Maize,
Paddy, Pulses and Wheat.

The source of this project is Sit Khola. It is a perennial khola having sufficient discharge
throughout the year. The catchments area of Sit Khola is estimated at 101 Sq km. There is no
another schemes upstream of proposed intake point extracting water from this source they
have an established norms to share water so, there is no conflict. The diversion of water does
not affect the schemes downstream.

1.1.2 Historical Background

The proposed irrigation project is a gravity irrigation system to irrigate a net command area
of 36 hectares and covers Ward no. 3 of JalukeVillage Development Committee of
Arghakhanchi district. The project site is about 60 Km far from the district headquarters
Sandhikharka.

The Damarabesi irrigation system is located in mountainous region of the country and the
canal system has to be taken thorough hard rocks and steep slopes. Local people constructed
the system long ago. This system was developed by the users and they have their own rules
for water distribution. At present the system is in function but they have problem of
diversion, seepage losses, local drains, land slides etc. The user farmers of this area have
been requesting the IDD of Arghakhanchi , since a long time for its support. The feasibility
study of this subproject was conducted by IDD, Arghakhanchi, in 2016.

2 Objective and Scope of the Subproject

The main objective of the sub-project is to enhance the productivity and overall production,
the area of about 36 ha of land in Jaluke VDC of Arghakhanchi district by providing
adequate and reliable irrigation facility. Achievement of this objective has been planned
through the accomplishment of the following scope of works:
 Construction of intake structure and 2.1 km long contour canal in the system to divert the
required amount of water as per the demand of the farmers.
 Provision of other necessary structures such as, super passages, foot bridges, etc.
wherever necessary in order to facilitate proper water management.
 Proper training and institution development of the Water Users’ Organization in order to
make them capable of successfully handling the operation and maintenance of the
system.

1
 3 Approach and Methodology

Approach

The primary approach adopted for conducting this study was to involve beneficiary farmers
in all stages of project development. Farmers were consulted during field work and
discussions were held in connection to planning of the physical system and selection of
physical structures including headwork and canal system. Moreover, data regarding existing
cropping pattern and possible future cropping patterns, institutional development, mode of
construction and users anticipated participation in construction and subsequent operation and
maintenance of system after the completion of construction were discussed in detail. Based
on these discussions, the study was carried out by the study team from the IDD,
Arghakhanchi.

Methodology

All required data relating to agriculture, socio – economics, environment etc. was collected
from VDC, DDC officials, using secondary data and also from key informants.

For hydrological data, the topographic map of 1:25000, land utilization map were used for
delineating catchments boundary and land utilization within the watershed. For the existing
irrigation and other water abstraction form the same river source was explored by making a
walkthrough along the river upstream and downstream of the proposed intake site. Secondary
information such water use inventory report of the district by different agencies were also
consulted. The discharge measurement at site was done by using float method.

The topographic survey of the proposed command area was not done. L-section and cross
section of canal alignment were performed using leveling techniques.

During the design and reporting phase, field data were plotted and analyzed using method
suggested by PDSP manuals and prevailing engineering practices. The estimates of the
physical works are done using departmentally approved rate analysis norms and approved
district rates for fiscal year 2072/73. Financial and economical analysis of the project is also
performed.

4 Sub Project Area

1.1.3 Location and Accessibility

Damarabesi Irrigation System is located in Jaluke-3, of Arghakhanchi district. The VDC lies on
Western of Arghakhanchi District. The irrigation project is located at latitude 2753.833' to
2753.016' N and longitude 8256.029' E to 8255.57’. The project site road head is 20Km from
Thada .(Earthen Road) far from the project area.

2
1.1.4 Climate, Topography and Soil

Topography

Ecologically, this project area lies within the Middle Mountain region of Nepal. The
proposed command area is a hill valley in middle mountain range. Most of the land is level
terraces with slope between 5 to 10 degree.

Climate

The project area is situated at the altitude around 900 m above mean sea level. It has
relatively warm temperate climate. It is characterized by cold dry winter and warm humid
rainy season. The rainy season starts from June and ends in September. During the rainy
season, monsoon originating in the Bay of Bengal delivers about 84 % of the annual rainfall.
In the winter season, the north-west wind brings dry cold wind bearing little moisture and
accounts for remaining 16 % of the total rainfall. The nearest climatologically station in the
project area is Khachikot of Arghakhanchi district with average annual rainfall in and
around the project area is 2200 mm. Evapotranspiration estimates (ETo) was obtained from
Lumle Station index no 814, a minimum of 1.65 mm/day and maximum of 4.73 mm/day.

Soil

Soil of the command area of Damarabesi Irrigation Project is mainly silty loam soil. The soil
depth is estimated to be about 40 cm to 60 cm. So, a wide range of agronomic crops as well
as horticultural crops can be grown, if adequate irrigation facility is made available.

1.1.5 Socio-economic Background

Demography and Ethnic composition

There are 44 household in the project area and the total population inhabiting in the project
area is 165 nos.. Ethnically, Brahaman &Chhetri are the major caste groups accounting more
than 90 % of the population with about 10 % of Dalit & ethnic in the project area.

Living standard

Primary occupation of the people in the project area is agriculture and the population’s
subsistence is on agriculture products, which is insufficient for the local population.

Land Holding and Tenancy

Most of the households in the project area are land owners. There are tenants too, who work
as a labor force. The distribution of land among the people in the project area can be
generalized as follows.

Table 1.1 Land size and percentage of Land Holder

Land holding category (%)
Small (0 – 0.5 ha) 98
Medium (0.5 ha – 1 ha) 1
Large (1 ha to 1.5 ha) 1
Very large > 1.5 ha 0

3
Livestock

An important sub-component of the farming system of the area is livestock. Farmers use
farm-manure and the main source of manure is livestock. Due to scarcity of feeds and lack of
market for the livestock products, livestock in the area is limited to fulfilling household
requirements. Cows are kept in more than half of the total number of households mainly for
the production of calves, manure and to some extent for milk while buffaloes are kept solely
for milk. Goat and Chicken are kept for meat purpose and to generate cash income.

The main source of fodder in the project area is grass, straw and tree leaves. Straw is
available in most of the households. As for the grass, people take cattle to the grazing land,
river banks and to the field having no crops. People also use nearby forest to bring fodder for
their cattle.

Economic Activities / Credit Facilities

From Damarabesi there is a direct bus/jeep route to the district headquarter, Sandhikhark.
Banks and credit facilities are available only in Sandhikhark ,thada , but local people are
using their own co-operatives for their credit facilities.Thada.is the major market and
commercial place.

Labor Availability

Labors like Porter, Mason, Blacksmith etc. are available in the Project area. No seasonal
labor shortage has been reported so far.

1.1.6 Existing Irrigation Infrastructures

The proposed system is a rehab scheme. There are few structures in the system.

1.1.7 Issues related to infrastructures and Institutions

Users of the area formed a non profit oriented water user’s organization for the purpose of
water distribution and other purposes like contact with line agencies and other necessary
works. Mr.Deviram Ghimere , president is responsible for inspection of maintenance
requirement & calling mass meeting or labor supply.

4
2. Technical Assessment and Design

2.1 Water Resource Assessment

2.1.1 Water Source

Sit Khola is the source of water for the project. It is perennial non-snow fed river. The
estimated catchment area is 101 sq/km. and situated in Hydrological region 2. The discharge
of the stream has been measured during field trip by float velocity method. The stream flow
at intake point was found to be 1100 lps on 25th Dec, 2012. The canal was running at that
time and the discharge at command area was almost half of that at intake point i.e., there is
an enormous amount of water seepage in the canal.

The discharge of Sit Khola at the intake point has been estimated with the help of regional
approach prepared for Region 2 in the PDSP manual. Table 2.1 presents 80% reliable
monthly flow of Sit Khola at the intake site

Table 2.1: 80% reliable monthly flow of Mathura khola at upper intake site (lps)
Months Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
80%
reliable 233.45 365.9 142.2 108.5 83.61 250.82 1002.2 2255.2 1628.7 584.36 393.06 300.77
flow

2.1.2 Maximum Flood Discharge

Modified Dicken’s methods [Q=C (A)3/4 m3/s where, C=11.40 and A=101 km2] have been
used to determine high flood discharge. Thus the high flood discharge of the Khola is 375.94
m3/s. Since the scheme has only a cutoff, and in the rocky area. So, the width of cutoff is
designed to pass HFD, gabion protection is provided for down protection.

2.1.3 Present Water Utilization

The khola runs in “Kotch” so water of resources of this Khola is not used in the upstream.

2.2 Crop Water Requirements

2.2.1 Air Temperature, Rainfall, ETo, Eo and Humudity

Air Temperature

Air temperature and relative humidity records are available for long term ave. of Bhairahawa
& Lumle.The calculated mean monthly temp. & relative humidity for this project area is
presented in Table 2.2

5
Table 2.2: Mean monthly temperature and Relative Humidity
Months Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Mean Monthly 12.7 12.5 14.6 18.5 21.5 24.5 23.8 23.8 23 19.3 15.9 18.5
Temperature C
70 63 57 65 82 90 91 90 73 71 72
Relative Humidity 73
Source: Climatological records of Nepal, DHM, 1988

Rainfall

Khanchikot rainfall station is located near the proposed project area. The nearest
precipitation station is at Lumle . Rainfall data of this station has been taken for designing of
this project. The 80% reliable rainfall has been considered for assessing the effective rainfall
in order to calculate the crop water requirements using PDSP manual (M3). However, 80%
reliable rainfall for this project are presented in Table 2.3

Table 2.3: 80% reliable rainfall

Months Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
80% reliable
12.3 20.3 22.2 12.6 98.9 286 291.4 365.2 129.9 12.9 0 2.5
rainfall (mm)
Source: PDSP,M.3

Evaporation and Evapo-transpiration

Root system of the plants absorbs water in varying quantities. Most of this is transmitted
through plant and escapes through pores in the leaf system. Evapo-transpiration is basically a
process by which water is evaporated from pores in leaves. Evapo-transpiration is governed
by solar radiation, temperature, wind velocity, vapor pressure and plant type.

In the absence of evaporation and evapo-transpiration data for the project site, monthly open
water evaporation estimates Eo and monthly evapo-transpiration estimates ETo for the
Lumle is taken while computing crop water requirement. Monthly values of Evapo-
transpiration for Lumle is presented in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Monthly Evaporation Eo and Evapo-transpiration ETo

Months Jan Feb Mar Apri May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Eo
(mm/day)
2.67 3.68 5.62 8.0 8.78 7.6 6.25 6.05 5.29 4.88 3.8 2.7
ETo
(mm/day)
2.03 2.92 4.58 6.64 7.39 6.47 5.27 5.15 4.38 3.98 3.00 2.07
Source: PDSP,M.3

2.2.2 Crop Coefficients and Irrigation Efficiency

The design cropping pattern for this project after the development of irrigation facility
includes early paddy, paddy, wheat, maize, pulses, oil seeds and potato vegetables. Crop
coefficient (Kc) for these crops have been adopted as per PDSP manual for this geographic
region in order to calculate ETcrop in various months.

For estimating irrigation water requirement, 60 % field efficiency has been adopted for
Monsoon paddy and for other crops. Similarly, 70 % for main canal efficiency has been
adopted for the entire command area.

6
 2.2.3 Diversion Requirement Computations

For the calculation of Crop water requirement, ETcrop is calculated using crop coefficient
and Evapo-transpiration data. These calculations are based on relevant available data of
Lumle station. As per the proposed cropping pattern, the total diversion water requirement
has been calculated and listed in the tabular format in Form ‘ Crop Water Requirements and
Water Balance’.

2.2.4 Sub basin Water Balance – existing Scenario

The catchments area of the Sit Khola above the intake site is just 101 sq. km. So, sub basin
water balance has not been considered in this project purpose.

2.2.5 Water balance with the Sub Project

The water balance for the proposed project is also positive. Half monthly water balance
scenario for the proposed sub-project is reflected in the tabular form in Form (Crop Water
Requirements and Water Balance). Water balance calculated for the proposed cropping
pattern being positive for all the months except in five half months of spring season. The
crop calendar is proposed assuming that the requirement for the deep percolation and field
preparation reduces after few years of operation.

2.2.6 Possibilities of water augmentation

There is no possibility of augmentation of the Sit Khola from other source and also the
constructed canal does not augment other source or canal system. The return flow of the
irrigated water drain out easily, simply to add few quantity of water to the downstream
catchments.

2.2.7 Conclusions

Available water from the source Sit Khola will be sufficient for irrigating the proposed crop
calendar and command area. .

2.3 Surveys and Investigation concluded

Surveys

The survey team along with the local beneficiaries visited the existing headwork site. Local
beneficiaries were also involved in the process of gathering the required information in order
to omit the probable conflicts that may be occur during the actual project implementation. It
was finally decided to follow existing diversion point and canal track. In the area where there
is no track canal alignment is chosen to provide irrigation water possible height point of the
command area.

Investigations

Head to tail walk through was carried out by the Engineer & sub – Engineer of IDD . No
geotechnical investigations were carried out fragile land is there in the alignment in short
length. Geological condition of the alignment shows that the ground is stable even after the
completion of the system.

7
2.4 Engineering System Design

2.4.1 Headwork

There is no structure for diversion of water. They need to have a temporary diversion after
each flood. To solve the problem a cutoff wall vertical drop and a trash rack covered
collection chamber is proposed in the left bank. This simple intake structure leads water to
the gravel / sand trap with two gates one for the escape and other for the canal entry.

2.4.2 Canal Network

Most the main canal alignment passes through slopped terrain with hard rock, boulder mixed
soil and ordinary soil. The main canal is a contour canal system with a capacity of 131.34
lps. .Total length of new proposed main canal is 585m.Canal system consists of lined section
and earthen section depending on the site condition. Longitudinal slope of main canal varies
from 1:100 to 1:300 depending on site condition. Free board is kept 0.2 m in canal sections.

2.4.3 Structures

Siphon
There is 1 no. of Siphon (river crossing) with 50 m in span.

Superpassage
There is 1 no. of Superpassage (Kholsi) with 5 m in span.

2.4.4 Drainage Consideration

There are numerous natural drains available in the command area. Some of these drains will
also be utilized for flushing the excess water in main canal through escape structures. For
drainage purposes, no drainage canal has been designed.

2.4.5 System Operation Plan

The users are ready to take O&M of the system. After completion the system will be in
operation for the three season crops. Between the cropping seasons maintenance works were
carried out. The temporary diversion point will be maintained as and when necessary through
out the rainy season.

8
3. Agriculture
3.1 Operational Landholding and Tenancy Status

Most of the households in the project area are land owners. There are tenants too, who work
as a labor force. Majority of the farmer have area less than 0.5 ha in this project.

3.2 Land Use

There is a traditional practice of agriculture in the project area. Most of the land is used for
agriculture under partially irrigated condition.

3.3 Cropping Area, cropping Intensity, Crop Yield and Production

3.3.1 Cropping Area and Cropping Intensity

Main-paddy, Maize, Wheat, and Potato are the major crops grown in the command area,
Pulses/Oilseed also cultivated in the command area but area is very limit. Area covered by
each crop in the existing situation is presented in table 3.1

Table 3.1: Present land use area and crop

Crops Season Present
Area(ha) Irrigated /
Partially Irrigated
Main paddy Monsoon 28
Wheat Winter 10
Pulse Winter 3
Maize Spring 18
Total 59
Cropping Intensity 163.889 %

3.3.2 Crop Yield and Production

Present yields of cereal crops are as follows; main paddy – 2.5, wheat –1.75 t/ha, pulses – 0.6
t/ha, maize – 1.6 t/ha and potato – 6.5 t/ha. The details are presented in FORM 15 (Model
Farm Budget Form).

3.3.3 Present Cropping Patterns and Cropping Calendar

Present cropping pattern is presented on table 3.1. Crop calendar of the project area under
present condition is presented in FORM 12 as future without project situation.

9
3.4 Farm Inputs

3.4.1 Seed and Fertilizer Use

Manure and fertilizers

Organic manure is applied in the field in the form of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Compost
making is not practiced effectively by the farmers. The quantity of manure added is also not
adequate to meet the requirement of individual crops. Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is applied
in almost all the crops except Millet.

Agro-Chemical and Seeds

Agro-chemicals in the form of insecticide, pesticides and herbicides are very useful to
protect crops from harmful pest, insects and weeds. Most of farmers in this area are not
familiar in the usage of herbicides but farmers spent some amount in pest control on their
field. Almost of all of the seed of the crops are produced locally. Only a few farmers get the
improved varieties of seeds from local near by market.

Extension works and others

Extension works combined with proper input services are vital importance in increasing farm
efficiency and crop production. The farmers at present are not able to enjoy all the facilities
of agriculture extension work, which are available in the project command area because of
non-availability of irrigation water.

3.4.2 Farm Labor Use

Family farm size of the area is very small, the family members were sufficient for farming.
Very few workers like male labor and plough man were hired within the command area. The
details of farm labor used in different crops are presented in FORM 15 (Model Farm Budget
Form).

3.4.3 Prices of Farm Product and Farm Seeds

Almost of all of the seed of the crops are produced locally. Only a few farmers get the
improved varieties of seeds from local near by market. The prices of farm seeds and farm
product are dependent on local market.

3.4.4 Farm Inputs

Farmers are producing their product in a traditional way in rain fed condition. The farmer is
reluctant to invest more in seeds, fertilizers, manure, agro-chemicals because they are not
certain that their investment will produce incremental benefits in the present situation.
Institutions like agriculture sub-centers are in the project area, but the farmers are not able to
optimum benefit from these facilities.

3.4.5 Labor Wages

Labour wages depend on availability at the time of cultivation. Normally farmers are paying
NRs.300.00/day with breakfast one time.

10
5 Present Crop Budget and Production Value

The production value of the command area in the existing situation is presented in FORM
15 (Model Farm Budget Form).

3.6 Agriculture Development in the Subproject Area

3.6.1 Change in Land Use

The land use after implementation of the project is not different considerably, from the
existing. Since the land cropping intensity is 272 % in existing situation so, there is no
change in land use. Proposed Cropping Area and Cropping Intensity

The main proposed crops are not different then existing after implementation of the project.
In the calculation of net benefit ‘with project’ situation, cropping intensity is taken as 272%
and area under cultivation are main paddy (36 ha), early paddy (20ha), wheat (18ha), pulses
(7ha), potato (7 ha), maize (10ha).

3.6.2 Proposed Cropping Patterns

The proposed cropping patterns after implementation of the project are presented in table 3.3
below. The details of crop calendar is presented on FORM 12

Table 3.3 Proposed cropping pattern

Crops Season Area(ha)
Main paddy Monsoon 36
Early paddy Spring 20
Pulses Winter 7
Potato Winter 7
Wheat Winter 18
Maize Spring 10
Total 98

3.6.3 Crop Yields and Production

It is obvious that after the irrigation facility, yields of the crops will be raised. The proposed
irrigation project seeks to increase the yield of farm products with an application of
integrated inputs along with the use of irrigation water. Yields of main paddy, early paddy
wheat, pulses, potato and maize have been adopted 3.1, 2.9, 1.8, 0.65, 12.5 and, 2 ton/ha
respectively.

3.6.5 Proposed Farm Inputs and Labor

Agriculture inputs in the form of seed, manure, labor, fertilizers and agro-chemicals are of
utmost importance to increase crop production. Beside this, there is a need of providing a
well coordinated support services to the farms by integrating those inputs with the credit
facilities and extension work. It is necessary to make available the inputs to the farmers on a
regular basis to increase the production of crops after irrigation.

11
 Improved varieties of seeds are proposed for increasing yields. Farmers will be encouraged
to use agriculture extension services that are available in the project area. Table 3.4 lists the
estimated future inputs.

Table 3.4 Future inputs for crops

Input
Crop
Urea DAP Potash Seed
Early Paddy 80 30 20 50
Main Paddy 70 30 5 40
Wheat 75 25 25 55
Maize 25 20 20 15
Pulse 20 0 0 30
Oilseed 20 25 15 7
Potato 75 40 30 1400

3.6.6 Future Crop Budget

The proposed irrigation project has sought to increase the lucrative of farming business with
an application of integrated inputs in the farm along with the use of irrigation water. Existing
farm situations are not found satisfactory in relation to production of various crops. There is
lack of inputs on the farm and inefficiency in the overall farm management practices.

Crop budget and return of each crop for the future situation has been worked out. There will
be an improvement in the farming practices and optimum efficiency will be obtained after
the introduction of crop development plan. Improved cultivation methods combined with the
application of adequate inputs on the farm is expected to increase the yield in future.

3.6.7 Future Agriculture Production Value

The future with project agriculture production value of net return per ha of the command
area is presented in FORM 15 (Model Farm Budget Form).

4. Socio Economic Profile

4.1 Demographic Characteristics

From the Survey there are 434 peoples from 70 Household. Main ethnic group lived in the
command area are Mangoliyan,Brahmins , Chhettri, Dalit,& ethnic.

6 Social Organization and WUA

People used to form users’ committee for the participatory development works. They are
ready to form WUA or the CFUG , “Kirshak Samuha” can work as social organization for
the other works.

4.3 Economy and Occupation

The main occupation of the people is farming. However some people are engaged in
administration, sales service etc. Paddy and maize are the main crops whereas wheat, pulses,
and potato are other crops grown in the area. For milk, meat and other dairy products, people

12
 use animals. The Indigenous people were engaged in Bangur palan, they can sale easily in
Sandhikhark. Hence livestock is another major source of economy.

5. Institutional Aspect

5.1 Overview of the System

The Success of an irrigation project will often depend on various socio-economic factors.
This project is forwarded based on farmer’s genuine demand and their active participation in
all stages of development. The idea behind the active participation and cost sharing by the
users in the development of irrigation system is to develop a sense of ownership among users
and subsequent efficient operation and maintenance by them so as to make the project
sustainable and effective.

As Damarabesi ISP is a rehab. hill type of project and feasibility study has been conducted
based on farmer’s request, the user farmers have made the commitments to abide by the
policies of GON. These policies include the modalities of cost sharing for construction and
take over of the system for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) upon its completion.

5.2 Current Status of WUA

5.2.1 Membership Criteria and Water Allocation

There is an existing beneficiary’s organization working for irrigation development and co-
ordination with related offices. The beneficiaries in the command area are exposed to the
participatory activity. They have formed organization for participatory activities in Drinking
Water Supply facilities, “Kirshak Samuha” etc.

Beneficiaries are ready to activate WUA for the purpose of construction and O&M after
completion. The leading farmers were responsible for collecting application fee, getting
application form signed by true beneficiaries, helping IDD staffs in conducting feasibility
studies and all other related works.

5.2.2 Conflicts Management

Beneficiaries in the command area are used to working in participatory concept. They are
exposed to participatory working environment, Drinking Water Supply facilities etc. As the
beneficiaries as used to working in participatory concept, conflicts that may arise during any
stage of implementation of project can easily be solved by the management at the
beneficiaries level.

5.2.3 Resource Mobilization for System O & M

WIDSDN-5 has already communicated to the beneficiaries regarding resource mobilization

for construction of the system and operation and maintenance after completion as per
irrigation policy and procedure. The users are ready to do their part of work. However
further exercise in this regard imparting detail information has been felt necessary prior to
project implementation for soliciting mass consensus and mass mobilization.

7 Institutional Linkages to Support services

Agriculture office at Sandhikhark is the office where users use to go for agricultural support
services. The office is working with many staffs, among them 3rd class gazetted officer also
so if any problem occurred in agriculture ,solve by the office. There are no other linkages

13
 with WUA/farmer and line agencies or NGO’s.

5.4 Level of Cooperation and Willingness to contribute in System

Improvement

Beneficiaries' cooperation was available to survey team in walk-thru of the system, gathering
relevant sociological, agricultural, economical and also technical data. From the observation,
it can be said that the beneficiaries are capable to contribute their share of contribution for
the development of the proposed project. Beneficiaries in the past have contributed even in
cash for community development works. Beneficiaries have shown concern about this
project and are waiting impatiently to see that this proposed project implemented.
Beneficiaries are willing to contribute for their share of work in construction and are well
aware that they have to operate and manage the system after commissioning of the project.
Beneficiaries in the command area willing to contribute their share of work in proportion to
their land either in cash or labor or kinds.

8 External Support

Realizing that it was not possible to construct the system in that mode solely by their efforts
the farmers started seeking external supports. Till now they were not able to get any external
support.

The farmer approached WIDSDN-5 for assistance. Written application of 110 farmers was
obtained by WIDSD No-5 on 2067/2/6. A amount of NRs. 3200.00 was deposited in the
WUA account . This fund was raised from the beneficiaries according to proportionate basis
of land.

9 Potential Extension

All of the farmers of the command area were included in the demand form. There is no any
possibility of extension of command area and others farmers too.

5.7 Proposed Organizational /Institutional Arrangements

Formed WUA will be responsible for the implementation of this project. For the
implementation of project in Jaluke VDC, it has been felt that awareness rising among
farmers should be imparted at the initial stage. Need for training has also been felt in the
topics of group organization and mobilization. A pre-construction conference at the
beginning and O&M training after completion of construction has been proposed.

5.8 System Maintenance Plan

O&M training after completion of construction has been proposed. During the training
trainee and trainer will work together to create a maintenance plan of the project. Normally
regular maintenance of the project was carried out between monsoon and winter season and
winter and spring season.

14
6. Initial Environmental Examination

A sound irrigation system particularly in hill and mountain ecological belt requires a reliable
water source, stable canal alignment, appropriate design and construction technique, and
careful operation and maintenance of system with optimal cooperation and participation of
user farmers. All these constitute towards a sound environment for sustainable approach for
irrigation development. Therefore, according to prevailing Environment Act, an
environmental assessment for all the sub-projects has been made necessary in order to utilize
the natural resources in a sustainable manner.

Furthermore, in accordance with Nepal Environment Protection Rules 2054, Environmental

Impact Assessment is to be carried out for the hill and valley irrigation projects having
command area of more than 500 hectares. The Damarabesi Irrigation project having only 40
hectares as its command area, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) will be sufficient.
The main findings are listed below.

6.1 Environmental affect due to site selection

6.1.1 Encroachment in forest

Site for headwork and the command area of the project is so selected, that there is no forest
area. However, main canal alignment passes through the pasture land with very little forest
area, but proper precaution is taken in order to minimize vegetation clearance by limiting
alignment track clearance width to minimum as possible. So, the category of impact to
environment is D1 i.e. minor.

6.1.2 Impediment to the movement of wildlife

Alignment of main canal is so planned that it hardly interferes with the predefined cattle
crossing routes in the forest area. Besides, the planned canal is a contour canal, so follows
the contour of hill slope. There is no any wild animal. However, the main canal passing
through the forest will cause difficulty for free movement of domestic animal, so in order to
minimize this drawback; slab cover is provided at appropriate locations. So, the impact is
ranked as D1.

6.1.3 Impediment to historical / Cultural monument, Building and Values

Project is so planned that above mentioned impact to the environment is non-existent .

6.1.4 Conflicts in Water rights

Source the proposed project is so planned that there is adequate discharge in the source
round the year so, this type of conflicts does not arise. Therefore, impact is ranked D1.

6.1.5 Regional Flooding and Drainage Hazards

As the command area is in slope, so the problem of drainage is not a big problem in the
command area. The proposed canal is a contour canal so minimum drainage hazard is
expected, even then adequate numbers of cross-drainage works are planned along the
alignment. Regional flooding due proposed project is not applicable. Therefore impact is
ranked as D1.

15
6.2 Problems from oversights in Planning and Design

6.2.1 Watershed Erosion and Sedimentation

Watershed area of this river is mostly covered with vegetation and cultivated land.
Communities protect natural vegetative area and GON. Sedimentation of bank of the river is
observed but not to the significant level. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.

6.2.2 Downstream Water Quality and Quantity Problem

There is no major industry in the catchment basin of Sit Khola upstream of the proposed
intake site. Even though no major industries exist, water of the river gets polluted from day
to day uses of the inhabitants in the catchment area. But this pollution is insignificant
because of continual process of self-purification of stream as it flows. Sit Khola has adequate
discharge in monsoon, so discharge will not be problem downstream. Therefore, impact is
ranked as D1.

16
 6.2.3 Suitability of Water Quality for Irrigation Purpose

Water from proposed source is used for drinking, irrigation and other purpose since a long
time. So, water quality from this source is suitable for irrigation purpose. Therefore impact is
ranked as D1.
6.2.4 Adequacy of Drainage Planning

Proposed command area is located in fairly sloping field in hill. There are natural drains in
the command area and in the canal alignment, which are available for drainage purpose. No
drainage problem has so far been observed in the past. Problem of drainage is not likely to
occur after the development of irrigation facility. Therefore the impact is ranked as D1.
6.2.5 Land Use Conflicts

Conflict in land use will not be a major problem. At presently there is no any land use
conflict observed. Beneficiaries demanded the project, so with their cooperation any land use
conflict will that may arise will be solved easily. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.
6.2.6 In-adequate Canal System

Proposed project is a rehab scheme. This project will be planned, designed and constructed
making adequate provision for canal infrastructure. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.
6.2.7 Passageways

Canal alignment does not cross the animal crossing tracks in the small forest area. The size
of canal is so small that passageway will not be a problem after completion of project.
Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.

6.2.8 Scouring Hazards

Alignment is planned and designed such way excessive velocity is avoided. Therefore,
impact is ranked as D1.

6.3 Problems during construction stages

6.3.1 Soil Erosion and Landslides

Proposed system is a rehab. irrigation scheme passing through hill slopes. Minimum
excavation required for canal system and other structures, it will not disturb the natural
stability. Precaution will be taken during construction stage in order to avoid soil erosion and
landslides. Social and Environmental Management Plan is prepared and approved for the
project. The cost of SEMP is included in the estimate, so impact is ranked as D1.

6.3.2 Uses of Blasting Materials

Uses of blasting material for construction of canal system are completely avoided in this
project. There exist hard and medium rock, only hammer and chisel planned to be used for
breaking them. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.

17
 6.3.3 Monitoring during Construction Stage

As monitoring is necessary to achieve good quality work, representative from WUA and
WIDSDN-5 will always be at construction site for proper supervision and monitoring of
construction work. Pre-construction training for WUA representative will be provided before
the commencement of construction works. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.

6.4 Problems steaming from deficiencies in Operation

6.4.1 In-adequate Operation and Maintenance

Beneficiaries of the sub-project will be given training relating to proper operation and
maintenance before commissioning of the system. Joint walk-through of the system by the
beneficiaries and IDD technicians before commissioning of the system will help locate
deficiency and hence rectify it. Training of beneficiaries for operation and maintenance will
include methods of fund raising and also system operation techniques. Beneficiaries after
training on operation and maintenance of this demand driven project are expected to perform
efficient O & M of the system. Therefore, impact is ranked D1.

6.4.2 Adverse Soil Modification and Changes in Water Table

Since the command area does not face drainage problems, adverse modification and changes
in water table is not expected.

6.4.3 Water Borne Disease Hazards

Use of canal water for domestic and other purposes is likely. So creating proper awareness
about probable cause of water borne disease and training them on preventive and remedial
measures will minimize this hazard. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.

6.4.4 Use / Misuse of Agro-Chemicals

Beneficiaries in the command area are using organic manure and limited amount of agro-
chemicals. No adverse affect of the use / misuse of agro-chemical are observed in the
command area. Beneficiaries will be encouraged to use more organic manure and control
use of agro-chemicals.

6.5 Realization of enhancement potential

6.5.1 Community Water Supply

Water supply in the command area will not be disturbed as a result of this project as water
supply in the command area uses upstream of the intake point. Therefore, impact is ranked as
D1.

6.5.2 Micro-Hydro Electricity

Presently there is no micro hydro electricity generation from the source and also there is no
possibility of installing hydro electricity in this Khola. Therefore, impact is ranked as D1.

18
 6.5.3 Industrial Water Supply and Aqua-Culture in Service Area

No industrial water supply schemes observed in the Source. Aqua-culture in the service area
will not be affected in any way by the proposed irrigation scheme.

IEE indicates that further EIA studies are not necessary for this subproject implementation.

1. Resettlement Plan

Damarabesi Irrigation project is a medium project with 36 ha of command area. Headwork

and canal alignment is along the pasture & grazing land and irrigation water with canal
capacity of 131 lps doesn’t affect the settlement of command area. There is no major change
in existing landscape after construction of project. So, resettlement plan is not necessary for
the proposed project.

2. Subproject Cost and Economic Analysis

10 Analysis of Rates

The analysis of rate has been prepared as per the approved Rate Analysis Norms. The
material rates have been taken as per the approved district rates of Arghakhanchi district.
Labor rates have been taken as per the district rate of Arghakhanchi for the fiscal year
2072/073. Rate Analysis of the sub-project is included in annex C

11 Quantity and Cost Estimates

Abstract of cost is prepared by compiling quantities of all the proposed structures and
multiplying the compiled quantities by their analyzed rates. While analyzing rates, VAT is
excluded where as Contractor’s overhead has been included in the derived rates. Three
percent of the total civil works has been allocated to Environmental protection works. At
first total cost excluding VAT was calculated and then 13% is added for VAT. 5% of VAT
excluded amount is added for supervision and contingencies. For price escalation
contingencies and physical contingencies provision of 10% each is included in the total cost
of the project, Insurance also included in the project cost . Abstract of cost of the sub-project
is included in annex D.

12 Analysis of Project Costs and benefits

Cost per hectare

As per the detailed cost analysis, the total cost of project is 16,463,000.00 ,the financial cost
per hectare (net command area 38 ha) has been calculated to be NRs. 433,000.00 .

Estimated Benefits

The detail description of the project benefits has already been presented in the relevant
sections of the agriculture chapter. In brief the net economic agricultural benefits before the
implementation of the project has been estimated as NRs. 349,570 per annum. After the
implementation of the project, the estimated net economic agricultural benefit is NRs.
3,360,220 per annum.

19
 Economic Analysis

The economic analysis has been done for a project life of twenty years. To convert financial
cost in to the economic cost of the system, conversion factor for the construction cost has
been taken as 0.94. Similarly, the economic value of VAT has been adopted as zero. The
construction cost has not been divided, 100% of the total cost for the first year is considered.

It is assumed that the project benefits will start in the first year of operation. In the first year,
net benefit from the project is taken as 25% of the total estimated project benefits. From the
second year full estimated benefits is reached. In this way, in second year of operation, the
project will yield entire estimated benefits.

The operation and maintenance cost has been kept at 2.5 % of the total construction cost per
year.

The B/C ratios are 3.67 & 3.34 for 10 percent & 12 percent discount rates respectively. The
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of this project is 19.23 percent

9. Implementation Schedule and Contract Management

Three year implementing schedule and contract management process of the Damarabesi
Irrigation project is presented in annex and packing of works.

10. Conclusions and Recommendations

10.1 Conclusions

Damarabesi Irrigation project is a rehabilitation project. It lies in the mid hill region of the
country. At present, only limited area of the proposed command area has Paddy, Wheat, and
Potato cultivation, but major part of the proposed command area has to satisfy with Maize
cultivation because of partially irrigated condition. With the construction of this project, the
proposed command area is expected to be provided with year round irrigation facility.
Consequently, the agriculture yield will be increased substantially and eventually, the living
standard of the people living within the command area will be rise.

The user farmers have requested the proposed project by accepting the prevailing rules of
mandatory participation during construction and the responsibility of Operation and
Maintenance (O&M) after the completion of the project. Moreover, IDD has ranked this
project and prioritized for feasibility study.

The total financial construction cost (with VAT) of the project has been estimated NRS.
1,81,97,000.00 (as per rates of 2072/073) per hectare cost is NRs. 5,05,472.22, which is quite
reasonable in middle mountain area. The economic internal rate of return is 19.23 percent.

10.2 Recommendations

The need for implementing this sub-project is adequately reflected here and the benefits
arising thereof is also considerable. The project is technically viable and can be implemented
with the available know-how of the Irrigation Development Division , Arghakhanchi. In
view of the above points and the location of the project, this project is recommended for
implementation under MIP.

20